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Name: _______________________________

Date: ____________________ Period: ____

The Renaissance Begins 17-1Directions: Filling in the Blanks Reading this section and completing the sentences below will help you learn more about the beginning of the Renaissance period. Refer to your textbook pages 609-615 to complete this activity.

The period of time between the years 1350 and 1550 is called the (1) _______________, meaning “rebirth.” During this time period, many Europeans showed a renewed interest in (2)__________________________ and learning. They began to believe in the importance of the (3)__________________________ and became more (4) ____________________________, which means more interested in this world than in religion and getting to heaven.

The Renaissance began in (5) ______________________________ for many reasons.

First, it had been at the center of the (6) __________________________. Second, its cities were

very (7)__________________________ . Finally, the region was divided into small

(8)_______________________ , which created competition among them in the arts.

Because of Italy’s location on the (9)__________________________ , it became wealthy

due to (10)___________________________________ . The (11)______________________ also

helped the Italians by giving them contact with the Arabs. Additionally, the

(12)____________________________ united Asia into a great trade network. Asia was of great

interest to Europeans because of (13)____________________________’s book, which told of

his travels there.

At first, many of the city-states were (14) _______________________________ ,

meaning that they were controlled by the people. Eventually they were governed by the head of

state. The city-states learned (15)_______________________________ to deal with the city-

states around them.

Introduction to the Renaissance Video 8:00Pre-video Discussion What period of history takes place before the Renaissance?

1. Why is the Renaissance a “rebirth” in learning?

2. Judging from the images that you have seen in this video what types of things do you think will be influenced or affected by the Renaissance?

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People of the Millennium Marco Polo Chapter 17-1MARCO POLO AND THE MONGOLS

Marco Polo was a thirteenth- century Italian from the city of Venice. He became famous for his travels in Cathay or China. Marco’s father and uncle were diamond merchants who had traveled to China. There they met the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan, who was Genghis Khan’s grandson. He invited the Polos to return to China.

In 1271 the Polos left on another trip to the Far East. This time they took 17 year-old Marco with them. They sailed to a port in Palestine and then traveled the rest of the way by camel. Three years later, they reached the summer palace of Kublai Khan.

The Polos stayed in China for 17 years. Kublai Khan gave them jewels, silk, and other valuable treasures. Marco became an aide to Kublai Khan and even acted as governor of a Chinese city for three years.

Kublai Khan sent Marco on many tours of the Mongol Empire. Among the places he visited were Burma, Indochina, Malaya, and India. During the tours Marco took detailed notes so he could report to Kublai Khan.

The Polos left China in 1292. When they reached Venice three years later, they found the city at war with Genoa, a rival Italian city.

Marco became the commander of a Venetian galley, or ship propelled by oars. He was captured by the Genoese and spent a year in prison. With the help of another prisoner, Marco used his time in jail to have a book written, called Description of the World.

The book told about the Mongol Empire, the largest in the history of the world.It stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. Within its borders lived hundreds of different peoples.

The book also described Kublai Khan and his court and the cities of China. It told of the great wealth in the Far East and of luxuries far beyond the imaginations of any Westerner. Marco also described the customs, habits, and life styles of the people.

Marco Polo’s book gave Europeans some of their first ideas about the Far East. Europeans who read it became interested in trading with China. Mapmakers later made accurate maps based on descriptions in the book. A young captain named Christopher Columbus read the book and later decided to seek a sea route to the Far East.1. Where was Marco Polo from? __________________________________________________________2. What business was the Polo family involved in? ____________________________________________3. What was China known as in this time period? _____________________________________________4. Who did Marco Polo meet in China? _____________________________________________________5. How long did Marco Polo stay in China? __________________________________________________6. Name the areas of the Mongol Empire where Marco Polo traveled.

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_____________________________________________________________________________________7. What topics did Marco Polo describe in his book?

_____________________________________________________________________________________8. What influence did Marco Polo’s book have on Europeans?_____________________________________________________________________________________People of the Millennium Primary Source Reading The PrinceNiccolo Machiavelli Chapter 17-1About the Selection

Niccolo Machiavelli was an important political leader in Florence. From his position as defense secretary, he worked to strengthen Italy. When the Medici family returned to power in Florence in 1512, he was dismissed. Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513. In the excerpt from this work below, he describes how the ideal prince will do whatever is necessary to keep power and protect his city.

The Prince, 1513by Niccolo Machiavelli

Upon this a questions arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. 1. According to Machiavelli, should a prince seek to be loved or feared?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you.2. Why does Machiavelli believe that a sense of obligation is not enough to keep men loyal?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by nobility or greatness of

Reader’s Dictionary

precautions: safety measures

scruple: an uneasy feeling coming from conscience

baseness: having no high values or ethics

abstain: to hold back from acting

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mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserved you by a dread of punishment which never fails.

Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women.3. Why is fear stronger than love according to Machiavelli?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Machiavellian-the employment of sneakiness and deception in government or in general conduct. Do you know someone who is Machiavellian? Explain.

People of the Millennium Johannes Gutenberg Chapter 17-2

In 1400 Johannes Gutenberg was born in Mainz, an important German city. His father was a well off merchant. Gutenberg trained as a goldsmith, but little is known about his early years.

Experiments in PrintingGutenberg started to experiment with printing in

1438. About 1450 he set up a printing press. This was a huge step forward in technology. Before the printing press, books were copied by hand. Moveable type let printers make more copies in a few weeks than hand copiers could make in a lifetime.

The printing press was also a huge cultural step. Producing books and other literature was now inexpensive. Common people—not just the clergy and nobility—could read ideas, plays, science, and politics, from all over the world. The inexpensive books allowed the ideas of the arts of the Renaissance to spread.

The Gutenberg Bible was printed around 1456. That meant that many more common people could afford to buy a Bible.

Directions: Answer the questions below in the space provided.

1. What did Johannes Gutenberg invent? ____________________________________________

2. How were copies of manuscripts made before printing was developed?

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Why was the printing press a huge cultural step?

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______________________________________________________________________________

4. Writing If you were Gutenberg today and could choose an important book to print on printing press, which book would you choose? Why?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Connections to Today What modern day invention (invented within the last 25 years) is comparable with the invention of the printing press and why?

Vocabulary Activity 17-2 (pages 618-626)New Ideas and Art: Words to KnowBuilding Academic VocabularyDirections: Study the definitions for the academic vocabulary below. Then read pages 618-626. Then complete the activity that follows. individual, noun, a person or human beingperspective, noun, a method that makes drawing or painting look three-dimensionalproportion, noun, the size of an object compared to other objectstechnique, noun, method or procedure 1. What did humanists believe? ______________________________________________________________________________2. What is the vernacular?______________________________________________________________________________Directions: Fill in each blank below with the word that best completes the sentence. You will use words from the box below and up above. Words may be used more than once.

(1) _____________________________ was a new way of understanding the world that

developed in the 1300s. According to this new approach, the (2) _________________________

And human society were important. (3) _______________________ was based on the values of

the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

Italians studied early Greek and Roman works of art and literature. Artists studied the

(4)______________________________ of the ancient statues to understand why they looked so

perfect. Painters used (5) ____________________________ to make objects in a scene appear

Humanism vernacular

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to be at different distances from the viewer. This (6)___________________ created a more

realistic image. Artists also used another (7)_________________________ called chiaroscuro to

make their paintings more realistic.

During this time, writers began to use the (8)____________________ , or the everyday

language of a region, instead of Latin. Dante Alighieri and Chaucer were two writers who wrote

in the (9)__________________________________ .

People of the Millennium Leonardo da Vinci Chapter 17-2Analyzing Fine Art-As you read in your textbook, artists during the Renaissance modeled their art on that of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. In doing so, they attempted to portray the human figure much more realistically than had medieval artists. Leonardo da Vinci even dissected corpses to learn about the human body. This was done partly to aid in his rendering of the human figure and partly to satisfy his scientifically curious mind. In his Treatise on Painting he wrote: “The painter who has acquired a knowledge of the nature of the sinews, muscles, and tendons will know exactly in the movement of any limb how many and which of the sinews are at the cause of it, and which muscle by its swelling is the cause of the sinews contracting.” Look at the sketches below and answer the questions that follow.

1. How did da Vinci’s attention to anatomy reflect Renaissance ideals? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Look at the production of the Mona Lisa on page 622. How could drawings like these help da Vinci when creating that painting?

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Today, computer programmers use virtual reality (video games) to try to allow observers to experience a simulated three-dimensional reality. Animated computer images are used to mimic the real world. How does this modern technology compare to the Renaissance approach to art?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Leonardo’s curiosity fueled his creativity and interest in science. What invention created in the last 100 years do you think would impress Leonardo the most? Why?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

People of the Millennium Michelangelo Buonarroti Chapter 17-2The Medici and Michelangelo Video Segment #11. What was Michelangelo’s connection to the Medici family?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What did Michelangelo’s David mean to the people of Florence, Italy?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Art Debate! Which work of art is better, Michelangelo’s David or his work on the Sistine Chapel? There will be pictures on the smart board and some additional information below to

help you come to a conclusion.David- In 1501, 25-year-old Michelangelo Buonarroti begins working on his colossal masterpiece, the 17-foot-tall marble David. From a huge block of marble that had been abandoned decades earlier by another sculptor, Michelangelo takes on the challenge of living up to Donatello and other precursors who had sculpted the same heroic figure. The David, portrayed in the Bible as a young shepherd who slew the giant Goliath and went on to become a valiant and just Hebrew king, is a fit symbol of courage and civic duty to guard the city of Florence.

The David is considered a masterpiece, an ideal male form combining heroic strength and human uncertainty. It was erected in 1504 in the public plaza of Florence, the Piazza della Signoria. In 1873, the original was moved to the Accademia delle Belle Arti, where it is better protected for posterity, and a copy of the work was erected in the plaza in 1882. The Sistine Chapel-How big is the ceiling?

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It's about 40 meters (131 feet) long by 13 meters (43 feet) wide. These numbers are rounded off just a tad, but don't detract from the fact that Michelangelo painted well over 5,000 square feet of frescoes.What do the frescoes depict?A lot! The main panels down the center depict scenes from the Book of Genesis, from the Creation, to the Fall, to shortly after Noah's deluge. Adjacent to each of these scenes, on either side, are immense portraits of prophets and sibyls who foretold the coming of the Messiah. Along the bottoms of these run spandrels and lunettes containing the ancestors of Jesus and stories of tragedy in ancient Israel. Scattered throughout are smaller figures, cherubs and ignudi. All told there are more than 300 painted figures on the ceiling. How long did it take Michelangelo to paint these?It took him a bit over four years, from July of 1508 to October of 1512. Michelangelo got off to a slow start, not having painted frescoes before.

3. Which work of art is better, Michelangelo’s David or his work in the Sistine Chapel? Explain your answer.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

People of the Millennium William Shakespeare Chapter 17-2

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William Shakespeare was a playwright and poet he is thought to be the greatest writer of the Renaissance, and his plays are still popular today. William Shakespeare's plays were performed at the Globe Theater in London. It could hold about 3,000 people. Plays were performed every day of the week except Sunday. Performances occurred during the day, since the theater had no lights. 1. When did the Renaissance spread to northern Europe and England? ________________

2. Compare and Contrast When you go to the theater to see a play (or even a movie) how does it compare to plays that were put on at the Globe Theater? How are they the same? How are they different? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

THE REFORMATION BEGINS 17-3Directions: Filling in the Blanks Reading this section and completing the sentences below will help you learn more about the beginning of the Renaissance period. Refer to your textbook pages 633-641 to complete this activity.

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I. The ideas of ___________________________________ led to the events that changed the

Catholic Church; this change was called the ___________________________ .

A. A Christian humanist, ______________________________ , wanted to translate the

Bible into the ______________________ so that everyone could read it.

B. Many Catholics became dissatisfied with the Church’s focus on

____________________ and were especially angered by the sale of _______________ .

II. A Catholic monk, ____________________________ , disagreed that the ______________

Could decide what a person had to do to get into heaven.

A. He prepared a list known as the _____________________ against indulgences.

B. The pope ______________________ him from the Catholic Church.

C. His ideas led to a new ____________________ , or organized branch of Christianity

called _______________________. Followers of Lutheranism believed that:

1. salvation was not due to good works but faith in ______________________ .

2. the _______________________ is the source of truth about God.

3. the _______________________ includes all believers not just ministers.

III. The ideas of another man, _______________________ , led to Calvinism, which became the

basis of many ________________________ churches.

A. Calvinists believed in __________________________ , which means that God plans

the outcome of people’s lives.

B. They also believed that ________________________ should not control their church,

but that the congregations should choose their leaders.

1. Define indulgences (page 634)-

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Define predestination (page 640)-

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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People of the Millennium Martin Luther Chapter 17-3Martin Luther began the Reformation when he nailed his 95 arguments against indulgences, called the Ninety-Five Theses, to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral. Read excerpts from the following primary source document and answer the following questions.

95 Theses Martin Luther2. Only God can give salvation - not a priest.6. Only God can forgive -the pope can only reassure people that God will do this.8. Canon law applies only to the living not to the dead.10. The priest must not threaten those dying with the penalty of purgatory.13. When you die all your debts to the church are wiped out and those debts are free from being judged.21. An indulgence will not save a man.22. A dead soul cannot be saved by an indulgence.83. Indulgences bought for the dead should be re-paid by the pope.91. If the pope had worked as he should (and by example) all the problems stated above would not have existed.1. Document Based Question (DBQ) After reading excerpts from Martin Luther’s 95 Theses why do you think the Leaders of the church chose to excommunicate him?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Directions: Read page 638 and answer the following question THEN AND NOW Martin Luther was willing to stand up for his beliefs, even if that meant offending people. Can you think of anyone in the news that has shown that same willingness?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The English Reformation Directions: Read page 648 and answer the following questions.

1. Why did the pope refuse to annul Henry VIII’s marriage? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did Henry VIII form the Anglican Church?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Guided Reading Activity 18-1The Age of Exploration Directions: Answering Questions Reading the section and completing the questions below will help you learn about European exploration of the world. Refer to your textbook pages 658-669 to answer the questions.

1. Why were kingdoms in Europe sending out explorers?______________________________________________________________________________2. Whose system of latitude and longitude helped in map making?______________________________________________________________________________3. Which explorer first found a way to East Asia by traveling around the southern tip of Africa?______________________________________________________________________________4. Where did Columbus believe he had landed after his voyage across the Atlantic Ocean?______________________________________________________________________________5. What explorer first found his way around South America?______________________________________________________________________________6. How did the English defeat the Spanish Armada?______________________________________________________________________________7. What is mercantilism?______________________________________________________________________________8. Why did European countries set up colonies?______________________________________________________________________________9. What is commerce?______________________________________________________________________________10. What is the Columbian exchange?______________________________________________________________________________11. Why were corn and potatoes important to Europe?______________________________________________________________________________

Who Discovered America?Even today the debate rages on about who really discovered America! Was it Christopher Columbus? Was it Leif Erikson and the Vikings? Was it the Native Americans? Visit the following readings in your textbook:1. Christopher Columbus- pages 662-6632. The First Americans- 572-5733. The Vikings-Think back to the video and prior learning that you did during your journey to the Viking village. Does Christopher Columbus deserve the credit for discovering America? Explain.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Guided Reading Activity 18-2The scientific RevolutionDirections: Filling in the Blanks Reading this section and completing the sentences below will help you learn more about the beginning of the Renaissance period. Refer to your textbook pages 670-680 to complete this activity.

Early civilizations used (1) _________________________ to solve problems in their

everyday lives. The ancient Greeks studies (2) __________________________ to develop their

(3) ______________________________ about how and why things happen. Because they did

not (4) _____________________ , or test, their ideas, they often drew false conclusions. For

example, (5) __________________________ believed the sun and the planets revolved around

the (6) _____________________________ , and most astronomers accepted his theory for a

long time.

(7)_________________________ was the first science affected by the Scientific

Revolution. (8) ________________________ developed his own theory that the

(9)_______________________________ was the center of the universe. Another astronomer,

(10) _____________________________ , discovered that planets move in (11) ______________

or oval paths.

(12) ______________________________ believed that new knowledge would come from

experiments. He also improved instruments like (13)_________________________ , which

helped to prove others’ theories about the sun and the planets. An English mathematician,

(14)__________________________ , came up with the idea of gravity. Similar breakthroughs

occurred in medicine and chemistry.

European thinkers began to apply science to society. One of the most influential people in

this area was (15) ____________________________ , who founded modern

(16)_____________________________ . Another scholar, (17)__________________________

developed the (18)_____________________________ which was an organized way to collect

and analyze data.

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Chapter 18 Viewpoint ActivityModern Science got its start in the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s. One

idea that caused great controversy was Copernicus’s model of a sun-centered universe. Here two scientists, Galileo and Kepler, correspond about the dangers of discussing theory in public. As you read, think about the importance of public opinion. Then, answer the questions that follow.

Does the Earth Move?Galileo to Kepler (Aug. 4, 1597): So far I have read only the introduction of your work, but I have to some extent gathered your plan from it, and I congratulate myself on the exceptional good fortune of having such a man as a comrade in the pursuit of truth…So I add only, and I promise, that I shall read your book at leisure; for I am certain that I shall find the noblest things in it. And this I shall do more gladly, because I accepted the view of Copernicus many years ago, and from this standpoint I have discovered from their origins many natural phenomena, which doubtless cannot be explained on the basis of the more commonly accepted hypothesis [that the earth was the center of the universe]. I have written many direct and indirect arguments for the Copernican view, but until now I have not dared to publish them, alarmed by the fate of Copernicus himself, our master. He has won for himself undying fame in the eyes of a few, but he has been mocked and hooted by an infinite multitude…I would dare to come forward publicly with my ideas if there were more people of your way of thinking.Johannes Kepler to Galileo (October 13, 1597): You advise us, by your personal example, and in this discreetly veiled fashion, to retreat before the general ignorance and not to expose ourselves or heedlessly to oppose the violent attacks of the mob of scholars…But after a tremendous task has begun in our time, first by Copernicus and then by many very learned mathematicians, and when the assertion that the earth moves can no longer be considered something new, would it not be much better to pull the wagon to its goal by our joint efforts…and gradually…shout down the common herd, which really does not weigh the arguments very carefully? Be of good cheer, Galileo, and come out publicly. If I judge correctly, there are only a few of the distinguished mathematicians of Europe who would part company with us, so great is the power of truth. If Italy seems less a favorable place for your publication, and if you look for difficulties there, perhaps Germany will allow us this freedom…Let me know privately at least, if you do not want to do so publicly, what you have discovered in support of Copernicus1. Why is Galileo reluctant to publish his ideas about Copernicus’s theory?

________________________________________________________________________2. How does Kepler try to persuade Galileo to change his mind?

________________________________________________________________________3. What does Kepler suggest as an alternative to publishing in Italy?

________________________________________________________________________4. Making Comparisons Do you think that scientists today are worried about the reactions from the public and officials as Galileo and Kepler were? Give reasons or examples to support your opinion.