READING (75 minutes)

Part One Questions 1- 8

Read the following three passages. Mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for each question. Give only one answer to each question.

First passage1 Finnish-born botanist William Nylander taught at the University of Helsinki for a number of years and later moved to Paris, where he lived until his death at the end of the nineteenth century. During the second half of the last century, he became a prominent figure in the field of lichenology.

2 Botanists from all over the world sent samples to his laboratory to be analyzed and classified. It can be said without doubt that four out of five lichens bear his name.

3 He was the first to realize the importance of using chemical reagents used by the chemists of his time. Lichenologists all over the world still use these reagents, including tincture of iodine and hypochlorite, in their laboratories. During the first half of the twentieth century, Japanese named Arahina added only one chemical product – P- Phenol diamines.

4 Nylander was also responsible for discovering that the atmosphere of big cities hindered the lichens’ development and caused them to disappear. Now they are used to detect atmospheric pollution.

5 Nevertheless, he considered lichens to be simple plants and vehemently opposed the widely accepted modern theories that lichens are a compound species formed by two discordant elements: algae and fungi.

1 All of the following are true about Nylander EXCEPT ______________.

A he was an esteemed lichenologistB he was the first to use chemical reagents in the taxonomy of lichensC he taught botany at the University of ParisD he believed that lichens were simple plantsE his fame was heard by many people working in the field of lichenology

2 Internationally renowned scientists sent lichen samples to Nylander as he _____.

A examined and categorized themB used reagents to determine their useC considered them to be simple plantsD collected and preserved themE could reveal the reasons for hindrance of the development of lichens

3 Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?

A Eighty percent of lichens are given Nylander’s name.B Today lichens are used to determine the contamination of atmosphere.C Most botanists consider lichens to be an integral denomination.D He was against the widely accepted modern theories.E Nylander accepted his colleagues’ theories on the composition of

lichens.

Second Passage1 Hot boning is an energy-saving technique for the meat processing industry. It has received significant attention in recent years when increased pressure for energy conservation has accentuated the need for more efficient methods of processing the bovine carcass. Cooling an entire carcass requires a considerable amount of refrigerated space, since bone and trimmable fat are cooled along with the muscle. It is also necessary to space the carcasses adequately in the refrigerated room for better air movement and prevention of microbial contamination, thus adding to the volume requirements for carcass chillers.

2 Conventional handling of meat involves holding the beef sides in the cooler for 24 to 36 hours before boning. Chilling in the traditional fashion is also associated with a loss of carcass weight ranging from 2 percent to 4 percent due to evaporation of moisture from the meat tissue.

3 Early excision, or hot boning, of muscle prerigor followed by vacuum packaging has several potential advantages. By removing only the edible muscle and fat prerigor, refrigeration space and costs are minimized, boning labor is decreased, and storage yields increased. Because hot boning often results in the toughening of meat, a more recent approach, hot boning following electrical stimulation, has been used to reduce the necessary time of rigor mortis.

4 Some researchers have found this method beneficial in maintaining tender meat, while others have found that the meat also becomes tough after electrical stimulation.

4 The word ‘accentuated’ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______________.A de-emphasized B speeded up C caused D highlighted E

trivial

5 Hot boning is becoming very popular because ______________.

A it causes meat to be very tenderB it helps conserve energy and is less expensive than conventional methodsC meat tastes better when the bone is adequately seared along with the

meatD it reduces the weight of the carcassE it was one of the topics discussed among researchers

6 One reason it is recommended to remove bones before refrigerating is that ____.

A it makes the meat more tenderB the bones are able to be used for other purposesC it increases chilling timeD it saves cooling space by not refrigerating parts that will be discardedE the fields of storage plunge

Third Passage

1 Tampa, Florida, owes a great deal of its growth and prosperity to a Cuban cigar manufacturer named Vicente Martinez Ybor. When civil war broke out in 1869, he was forced to flee his country, and he moved his business to south Florida. Sixteen years later, labor union problems in Key West caused him to seek a better location along the west coast of the state. He bought a forty-acre tract of land and made plans to set up his cigar factory on the site. This original sixteen-block stretch of land later expanded to one hundred acres near Tampa. This newly developed area was called Ybor City in his honor. Spanish, Italian, and Cuban immigrants flocked to the area as the demand for workers in the cigar factory increased. One fifth of the city's twenty thousand residents enjoyed the high-paying jobs there. At the end of the 1800s, Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and freedom fighter, organized a revolution from Ybor City and managed to get considerable support for his movement. Teddy Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" were stationed there during the Spanish-American War in 1898. Much of the prosperity of this region is due to Ybor's cigar factory established more than one hundred years ago.

7 Why will people probably continue to remember Ybor’s name?

A He suffered a great deal.B All people supported his honorable movementC He was a Cuban revolutionary.

D He was forced to flee his homeland.E An area was named in his honor.

8 What is the best title for the passage?

A Cuban Contributions in the Development of Ybor CityB The Spanish-American WarC Ybor’s Contribution to Developing Part of the Tampa AreaD The Process of Cigar Manufacturing E Ybor’s Cigar Factory

Part Two Questions 9- 20

Read the following passages. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for each question. Give only one answer to each question.

First Passage1 ‘The whale has no voice', wrote Melville in Moby Dick 'but then again what has the whale to say? Seldom have I known any profound being that had anything to say to this world, unless to stammer out something by way of getting a living.' Not so. Whales may not sing for their suppers, but some of them certainly do sing. Melville failed to hear them because they sing underwater. Others have heard them without realising it. If whales sing near a wooden-bottomed boat, sailors in their bunks or hammocks may hear an eerie melodious wail from they know not where. Hence, perhaps, the many sea-tales of lullabies sung by drowned colleagues.

2 Why do they sing? First, spot the singers. There are two sorts of whales: the toothed whales - such as sperm, killer and pilot whales - who are close relatives of the porpoise and the dolphin; and the toothless 'baleen' whales - such as the humpback, right and minke. The toothed whales usually live in stable and organised groups: a gang of killer whales may stay together for years on end. Such creatures make sounds, but have not been known to sing. Many dolphins produce 'signature' whistles - each one has a different call-sign from his neighbours. These seem to function as names: a dolphin will often produce his neighbour's whistle when nearby. Similarly, each sperm whale produces a distinctive series of clicks - known as his coda - and will sometimes mimic a nearby whale's coda. Killer whales have identifiable dialects that are specific to each family. It is the baleen whales, especially the humpbacks, who break into song. At any one time, all the singing whales in a population sing the same song. It gradually changes over time and each whale learns and copies the new variations. This is a formidable feat because the songs, which can last up to thirty minutes, are highly complex. It is only the males who sing, and they do so chiefly during the breeding season. The songs seem - like many bird songs - to be a sort of display that males use in competing with each other for females.

3 Singing humpbacks have a wide vocal range: the notes can swoop down from a high-pitched factory whistle to a reverberating fog-horn. Play back a recorded humpback song at fourteen times the correct speed and it sounds like a nightingale. But birdsong is shorter - and more significantly - not so structured as whale song. Whale song can be broken down into regularly repeating phrases, which in turn are organized into themes that always occur in the same sequence. Unlike birds, whales appear to have studied some of the rules of classical composition.

4 By analysing these themes and phrases, two scientists have reached conclusions about whale culture that would have struck Melville dumb. Whales seem to use a structure like rhyme in poetry. And, like people, they may put in the rhymes to help them remember their songs. The two scientists, Miss Linda Guinee of the Long Term Research Institute in Lincoln, Massachusetts, and Mrs Katharine Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, analysed 460 whale songs from the North Pacific and 88 from the North Atlantic. From their recordings they produced audio spectrograms, converting sounds into strings of squiggles which can be classified by shape. Having a catalogue of whale songs helps marine biologists to track whale populations on their odysseys by showing where each singer comes from. It also lets them study the songs as they evolve. Since whales learn their songs, such songs are an example of culture; and the way they change is an example of cultural evolution.

5 It turns out that whales make much use of phrases with the same endings - i.e. rhymes. Miss Guinee and Mrs Payne found that songs with many differing themes were much more likely to contain plenty of rhymes. They found that rhymes were correlated not with the length of a song but with the amount of different material to be remembered. Simple songs did not contain any rhyming passages. The rhyming pattern then, could be a way to help the whale remember what comes next in a complicated song. A rhyming pattern helps people to learn and remember poetry by limiting the number of possible words in a given position. If you know that every third and fourth line of a stanza in a given poem rhyme, and that the third line of a stanza ends with 'love', you know that the next line might end with 'dove' but cannot end with 'sparrow'. Advertising jingles often use rhyme in the justified hope that people will remember the names of products. You do not have to know the meaning of a word or sign in order for rhyme to help you recall it (think of children's nonsense rhymes). Poets use rhyme for all sorts of reasons: because they are attractive, musical, create a pleasing rhythm, or are merely ingenious or funny.

6 Miss Guinee and Mrs Payne realize that their evidence is inconclusive, because they cannot ask the whales what they are up to. Some will doubt their conclusion because it makes whales seem implausibly human. Maybe they have not made whales 'human' enough. Perhaps the rhyming sirens of the deep are simply trying to please themselves and their audience.

9 What did Melville believe about whales?

A They didn't produce vocal sounds.B They didn’t have anything to say.C They couldn't imitate the human voice.D They couldn't sing.E They didn’t lull their babies to sleep.

10 Which of the following seem to use personal identification signals?A killer whales B porpoises C sperm whales D baleen whales E dolphins

11 What is known about the song of a humpback whale?

A It is identical to that of a nightingale.B It could be taken for birdsong if it was slower.C It mimics sounds produced by musical instruments.D It changes in time only if it is sung by females.E It is rather more complex than that of birds.

12 What did the two scientists discover?

A There were four hundred and sixty types of whale song.B Whale song varied according to how fast the whales were travelling.C Whales responded when music was played to them.D The songs demonstrated where the whales originated from.E The longer their journey is, the more difficult it is to track whale populations.

13 Where are rhymes most likely to occur?

A in songs which are being learntB in complicated songsC in songs which have changedD in long songsE when we only want to create a pleasing rhythm

14 What is the conclusion of the writer of the article?

A The scientists want to make whales appear too much like humans.B The scientific work on whales is too inconclusive to be taken seriously.C Scientists may be missing a simple and an obvious explanation for a whale

song.

D Scientists may have found a way of communicating with whales.E Scientists are certain that the rhyming sirens of the deep are trying to please

themselves.

Second Passage1 Chinese and Canadian scientists working in the Gobi Desert have stumbled across a series of 80-million-year-old dinosaur colonies - including one with a dozen 150-centimetre-long babies, and another with five tiny embryos. These perfectly preserved, uncrushed skeletons are now helping experts study the range of facial and other physical differences displayed by dinosaurs within a single species. Because all the babies are of the same colony, they are certain to be of the same species and must therefore have a common gene pool. Detailed examination is revealing marked differences between individual colony members, with some of them having broader or larger faces than others.

2 The new data emerging from this and related research have serious implications for dinosaur studies in general. In the past, differences in head size and shape have often led paleontologists to conclude that they had discovered new species. But now that it is known that great physical variations can occur within a single dinosaur colony, experts fear that many of the 500 listed dinosaur species on the fossil record may not be separate species after all.

3 The Gobi Desert colony discovered this year is of a species of vegetarian armoured dinosaur known as an ankylosaur. Finds so far include a large number of eggs, the babies, some adults and a group of embryos - each only 36 centimeters long. Excavations have provided snapshots of daily life in an ankylosaur colony, including what appears to have been an attack by a carnivorous dinosaur on the ankylosaur nest full of eggs. The fossilised predator is preserved lying on top of the egg-filled nest, and seems to have perished as a result of a sand storm which buried both the hunter and its prey.

4 The Sino-Canadian team excavating several Gobi sites has unearthed eggs belonging to numerous dinosaur species. Some appear to have produced the strangest of eggs in the strangest of ways. Ankylosaur eggs for example were neither round nor oval, but long and thin - around 180 centimeters long and 60 centimeters in diameter. Ankylosaur females seem to have laid them with great efficiency, two at a time. One extraordinary nest, containing thirty of these eggs, has yielded some clues about laying techniques. The eggs were arranged in the nest in a multi-layer spiral, resembling a pyramid. It seems that the female dug the nest with her hind legs, then laid pairs of eggs as she proceeded around it.

5 The team has also unearthed the skull and vertebrae of what seem to be the Old World's largest dinosaur. From the remains unearthed, paleontologists have been able to calculate that the creature was 31 metres from head to tail - ten per cent longer than any other Old World dinosaur found so far. Related to a dinosaur called mamenchisaurus - but as yet unnamed in its own right - it lived around 140 million

years ago, was vegetarian, weighed up to forty tones and would probably have walked at less than sixteen kilometers per hour.

6 China's dinosaur discoveries cover the entire epoch of dinosaur prevalence on Earth - from around 225 million to 65 million years ago. In the end they were wiped out by a natural disaster, possibly caused by meteorite impact. Detailed study from fossil material found in China, and in North America, is helping to prove that many of the later dinosaurs had comparatively large brains, mammal-style binocular vision and more complex behavior than previously thought. They were not, it seems, always the dumb giants they are normally portrayed as being.

15 The dinosaur findings mentioned in paragraph one are yielding new information as ____.

A they contain baby dinosaursB the skeletons are undamagedC they are 80 million years oldD the dinosaurs are exceptionally largeE all the baby dinosaurs of the same colony have broad and large faces

16 According to paragraph two, what are the implications of dinosaur research?

A For the first time head size and shape can be studied.B A new species has been identified.C The estimated number of dinosaur species will be modified.D The idea of how dinosaurs looked is being changed.E the new data emerging from the dinosaur studies may mislead

paleontologists about the number of dinosaur species.

17 Which of the following is TRUE of the ankylosaur?

A It ate eggs as the basic part of its diet.B Males and females incubated the eggs.C It defended its eggs against attack.D It usually builds pyramid-shaped nests.E It produced eggs of an unusual shape.

18 What did the ankylosaur do when producing its young?

A It improved on a nest already made by other dinosaur species.B It used its back legs to produce a hole in the ground.C It positioned its eggs carefully with the use of its front legs.

D It laid each egg on top of another.E It had to dig an extra hole to scatter its eggs in a larger area.

19 Scientists have discovered a large dinosaur which is ______________.

A the biggest ever found outside AmericaB about to be given a new nameC complete except for the head and tailD related to another Chinese dinosaurE thirty-one meters longer than the Old World’s longest dinosaurs

20 What do the recent Chinese discoveries of dinosaurs show?

A They lived for longer than had previously been thought.B Their eyesight was different from what had been believed.C Their large brains allowed them to move quickly.D They declined gradually over a period of several centuries.E They weren’t deaf and dumb creatures as had previously been thought.

Part Three Questions 21 - 35

Read the following passage. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C or D for each question. Give only one answer to each question.

1 The Greek word for "man" is "anthropos" and the word anthropology has been in the English language for centuries. But just what does the word mean? Literally anthropology means "the study of man." However, as British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead noted, "It is a well-founded historical generalization that the last thing to be discovered in any science is what the science is really about." And as Paul Bohannan, renowned anthropologist, pointed out a number of years ago, "Each science that deals with people has its own definitions of human. An Economist," he explains, "defines a human as a choice-making animal. Philosophers define man as a rationalizing animal...." Anthropology attempts to be all-inclusive—the study of human behavior in all places and throughout time. It deals with the humanistic, sci-entific, biological, historical, psychological, and social views of humans.

2 To paraphrase Barbara Miller's statement in her textbook, Cultural Anthropology, the popular impression of anthropology is based mainly on movies and television shows that depict anthropologists as adventurers and heroes. Some do have adventures and discover treasures in Egyptian tombs and elsewhere, but mostly, their work is less glamorous and involves repetitive and tedious activities. Until around the middle of the nineteenth century, anthropology was a term used for all humanists.

3 Western civilization takes credit for the development of anthropology, which, in fact, was a relatively late science. Earlier Greek and Roman philosophers were more interested in speculating about the ideal society rather than describing those known to them.

4 After the onset of the Age of Exploration, which included the discovery of the Americas, as well as travel to other distant places, the study of non-Western people began in earnest. In modern day, anthropology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and several branches or subfields.

5 The two broad fields are physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology is concerned with the development of man as a mammal. Related subjects are anatomy, biology, and paleontology. Physical anthropologists study the evolution of the human species. One way they do this is by the comparative analysis of fossils—preserved remnants of once-living creatures and living primates, which include human beings or Homo sapiens. Common fossils are shells, bones, and molds or imprints. These are found buried in the earth or permanently frozen in glaciers. Living primates are analyzed in order to study the mechanics of evolution and genetic differences among human populations.

6 The field of cultural anthropology is the study of learned behavior in human societies. Most cultural anthropologists limit themselves to a few geographic areas, for example, Margaret Mead in Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn with the Navajo Indians in the Southwestern United States. Kluckhohn's work Mirror for Man is considered one of the best introductions to anthropology. The subfields of cultural anthropology are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography.

7 Archaeology is the study of different cultures through material sources rather than direct interviews of the group under study. One example of a famous archaeological site discovered in the past century was King Tut's Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, in 1922.

8 Linguistics is the study of language as communication among humans. Culture is learned and transmitted primarily through language.

9 Ethnography is the systematic description of human societies, mostly based on firsthand fieldwork. Based on ethnographies, anthropologists provide ethnologies or explanations of the behavior of different peoples. A second subfield of ethnography is social anthropology. Social anthropology is concerned with people as social beings. A related subject is, of course, sociology.

10 Psychological anthropology deals with human personality and feelings. These are greatly influenced by an individual's biological and mental characteristics, as well as physical surroundings and personal experiences. Related subjects are psychology and psychiatry.

11 It is important to note that there are several universals common among all societies; for example, the basic similarities in human biology and the existence of two sexes. Another of these is education—either formal or informal or both. Education is necessary to provide the young with the skills and attitudes needed to carry on as adults.

12 So what are the practical applications for such a broad field? The answer is that anthropology helps us plan the future and helps us contribute to the solution of human problems. This newest area of the study of man is applied anthropology. Formerly, anthropology was limited to the academic field. Anthropologists were teachers or museum curators. But for the past several decades large numbers of "anthro" graduates have been employed in fields such as urban planning and administration, health care, and international development. Most important is that although anthropologists have taken up the task of documenting the processes and changes of cultures past and present, they also provide the necessary insights into where the human species is heading.

21 It CANNOT be inferred from paragraph 1 that ______________.

A anthropology is beyond being just the study of manB meaning of human can be changeable for each scientistC anthropology is all detached from the other fields of scienceD anthropology gathers all specialties of human around itselfE the word anthropology has been in English language for centuries

22 The word ‘renowned’ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______________.

A prosperous B productive C dignified D modified E recognized

23 What Barbara Miller indicates in her book is that ______________.

A unlike the general view, anthropology is not such an energetic branch of science

B anthropology has been popular mainly via movies and TV showsC the first anthropologists were adventurers and heroes of EgyptD Miller was mainly concerned with cultural anthropology E Movies and TV shows played an important role in her being an

anthropologist

24 The phrase ‘take credit’ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to be ______________.A responsible B opposed C reputable D enhanced E praised

25 It is stated in paragraph 4 that it was not until _____________ that non-Western people started to study on anthropology seriously.

A the completion of the Age of ExplorationB the entrance to the Age of ExplorationC anthropology was separated into two fieldsD they immigrated to the westE treasures in Egypt were discovered by some American adventurers

26 Which of the following is NOT true according to paragraph 5?

A Fossils are the main study sources for the physical anthropologists.B Homo sapiens are most probably the first samples of human species.C Physical anthropologists do research both on once-living and on living

primates.D Physical anthropology emerged with combination of anatomy, biology

and paleontology.E fossils, such as shells and bones are found buried in the earth or

glaciers.

27 What is the main idea of paragraph 7?

A Discovery of King Tut’s Tomb is quite important in the world of archaeology.

B The group under study must be non-living in archaeological studies.C Source material of archaeology is only concrete findings not oral

sources.D Archaeology is concerned with findings which are at least one century

old.E Archaeology is different from anthropology in many ways.

28 It CANNOT be inferred from paragraph 9 that _____________.

A ethnography is closely related to the subject of sociologyB ethnography helps understand cultural values of societiesC ethnologies are provided with ethnographic studiesD cultural anthropology is considered the subfield of ethnographyE it is social anthropology that deals with people as social beings

29 Education is common in all societies because ______________.

A it is essential for the continuation of perfect generationsB there is limited knowledge all over the world

C it makes people communicate with each otherD scientific information is common all over the worldE it enables the young to be aware of the basic similarities in human

biology30 Applied anthropology refers to _____________.

A academic trait of anthropological studiesB a new field which is called future planningC effective aspect of anthropology for practical lifeD the anthropology taught in schoolsE both formal and informal education of the young

31 Which of the following is NOT true according to paragraph 12?

A The most qualified anthropologists are teachers or museum curators.B Work fields for anthropologists have expanded significantly in the last years.C Anthropologists make some estimations about the future qualifications

of man.D To be a chairman, graduation from department of anthropology is

adequate.E Apart from documenting the processes and changes of cultures,

anthropologists provide us with the necessary insights into where the human species is heading.

32 The word ‘curator’ in paragraph 12 is closest in meaning to ______________.A official B explorer C guardian D laborer E director

33 The best title for this passage would be _____________.

A Anthropology from Past to Present B The Study of Human Beings and Their CreationsC The Best Anthropological StudiesD Most Famous Anthropological DiscoveriesE The Difference Between Physical Anthropology And Cultural

Anthropology

34 The writer's aim in writing this text is to _____________ the reader.A convince B verify C encourage D inform E inquire

35 What is the tone of the writer?A descriptive B supporting C sarcastic D complimentary E critical

READING

ANSWER KEY

1. C2. A3. E4. D5. B6. D7. E8. C9. A10.C11.E12.D13.B14.C15.A16.C17.E18.B19.A20.B21.C22.E23.A24.E25.B26.D27.C

28.D29.A30.C31.A32.E33.B34.D35.A