Cell Structure and Function

Organelle: specialized cell part that carries out specific functions to ensure a cell's survival

A) B)C) cell membraneD) lysosomeE) Golgi bodyF)G) mitochondriaH)I)

A) mitochondriaB)C)D) chloroplastE)F) Golgi bodyG) cell wallH) cell membraneI) vacuoleJ)

Nucleus: controls _________________________________________ of the cells parts. Surrounded by the nuclear membrane, which _________________________the contents of the nucleus. Nuclear pores are _______________ that allow only _______________ ________________ into and out of the nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum- acts as a ________________________________ for ______________________ made within a cell. Is a ________________ of _____________-_____________ channels within in a cell.

Ribosome: is like a _____________________________________ that makes _____________________. Sometimes found attached to the __________________________. Do not have a __________________. Proteins are ______________________________ required for the cell to carry out the activities necessary for its __________________________

Cytoplasm-jelly-like substance that contains the ____________________ and _____________________, such as _______________________ and _________________________________________.

Only plant cells have the following structures:1) _______________________________________– to provide support and protection2) _______________________________________– for photosynthesis3) _______________________________________– for water storage *(animal cells do have vacuoles, they’re just smaller)

The Parts of the Nucleus The nucleus controls all the activities within a cell The _____________________________________________surrounds the nucleus ____________________________________________ are openings in the nuclear

membrane The _____________________________ is the centre of the nucleus where

ribosomes are madeDNA Stands for __________________________________________________________

is the ______________________________________________ information of the cell found in the ________________________________________ structure was first discovered by Watson and Crick DNA Structure: DNA is a __________________ _______________________ (like a twisted ladder) The “sides” of the DNA ladder are made of __________________ and

___________________ The “steps” are made of paired _________ bases that fit together like puzzle

piecesNitrogen Bases:

There are four nitrogen bases: __________________________ (G) __________________________ (C) __________________________ (A) __________________________ (T) Bases always pair up as follows: A-T, G-C

A single DNA strand can be several million base pairs long!

Arrangement of bases:• everything that occurs within a cell is a result of how the

______________________________________________________________________________• DNA always join in a specific way : A always joins with T G always

joins with C • the order and number of bases can vary greatly. In humans, a single DNA

molecule can be ____________________________________ base pairs

Give the complementary DNA strand: C T A G C A T A

DNA, Chromatin, and Chromosomes-chromatin is a substance found in the nucleus made up of ____________________________-when a cell is growing, the DNA is uncoiled and aids in the manufacture of proteins the cell requires-When a cell is ready to divide, each strand of chromatin coils up into a very compact, x-shaped structure, called chromsome -Human cells have ___ chromosomes arranged in __ pairs

How are organisms different?• chromosomes within a nucleus are found in ________________________________

• every species has a specific number of ____________________________________• for example, humans have 23 pairs, or a total of 46chromosomes • in humans the 23rd pair is the ______________________ and defines if you are

female or male. • If you have a ___________ pair you are male and if you have a __________ pair

you are female.

Genes Genes are short sequences of ___________ located on a

chromosome at specific spotsThey store the “code” needed to produce specific ____________ (e.g. enzymes, hormones)

Proteins • Each specific _______________ produces a specific _________________ • By making specific proteins, a cell becomes

___________________________________________ • Specialized cells come together to form tissues, and tissues

______________________________ For example proteins needed to make muscles work are made only in muscle cells, and proteins needed to help you read are made in cells of your eyes

Protein production in the cell involves several important steps:

1. The ________ receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein.2. The DNA message for the protein is copied into a small molecule called

______.3. RNA leaves the nucleus through a _______________.4. The RNA message is delivered to a ribosome, the ribosome makes the

_________.5. The manufactured protein enters the ________________________.6. A _________ forms at the end of the endoplasmic reticulum, and carries

the protein to the Golgi body.7. The __________ repackages the protein for transport out of the cell.8. A vesicle forms off the end of the Golgi body to carry the protein to the

_______________________.9. The vesicle attaches to the cell membrane, and its protein contents are

released ____________________________.