Cable

DRAFTING YOUR RESEARCH PAPERS

I. Avoiding Plagiarism A. plagiarism—intentionally or unintentionally presenting someone else’s work as your ownB. avoid the following mistakes:

1. copying a passage without quotes and/or naming the source2. only using synonyms for some of the words in the passage3. rearranging the sentences in the original passage

C. avoid plagiarism by citing your source when:1. you have paraphrased, or summarized someone else’s ideas2. you have a quotation3. you are using facts that are not widely known/available

D. use other’s ideas and writings but must give credit

II. Taking NotesA. note taking can be done in many different ways

1. annotating2. photocopying articles3. cut and pasting information4. using sticky notes5. index cards—they can be moved around to manually manipulate order

B. electronic note taking 1. collect passages, images, and links on a Google doc, Microsoft Word doc, etc. 2. note taking websites Papers (http://papersapp.com/ ) and Zotero (http://www.zotero.org/ )

C. information that should be included in your note taking

1

Cable

.

2

Cable

D. some note taking advice1. if using note cards, record only one fact or quotation per card2. identify your source and page number 3. put quotes in quotation marks4. record the name of the persons whose words you are using5. do not use quotes for paraphrases but cite source6. identify which point you are proving/supporting

III. ParaphrasingA. paraphrasing means to relate your sources’ ideas in your own words & style but still attributing the information the the sourceB. paraphrasing demonstrates your ability to understand and synthesize ideasC. remember the following when paraphrasing:

1. must be your own words, style, and sentences2. should include details from the original passage3. must accurately convey the information and not include your opinion, interpretations, and/or opinions.4. no quotation marks5. maintain your essay’s point of view (not the point of view of the person being paraphrases)6. when paraphrasing ideas (as opposed to facts) acknowledge this with a phrase similar to “According to Betty White...” or “As Betty White observed...”

GUIDED PRACTICE: Paraphrase a Poem

3

Cable

Paraphrase the following poem by A. E. Housman. Your paraphrase will probably consist of three sentences (one for each verse). Your paraphrase will not be poetry, so there is no need to write it in verse form. In your acknowledgment phrase, you could refer to the person you are paraphrasing as the narrator of A. E. Housman’s “Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now.”

Loveliest of trees, the cherry nowIs hung with bloom along the bough,And stands about the woodland rideWearing white for Eastertide.Now, of my three score years and ten,Twenty will not come again,And take from seventy springs a score,It only leaves me fifty more.And since to look at things in bloomFifty springs are little room,About the woodlands I will goTo see the cherry hung with snow.

IV. SummarizingA. Summaries are shorter than paraphrases.B. Summaries focus on the passage’s main idea w/o supporting detailsC. two things to remember

1. Your summary should not include most of the details but only the main ideas—usually the thesis and the main supporting points.2. Your summary should be easily understood by your reader

D. guidelines for summarizing:1. First, read the passage carefully.2. Find the thesis (the statement of the whole passage’s main point). Underline it.3. Find and underline each topic sentence (the statement of the paragraph’s main point).4. Draft a summary by paraphrasing the thesis and then paraphrasing the topic sentence of each paragraph, adding whatever connecting material is necessary for coherence.5. Paraphrase the summary you have written as an added measure against plagiarism.6. Check the summary against the original passage to ensure that your summary does not too closely match the original but that it accurately and objectively conveys the original’s ideas.7. Make it clear to your reader throughout your summary that these are someone else’s ideas, not your own.(from What’s Your Point?)

4

Cable

GUIDING PRACTICE—Summarize an Essay

V. QuotingA. weave the quote into your paperB. set some context and introduce the quoteC. use an acknowledgement phrase that introduces the author and gives an explanation of the relevance of the quoteD. examples:

1. INCORRECT: The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our modes of thinking, and we thus drift toward unparalleled catastrophes (Einstein 26).2. CORRECT: Albert Einstein, whose theory of relativity laid the groundwork for the release of atomic energy, wrote, “The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our modes of thinking, and we thus drift toward unparalleled catastrophes” (26).

5

Cable

WORKS CITED PAGE NOTES

I. The last page of your paperA. explains all of the sources used to create your paperB. readers want to know and be able to find the information used to piece together your paperC. readers will be able to validate your claims/researchD. EVERY from of information used must be on your works cited pageE. in-text citations must line up with the sourcesF. information on a works cited page must be uniformG. just like in-text citations must be formatted a certain way, so too must sources on a works cited page

II. Basic Rules for a Works Cited PageA. always begin at the top of a new page

1. use “page break” to set it off from the body of your paper2. your header with your last name and the correct page number in the upper-right corner

B. the title Works Cited is centered at the top1. everything on the page should simply be double spaced2. don’t add an extra space under the Works Cited 3. nothing on the page should be quadruple spaced

C. The first line of each entry should be flush with the left margin. 1. Each line of an entry after the first should be indented one-half inch from the left. 2. set up a “Hanging Indent” in your word processor

D. Double-space the list of works cited; do not put extra spaces between the entries.E. entries must go in alphabetical order

1. use individuals’ last names (such as authors, editors, or whomever else comes at the beginning of the entry) 2. by the first words of titles when they begin an entry

F. more than one creator of a work1. reverse the first and last names only of the first person at the beginning of an entry 2. don’t change the order of the contributors.

G. capitalize titles as you normally wouldH. quotation marks around shorter works (e.g. short stories, articles, title of songs, etc.)I. italicize titles of larger works (e.g. books, plays, periodicals, databases, TV series, etc.)J. titles w/subtitles

1. set the subtitles off with colons 2. unless the part of the title before the subtitle is followed by another punctuation like an exclamation point3. look at the title page and publication data to check for a subtitle

6

Cable

K. dates1. Abbreviate all months except for May, June, and July 2. days should come before the months and years in dates3. no commas are used4. hyphenate the months for works that span more than two months (Sept.-Oct.)

L. The date of access is no longer required for works accessed electronicallyM. End the entry with a period.N. Abbreviations like “n.p.” when no pages numbers are provided, “n.d.” when no dates are provided, and so on, are no longer used.

7

Cable

Works Cited

Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." The New York Times, 22 May 2007,

www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0. Accessed 12 May 2016.

Ebert, Roger. Review of An Inconvenient Truth, directed by Davis Guggenheim. rogerebert.com, 1

June 2006, www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-inconvenient-truth-2006. Accessed 15 June 2016.

Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of

Sustainability." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, vol. 14,

no. 1, 2007, pp. 27-36.

An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by Davis Guggenheim, performances by Al Gore and Billy West,

Paramount, 2006.

Leroux, Marcel. Global Warming: Myth Or Reality?: The Erring Ways of Climatology. Springer,

2005.

Milken, Michael, et al. "On Global Warming and Financial Imbalances." New Perspectives

Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4, 2006, p. 63.

Nordhaus, William D. "After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global

Warming." American Economic Review, vol. 96, no. 2, 2006, pp. 31-34.

---. "Global Warming Economics." Science, vol. 294, no. 5545, 9 Nov. 2001, pp. 1283-84, DOI:

10.1126/science.1065007.

Regas, Diane. “Three Key Energy Policies That Can Help Us Turn the Corner on

Climate.” Environmental Defense Fund, 1 June 2016, www.edf.org/blog/2016/06/01/3-key-

energy-policies-can-help-us-turn-corner-climate. Accessed 19 July 2016.

8

Cable

Revkin, Andrew C. “Clinton on Climate Change.” The New York Times, 17 May 2007,

www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1194817109438/clinton-on-climate-change.html.

Accessed 29 July 2016.

Shulte, Bret. "Putting a Price on Pollution." US News & World Report, vol. 142, no. 17, 14 May

2007, p. 37. Ebsco, Access no: 24984616.

Uzawa, Hirofumi. Economic Theory and Global Warming. Cambridge UP, 2003.

From https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/12/

9