US HistoryGuided Lecture Notes

The Protestant Reformation: Review

Key Concepts: End of…

Attack on the medieval church—its ___________, ______________,___________ and personnel

Not the first attempt at reform, but very….

A convergence of unique circumstances

Catholicism at the time of the Reformation:

Corruption… Indulgences Masses for the dead Extravagant… Grace + Works…

St. Peter’s Basilica

Pope Leo X

Convergence of Unique Circumstances

Better educated, urban populace was… Renaissance monarchs were growing impatient with… Society was more… Growing…

--John Wycliffe

Invention of moveable type was invented in...

o helped…o intensified…

Manufacturing of paper…

Protestant ideas appealed to…

The Holy Roman Empire

The Decentralized politics New HRE, Charles V, is young, _____________________________ and attempting to govern a

huge realm during the critical years of Luther’s protest Charles V faced outside attacks from… Circumstances favor… Growing piety, _____________ and ______________________ among European masses Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church… --In Praise of Folly (1510) Call for a return to…

The Story

John Tetzel

Martin Luther

Nailed 95 thesis to the door at Wittenberg, Germany

o Intended to start…

o Sparked the Reformation

Lutheran Theology

Humans are…

God is primary actor in…

God calls us by His grace. Faith is not a work, but…

John Calvin Theology

Geneva Switzerland

◦ Total …◦ Unconditional election◦ Limited atonement◦ Irresistible Grace◦ Perseverance of the saints.

King Henry VIII

England

◦ Wanted a divorce; Catholic church said…◦ Set up his own church in England

Anglican church◦ A “political reformation” only at first

The six wives of Henry VIIIo --Anne Boleyno --Jane Seymour

The brief reign of Edward VI The rule of “Bloody” Mary Queen Elizabeth I

Results of the Reformation

Germany was politically… Christian Church was _______________ in the West Religious Warfare for… Furthered societal individualism and… Growing doubt and religious skepticism Political stability valued over religious truth Calvinism boosted …

Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600’s

US HistoryGuided Lecture Notes:

The New World: Spain vs. England

In 1492 (yes I know you know this) ….

Columbus was an Italian, but….

In 1500, the world power was ____________ and they were very interested in…..

The exploitation and exploration of the new world by the Spanish came in three waves.

1.

2.

3.

They were motivated by….

By 1607, when the English colony was established, the Spanish empire…..

The Spanish controlled their empire through a central and coordinated government, but ..

The British Colonies, on the other hand,….

Yet, even the little English interference in colonial life….

English expansion……

First attempt at colonization….

English saw need to colonize….

These colonies were not funded by the English government, but rather by…..

The selfishness of everyone involved caused early settlements to fail; it would take _____________leaders to withstand the effects of “starving times.”

Jamestown….

John Smith..

Starving and grumpy…

An ‘act of God’….

“Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall”…

American Indian problems…

Still the colony was about to fail; the Virginia Co. needed ….(under Sir Edwin Sandy/ mini colonies/replaced Laws w Common Law)

But the infrastructure needed to make colony profitable was not there and then…..

Virginia Co failed….or did it?

Conclusion:Guided Lecture Notes:

Pilgrims, Puritans & Anglicans

The Puritans and Pilgrims are often viewed as….

The Reformation in Europe…..

King Henry VIII established ….

Pilgrims and Puritans were actually two distinct groups….

The Separatists journey…..

William Bradford…..

Pilgrim community changed…..

The Puritans sought power for….

Back in England….

They were not ‘separatists’ in the Pilgrim sense….

John Winthrop as Governor….

The Great Migration to the Bay Colony….

Other colonies….

Religion in Virginia and Mass: a comparison…

VA:

MASS:

Conclusion

Early English plantations failed…..

What made the Massachusetts colony different?

US HistoryGuided Lecture Notes

The French and Indian War

Debunking misconceptions

• Americans were …

• French and Indians were…

Why the Conflict?

The Breaking Point

• The Ohio Valley…

– Why?

• Fort Duquesne…

• The spark…

• How did Washington fare?

• The conflict grew to encompass…

• The sides…..

– England & Prussia vs

– France Spain Austria & Russia

• Most of the 7 years war was fought in…

• Americans were known as…

• The inter-colonial congress met…

– Indians…

– Broader purpose:

• The first congress…

• The leader of the Albany Congress was…

• The results…

• Franklin’s opinions of his fellow Americans’ mind????

• Britain's leader in Parliament was…

• First Louisbourg

• Then Quebec….

– The battle….

• Result…

Overall result of the war…

French lost…

– Canada

– Mississippi Valley

• Britain won…

• Spain lost…

– Florida

Guided Lecture Notes:The Coming of the Revolutionary War

Lexington (listen to the story)

The British had established the colonies …..

The British theory that justified exploitation of the colonies ….

Under the Mercantilist system, Americans felt….

A revolution in British Colonial policy precipitated the American Revolution

George Grenville felt the Americans should pay for their keep and instated…

Americans felt angry because….

They also wondered whether the reason for British troops in America was…

The Americans insisted “No taxation without ____________________”

Americans were eventually forced to deny the authority of Parliament which led logically to…..

Charles Townsend became prime minister…..

After having defeated the stamp tax, Americans were…..

The new taxes were…

The British soldiers staying in Boston were often…..

The Liberty loving colonials…..

The inevitable clash….

King George III was….

When the British redoubled efforts to enforce the Navigation acts…..

Sam Adams…

In 1773, a new problem arose….

The Boston Tea Party featured…..

Reactions to the Boston Tea Party ….

The First Continental congress did much to…..

From Lexington, the British moved on to Concord where they were defeated.

Conclusion:

WHERE DOES GOVERNMENT COME FROM?In pre-American times?Divine Right of Kings

God…

People should…

Romans 13

Power resides with the people Thomas Hobbes

Book: Leviathan

State of nature:

Natural Rights…

However, “life is…

Give…

John Locke

People have Rights

Share rights with King

Also…

When King…

Regular US HistoryProject

Directions:

Groups translate Declaration into simple language.

Only work on 1st two paragraphs.

Pg 660

APUSH:FRQ

 Explain the causes of the American Revolution; be sure to discuss Lockean thought in American reasoning for declaring Independence in 1776.

Guided Lecture Notes:The Results of the Revolutionary War

During the Revolutionary War, England found itself at war with….

The Treaty of Paris …..

The theory of republicanism rested on….

Thomas Hobbes…

John Locke…

Excesses of the French Revolution were avoided partially because…

Under the Articles of Confederation, states remained sovereign. This caused some problems…

Two problems with Congressional power…

Though weak, Jefferson compared the Articles to all other forms of govt….

Collecting taxes was…..

Shays Rebellion was….

Shay’s Rebellion resulted in….

Initially the delegates at the Constitutional Convention met to…

The Virginia Plan….

The New Jersey Plan….

The Great Compromise…..

The two great principles of Republicanism….

A revolutionary move to ratify the Constitution….

The Anti-federalists were…..

The Federalists…

The majority of people in America….

Conservativism….

Summary:

The Big Question:

Was the Constitution a reaction against Revolutionary principles by a rich elite or did its authors create a government that they hoped would better live up to Revolutionary principles?

Lecture:Washington, Hamilton & Jefferson

Washington's Presidency Elected 1788

Goals

Create permanent place for…

Washington DCsite chosen by GWspent much of his presidency

The seat of government was finally moved… Peace at home

Whiskey Rebellion…

Tax on…

Federal troops too weak put it down. GW called on…

Avoid political parties

Attempt to…

Jefferson vs Hamilton in cabinet

Both left cabinet posts before end of term

Avoid foreign entanglements

(Hamilton –

(Jefferson –

Hamilton/Washington drew up Jay treaty to normalize relations between…

Made…

Results:

Jefferson vs. Hamilton Two Parties

Federalist

(Hamilton)

Strong…

Favored…

Federal banks

Favored…

Democratic-Republican

(Jefferson)

Strong…

Favored…

Local banks

Favored…

Washington’s Presidency Farwell Address

necessity and importance of…

the value of…

the evils of political parties,

and the proper virtues of a republican people.

Avoid…

Legacy

Set great precedent:

The man who could have been King…

US HISTORY Guided Lecture Notes:John Adams

2nd President (1797-1801)

1796 Presidential Election

Federalist: Federalist:

Dem-Rep: Dem-Rep:

Jefferson won _______ electoral votes; Adams won __________.

Adams as President

Kept… (Controlled by Hamilton)

was combative and placed principle above politics – made people _____________at him.

Continue Washington's policy of staying out of the French /British war.

Hamilton (Federalists) favored ____________________

Jefferson (Dem-Reps) favored _________________

French began seizing American ships, seeing Americans as Britain’s “junior partner.”

Adams sends peace makers to France

___________ Affair –

French respond to Adams by demanding major concessions from the United States as a condition for peace negotiations

(1) __________________ pounds sterling silver

(2) a ________________________ loan from the United States,

(3) a $250,000 personal ________________ to French Foreign minister

(4) Personal apology from ____________________________.

Adams didn’t release conditions to public…

Quasi-War (1798-1800)

Near war between France and US; no battles, but preparation.

______________________ felt…that we must be prepared for war!

_____________________ felt….the Federalists wanted war and were hiding something!

(1) Said lots of bad things about Adams

(2) Insisted on knowing conditions for peace…

So…. Adams released conditions,

(1) causing Federalists to win elections

Alien and Sedition Acts

Adams/Federalists attacked by Dem-Reps.

Quasi-War w/ French undermined by Jefferson.

Federalist Response: Alien and Sedition Acts

(1) Allowed the president to deport any foreigner he thought dangerous to the country.

(2) Crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the -__________________________________________________________________________

Need to be able to protect USA

(1) Build Navy

(2) Raise Arm

Who to lead it?

(i) ____________________________________________(very old)

(ii) Washington insists on ___________________ as chief subordinate

1. Effectively giving Hamilton all the power, but Adams didn’t dare say no to George.

Both Federalists and Dem-Reps expect war…

(1) Adams sends another peace mission to France…

(2) New French leader accepts peaceful overtures…who?

Election of 1800 - Jefferson wins! Adams leaves after 1 term.

Adams Legacy

Continued G Washington’s moderate policies.

Did not allow US to get dragged into_______________________

After losing election, _____________________________ (this is rare in world history).

Passed _______________________________________ Acts

Clearly in violation to Constitutional rights.

US HistoryGuided Lecture Notes

Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency: 1801-1809The Beginning

March 4, 1801

o Thomas Jefferson is the first President inaugurated in the new capital city of …

Thomas Jefferson

o My thesis…

Barbary Wars

o May 1801

Pasha of Tripoli declares war with the United States because …

On the 20th Jefferson sent the first naval fleet to the area.

o 1803 – Jefferson faces much criticism for his decisions made regarding the war

The Philadelphia runs aground in the Tripoli Harbor and…

Jefferson is forced…

o September 1804 – the final battle took place in the Tripoli Harbor

o June 4, 1805 after the Pasha of Tripoli had been replaced, a treaty was made with the

United States and the prisoners were released.

Louisiana Purchase

April 30, 1803

o __________________________________ & James Monroe signed the…

o The United States paid __________________________for the land, roughly 4 cents and

acre

o The purchase added ______________________square miles of land west of the

Mississippi to the United States

o July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is…

Lewis and Clark Expedition

January 18, 1803

o Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land …

o His goal:

May 1804

o Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition

January 18, 1803

o Jefferson sends a secret message to ________________ regarding the Lewis and Clark

Expedition

In this message he asks for permission to…

Embargo Act of 1807

1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars between…

America was once again trapped between the two nations

Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed…

o How did this work?

The _________________________________of 1809 was put in place to repeal the unsuccessful

Embargo Act

First Inaugural Address

Essential Principles of Government

o “equal and exact justice to all men”

o “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations”

o “the support of state governments”

o “the preservation of general government”

o punishment for those who choose to revolt

o compliance with the decisions of the majority

o “a well disciplined militia”

o honest payment of debts

o maintaining a sound economy

o proper distribution of information

o freedom of religion

o freedom of the press

o AND Unity of Americans

Second Inaugural Address

Delivered on March 4, 1805

Stresses the importance of American neutrality in…

Outlines the __________________________ and the processes by which the original inhabitants

of the land will become citizens of the United States

Stresses the importance of harmony amongst…

Conclusion:

US HistoryGuided Lecture

Madison and Monroe

James Madison-1809-1817 (Dem-Rep)

• Bank issues

• War of 1812

– British Impressments…

– US attacks ___________

• Brits defeat France, turn attention to US

– Attack East Coast, then ____________ – burns it

– Baltimore

– New Orleans

Death of Federalist Party

• Embargo act…very unpopular in North (Federalist still)

• War of 1812 ended legal trade w/ England

– Madison didn’t trust a few __________________ states to run their

militaries, so he planned to run them.

– States refused; Madison…

• Hartford Convention

– Federalists met to discuss…

• After War of 1812 ended, Hartford Convention looked....

James Monroe-1817-1825

• Florida (1819)….

• Missouri Compromise (1820)….

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)…

• Internal improvements…

Era of Good Feelings (Monroe’s Presidency) His Cabinet

– ___________________ as Secretary of War

– John Q. Adams as Secretary of ___________

– Tried to get Henry Clay too!

– Appointed many (ex)federalists to offices

Market Revolution

• Movement toward industry, specialization of labor & production, with

capitalism as basis.

– Building of factories

• Eli Whitney’s _________________________

– Farming more efficient

• John Deere’s steel plow

Notes on Video:

UNIT: Andrew Jackson!Guided Notes

Andrew Jackson (1803-5), The Missouri Compromise (1820) & Andrew Jackson’s Nullification Crisis (1832)

Who was Jackson?

Andrew Jackson had a _______________ personality that rubbed many rich people the wrong way,But ___________ ________ loved him.

He was certain that his actions were _______________,

He would defend his ethics and honor, even if he had to use ________________.

The story of John Sevier and Andrew Jackson (just listen)

The Missouri Compromise…

In 1820, former President Thomas Jefferson said, “We have a ___________ by the ears and we can neither hold him nor safely let go of him.”

What is “the wolf” ? ______________ What does Jefferson mean here?

Slave states and Free states represented two distinct parts of the country. _________& _________

There were _____ free states and _____ slave states.

Southern states feared a loss of equal power with Northern states in the ______________.

Northern states didn’t want to give up their power either.

In 1819, Missouri asked to come into the Union as a ____________ state.

Northerners said ______! Why?

How to solve this problem? Kentuckian Henry Clay suggested allowing Missouri to enter as a __________ state and Maine to enter as a ___________ state. Slavery would also be permitted only in territories south of 30 N latitude.

What was everyone’s basic goal?

In 1829, Andrew Jackson became _____________. He was from the South. But he would insist that the Union remain one. When Andrew Jackson insists on something…..(lets finish the story)

Nullification Crisis…In 1828, Congress passed the highest tariff in US history (to that time).What is a tariff?

Southerners liked / hated (circle one) the tariffWhy?

Vice President John C Calhoun claimed that a state had the right to nullify, which means ‘to _________’ a national law, if it disagreed.

At the dinner party…..

Calhoun then____________ as Vice President, but was elected ______________ from South Carolina.

By 1832, South Carolina passed the nullification act and threatened to secede from the Union. President Jackson was…

Jackson supported a lower tariff, and asked Congress to pass the __________ bill which would allow him to use army to enforce the tariff.

The rest of the South balked and wouldn’t support South Carolina or incur President Jackson’s ____________.

The Union was saved, but the gap between North and South was growingFinal thoughts……

US HistoryGuided Lecture NotesAmerica 1820-1845

Review: Jackson 1829-1837 (Democrat)

o Killed the National Banko Indian Removal…o Nullification Crisis…

Post Jackson Martin Van Buren 1837-1841 (Democrat, 8th President)

o Jackson’s ______o Panic of 1837

Caused by Jackson’s assault on financial system.o Huge Depression followed…

No tools (bank) to deal with depression. Made Van Buren…

William Henry Harrison 1841 (Whig, 9th President)o _____ yrs old when took oath – very old at the timeo Gave ______ hour inaugural address in raino Died ______ month later of pneumonia

John Tyler 1841-1845 (Whig, 10th President)o But made Whigs mad by supporting _____________o Vetoed his own party’s entire agendao Very Unpopular

Had lots of _______________

Had son a 63 yrs, that son at 75o Grandson still alive!

Many New/Improved Inventions & Technologieso Telegrapho Railroado Canalso Interchangeable partso Reapero Plow

Antebellum Culture (means: )o Sources of Reform

Romanticism – man has _____________________ Transcendentalists – ______________ is basis for knowledge Protestant Revivalism (2nd Great Awakening) Temperance (means: ) Public Schools and higher education Prison Reform Feminism - Seneca Falls Movement Abolitionist movement

o Life in the North Growth of cities (5% in 1790; 25% in 1860) Problems with large cities…. Industry Factories Technology – interchangeable parts Unions Social Unrest

o Life in the South Classes

Planters Yeoman farmers Slaves

Poor whites Slavery Mainly agricultural

US HISTORY Guided Lecture Notes: The West: 1800-1850

Review:

Early developments

______________________ (1803)

Two Big Questions:

________did Americans move west?

What enabled America to expand?

1st Q: Why did Americans move West?

Manifest Destiny?

The 19th century American belief that the United States was _____________ to expand across the continent. (Often with _________ as the motivator).

Other reasons?

Movement: First Migration

Mountain men

1810-1860s Most in _____________

Movement: Large Migration

White Farmers 1840s

2nd Q: What enabled the move West?

US acquisition of territory

Infrastructure developments:

Transportation

Railroads

Canals

Issues facing westward expansion

Problems: How to __________________?

(1) Texas/Mexico(1840s)

Towns established in the West

Issues with land after acquiring it?

(1) Statehood, territories, disputed lands

(2) Missouri Compromise (1820)

(3) Compromise of 1850

Indians?

(1) How to interact/deal with them (throughout 1800s)

Getting Land (from Mexico)

1820s Mexico invites white Americans to settle _____________

(1) Must speak _____________

(2) Must become _______________

Texas desires independence (1835)

(1) Fights (Remember the Alamo!)

(2) Texas won freedom from Mexico in 1835

(3) Wanted to enter Union (US declined repeatedly)

James K Polk (1845)

(1) Wanted US to expand

(2) Accepted _________________as State

a. Mexico broke off _____________________

(3) Mexico said border was…..

(4) Polk order Gen Z Taylor to Rio Grande

(5) Mexicans attacked, killing....

(6) Polk declared ____________.

(7) Invaded Mexico, surrounded capital, demanded Mexico cessation of 1848

Gold discovered in California a few years later….

(1) California enters Union in 1850.

1st Q: Why did Americans move West?

(1) Manifest Destiny?

(2) Or something else?

a. Read Richard White article

b. Summarize here:

Causes of the Civil War Important Questions

o What Caused the Civil War? ? ?

o Was the Civil War inevitable or avoidable? Cooks Thesis: The issue of the _________________________________________ drove an

irrevocable wedge between North and South that drove America to Civil War.o Acquisition of Territory….Where/when?

o Spread of slavery….where/when?

Sectional Divisions growo North

Industrial Free Strong __________________________________ Helps trade both interstate and international Restricts rights/power of states

o South Agricultural Slavery States________________________ States have ultimate say within their borders Gives state control over issues that are most important to them

Balance through Compromiseo Missouri Compromise (1820)

? Sectional Flair Ups & Conflict

o 1831 Nat Turner Revolt- o 1832 Nullification Crisis - o 1845 -1848 Texas Annexation/Mexican War

How to deal with slavery in new lands? Compromise of 1850 (popular sovereignty and Fugitive Slave Law)

Remember Balance through Compromise?o 1852 “___________________________________” by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Blended Christian imagery with abolitionismo Kansas Nebraska Act

Bleeding Kansas (1854-56) Popular Sovereignty in practice?

Both pro and anti-slavery forces send their people to Kansas to influence popular sovereignty.

Insert Sumner and Brown guided Notes here Rise of Republican Party Dred Scott

o Test of the “Fugitive Slave Law”…o Dred Scott had traveled to free state so argued that he _____________o Court rules slaves are property and have not rights under constitution

Implication….? Slavery as an Industry

o Cotton prices and other ___________ issues cause owners to sell more slaves o The market for slaves needed to ____________ to new territories and stateso Slave families were likely _________________________. This leads more to

consider running away to North. ________________________Railroad

o Slaves fear new rules and unstable conditionso Northern Abolitionists organizeo Safe houses are provided by ____________ and others along various routeso Tubman and other “____________” lead thousands to freedom in late 1850’s

John Browno At ____________________________ VA, tried to incite a slave uprising.

Very unsuccessful. Scared the South. Was later ____________________________.

By election of 1860: o Whigs have folded; _________________ Split into North and Southo Four parties have candidates:

Rep., N Dem., S Dem., Constitutional Union Partyo Strong feeling and no majority in election!o Lincoln (R) Wins and then______________________________________!

Dec. 1860 – S. Carolina and other states secede from Union Feb. 1861 – Confederate States Congress (6 South States) appoints

___________________________ Presidento March 1861 – Lincoln sworn into office. He vows to hold property that

belongs to the government Confederate States start “_________________” forts in their territory

(who would stop them?)o Conflict: Charleston SC – Fort Sumter has strategic importance and “siege”

begins in April.o Sumter bombing last two days. North surrenders for 1st South win.

The Civil War has begun.

Abraham Lincoln Thesis:

Politics:

Whig

Republican

Elected to House in

Opposed

1858 Douglas vs. Lincoln Debate

Lincoln:

Douglas:

Presidential election of 1860

Democrats

Republican

Constitutional Union

Lincoln

Elected President in 1860

Most thought him a…

Deep South secedes, Buchanan…

South fires first

Fort Sumter

European nations…

Lincoln’s views on Slavery

Thought it immoral

Did not believe in equality…

Lincoln Douglas debate excerpt

Was not mainly concerned with…

Letter to Horace Greely

Lincoln and the Constitution

Suspended…

Article I, Section 9, clause 2 of the Constitution, "The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it”

Supreme Court…

Chief Justice Taney’s opinions embarrassed Lincoln

Lincoln issued a warrant for his arrest.

Lincoln’s Cabinet

William Seward –

Salmon P Chase –

Edwin Stanton –

Lincoln’s Generals And the Civil War• General Winfield Scott

– Retired in 1861

– Before retirement, his plan….

• (Explain it)…

• 1st Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861

– General Irvin McDowell

• Pressured into fighting before ready.

• Washington people showed up to ___________________________

• Union advances at first, but retreats when Confederates are reinforced.

– McDowell is relieved.

• General George B McClellan

– Slow, cautious; _____________ Lincoln

– Popular with_________________.

– Battles:

• Peninsula Campaign

• Objective: capture Richmond VA

• failed

• Lincoln shifts power to General John _______________.

– Second Battle of _________________________.

• ____________________

• McClellan in charge again

– Battle: Antietam (Sept 1862)

• Union vs Confederate soldiers almost 3 to 1

• Should have trounced Lee; never had more than half his forces fighting in battle at one time.

• Technically victorious at Antietam, but let Lee slip away

• Fired…..again.

• 24,000 killed; bloodiest day in US history.

• Lincoln’s Genius (a side note to the generals)

– Used victory at Antietam to issue Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863)!

• Freed slaves in seceding states ONLY.

• How many slaves were freed?

• Did pave way for complete abolition & 13th Amendment

• Why issue it?

• Ended chances of England….

• General Burnside in charge…

– Fredericksburg, December 1862

• Full frontal assault on well entrenched Confederates

• General Joseph P Hooker

– Chancellorsville (1863)

– “Fighting Joe” Hooker got conked in the head

• War support in North…..

– Riots…

• The Turning Point!

– General George Meade

• Victory at Gettysburg July 1863

– General Grant

• Victory at Vicksburg July 1863

• Video Notes :

The Civil War; South Retreats

• Life in the White House

– Mary Todd Lincoln

• Suffered from __________________

• Spent lots of __________________

• Very messed up

– Lincoln as Father

• Let his kids run amok

• Lost ____________ kids in his lifetime

• Devastated over son Willie’s death

• Lincoln’s generals

– ___________________ – commander of all Union Armies

• Logistics

– W T Sherman – commander in ___________________________.

• Both understood concept of ______________________.(you need to too)

• destroying homes, farms, and railroads

• Grant’s fighting during Wilderness Campaign, Spotsylvania & Cold Harbor.

– Heavy Union losses…

– Lee's Confederates __________________________ repeatedly.

• At Petersburg, Grant got bogged down in a __________________ for nine months.

– Northern Moral at all-time low

• The election of 1864

– Lincoln was very ________________________.

• Needed a victory to bolster his reelection chances

– George McClellan Democrat nominee (_________________with soldiers)

– United Republicans and War Democrats under “________________________”

• Andrew Johnson as VP candidate

• From what state?________________________________

• Why is this significant?

• Lincoln expected to be defeated until….

– In September 1864, Sherman captured Atlanta…

• Burned most of the town down (total war)

• Why is this significant?

– Lincoln eventually won 78% of soldiers votes.

• Close of the War– Sherman’s March to the Sea

• No major battles; destroyed everything in his path– Meanwhile, _________________ kept pressure on Lee

• Sherman turned North to reinforce Grant at Petersburg– Lee was forced to abandon Petersburg & then the capitol, Richmond.

• Lee saw continuing was hopeless• Surrendered at ______________________________, April 9, 1865

• A month earlier, on March 4, knowing that victory was near; Lincoln delivered his Second Inaugural address. – (What’s the tone?)

• Good Friday, April 14, 1865

• With Lincoln dead, the big question is:

– This era is called:

Lecture:Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Purpose ____________________________________________________________________________ into the Union

Status of _______________________________________

Reconstruction (1865-1877) Brought _______________________back into Union.

__________________________passed Amendments guaranteeing African American equality.

Used Union army to enforce black safety/equality in South.

This attempt is abandoned by1877 and southern whites place “freedmen” in new type of slavery.

Interpretation DOES MATTER! Birth of a Nation, film clip (1915)

How did filmmakers in the 1910s interpret Reconstruction?

How are blacks portrayed?

How is the attempt to create black equality portrayed?

Who were the heroes?

South to re-enter Union How? Two views back then…

Moderate Republican

Reunite nation ____________, make modest demands ________________ __________________(renounce secession/adopt 13th Amendment)

When _____________ of voters had taken oath to USA and state had abolished slavery.

Radical Republican

Slavery had to be permanently destroyed, and all forms of Confederate nationalism had to be suppressed & _____________________________________ guaranteed.

Many blacks ________________________________________.

President Andrew Johnson & the Moderates From Tennessee

Former ________________ holder

Grew up poor

Reconstruction:

Blamed Civil War on ____________________class

Granted ______________________________ to all who pledged loyalty to the Union, including return of property.

Believed in _______________ Supremacy

Return as much as possible ________________________________________________.

Radical Republicans Reconstruction should be led by _____________________________.

Blacks should be granted ____________________________________________________________. (14th & 15 Amendments)

Black rights should be protected by the Federal govt., with _______________if necessary.

Other help to blacks:

Freedmen’s Bureau enlarged.

Schooling

Johnson vs. Radicals Johnson __________________ Radical bills passed in Congress.

Radicals ______________________ most bills over Johnson’s veto anyway (they won a large majority in 1866) and then attempted to remove him from office.

In 1868, Grant (R) won the Presidency; Radical Reconstruction in full swing.

White Southern Resistance Many whites refused to participate in ________________________________

Many ______________________ were elected to office in South

Many white Southerners ________________________ Blacks, Carpetbaggers and Scalawags.

KKK

Over time, inertia and scandal broke the will of the North to protect ___________________

Election of 1876 Time of incredible __________________________, both North and South (maybe a low point

in our history).

Grant’s presidency (scandal)

Hayes (R) vs Tilden (D)

Election fraught with ___________________

Tilden _________________ 250,000 more votes.

Electoral votes in _________ states contested.

Electoral commission with majority of _____________________________ claims Hayes (R) won.

Democrats outraged; will filibuster!

Compromise of 1877 Hayes becomes ________________________________

South gets more federal money for internal improvements

Hayes will include a ______________________________ in Cabinet

Noninterference in Southern affairs.

Federal troops _______________________ the South.

Blacks and Republicans immediately lost power.

Jim Crow Laws/separation of races…

Civil rights would not be an issue again until 1950s

The Rise of Industrial America: The Gilded Age

Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations”

Baker – 1 day of work = 3 loaves Butcher – 1 day of work = 3 steaks Brewer – 1 day of work = 3 bottles

Now, because of specialization & efficiency…

2 Bakers – 1 day of work = _____ loaves 2 Butchers – 1 day of work =_______ steaks 2 Brewers – 1 day of work = ________ bottles At the end of the day, each baker has….

The Problem with This Example

The problem is that the first baker hires the second and keeps ….. Thus, whoever owns the means of production...

The Gilded Age?

Termed by ____________________ satirizing the periodo Claimed

__________________ were the similar Political _______________given through ____________________ system Local government run by …

Era Characteristics

Rapid growth of industry, mass production, mechanization, and the factory system __________________________________ and creation of an American aristocracy Political and corporate ___________________________ _______________________ of cheap, immigrant labor Rapid population growth (natural and migratory) Increased social, racial, and labor____________________

Why America?

Political Scandal

Credit Mobilier Scandal- Whiskey Ring- Panic of 1873-

Violence in Politics

President Garfield is …American Leaders????

Presidents …Did take laissez-faire/__________________ approach to government involvement

The Influence of Business

Powerful individuals forced and intimidated Americans and politicians Used tactics … Targeted immigrants for labor exploitation and votes

Political Bosses

Ran local business and politics Forced ___________________ to vote for specific candidates in exchange for citizenship Forced lower class to pay “_______________________________” money Stole money from city coffers Most famous political bosses - _____________________________ of NYC

The Titans of Business: Robber Barons or Industrial Statesmen?

Private investors and businessmen contributed money to elections and campaigns in exchange for a “hands off” approach

Emphasis on business and making money over reform Social Darwinism

The Men

The Titans

o J.D. Rockefeller--o J.P. Morgan--

o Andrew Carnegie—o Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jay Gould,

and Jay Fiske-

Andrew Carnegie

First to use the “Bessemer Process”Carnegie and Philanthropy

The Gospel of Wealth (1889) Influenced by Herbert Spencer and ______________________________

Distribution of Wealth

1900: The richest 2 % owned ___________ of the wealth The richest 10 % owned ________________! But there was a ______________ standard of living across all classes during Gilded Age. Real wages did increase in manufacturing and other industries during period.

Problems of Industrialization

Poor Working Conditions Child Labor Slum Housing

Conclusion

Epilogue - Need to Reform