UNIT 3: CULTURE

Culture is comprised of shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society

Cultural traits are individual elements of culture and include such things as food preferences, architecture, and land use

Cultural landscapes : combination of physical and cultural traitso “built environments”o Coined by Carl Sauer

Sequence occupancy : each successive group that lives in an area leaves a cultural imprint

1. Folk Culture vs. Popular Culture

Why is folk culture clustered?

ISOLATION, LACK OF TECHNOLOGY, LDCS DON’T HAVE GLOBAL POWER AND INFLUENCE, WHICH PREVENTS THE SPREAD OF THESE TRADITIONAL CULTURES

Why is popular culture widely distributed? How does it spread?

MDCS HAVE POWER, INFLUENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY NEEDED TO DIFFUSE POPULAR CULTURE TRENDS GLOBALLY

RELOCATION AND EXPANSION DIFFUSION (HIERARCHICAL, CONTAGIOUS, STIMULUS)

Why does globalization of popular culture cause problems? o Political problems: RESENTMENT OF WESTERN CULTURE E.G. ISLAMIC

FUNDAMENTALISTS IN MIDDLE EAST

o Economic problems: DOMINANCE OF MDCS OVER ECONOMIES IN LDCS (PLANTATION FARMING, FOREIGN FACTORIES); EXPLOITATION OF WORKERS IN LDCS

FOLK POPULAR

TRADITIONAL

CLUSTERED

ISOLATED

LDCS

LACK TECHNOLOGY

EACH IS UNIQUE

LITTLE CHANGE OVER TIME

MODERN

WIDESPREAD

GLOBALIZED

MDCS

HIGH TECHNOLOGY

SIMILAR AROUND WORLD

CONSTANT CHANGE OVER TIME

o Cultural problems: LOSS OF LANGUAGE, TRADITIONS, CLASH OF RELIGIONS VS. POP CULTURE

o Environmental problems: PLACELESSNESS, POLLUTION2. Language

Language is a key transmitter of culture Distribution of language has been most influenced by colonization and migration Isolation limits changes to a language (e.g. Icelandic has not changed much in 1,000 years) The Indo-European language family has more speakers than any other language family Where did the Indo-European language family most likely originate?

TURKEY OR RUSSIA

What are the 8 branches of Indo-European? What are key languages for the top 4?

1. GERMANIC – ENGLISH, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN2. ROMANCE – SPANISH, FRENCH, ITALIAN, PORTUGUESE3. BALTO-SLAVIC – RUSSIAN, UKRAINIAN, POLISH, CZECH4. INDO-IRANIAN – HINDI, BENGALI, URDU, FARSI5. GREEK6. ALBANIAN7. CELTIC8. ARMENIAN

English has diffused around the world as a result of British colonization.

Lingua franca : language of mutual communicationo Swahili (mix of Bantu and Arabic) was a lingua franca for trade between East Africa and

the Middle Easto Russian was the lingua franca during the time of the Soviet Union

Pidgin language : during colonization, the dominated group was often forced to speak the language of their colonizer which resulted in a simplified version of the colonizers language

Creolized language : once a pidgin language becomes the new language and is more formalized and written down, it becomes a creole language

Where in the world are the following language families found? What are the key languages for each?

o Sino-Tibetan: EAST ASIA E.G. MANDARIN, CANTONESE

o Niger-Congo: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA E.G. BANTU, YORUBA, IGBO

o Afro-Asiatic: NORTH AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST E.G. ARABIC, HEBREW

o Austronesian: SOUTHEAST ASIA E.G. INDONESIAN, MALAYSIAN (MALAY), MALAGASY

o Dravidian: SOUTHERN INDIA E.G. TAMIL Numerous languages have gone or are going extinct as their speakers adopt other languages or

die out. Some languages, like Hebrew, have been revived. Others, like many Celtic languages (Irish and Scottish) and the Maori speakers in New Zealand have undergone recent preservation attempts.

Multi-lingual states can present problems when speakers of different languages compete for control of resources in a state, as is the case for Belgium (conflict between Flemish speakers in north and French speakers in south). Switzerland has four official languages (German, French, Italian, Romansh), but few problems because of decentralization of government (local control in each language speaking region)

Isolated languages : languages that are unrelated to any other and do not have a language family (Basque, Japanese, Korean)

Isogloss : language boundaries

3. Religion

Ethnic religions tend to be tied into specific places. Universal or proselytizing religions appeal to people in a broad range of locations.

ETHNIC UNIVERSAL

CLUSTERED

TIED TO SPECIFIC PLACE

DISCOURAGE CONVERSIONS

SACRED PLACES AND HOLIDAYS CONNECTED TO NATURE

HINDUISM, JUDAISM, CHINESE ETHNIC, SHINTOISM, ANIMISM

WIDESPREAD

WORLDWIDE APPEAL

PROSELYTIC/PROSELYTIZING (SEEKS CONVERTS)

SACRED PLACES AND HOLIDAYS CONNECT TO FOUNDER

CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM, BUDDHISM, SIKHISM

Branches are divisions within religions. What are the branches of each of the following?o Christianity: ROMAN CATHOLIC, EASTERN ORTHODOX, PROTESTANT

o Islam: SUNNI, SHIITE (SHIA), SUFI

o Buddhism: THERAVADA, MAHAYANA, TANTRAYANA

Universal religions have founders and many components of the religion (holidays, sacred places) are tied to the founder’s life. For each religion, list the founder as well as a few sacred places and holidays.

o Christianity: JESUS BETHLEHEM (PLACE OF BIRTH), JERUSALEM (PLACE OF DEATH), SEA OF

GALILEE (WALK ON WATER), JORDAN RIVER (BAPTIZED) CHRISTMAS (BIRTH), EASTER (DEATH AND RESURRECTION)

o Islam: MUHAMMAD MECCA (PLACE OF BIRTH AND REVELATIONS), MEDINA (FLED HERE TO

ESCAPE ENEMIES), JERUSALEM (NIGHT FLIGHT TO MEET PREVIOUS PROPHETS)

RAMADAN (MONTH OF REVELATIONS), EID (CELEBRATION THAT ENDS FAST)

o Buddhism: SIDDHARTHA LUMBINI (PLACE OF BIRTH)

o Sikhism: GURU NANAK PUNJAB REGION OF INDIA

Ethnic religions do not have a founder and holy places are often tied into nature. For each religion, list a few sacred places and holidays.

o Hinduism: GANGES RIVER, VARANASI DIWALI, HOLI

o Judaism: JERUSALEM (WAILING WALL) ROSH HASHANAH, YOM KIPPUR, HANUKKAH, PASSOVER

Religions have a huge impact on cultural landscapes. List some specific ways religion has shaped each of the following:

o Sacred places: JERUSALEM – CONFLICT OVER LAND, TOURISM TO HOLY SITES MECCA – HAJJ (PILGRIMAGE) BRINGS HUGE NUMBERS OF MUSLIMS EVERY

YEARo Burial practices:

CREMATION ALONG THE GANGES RIVER AND ASHES SCATTERED IN IT (POLLUTION AND CLEANING EFFORTS); SAVES LAND FOR OTHER USES

CEMETERIES FOR CHRISTIANS, MUSLIMS, JEWS SO CONSIDERABLE LAND PUT ASIDE FOR THIS PURPOSE

o Architecture: 3 BAR CROSS (PATRIARCHAL CROSS) AND ONION DOMES FOR EASTERN

ORTHODOX CHURCHES MINARETS AND DOMES/ONION DOMES FOR MOSQUES

o Toponyms: USE OF “SAINT” IN PLACES SETTLED AND NAMED BY CATHOLICS E.G.

FRENCH CATHOLICS IN QUEBEC AND SPANISH CATHOLICS IN U.S. SOUTHWEST (SAN FRANCISCO, SAN DIEGO)

ISLAMABAD IN PAKISTAN

Hierarchical religions : strict hierarchy e.g. Catholic Church

Autonomous religions : more equal e.g. Protestant Church

Which religion is represented by each letter? Why is that religion found in that part of the U.S.?

Religion X: MORMON (LATTER DAY SAINTS) – WHILE IT STARTS IN NEW YORK, RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION PUSHED THEM FURTHER AND FURTHER WEST OVER TIME

Religion Y: LUTHERAN – SETTLED BY MANY GERMANS AND SCANDINAVIANS

Religion Z: BAPTIST – BIBLE BELT IN THE SOUTH

Where in the world have religions clashed with government policies?o IRANIAN REVOLUTION

What are some examples of religious conflicts that are currently taking place?o ETHNIC CLEANSING OF ROHINGYA PEOPLE IN MYANMAR (BUDDHISTS KILLING

MUSLIMS)

What are some examples of historic religious conflicts?o WAR BETWEEN SINHALESE (BUDDHIST) AND TAMIL (HINDU) IN SRI LANKAo FIGHTING BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS IN IRELAND

I-Score 5

Culture

1. The spread of pop culture often associated with globalization can BEST be defined as which type of diffusion?

a. Contagiousb. Relocationc. Migrantd. Hierarchicale. Stimulus

2. According to ancient social hierarchy in Indian society, your place in life is set at birth. Even though this system has been outlawed it still affects politics, economics, and marriage. What is this system called?

a. Caste systemb. Mysticismc. Dalitsd. Elitisme. Khap Panchayats System

3. Which of the following represents the most widely diffused language in the world?a. Englishb. Spanishc. Germand. Mandarine. French

4. The picture here was taken in which U.S. state?

a. Arizonab. Utahc. Tennesseed. Louisianae. California

5. Which language is recognized as an official language of more countries than any other?a. Spanishb. Frenchc. Mandarind. Arabice. English

6. Which is true of the license plate pictured here?

a. The owner of the vehicle lives in a country that is part of the European Unionb. The “D” stands for Denmarkc. This is the new license plate for Marylandd. “M” is for Macedoniae. Bayern is a region in Finland

7. Geographic place names are of cultural and social importance because:a. The names are descriptive of the natural landscapeb. The names reflect the importance of globalization on a placec. The names are used to promote tourismd. The names make up part of linguistic and local identitye. The names establish ownership of territory

8. Russian, Czech, and Polish come from which language branch?a. Sino Tibetanb. Germanicc. Indo Iraniand. Balto Slavice. Romance

9. English and Dutch come from which language branch?a. Sino Tibetanb. Germanicc. Indo Iraniand. Balto Slavice. Romance

10. India is a linguistically diverse state. The majority of the languages spoken in the southern tip of the state come from what language family?

a. Hindib. Dravidianc. Sino-Tibetand. Indo-Europeane. Austro-Asiatic

11. The place of worship shown above is associated with which of the following religions?a. Eastern Orthodoxb. Islamc. Lutherand. Hinduisme. Judaism

12. From the Tower Hill Station in London you can see a section of the Roman Wall, the fortress of the Tower of London, and modern glass and steel skyscrapers. This would be an example of:

a. Time-distance decayb. Absolute locationc. Expansion diffusiond. Sequent occupancee. Physical landscape

13. What U.S. state and Canadian province are similar due to religion, language, and code of laws?

a. Colorado and Manitobab. Georgia and Newfoundlandc. Washington and British Columbiad. Louisiana and Quebece. New York and Alberta

14. All of the following modern lingua franca languages spread as a result of the era of colonization EXCEPT for:

a. Englishb. Frenchc. Portuguesed. Spanishe. Arabic

15. Which concept is exemplified by this picture, taken in Chinatown, NYC, New York?

a. Environmental determinismb. Transhumancec. Sequent occupanced. Cultural diffusione. Urban hierarchy

16. On the map below, what religion is dominant in the region marked with an X?

X

a. Greek Orthodoxb. Christianityc. Islamd. Buddhisme. Hinduism

17. Towns and cities with large Muslim populations will have large, and often ornate:a. Gurdwarasb. Cathedralsc. Mosquesd. Mandelase. Stupas

18. Both Arabic and Hebrew evolved from the same language branch known as:a. Semiticb. Balto Slavicc. Indo Iraniand. Sino Sibetane. Germanic

19. Which of the following languages exists because of its isolation as a linguistic refuge area?a. Hebrewb. Hindic. Arabiad. Swahilie. Basque

20. What would most likely be the reason for the naming of the city in Indianapolis, Indiana?a. It’s named for a Native American burial siteb. It was the first city settled west of the Mississippi Riverc. It was originally settled by pilgrims from Mumbai and New Delhid. It’s the largest city along the I-80 corridor between Pittsburgh and Chicagoe. It was to be the principal city of the Indiana Territory

21. Language diffusion where the original populations are displaced and original language is replaced occurs in a process called:

a. Hierarchical diffusionb. Migrant diffusionc. Contagious diffusiond. Relocation diffusione. Stimulus diffusion

22. The use of a place name, such as the one shown above, to describe surrounding areas or history is referred to as:

a. Toponymb. Relocation diffusionc. Remote sensingd. Regionalizatione. Sequent occupance

23. In which of the following cities in the U.S. did “jazz” music originate?a. New Orleansb. Memphisc. Kansas Cityd. Detroite. St. Louis

24. Symbolic landscapes are often a source of division and conflict because of their origin in a people’s history and:

a. The introduction of laws to preserve cultural heritageb. A variety of natural resources available at the sitec. The effects of globalization on popular cultured. The meaning attributed to it by cultural demandse. The impact of colonization in less developed countries

25. These two photos BEST represent:a. Cultural diffusion

b. Comparative advantagec. Economic diversityd. Spatial patternse. Global traditionalism

26. Which of the following lists of states all feature internal interfaith boundaries?a. Nigeria, Bosnia, Indiab. Colombia, Turkey, Pakistanc. Ireland, Australia, Egyptd. Thailand, Canada, Spaine. Belgium, Israel, Japan

27. Who proclaimed that the cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a culture group, with his philosophy that “culture is the agent, the natural agent is the medium and the cultural landscape the result”?

a. Wilbur Zelinskyb. Carl Sauerc. Harm de Blijd. Alexander von Humboldte. Johann Heinrich von Thunen

‘’’

28. Which type of cultural diffusion BEST describes the picture shown here?a. Hierarchicalb. Expansionc. Relocationd. Stimulus e. Contagious

29. The majority of the countries and people of the North and the Northwestern parts of Europe speak a language from which of the following language branches?

a. Germanicb. Balto-Slavicc. Romanced. Indo-Iranian

e. Semitic

30. The reading shown here BEST describes:a. Hunters and gatherersb. Space time compressionc. Sequent occupanced. Regionalization e. Friction of distance

31. In present day Harlem, NYC stands a Revolutionary War fort. It has been used from 1812 to present first as a fort, then as an ammunition storehouse, then as a place for patriotic celebrations, and currently as a tourist attraction. Which of the following concepts is BEST related to the history and usage of this structure?

a. Cultural diffusionb. Centripetal forcec. Sequent occupanced. Environmental determinisme. Transhumance

32. Which of the following is the most important medium for transmitting culture?a. Language b. Religion c. Legislation d. Imitation e. Immigration

33. An example of a policy designed to protect local cultures is:a. Official bilingualism in Canadab. The commodification of Native American cultures, such as the sale of dream catchersc. Demand in the global marketplace for Greek olive oild. The diffusion of hip-hop to Arab countriese. The increasing number of Americans who self-identify as multi-ethnic

The Mao people of south central Brazil live along the Patatango River. Their first settlement was called “Aoaxca” first built around 648 A.D. New building over time changed the face of Aoaxca until the final township renamed Maonitza emerged. The old tribes’ descendants are now settled farmers and landowners with a strong and promising future, with cultural ties to the landscape.

34. The picture shown here BEST illustrates which of the following concepts?a. Commodification of toponymsb. Situation c. Urban sprawld. Urban morphologye. Forward capital

35. The spread of Islam from its origins in Arabia outward across North Africa and the Middle East would be classified as what kind of diffusion?

a. Stimulus b. Relocation c. Migrant d. Contagious e. Hierarchical

36. A collection of interrelated culture traits making up a culture is known as a(an)?a. Anthology b. Complexc. Region d. Landscape e. Realm

37. Which of the following U.S. regional associations IS correct?a. Upper Midwest - Lutheranb. Great Basin - Methodistc. Northwest - Mormond. Southeast – Roman Catholic e. New England - Baptist

38. Where would one find the only non-Indo-European languages spoken in South Asia?a. Kashmir and the areas north of Bangladesh?b. Among the peoples of the Indo-Gangetic plainc. Pakistand. The Deccan Plateau on the border with Pakistane. In the state of Tamil Nadu in the south

39. Medieval knights passed each other on their right shoulder side while riding on the road on horseback. Modern Australian motorists drive on the left-hand side of the road. The linkage between these actions is BEST represented by:

a. Relocation diffusion b. Hierarchical diffusion

c. Contagious diffusion d. Migrant diffusion e. Stimulus diffusion

40. Cultures emerged as groups of people who lived and worked together increased in size. Which one of the following is NOT an aspect of culture?

a. Ways to regulate behaviorsb. Passing on information to the next generation c. Values and beliefsd. Groups, such as familiese. Economic systems

41. If Iraq was divided into three new states according to ethnic lines, which group would control access to the Persian Gulf?

a. Shia Arabsb. Sunni Kurdsc. Sunni Persiansd. Sunni Arabse. Shia Kurds

42. “New” Hampshire and “New” Jersey put familiar names on strange new lands for pilgrims. The spread of these toponyms is what type of diffusion?

a. Hierarchicalb. Stimulusc. Contagiousd. Relocatione. Chain

43. The following sentence, “ni esperas ke vi trovis nian novan app utila,” comes from a language created in Europe in 1887 and recognized by UNESCO in 1954 that was attempting to make global communication easier between diverse language speakers. It’s literal translation is “we hope you found our new app useful.” This language is BEST identified as:

a. Pidgin Spanish

b. Uralicc. Romanschd. Creole Spanishe. Esperanto

44. The term placelessness is BEST represented by:a. A mosque located in Mecca b. The western wall in Jerusalemc. A gas station located off of an exit to interstate 75 in Georgiad. A store selling Native American trinkets in Southwest Arizona e. A South African woman selling homemade traditional dolls on a street corner in

Johannesburg45. Which statement BEST represents the religious landscape of the regions shown on a map of

Russia and its former republics?a. The influence of Eastern Orthodox is widespread throughout Eastern Europeb. The hearth of classical architecture and structural innovations is in the Eastern

Hemispherec. Ukrainian, Russian and other Slavic languages remain isolated in Siberiad. The areas of greatest Catholic influence is a band across Russia and Central Asiae. Europe and Asia are closely connected by migration patterns

46. “Baraka” is a Sufi word meaning “breath” or “essence.” Sufism is in the inner, mystical dimension of which of the following religious faiths?

a. Islam b. Confucianismc. Christianity d. Judaism e. Hinduism

47. Which of these groups of world religions is correctly listed from largest to smallest?a. Islam – Christianity – Hinduism – Judaism – Chinese religions b. Christianity – Buddhism – Hinduism – Judaism – Islam c. Christianity – Islam – Hinduism – Sikhism – Judaism d. Islam – Hinduism – Christianity – Buddhism – Sikhism e. Buddhism – Christianity – Islam – Hinduism – Sikhism

48. In which of the following countries is one most likely to find speakers whose native language belongs to the Uralic language family?

a. Libyab. Haitic. Sri Lankad. Estonia e. Guyana

49. This Ohio city was once known as “Porkopolis” due to pork production being one of its leading industries?

a. Akronb. Cincinnati

c. Columbusd. Clevelande. Dayton

50. The ideologies of the perpetrators of the September 11th attacks on the U.S. might have been motivated by which of the following?

a. Cultural assimilationb. Pro-globalization beliefsc. Contagious diffusion of radical ideologiesd. Cultural appropriatione. Opposition to globalization