NOTE: #10 and #35 – Can you identify why there is no correct answer?

Questions 1 –3 are based on the map below:

1. Which of the following statements about the geography of the Eastern Woodlands and the Great Basin is most supported by the evidence shown on the above map?

A. Both regions were very mountainous.B. There was a relative lack of natural resources.C. Both regions had very little wildlife.D. Both regions had a great abundance and variety of natural resources.

2. Historians and archaeologists have argued that the peoples of the Northeast and Atlantic coast areas were periodically nomadic. Based on information from the map, which of the following best explains their reasoning as to why?

A. One powerful tribe dominated the entire Northeastern region, leading other peoples to move to unoccupied lands every few years.

B. Their agricultural practices quickly exhausted the fertility of the land.C. Their food sources never included fishing, and so they were less likely to be sedentary.D. The areas were more densely populated than others.

3. Based on the map which of the following most likely led to the development of more permanent villages for the Eastern Woodlands peoples?

A. Relatively easy access to fertile farmland and an abundance of other natural resourcesB. Proximity to major trading centers and political hubsC. Availability of large mammals for huntingD. Migration of peoples from North to South America

4. Fishing as a means of subsistence in the pre-Colombian era would most likely have contributed to

A. Development of extensive markets for a thriving transcontinental trade in fishB. Mostly mobile societiesC. The building of substantial permanent settlementsD. The building of extensive irrigation systems due to closeness to large bodies of water

Questions 5 – 7 are based on the image below:

5. The image most directly reflects

A. elements of Native American religious rituals to heal the sickB. social institutions devoted to the treatment of the illC. the extensive experience of poverty among Native AmericansD. the impact of deadly epidemics on Native Americans

6. The patterns illustrated in the image resulted most directly from which of the following factors?

A. The lack of Native American immunity to diseases carried over from EuropeB. The limited access to vaccines to deadly diseasesC. The Europeans’ intentional use of biological warfareD. The lack of cultural methods to deal with the spread of disease

7. Conditions like those shown in the image contributed most significantly to what short term impact?

A. The mass death of Spanish populations in the New WorldB. The strategic advantage of the Spanish and Portuguese in conquering Native American populationsC. The strengthening of Native American alliances through the CaribbeanD. The immediate development of immunity to future epidemics

Questions 8 – 11 are based on the passage below:

“When Europeans first touched the shores of the Americas, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic, and New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc had not traveled east to Europe. In the Americas, there were no horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, all animals of Old World origin.

Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, a few fowl, and guinea pig, the New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals associated with the Old World, nor did it have the pathogens associated with the Old World’s dense populations of humans and such associated creatures as chickens, cattle, black rats, and Aedes egypti mosquitoes.

Among these germs were those that carried smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever.”

Alfred Crosby, historian

8. Based on Alfred Crosby’s observations, he would most likely argue that the most historically significant outcome of interactions between indigenous peoples and Europeans would have been

A. The creation of an economic dependence of Europeans on open and fair trade with Native Americans.B. The promotion of an equally-beneficial relationship between native and European peoplesC. The development of dramatic changes that transformed native settlement patterns, disrupted existing

social conditions, and reduced indigenous populationsD. The rapid increase in food production for the British

9. Crosby’s description illustrates what major historical development throughout the world?

A. Triangular TradeB. the Great MigrationC. The transition from feudalism to capitalismD. The Columbian Exchange

10. The pattern in increasing global interaction during the 16th

and 17th centuries had which of the following effects:

A. The increased consumption of tobacco in the New WorldB. The promotion of peaceful coexistence between European nationsC. The dominance of African kingdoms in global tradeD. The total reliance on Native American slaves as a source of labor in the New World

11. The process illustrated in the passage resulted primarily from:

A. improvements in sailing technology and more organized methods for conducting international tradeB. increased rates of transatlantic travel among every nation in EuropeC. greater European promotion of religious understandingD. minimal demand for mineral wealth

Questions 12 – 14 are based on the passages below:

“The Spanish have a perfect right to rule these barbarians of the New World and the adjacent islands, who in prudence, skill, virtues, and humanity are as inferior to the Spanish as children to adults, or women to men, for there exists between the two as great a difference as between savage and cruel races and the most merciful, between the most intemperate and the moderate and temperate and, I might even say, between apes and men… whom you will barely find the vestiges of humanity except for some obscure and vague reminiscences of several things put down in various paintings; not do they have written laws, but barbarian institutions and customs…”

Juan Gines de Sepúlveda, theologian and historian explaining the rights of Spaniards, The Second Democrates, 1567

“ From the fact that the Indians are barbarians it does not necessarily follow that they are incapable of government and have to be ruled by others, except to be taught about the Catholic faith and to be admitted to the holy sacraments. They are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by excellent laws, religion, and custom. They cultivated friendship, and bound together in common fellowship in populous cities in which they wisely administered the affairs of both peace and war justly and equitably, truly governed by laws that at very many points surpass ours…next I call the Spaniards who exploit that unhappy people torturers.”

Bartolome’ de Las Casas, a Dominican friar debating Sepulveda in the Spanish Valladolid Debate, Thirty Very Judicial Propositions, 1552

12. The ideas expressed in the excerpts above strongly suggestthe existence of a

A. vigorous debate over where the ‘civilized’ nature of the indigenous peoples and what that meant for their treatment

B. a large-scale movement that led to the humane treatment of the indigenous peoplesC. system of state-recognition for the validity of indigenous traditions and political systemsD. large and significant indigenous population that survived initial interactions with European explorers

13. The arguments of Sepulveda were supportive of which Spanish policy regarding the Indians?

A. religious conversion for the promotion of integration into Spanish societyB. forced agricultural work and mining by Indians in New SpainC. forced removal of Indian populations to lands not yet inhabited by Spanish colonistsD. isolation of Indians on reservations within New Spain

14. The excerpts above best reflects which of the following historical patterns?

A. Most European groups practiced religious tolerance when they conquered non-Christian territories.B. As the Spanish settled in the New World they became more tolerant of Native American cultures over

timeC. As Europeans came into contact with new civilizations they incorporated natives into the economy in

often exploitative ways.D. European dominance of native populations was always questioned and challenged by leaders and

philosophers 

Questions 15 – 19 are based on the passage below:

“The glory of God by planting of religion among those infidels. The increase of the force of the Christians. The possibility of the enlarging of the dominions of the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, and consequently of her honour, revenues, and of her power by this enterprise.

By return thence, this realm shall receive...most or all the commodities that we receive from the best parts of Europe, and we shall receive the same better cheap than now we receive them, as we may use the matter.

Receiving the same thence, the navy, the human strength of this realm, our merchants and their goods, shall not be subject to arrest of ancient enemies and doubtful friends as of late years they have been.”

Richard Hakluyt, An Englishman’s Reasons for the Conquest of America, 1582

15. The evidence in the above passage most directly reflects which of the following turning points in the 16th century?

A. The complete collapse of the Spanish empire in the Americas.B. The consistent English desire only for gold and silver from the New World.C. The conflict between Catholics and Protestants over who could eliminate the presence of indigenous

peoples the fastest.D. England’s decision to challenge Spain’s economic, political and social dominance in the Americas.

16. The social and economic changes referred to in Hakluyt’s excerpt most directly led to

A. An economic shift in Europe from a feudalistic model to eventually a capitalistic model.B. The reduction of European monarchs’ powers.C. The Spanish encomienda system spreading throughout North America.D. A dramatic decrease in Western European land values.

17. The motivations articulated in the excerpt most strongly contrasted with the motivations of the French and the Dutch in that

A. the Dutch and the French sought to establish large, permanent cities such as New Amsterdam and Montreal, rather than focusing on agriculture or trade.

B. the English saw interaction and negotiation with the indigenous peoples as offensive while the French and the Dutch always intermarried with indigenous populations.

C. the Dutch and the French were attempting to supplement their military with new indigenous soldiers while the English sought to clear the land for their own use.

D. the English would seek to establish large-scale, agricultural ventures in their colonies, rather than focusing on acquiring goods through trade such as the French and the Dutch.

18. Which of the following English colonial ventures most clearly aligns with the motivations expressed in the article?

A. Massachusetts Bay ColonyB. GeorgiaC. The Virginia CompanyD. Pennsylvania

19. Given the excerpt above articulating a set of English motivations for imperial expansion, which of the following best explains why the Navigation Acts were passed?

A. There were substantial fears over the potential influence of Catholic Spain or France on the colonies and the indigenous tries they interacted with.

B. Early industrialization in the mid-1600s saw the need for the protection of industrial secrets from other European powers.

C. English politicians wanted to limit political interaction with the colonies because they feared that the colonies would seek to change their ruling government.

D. It was an attempt to ensure that the English government would be the primary recipient of goods and resources from the lands under its control.

“. . . Let us trace . . . [the] men in authority and favor to whose hands the dispensation of the countr[y's] wealth has been committed. Let us observe the sudden rise of their estates . . . [compared] with the quality in which they first entered this country. Let us consider their sudden advancement. And let us also consider whether any public work for our safety and defense or for the advancement and propagation of trade, liberal arts or sciences is in any [way] adequate to our vast charge. Now let us compare these things together and see what sponge have sucked up the public treasure and whether it has not been privately contrived away by unworthy favorites and juggling parasites whose tottering fortunes have been repaired and supported at the public charge.”

Nathaniel Bacon, Declaration of the People of Virginia, a revolutionary document against Virginia Governor William Berkeley, 1676

20. Which of the following most strongly explains the cause of rebellion against the government of Virginia?

A. The use of public tax dollars on an inefficient public works projects that the settlers were forced to build.B. The accumulation of material and land benefits by an aristocratic elite frustrated former indentured

servants who had come to America seeking opportunity.C. The constant invasion of Indian tribes that were allowed to settle in Virginia colony.D. A weak central government that lacked any control over the economy.

21. The rebellion that ensued following the statement led to a

A. declaration guaranteeing the rights of farmers in VirginiaB. decline in the amount of English migrants seeking to come to the AmericasC. distrust of former indentured servants and a growth in the slave tradeD. elimination of class tension in the Southern colonies

Questions 22 – 23 refer to the image below

Diagram of a Slave Ship

22. The people in the above diagram were often sent to the new colonies because of

A. a decrease of agricultural jobs leading to a larger labor force needed in manufacturing in the New England Colonies

B. a decrease in the number of indentured servants coming to the American colonies from EnglandC. an increase in the demand for completely unpaid and controllable labor force in the Southern ColoniesD. an increase in the population of the colonies that lead to more class mobility

23. The need for cheap labor in the colonies was created by

A. the susceptibility of Native American to European diseasesB. the Southern Colonies dependency on cash crops like tobaccoC. the pressure of joint-stock companies to find gold and silver in the new coloniesD. the colonies trying to compete with Caribbean plantations for English trade

24. The image above would most likely connect with which historical concept below?

A. the Colombian ExchangeB. the Middle PassageC. the econmienda systemD. joint-stock companies

Questions 25 and 26 refer to the image above:

25. Which of the following economic concept best connects with the map above?A. indentured servitudeB. MercantilismC. the Columbian ExchangeD. the Mayflower Compact

26. Which series of laws were passed by British Parliament in response to the increase in Trans-Atlantic trade with the colonies?

A. the Maryland Toleration ActsB. The Great AwakeningC. The Navigation ActsD. Indentured Servitude

Questions 27 and 28 refer to the image below:

27. What explanation best accounts for the differences in black population as seen in the charts above?

A. Early manufacturing in the Chesapeake colonies required the importation of a skilled labor force, while farmers settled in New England.

B. New England’s climate and geography were inhospitable to large scale plantation farming, therefore slaves were not imported in large numbers to the region.

C. The Industrial Revolution around 1700 in New England encouraged migration of white Europeans who were hostile to the idea of slave labor.

D. The Puritan and Anglican religions did not condone slavery, so New England never embraced the slave trade.

28. What is the best explanation for the sharp drop in Native American populations represented in both regions?

A. Constant wars between European settlers and Native Americans killed off numerous tribes.B. Geographical displacement as natives were pushed further into the frontier by European settlers.C. Native American tribes began killing each other off as they competed for increasingly limited resources.D. Native Americans never developed an immunity to any of the diseases brought by European settlers.

29. Which of the following characterizes the relationship between church and state for the Puritans who settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the seventeenth century?

A. The colonial government officially supported religious tolerationB. Colonial officials strictly separated church and stateC. Colonial officials encouraged churches to incorporate Catholic elements of worshipD. Church membership was required for voting and holding public office

Questions 30 – 32 refer to the passage below:

“As touching the quality of this country, three thinges there bee, which in fewe yeares may bring this Colony to perfection; the English plough, Vineyards, & Cattle. . . .

All our riches for the present doe consiste in Tobacco, wherein one man by his owne labour hath in one yeare, raised to himself to the value of 200 sterling; and another by the means of sixe servants hath cleared at one crop a thousand pound english. These be true, yet indeed rare examples, yet possible to be done by others. Our principall wealth (I should haue said) consisteth in servants: but they are chargeable to be furnished with armes, apparel, & bedding, and for their transportation, and casuall both at sea, & for their first yeare commonly at lande also: but if they escape, they prove very hardy, and sound able men.”

--John Pory, Secretary of Virginia, Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton, 1619

30. What did Pory predict for the future of Virginia?

A. it would approach “perfection” because of cash crops and farmingB. it would prosper by selling “armes, apparel, & bedding”C. it would decline if its “riches” continued to “consiste in Tobacco”D. it would collapse because of the overabundance of “very hardy” laborers

31. Which of the following groups made up most of the servants referred to in the passage?

A. American IndiansB. indentured servants from EuropeC. enslaved AfricansD. single, unmarried women

32. The primary market for the Virginia tobacco crop during this period was

A. Virginia

B. EnglandC. New EnglandD. Africa

Questions 33 – 35 below are not connected with any specific document:

33. Which of the following conditions in England motivated Puritans to migrate to New England in the 1630’s?

I. Political repression of dissident ProtestantsII. An economic recessionIII. Restrictions on Puritan religious practices

A. I onlyB. II only C. III onlyD. I, II, and III

34. Initially, Lord Baltimore intended that Maryland be a haven for

A. Baptists.B. Puritans.C. Catholics.D. Quakers.

35. Unlike other English voyagers to the New World, the Puritans

A. succeeded in maintaining good relations with the Indians.B. lost most of their Old World habits.C. immigrated as individuals rather than in groups.D. came only to farm cash crops.