Chapter 1: The Human Body ~ An Orientation

Section 1: An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology (pg. 2-17)

Objectives:Define anatomy and physiology.Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related.Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of

each system.Classify by organ system all organs discussed.Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible torso.List functions that humans must perform to maintain life.List the survival needs of the human body. Define homeostasis and explain its importanceDefine negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function.

Vocab: ALL highlighted words from Ch. 1. Too many to list here. Start making flash cards NOW!!! You will be QUIZZED on vocabulary FREQUENTLY due to the sheer volume of terms you will use in this course.

1. Anatomy & Physiology are _____________________________ of ___________________ and they explore how our bodies are _______________ __________________________ and how they ______________.

2. Define Anatomy:

3. What is the difference between gross and microscopic anatomy?

4. What is developmental anatomy?

5. Define Physiology:

Give a brief description of the following Gross and Microscopic terms:

6. Define regional:

7. Define systemic:

8. Define surface:

9. Define cytology:

10. Define histology:

11. Define embryology:

Give a brief description of the following specialized branches of Anatomy:

12. Define pathological anatomy:

13. Define radiographic anatomy:

14. Define molecular biology:

15. Physiology considers the _________________ of specific _____________________

_______________________ and focuses on the ___________________________________ of the body,

often at the ___________________________ or ______________________________ level.

16. Understanding physiology also requires knowledge of ________________________, which explains …….

17. In A&P, the _____________________________ always reflects ____________________________.

18. List the levels of organization with 1 being the least complex and 9 being the most complex.

___________ organ system___________ macromolecules___________ atom___________ cell

___________ tissue___________ organism___________organelle___________ molecule___________ organ

Organ Systems

19. The integumentary system forms the _________________________ _______________________

_________________________ and is composed of ___________________, ___________________________,

_____________________, ____________________ and _____________________. The integumentary

system protects ______________ ______________________ from injury and

________________________________ vitamin D.

20. The skeletal system is composed of _______________________, ________________________ &

________________________. It _________________________ and ________________________________ body

organs, while providing the framework for ______________________________. The skeletal

system is the site of _______________________ cell formation and ____________________________

are stored here.

21. The muscular system is composed of _____________________________ and

_______________________. It allows ___________________________________ of the environment,

___________________________ and facial _______________________________. The muscular system

helps to maintain ____________________________ and produces ____________________.

22. The nervous system is composed of the ________________________________,

__________________________________________ and _______________________________. It is the fast-

acting control system of the cell that responds to _______________________ by activating

___________________________________ and _________________________.

23. The cardiovascular system is composed of the __________________________ and

___________________________________. The heart pumps _______________________ and the blood

vessels _______________________ blood throughout the body.

24. The lymphatic system is composed of ________________________________________________,

_____________________, ______________________, __________________________________________ and

____________________________________________. It picks up _____________________________ leaked

from blood ________________________ and returns it to blood. It _________________________ of

______________ in the lymphatic stream. The lymphatic system houses

________________________________________ involved with ______________________________.

25. The Respiratory system is composed of the ________________________________,

_________________________, ______________________, __________________________ and _______________.

It keeps blood supplied with ________________________ and removes

___________________________________.

26. The digestive system is composed of the _____________________________________,

________________________________, _______________________________, _______________________________,

________________________________, _______________________________, _______________________________,

_________________________________. The digestive system breaks down ___________________

into ________________________________ units that enter the __________________________ and

eliminates ____________________________________ parts as _____________________________.

27. Your Urinary system is composed of ______________________, ______________________,

_____________________________ and _______________________________. It eliminates

__________________________ ______________________________ from the body, regulates

______________________, ___________________________ and ____________ balance of the

_________________.

28. The male reproductive system is composed of

_________________________________________, ___________________, ___________________________,

________________________ & _________________________________________________. The main

function of the males reproductive system is the production of

____________________________________. The testes produce _________________ and male

___________________________________. ______________________ & __________________________ deliver

_____________________ to the female reproductive tract.

29. The female reproductive system is composed of

_________________________________________, ______________________,

_______________________________________________, _________________________ &

__________________________. Its main function is the production of _______________________

The __________________ produce ________ and ________________________________________________.

The remaining structures serve as sites for ______________________________ and

development of the __________________. Mammary glands produce _________________ to

nourish the newborn.

Organ systems Interrelationships

30. How are the integumentary, digestive and respiratory systems interrelated?

31. What happens once nutrients and oxygen enter the body?

Necessary life functions 1 & 2

32. What are 2 ways that the outside environment is kept separate from the internal

environment of your body?

33. Describe how Movement, Responsiveness and Digestion are each necessary life

functions.

34. What is metabolism?

35. What is excretion?

36. Describe 2 ways in which your body can undergo “reproduction”.

37. What does it mean to grow?

38. Describe how each of the following is something that an organism MUST have in

order to survive.

-Nutrients:

-Oxygen

-Water

-Maintaining body temp

-Atmospheric pressure

39. What is homeostasis?

40. Briefly define the 3 interdependent components of control mechanisms.

Negative feedback & Positive feedback

41. Describe negative feedback and give an example.

42. Label the negative feedback illustration below

43. What is positive feedback and give an example.

44. What is homeostatic imbalance?

The Language of Anatomy

45. What is the anatomical position?

Give a brief description of the following directional terms:

-Superior:

-Inferior:

-Anterior:

-Posterior: -Medial:

-Lateral: -Intermediate:

-Proximal: -Distal:

-Superficial: -Deep:

**Review page 12 in your book for illustrations of each directional term*

Label the regional terms of the surface anatomy:

Body Planes

Briefly describe the following body planes:-Medial:

-Frontal:

-Transverse:

Humans vary _______________________ in both ______________________________ and

____________________________ anatomy. Over _______________% of all anatomical structures

___________________textbook descriptions. Occasionally, ______________________ or

_______________________ vessels will be somewhat out of place or small

____________________________ may be missing. Seldom are ______________________________

anatomical variations seen.

Body Cavities

The dorsal cavity _____________________ the __________________________ _____________________ and is divided into 2 subdivisions.

Cranial cavity which…..

Vertebral cavity which….

The ventral cavity houses the internal ___________________________, also called

_______________, and is divided into the subdivisions __________________________ and

__________________________________.

The thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum and the

pericardial cavity. The pleural cavities each house a __________________________. The

mediastinum contains the ______________________________ cavity and surrounds the

remaining thoracic organs. The pericardial encloses the ____________________________.

A dome-shaped __________________________________ separates the superior thoracic cavity

from the abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is broken into 2

subdivisions: the _________________________________cavity and the ________________________

cavity.

Abdominal cavity contains:

Pelvic cavity contains:

The ________________________ serosa lines _________________________________________________.

______________________ serosa covers the _____________________________. Serous fluid

separates the serosae.

Briefly describe the following body cavitites:

Oral and digestive:

Nasal:

Orbital:

Middle ear:

Synovial: