Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Study Material of 14/8/2020
For Class Nursery to XII
Class Nursery
Subject
Topic
Execution
English
· Worksheet – Match the correct pictures
· Rain Rain go away…
· Check WhatsApp
· Listen & repeat
Math
· Worksheet – Trace the pattern that comes next
· Check WhatsApp
G.K.
· Reading book – Pg 86 (The playground)
· Listen & repeat
Computer
· Pg 8
· Listen & repeat
Drawing
· Draw the national flag & colour it
· Do in the Drawing copy
Class KG I
Subject
Topic
Execution
English
· Cursive writing : Pg 34, 35
· Write in the book
Math
· Numbers writing 51 – 70
· Write in the copy
Bengali
· সাহিত্য মুকুলঃ
পঞ্চম পাঠঃ উ কার যোগে শব্দঃ Pg ১৩
· Read & Learn
Hindi
· Work book Pg 87
दमक, नमक, पलक, फसल, बरस।
· Write in the book
Conversation
· Reading Book Pg 32 (21 – 25)
· Check WhatsApp for oral sheet
Class KG II
Subject
Topic
Execution
English
· Golden Nursery Rhymes pg: 12
· Learn
Science (Term I)
· Pg 131
· Read & Colour the national flag
Computer
· Pg 27, 28
· Follow the book and understand
Math
· Table of 4
· Check WhatsApp for the video (Write in the copy)
Class I
Subject
Topic
Summary
Execution
Maths
Mental Maths
Done
Do in book activity 4,5,6
Class V
Subject
Topic
Summary
Execution
Science
Ch – Solids, Liquids and Gases
States of Matter
As we know that matter exists in three different states in nature. The states are solid, liquid and gas.
Liquids:
In this state of matter the molecules are loosely packed with each other. The space between their molecules is more than that in solids. These allow the movement of the molecules. so the molecules of a liquid move around freely within the liquid. Liquids can flow because of the movement of their molecules. Liquids do not have the definite shape. If a liquid poured into a container, it takes the shape of the container in which it is kept. However, liquids have fixed volume. If we take four different shaped measuring bottles and pour 100 ml of water one by one of those bottles. We can see that the volume of water in all the four containers is same that is 100ml but each time the water takes the shape of the container into which it was poured. This proves that liquid have a definite volume but no definite shape.
Separating insoluble solids from water:
We can separate insoluble solids from water by sedimentation and decantation or by filtration process.
Sedimentation and decantation
Insoluble impurities are allowed to settle down at the bottom of the container this process is called sedimentation. The impurities that settle down at the bottom are called sediments.
The top layer of clean water is then gently poured into another container without disturbing the sediment. This process is called decantation.
Short type questions
1. Define matter.
Ans. Anything that occupies space and has mass is known as matter.
2. Define intermolecular space.
Ans. The space between molecules of matter is known as intermolecular space.
3. Define intermolecular force of attraction.
Ans. The force with molecules attract each other is known as intermolecular force of attraction.
4. Define sedimentation.
Ans. The process of particles settling to the bottom of a body of water is known as sedimentation.
5. Define decantation.
Ans. Decantation is a process of pouring out the upper clear water into another container to separate insoluble solids from water.
Class V
Sub - GK
Book – GK Times
Chapter – 24 Topic – Networking
Matching :-
1 – 5 2 -1 3 – 8 4 -7 5 – 4
6 – 3 7- 2 8 - 6
Class VI
SUBJECT
TOPIC
SUMMARY
EXECUTION
HISTORY AND CIVICS
CIVICS:1
Rural Local Self- Government
THE DISTRICT LEVEL
· Zila Parishad is a highest body under the Panchayati Raj.
· Zila Parishad is called ‘Mohkuma Parishad’ in Assam and District Development Council in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
COMPOSITION OF THE ZILA PARISHAD
· A Zila Parishad these members-
· Pradhans of the Panchayat Samitis.
· The Chairpersons of the Municipal bodies in the District and MPs, MLAs of the District.
· A Zila Parishad also has the representatives of women, the SCs and the STs.
· All the ZilaParishads have a 5 year term.
· Zila Parishad has a Chairperson and a Vice – Chairperson who are elected by the members of the Parishad.
FUNCTIONS OF THE ZILA PARISHAD
1. Construction and maintenance of public roads, bridges and culverts.
2. To develop the land, water and human resources of the area.
3. To establish libraries, educational institutions and dispensaries.
4. To promote that welfare of weaker sections of society.
5. To undertake developmental functions such as minor irrigations schemes, rural housing and rural electrification.
6. To supervise the activities of the Panchayat Samitis and the Gram Panchayats.
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 6 :NORTH AMERICA
THE EASTERN HIGHLANDS
· The Eastern Highlands include the Appalachian Range and the Labrador Plateau.
· The Appalachian Range consists of the old fold mountains, which have been denuded over millions of years.
· The east of the Appalachian Range lie the Piedmont Plateau and the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
· The St Lawrence Valley separates the Labrador plateau from the Appalachian Range.
The important mountain peaks of North America
MOUNTAIN
LOCATION
Mt McKinley
USA (Alaska)
Logan
Canada
Pico de Orizaba
Mexico
Mount St Elias
USA(Alaska)
Popocatepetl
Mexico
BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)
পদের শ্রেণি বিভাগ
বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত বিভক্তি যুক্ত শব্দ গুলিকে পদ বলে।
উদাহরণ- আমি ভাত খাই।
আমি একটি পদ, ভাত একটি পদ, খাই একটি পদ।
পদের শ্রেণি বিভাগ- পদ দু প্রকার-
১) নাম পদ ২)ক্রিয়া পদ
১) নাম পদ আবার চার প্রকারঃ-
· বিশেষ্য
· বিশেষণ
· সর্বনাম
· অব্যয়
তাহলে পদ হল মোট পাঁচ প্রকার-
· বিশেষ্য
· বিশেষণ
· সর্বনাম
· অব্যয়
· ক্রিয়াপদ
বিশেষ্য পদ-যে সব শব্দের দ্বারা কোনো ব্যক্তি, বস্তু, স্থান, জাতি, সমষ্টি এবং কাজে ইত্যাদির নাম বোঝায় তাকে বিশেষ্য পদ বলে।
উদাহরণ- মৌমিতা ভালো মেয়ে।
মৌমিতা- বিশেষ্য পদ
বিশেষণপদ- যে সব পদের দ্বারা বিশেষ্য ও সর্বনাম পদের দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা, সংখ্যা, পরিমান ইত্যাদি বোঝায় তাকে বিশেষণ পদ বলে।
উদাহরণ- ছেলেটি লাল জামা পরেছে।
লাল – বিশেষণ পদ
সর্বনাম পদ- বিশেষ্য পদের পরিবর্তে যে পদ ব্যবহৃত হয় তাকে সর্বনাম পদ বলে।
উদাহরণ- মৌমিতা ভালো মেয়ে। সে পড়াশোনায় ভালো।
উদাহরণে প্রথম বার মৌমিতা বলা হয়েছে। কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বার মৌমিতা না বলে সে বলা হয়েছে।
অব্যয় পদ – যে পদের কোনো অবস্থাতেই কোনো পরিবর্তন হয়না তাকে অব্যয় পদ বলে।
অব্যয় পদ তিন প্রকার-
· সংযোজক অব্যয়
· আবেগ সূচক অব্যয়
· আলংকারিক অব্যয়
বাক্য গঠনের সময় যে সব শব্দ বাক্যাংশ গুলির মধ্যে সংযোগ স্থাপন করে তাকে সংযোজক অব্যয় বলে।
উদাহরণ- সে বুদ্ধিমান কিন্তু অলস।
আমি লিখব এবং পড়ব।
কিন্তু, এবং –সংযোজক অব্যয় পদ
যে শব্দ দ্বারা বাক্যে একটি আবেগের মাত্রা তৈরি হয় তাকে আবেগ সূচক অব্যয় বলে।
উদাহরণ- আহা!কি সুন্দর ছবি।
ছিঃ!ছিঃ! তুমি এ কী কাজ করেছো।
আহা , ছিঃ ছিঃ – আবেগ সূচক অব্যয়।
যে সব শব্দ বাক্যের অর্থ প্রকাশের ক্ষেত্রে একটি আলংকারিক মাত্রা দেয় তাকে আলংকারিক অব্যয় বলে।
উদাহরণ – আমি তো ব্যাপারটা জানিনা।
আর কতনা দুঃখ দেবে।
তো, কতনা – আলংকারিক অব্যয়।
ক্রিয়াপদ- যে সব পদের দ্বারা কিছু কাজ করা বা হওয়া বোঝায় তাকে ক্রিয়া পদ বলে।
উদাহরণ – ছেলেটি মাঠে খেলে।
খেলে – ক্রিয়াপদ
নীচের নিম্নলিখিত দাগ দেওয়া অংশগুলি কোনটি কি পদ।।
১। রবীন্দ্রনাথ অনেক গান রচনা করেন।
উঃ- বিশেষ্যপদ
২। রীনা পুজোতে একটা টুকটুকে লাল জামা কিনেছে।
উঃ- বিশেষণ পদ
৩। বিষ্ণু ভোর বেলায় খুব জোরে জোরে হাঁটেন।
উঃ ক্রিয়া পদ
৪। রোহিণী পড়াশোনায় ভালো। সে প্রতিদিন স্কুলে যায়।
উঃ- সর্বনাম পদ।
৫।যদু ও মধু দুই ভাই।
উঃঅব্যয়পদ
৬। সকলেই ফুল ভালবাসেন।
উঃ বিশেষ্যপদ
৭। লোকটি অসৎ তাই তাকে কেউ বিশ্বাস করেনা।
উঃ- বিশেষণ পদ
৮। গাছে পাঁচটি আপেল আছে।
উঃ- বিশেষণ পদ
৯। রিজু প্রতিদিন ভোরে ঘুম থেকে উঠে। সে নিয়মিত ব্যায়াম করে।
উঃসর্বনাম পদ
১০। আমি লিখব এবং পড়ব।
উঃ অব্যয় পদ।
১১। আহা! ছবিটি বেশ সুন্দর।
উঃ অব্যয় পদ।
১২। রহিম মাঠে খেলা করে।
উ- ক্রিয়া পদ
১৩। জীবন বাবু রোজ গল্পের বই পড়েন। তিনি ভালো কবিতা বলেন।
উ- - পড়েন -ক্রিয়াপদ
তিনি-সর্বনাম
Math
Ratio
Some solved sums from exercise – 11(B)
1) The monthly salary of a person is Rs 12,000 and his monthly expenditure is Rs 8,500. Find the ratio of his :
(i)Salary to expenditure
(ii)Expenditure to Savings
(iii)Savings to Salary.
Solution : The monthly salary of the man = Rs 12000 and his monthly expenditure = Rs 8500
Therefore, his savings per month = Rs(12000 – 8500)
= Rs 3500
(i)Ratio of salary to expenditure
= Rs 12000/Rs8500
= 120/85 = 24/17 = 24 : 17
(ii)Ratio of expenditure to savings = Rs8500/Rs3500
= 85/35 = 17/7 = 17 : 7
(iii)Ratio of savings to salary = Rs3500/Rs12000
= 35/120 = 7/24 = 7 : 24
3)The weekly expenses of a boy have increased from
Rs 1500 to Rs 2250. Find the ratio of :
(i) Increased in expenses to original expenses.
(ii) Original expenses to increased expenses
(iii) increased expenses to increase in expenses
Solution : Previous weekly expenses of a boy
= Rs 1500
Present weekly expenses of a boy = Rs 2250
Therefore, increase in expenses=Rs (2250 – 1500) = Rs 750
(i)Ratio of increase in expenses to original expenses = Rs750/Rs1500
= 75/150 = 1/2 = 1 : 2
(ii)Ratio of original expenses to increased expenses
= Rs1500/Rs2250
=150/225 = 10/15 = 2/3 =2: 3
(iii)Ratio of increased expenses to increase in expenses
=Rs2250/Rs750
=225/75 = 15/5 = 3 : 1
5) Two numbers are in the ratio 9 : 2. If the smaller number is 320, find the larger number.
Solution : The ratio between larger number and smaller number = 9 : 2
Given , smaller number = 320
Therefore,
Larger number/Smaller number = 9/2
Or, 2×larger number = 9×smaller number
Therefore,
Larger number = (9×320)/2
= 1440
Class VII
Subject
Topic
Summary
Execution
History and civics
The Delhi Sultanate
Explanation has already been done in the last lesson.
Long answer questions:
9. Discuss the administration of the Delhi Sultans in short.
Ans: the Muslim state in India was theocratic. The Sultans acted as the viceroys of the caliph of Baghdad. The Ulema was recognised as experts in theology and new the shariat or the holy law of Islam. In a Hindu country the Ulema had become all the more important. The high ranking officers were granted a share in the revenue arising from pieces of land or villages reserved for the purpose. Such grants were known as Iqtas and the holders were called Iqtadars. This was known as the Iqta system. The Sultan was a despot with unlimited powers. There was a Council of Ministers to help him in the matters of administration. the highest officer in the government was the Wazir or the chief minister. Other key functionaries and ministers were the Diwan (the finance minister), the Qazi (chief justice) and the Diwan-i-Ariz (the army minister). Land revenue was the chief source of income of the state. Four kinds of taxes were sanctioned by the Islamic law: Kharaj, Khams, Zakat and Jaziya. The Sultans maintained the large army. The army consisted of cavalry infantry and elephants. The Sultan was the commander in chief of his forces. The Empire was divided into a number of provinces. In the 14th century provinces were divided into smaller units of administration called Shiqs each under a Shiqdar. Each Shiq was divided into a number of Parganas. Village was the smallest unit of administration.
10. Write a note on the growth of literature during the rule of Delhi Sultans.
Ans: The Sultans of Delhi were patrons of learning and literature. Though Arabic was the religious language of the Muslims Persian was adopted as the court language and it became the language of the aristocracy. MinhajuddinSiraj wrote Tabqat-i-Nasiri, ZiauddinBarani wrote Tarikh-i-Firozshahi. The Tughlaq Sultan Firoz Shah road autobiography Futuhat-i-Firozshahi. Amir Khusrau was an outstanding poet of the Persian language and a great historian. the language that he used was a mixture of Persian and Hindi words and may be called Hindustani. Some of his prominent works are: Khazain-ul-Futuh, Tughlaqnama, Laila-wa-Majnu and Shirin-wa-Khusrau. Hindi also flourished during the medieval age. Chand Bardai wrote PrithvirajRaso. A new language Urdu evolved from interaction between Hindus and Muslims.
11. Name the famous buildings built during the Delhi sultanate.
Ans: The Delhi Sultan built many find monuments. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque was built by Qutbuddin Aibak at Delhi. Qutub Minar is one of the most magnificent monuments of this period. Its construction was started by Qutbuddin Aibak and completed by Iltutmish. other important buildings of this period are the Alai Darwaza and the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. The Lodi garden at Delhi is a fine example of Lodi art and architecture.
Subject – Biology
Topic – Chapter 4: Photosynthesis and respiration in plants
Respiration:
· The process of breakdown of food (glucose) to release energy needed for various activities is known as respiration.
Full form of:
i) ATP: Adenosine tri phosphate.
ii) ADP: . Adenosine di phosphate
The word equation of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
i) Aerobic respiration:
Enzymes
Glucose + Oxygen ----- ----- Carbon dioxide + Water +
(food) Energy release ( 38 ATP)
ii) Anaerobic respiration :
Enzymes
Glucose ----- -----Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy release (2 ATP)
(Food)
Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration:
Parameter
aerobic respiration:
anaerobic respiration:
Oxygen
It takes place in presence of oxygen
It takes place in absence of oxygen
Occurrence
Occurs in both cytoplasm and mitochondria
Occurs only in cytoplasm
Breakdown of Glucose
It involves complete breakdown of glucose molecules
It involves incomplete breakdown of glucose molecules
End products
Carbon dioxide and Water
Ethyl alcohol and Carbon dioxide or lactic acid
Energy release
38 ATP
2 ATP
The steps in the process of respiration in plants:
· Plants do not have any special respiratory system.
· The exchange of gases takes place through stomata (in leaf), lenticels (in stem), and root surface.
The process:
· I) Oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere.
· Ii) The food breakdown in the presence of oxygen.
· Iii) Carbon di oxide and water are formed during this process.
· Iv) Energy , released during the process, is utilized for various activities occuring in the cell.
Difference between photosynthesis and respiration:
Parameter
Photosynthesis
Respiration:
Food
Synthesized
Broken down.
Raw materials
CO2 , water, sunlight, and oxygen
Glucose and oxygen.
Products
Glucose and oxygen.
Carbon di oxide and water.
Energy
Needed.
Released.
Location
In green plants only.
In living cells in each moment.
Time
During day time.
During night time.
Class VIII
Subject
Topic
Summary
Execution
PHYSICS
LIGHT
A. Objective Questions
Question 2.
Fill in the blanks
(a) Water is optically denser than air.
(b) Air is optically rarer than glass.
(c) When a ray of light travels from water to air, it bends away from the normal.
(d) When a ray of light travels from air to glass, it bends towards the normal.
(e) When white light passes through a prism, it disperses
(f) The splitting of white light into its constituent colours is called dispersion.
(g) A concave mirror is obtained on silvering the outer surface of a part of a hollow glass sphere.
(h) Radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is two times its focal length.
(i) The angle of incidence for a ray of light passing the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror is 0°
(j) A convex mirror always forms a virtual image.
(k) A concave mirror forms a virtual image for an object placed between pole and focus.
Question 3.
Match the following:
Column A Column B.
(a) White light (i) convex mirror
(b) Refraction (ii) concave mirror
(c) Virtual images (iii) refraction
(d) Real images (iv) spectrum
(e) Prism (v) ray of light from glass to air
Solution:
Column A Column B.
(a) White light (iv) spectrum
(b) Refraction (v) ray of light from glass to air
(c) Virtual images (i) convex mirror
(d) Real images (ii) concave mirror
(e) Prism (iii) refraction
Question 4.
Select the correct alternative
(a) The speed of light in air or vacuum is
1. 3×m
2. 2.25× m
3. 332m
4. 2.0× m
Answer: 1. 3×m
(b) A ray of light moving from an optically rarer to a denser medium
1. bends away from the normal
2. bends towards the normal
3. remains undeviated
4. none of the above
Answer: 2. bends towards the normal
(c) The angle between the normal and refracted ray is called
1. angle of deviation
2. angle of incidence
3. angle of refraction
4. Angle of emergence.
Answer: 3. angle of refraction
(d) The property of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colours is known as
1. rectilinear propagation
2. refraction
3. reflection
4. dispersion
Answer: 4. dispersion
(e) The seven colours in the spectrum of sunlight in order, are represented as:
1. VIBGYOR
2. VIGYBOR
3. BIVGYOR
4. RYOBIVG
Answer: 1. VIBGYOR
(f) A ray of light passing through centre of curvature of a spherical mirror, after reflection
1. passes through the focus
2. passes through the pole
3. becomes parallel to the principal axis
4. Retraces its own path.
Answer: 4. retraces its own path.
(g) If the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is 20 cm its focal length is:
1. 10 cm
2. 20 cm
3. 40 cm
4. 80 cm
Answer: 1. 10 cm
(h) The image formed by a convex mirror is
1. erect and diminished
2. erect and diminished
3. inverted and diminished
4. Inverted and enlarged.
Answer: 1. erect and diminished
(i) The image formed by a concave mirror is of the same size as the object, if the object is placed
1. at the focus
2. between the pole and focus
3. between the focus and centre of curvature
4. at the centre of curvature
Answer: 4. at the centre of curvature
(j) A convex mirror is used
1. as a shaving mirror
2. as a head mirror by a dentist
3. as a rear view mirror by a driver
4. as a reflector in torch.
Answer: 3. as a rear view mirror by a driver
MATHEMATICS
Ch: 10
Direct And Inverse Variations
Inverse Variation
Two quantities x and y are said to be in inverse variation, if an increase in x causes a corresponding decreases in y and a decrease in x causes a corresponding increases in y.
Note:
(1) x and y are in inverse variation (proportion)
Product of x and y is constant.
(2) If x1, x2, x3, … are some different values of x and y1, y2, y3, … are the corresponding values of y.
Then, x1 y1 = x2y2 = x3y3 … = a constant.
Exercise – 10(B)
(2) If x and y vary inversely, find the values of l, m and n.
(ii)
x
24
32
m
16
y
l
12
8
n
Solution:
In case of inverse variations
24 × l = 32 × 12 = m × 8 = 16 × n
(i) 24 × l = 32 × 12 l = = 16
(ii) m × 8 = 32 × 12 m = = 48
(iii) 16 × n = 32 × 12 n = = 24
(5) In a fort 150 men had provisions for 45 days. After 10 days, 25 men left the fort. How long would the food last at the same rate?
· Solution:
In a fort 150 men had provisions for 45 days.
After 10 days remaining days = (45-10)days = 35 days
Number of men present at fort = (150-25) = 125
Let, the number of days = x days.
Number of men
150
125
Number of days
35
x
It is a case of inverse variation
125 × x = 150 × 35 [In verse variation, x1 y1 = x2y2]
x = = 42
The food would last for 42 days(Ans.)
(6) 72 men do a piece of work in 25 days. In how many days will 30 men do the same work?
Solution:
Let 30 men can do the same work in x days
Number of men
72
30
Number of days
25
x
It is a case of inverse variation
30 × x = 72 × 25 [In verse variation, x1 y1 = x2y2]
x = = 60
In 60 days 30 men will do the same work. (Ans.)
(8) A car takes 6 hours to reach a destination by travelling at the speed of 50km per hour. How long will it take when the car travels at the speed of 75km per hour?
· Solution:
Let the car will take x hours to travel the distance at the speed of 75km/hr.
Speed (km/hr.)
50
75
Time (Hour)
6
x
It is a case of inverse variation
75 × x = 50 × 6 [In verse variation, x1 y1 = x2y2]
x = = 4
The car will take 4 hours when it will travels at the speed of 75km/hr. (Ans.)
Home Work
Exercise – 10(B)
(4) 12 pipes all the same size, fill a tank in 42 hours. How long will it take to fill the same tank; if 21 pipes of the same size are used?
(7) If 56 workers can build a wall in 180 hours, how many workers will be required to do the same work in 70 hours?
Biology
Chapter - 05:Endocrine System and Adolescence
The basic cleanliness we must maintain for maintenance of personal hygiene:
1. Bathe daily with soaps and clean water at least two times. It removes the dirt, germs and sweat.
2. Wash hands with soap and water before and after meals and after using toilet.
3. Adopt regular toilet habits.
4. Wear clean and dry cloths and undergarments.
5. Girls should take special care of cleanliness during the time of menstruation.
Good eating habits:
· Take a balanced diet.
· Eat fresh food. Avoid stale food.
· Do not eat very oily, spicy or junk food.
· Include fresh fruits, vegetables and milk in daily diet.
Stress:
· A state of mental, emotional or physical strain is called stress.
Causes:
I) Pressure from friends.
Ii) Stress of studies and examination.
Iii) High expectations of parents or teachers.
Iv) Disagreement over any issue with the people we love.
Effects of stress:
· Headache.
· Tiredness.
· Anger.
· Irritation.
· Anxiety.
· Depression.
· Trouble eating and sleeping.
· Difficulty in concentrating on studies or any other activity.
Stress Management:
The ways and methods to treat and tackle stress is called stress management.
1. Yoga: Helps to reduce stress by increasing flexibility and muscle strength.
2. Exercise: Walking, jogging, running, skipping, swimming or any other outdoor games promotes physical and mental well being.
3. Proper time management: We must plan our work and get organized.
4. Practice hobbies like reading, writing,, singing, listening music, playing etc.
5. Proper sleep and diet.
6. Laughter improves our mood.
Bengali (2nd language)
পত্র লিখন
পত্র লিখনঃ-
মনের কথা দূরের মানুষকে জানানোর জন্য প্রচলিত হয় চিঠি। বলা যায়, ‘চিঠি মুখের কথা নয় – মনের কথা, হাত দিয়ে বলা’।
পত্র বা চিঠি সাধারণত- দুপ্রকারের ১)ব্যক্তিগত পত্র ২)সামাজিক পত্র
ব্যক্তিগত পত্র- মা, বাবা, ভাই, বোন , দাদা, দিদি অন্যান্য আত্মীয়দের কাছে লেখা হয়।
সামাজিক পত্র- বিদ্যালয়ের শিক্ষক-শিক্ষিকাকে লেখা, অফিসের যে কোন কাজে যে পত্র লেখা হয়।
চিঠির নিয়ম-
· চিঠির ভাষা হবে সহজ, সরল।
· চিঠির মাধ্যমে তোমার সঙ্গে তার সম্পর্ক কেমন জানা যায়।
· চিঠির লেখা পরিস্কার হলে পড়তে সুবিধা হয় ।
চিঠির ছয়টি অংশ থাকবেই-
· ঠিকানা ও তারিখ
· সম্ভাষণ
· আরম্ভ
· বক্তব্য
· সমাপ্তি
প্রাপকের ঠিকানা- ডাকটিকিট ,প্রাপকের নাম, প্রযত্নে, বাড়ির নম্বর ,রাস্তার নম্বর, জেলার নাম, রাজ্যের নাম, পিন কোড নম্বর এগুলি অবশ্যই লিখতে হয়।
History and Civics
The Executive
The Executive:-
The executive is the branch of government exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state. The executive executes and enforces law. ... In such a system, the executive does not pass laws (the role of the legislature) or interpret them (the role of the judiciary).
Parliamentary system:-
A parliamentary system or parliamentary democracy is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.
Qualifications of the President:-
The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age, and qualified for election as member of the Lok Sabha. His term of office is five years, and he is eligible for re-election. His removal from office is to be in accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution.
Presidential election condition:-
· The president shall not be a member of either house of the parliament or of a house of the legislature of any state, and if a member of either house of the parliament or of a house of the legislature of any state be elected president, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that house on the date on which he enters upon his office as president.
· The president shall not hold any other office of profit.
· The president shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
The emoluments and allowances of the president shall not be diminished during his term of office
*****Answer the following questions:-
Short notes: - Qualifications of the President of India.
Homework:-learn.
English Language
Letter Writing
5 Armenian Lane,
Kolkata 700005,
14th August, 2020
My dear Haider Ali,
You have often heard me speak of my frie,nd, Abdul Latif, who is a barrister here. He is an old friend of mine, and one for whom I have a great admiration. Well, he is going to Mumbai in a few days and will probably make a fairy long stay there. And as I want you two to meet and get to know each other, I am giving him this letter for you as an introduction. I am sure you will do your best to make his stay in Mumbai happy. At first you will do it for my sake; but in the end you will do it for his also. For I know you will like him and both of you will find you have many interests in common.
Abdul Latif is, like you, very interested in social reform of all kinds. He also makes Islamic history a hobby, as ypu dp. And, perhaps above all, he plays chess; and you are a chess enthusiast. He is also a good tennis-player. So you should get on well together.
I hope you have got rid of your cold, and are keeping quite well.
Yours very sincerely,
Ghulam Samdani
Class IX
SUBJECT
TOPIC
SUMMARY
EXECUTION
MATHEMATICS
Ch: 2
Compound Interest
Interest: It is the additional money besides the original money paid by the borrower to the moneylender (Bank, Financial agency or individual) in lieu of the money used by him.
Principal: The money borrowed (or the money lent) is called principal.
Amount: The sum of principal and interest is called amount.
Thus, Amount = Principal + Interest.
Rate: It is the interest paid on Rs.100 for a specific period.
Time: It is the time for which the money is borrowed.
Simple Interest: It is the interest calculated on the original money (principal) for any given time or date.
Compound Interest:
At the end of the first year (or any other fixed period), if the interest accrued is not paid to the moneylender but is added to the principal, then this amount becomes the principal for the next year (or any other fixed period) and so on.
This process is repeated until the amount for the whole time is found.
The difference between the final amount and the (original) principal is called Compound Interest.
Remark:
In case of S.I., the principal remain constant for the whole time but in case of C.I., the principal keeps on changing every year (or any other fixed period).
Exercise – 2.1
(2) A man invested Rs.46875 at 4% per annum compound interest for 3 years. Calculate:
(i) The interest for the 1st year.
(ii) The amount standing to his credit at the end of the 2nd year.
(iii) The interest for the 3rd year.
· Solution:
Principal amount = Rs.46,875, Rate = 4%
The interest for the 1st year (Ans.)
Amount after 1st year = Rs.(46875+1875) =Rs.48,750
Now, the interest for the 2nd year =Rs. = Rs.1950.
(ii) The amount standing to his credit at the end of the second year = Rs.(48750+1950) = Rs.50,700(Ans.)
(iii) Now, interest for the third year = Rs.Rs.2028(Ans.)
3. Calculate the compound interest for the second year on Rs.8000 invested for 3 years at 10% per annum. Also find the sum due at the end of 3rd year.
· Solution:
Principal for the first year = Rs.8000, Rate = 10%
Interest for the first year = Rs.
Amount after one year = Rs.(8000+800) = Rs.8800.
Now, principal for the 2nd year = Rs.8800
Interest for the 2nd year = Rs. = Rs.880.
Amount after 2 years = Rs.(8800+880) = Rs.9680
Now, principal for the 3rd year = Rs.9680
Interest for the 3rd year = Rs. = Rs.968
Amount after 3 years = Rs.(9680+968) = Rs.10648
The compound interest for the second year is Rs.880.(Ans.)
Again, the sum due at the end of 3rd year is Rs.10648.(Ans.)
(5) The simple interest on a sum of money for 2years at 12% per annum is Rs.1380. Find:
(i) The sum of money.
(ii) The compound interest on this sum for one year payable half-yearly at the same rate.
· Solution:
Let the sum of money be Rs. x, Rate = 12%
Now, S.I. for 2 years = Rs. = Rs.
According to the given question,
= 1380
(i) The sum of money is Rs.5750 (Ans.)
Now, the C.I. for 1st half-year = Rs. = Rs.345
Amount after year = Rs.(5750+345) = Rs.6095
Again, the C.I. for 2nd half-year = Rs. = Rs.365.70
(ii) The compound interest on this sum for one year payable half-yearly at the same rate = Rs.(345+365.70) = Rs.710.70 (Ans.)
(6) A person invested Rs.10,000 for two years at a certain rate of interest, compounded annually. At the end of one year this sum amounts Rs.11,200. Calculate:
(i) The rate of interest per annum.
(ii) The amount at the end of second year.
· Solution:
Principal amount for the 1st year is Rs.10,000, Let rate be x%
Interest for the 1st year = Rs.= Rs.100x
Amount at the end of the 1st year = Rs.(10000+100x)
Now, according to the given problem,
10000+100x = 11200
100x =11200-10000
100x = 1200
x = 12
(i) The rate of interest per annum is 12%.(Ans.)
Now, interest for the second year = Rs. = Rs.1344
(ii) The amount at the end of 2nd year = Rs.(11200+1344) = Rs. 12,544 (Ans.)
(12) Calculate the amount and the compound interest on Rs.17000 in 3 years when the rate of interest for successive year is 10%, 10% and 14% respectively.
· Solution:
Principal amount for the 1st year = Rs.17000, Rate=10%
Interest for 1st year = Rs. = Rs.1700
Amount at the end of 1st year = Rs.(17000+1700) = Rs.18700
Now, rate of interest for 2nd year = 10%
Interest for 2nd year = Rs. = Rs.1870
Amount at the end of 2nd year = Rs.(18700+1870) = Rs.20570
Again, rate of interest for 3rd year = 14%
Interest for 3rd year = Rs. = Rs.2879.80
Amount at the end of 3rd year = Rs.(20570+2879.80) = Rs. 23,449.80 (Ans.)
Again, total C.I. in 3 years = 6449.80 (Ans.)
(13) A sum of Rs.9600 is invested for 3 years at 10% per annum at compound interest.
(i) What is the sum due at the end of the first year?
(ii) What is the sum due at the end of the second year?
(iii) Find the compound interest earned in 2 years?
(iv) Find the difference between the answers in (ii) and (i) and find the interest on the sum for one year?
(v) Hence, write down the compound interest for the third year.
· Solution:
Principal amount = Rs.9600, Rate = 10%
Interest for 1st year = Rs. = Rs.960
(i) The sum due at the end of the 1st year = Rs.(9600+960) = Rs. 10,560 (Ans.)
Now, interest for 2nd year = Rs. =Rs.1056
(ii) The sum due at the end of the 2nd year =Rs.(10560+1056) = Rs.11,616 (Ans.)
(iii) C.I. earned in 2 years = Rs.(960+1056) =Rs.2016 (Ans.)
(iv) Difference between answer (ii) and (i) is Rs.(11,616-10,560) = Rs.1056 (Ans.)
Again the interest on Rs.1056 = Rs. =Rs. 105.60 (Ans.)
Now, the C.I. for the 3rd year = Rs. = Rs.1161.60 (Ans.)
(14) The simple interest on a certain sum of money for 2 years at the 10% per annum is Rs.1600. Find the amount due and the compound interest on this sum of money at the same rate after 3 years, interest being reckoned annually.
· Solution:
Let the principal be Rs. X, Rate = 10%, Time = 2years
S.I. = = Rs.
According to the given question,
= 1600
x =
x = 8000
Principal amount = Rs.8000
Interest for 1st year = Rs. = Rs.800
Amount after 1st year = Rs.(8000+800) = Rs.8800
Interest for 2nd year = Rs. = Rs.880
Amount after 2nd year = Rs.(8800+880)= Rs.9680
Interest for 3rd year = Rs. = Rs.968
Amount after 3rd year = Rs.(9680+968) = Rs.10,648 (Ans.)
Now, total C.I. is Rs.(800+880+968) = Rs.2648 (Ans.)
(15) Vikram borrowed Rs.20,000 from a bank at 10% per annum simple interest. He lent it to his friend at the same rate but compound interest annually. Find his gain after 2 years.
· Solution:
The principal amount = Rs.20,000, Rate = 10%
Time =
S.I. for years = = Rs.5000
Again, interest for 1st year = Rs. = Rs.2000
Amount after 1st year = Rs.(20000+2000) = Rs.22000
Interest for 2nd year = Rs. = Rs.2200
Amount after 2nd year = Rs.(22000+2200)= Rs.24200
Interest for last years = Rs. = Rs.1210
Total compound interest = Rs.(2000+2200+1210) = Rs.5410
Gain after 2 years = Rs.(5410-5000) = Rs.410 (Ans.)
(16) A man borrows Rs.6000 at 5% compound interest. If he repays Rs.1200 at the end of each year, find the amount outstanding at the beginning of the third year?
· Solution:
The principal amount = Rs.6000, Rate = 5%
Interest for 1st year = Rs. = Rs.300
Amount after 1st year = Rs.(6000+300) = Rs6300
After repaying Rs.1200, amount will be = Rs.(6300-1200) = Rs. 5100
Interest for 2nd year = Rs. = Rs.255
Amount after 2nd year = Rs.(5100+255) = Rs.5355
After repaying Rs.1200, amount will be = Rs.(5355-1200) = Rs.4155
The amount outstanding at the beginning of the 3rd year is Rs.4155. (Ans.)
(18) Jaya borrowed Rs.50,000 for 2 years. The rates of interest for two successive years are 12% and 15% respectively. She repays Rs.33000 at the end of first year. Find the amount she must pay at the end second year to clear her debt?
· Solution:
The principal amount = Rs.50000, Rate = 12% and 15%
Interest for 1st year = Rs. = Rs.6000
Amount after 1st year = Rs.(50000+600) = Rs.56000
After repaying Rs.33000, the amount will be = Rs.(56000-33000) = Rs.23000
Now, interest for 2nd year = Rs. = Rs.3450
The amount she must pay at the end of 2nd year to clear her debt is Rs.(23000+3450) = Rs.26,450 (Ans.)
Economics Synopsis Date- 14.8.20
Chapter: Primary Sector- Agriculture
Meaning of Agriculture:
Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities
Contribution of Agriculture towards Indian Economy:
Agriculture plays an important role in an Indian Economy through following ways:
a. Contribution to National Income: From the very beginning, agriculture is contributing a major portion to our national income. In 1950-51, agriculture and allied activities contributed about 59 per cent of the total national income. Although the share of agriculture has been declining gradually with the growth of other sectors but the share still remained very high as compared to that of the developed countries of the world
b. Source of Livelihood: In India over two-thirds of our working population are engaged directly on agriculture and also similarly depend for their livelihood. According to an estimate, about 66 per cent of our working population is engaged in agriculture at present in comparison to that of 2 to 3 per cent in U.K. and U.S.A., 6 per cent in France and 7 per cent in Australia. Thus the employment pattern of our country is very much common to other under-developed countries of the world.
c. Source of Food Supply: Agriculture is the only major source of food supply as it is providing regular supply of food to such a huge size of population of our country. It has been estimated that about 60 per cent of household consumption is met by agriculture.
d. Commercial Importance: Indian Agriculture is playing a very important role both in the internal and external trade of the country. Agricultural products like tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco, spices, cashew-nuts etc. are the main items of our exports and constitute about 50 per cent of our total exports. Besides manufactured jute, cotton textiles and sugar also contribute another 20 per cent of the total exports of the country. Thus nearly 70 per cent of India’s exports are originated from agricultural sector.
e. Source of Government Revenue:
Agriculture is one of the major sources of revenue to both the Central and State Governments of the country. The Government is getting a substantial income from rising land revenue. Some other sectors like railway, roadways are also deriving a good part of their income from the movement of agricultural goods.
f. Role of Agriculture in Economic Planning: The prospect of planning in India also depends much on agricultural sector. A good crop always provides impetus towards a planned economic development of the country by creating a better business climate for the transport system, manufacturing industries, internal trade etc.
Subject
Topic
Summary
Execution
Geography
Volcanoes
INTRUSIVE FORMS
When magma cools down below the ground, the resulting intrusions take the forms of the crevices and fissures in the rocks below the ground. The so intrusive forms may appear on the surface in course of time due to denudation of rocks lying above them.
DYKES: Dykes are intrusions of magma or lava of vertical form. They are usually narrow but may extend several kilometers in length. Dykes are generally more resistant, being of igneous origin, than the adjoining rocks and they form long narrow ridges. Such dyke ridges are found in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
SILLS: These are intrusions of magma or lava of horizontal shape which get solidified between layers of horizontal sedimentary rocks. They form terraces or benches on hill slopes.
BATHOLITHS: These are gigantic intrusions of coarse grained igneous mass formed when a huge reservoir of magma cools and solidifies in an irregular shape. They form the core of old mountains. They are dome shaped with no definite floor. Small-sized batholiths are caller stocks or bosses. A number of low hills to the south of Chennai are considered a part of large batholiths mainly composed of diorite and granite.
Sometimes batholiths rise above the sea as isolated islands, e.g. Hawaii and Tahiti.
DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF VOLCANOES
· Volcanic eruptions are a hazard to life and property.
· Volcanic eruptions release gases and smoke which cause air pollution and can adversely affect the ozone layer.
· The ash and dust released by volcanoes can disrupt air traffic.
· When rain water or melting snow mix with the ash and mud from a volcanic eruption that mudflows called as lahars. Lahars move at a very fast pace.
Q1. Distinguish between Dykes and Sills:
A1.
Dykes
Sills
They formed vertically.
They formed horizontally.
They are usually narrow.
They are usually wide.
They form long narrow ridges.
They form terraces or benches on hill slopes.
Q2. Choose the correct option:
1. Which one of the following is an extinct volcano?Krakatoa
Pelee
Fujiyama
Vesuvius
Answer: Krakatoa2. Which one of the following is an extrusive landform?
Crater
Dyke
Laccoliths
Batholiths
Answer: Crater3. The Circum-Pacific Belt contains about _______ % of active volcanoes in the world.50
60
70
80
Answer: 80
Q3. Name three intrusive landforms in a volcanic region.
A3. Three intrusive landforms in a volcanic region are
a. Dykes
b. Sills
c. batholiths
Geography
Volcanoes
IMPORTANT VOLCANIC ZONES OF THE WORLDAt present there are about 500 active volcanoes on the surface of the Earth. These are found mostly in the unstable portions of the Earth's crust. These are mainly belts of young fold mountains.
The Circum-Pacific Belt or Ring of Fire:
This belt contains nearly 80% of the total number of active volcanoes. This is called the Pacific Ring of Fire because the active volcanoes occur along the margins of the Pacific Ocean. This belt includes the Andes mountains of South America, and the Rockies of North America.
The Rocky mountains are continued by the Aleutian islands to the continents of Asia. There are series of island arcs or festoons along the east coast of Asia. This includes the Kurile islands, Japanese islands, Taiwan, Philippines and Indonesian islands. New Zealand also has many volcanoes.
Some of the famous volcanoes in this belt are the Chimborazo and Cotopaxi in the Andes, Mt. Fujiyama in Japan, Mt. Mayon in the Philippines and Mt. Krakatoa in Indonesia. It is estimated that there are about 40 active volcanoes in the Andes, 35 in Japan, 100 in the Philippines and 70in Indonesia.
Mid-World Mountain Belt:
This belt of young fold mountains has fewer active volcanoes than the Circum-Pacific Belt. This belt coincides with the Alpine-Himalayan mountains which extend through Europe and Asia. This belt bends southwards through the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and merges with the Circum-Pacific Belt in Indonesia.
Mt. Vesuvius, Mt. Stromboli and Mt. Etna in Italy are examples of volcanoes in this belt. There are no active volcanoes in the Himalayan ranges.
Others:Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya are volcanoes along the margin of the African Rift Valley. The Hawaiian islands are volcanic islands in the Pacific ocean, where there are many isolated volcanic islands.
(Chapter Completed)
Q1. Why is the Circum – Pacific Belt known as the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’?
A1. the Circum – Pacific Belt known as the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’ because the active volcanoes occur along the margins of the Pacific Ocean which includes the Andes mountains of South America, and the Rockies of North America and taking the shape almost like a ring.
Q2. Distinguish between Acid Lava and Basic Lava.
A2.
Acid Lava
Basic Lava
Acid lava is highly viscous.
It is highly fluid.
It is rich in silica but poor in iron.
It is rich in iron and magnesium but poor in silica.
BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)
উপসর্গ ও অনুসর্গ
উপসর্গ-যে অব্যয় জাতীয় ধ্বনি বা ধ্বনি গুচ্ছ শব্দ বা ধাতুর পূর্বে যুক্ত হয়ে, অর্থ যুক্ত নতুন নতুন শব্দ গঠন করা হয় সে গুলিকে উপসর্গ বলা হয়।
উপসর্গ তিন প্রকার –
· সংস্কৃত উপসর্গ
· বাংলা বা দেশি উপসর্গ
· বিদেশি উপসর্গ
সংস্কৃত ব্যাকরণে কুড়িটি উপসর্গ আছে।
যথা- প্র, পরা, অপ , সম , নি, অব, নির্ , দুর্ , বি , অধি, সু , উৎ , পরি, প্রতি , অভি, অতি, অপি, উপ, আ , অণু। এই কুড়িটির সঙ্গে ‘নিস্', ‘দুস্' এই দুটি উপসর্গ যোগ করা হয়।
বাংলা উপসর্গঃ
কতগুলি অব্যয় বা অব্যয় জাতীয় শব্দ বাংলায় নাম পদের আগে বসে উপসর্গের মতো কাজ করে। বাংলায় উপসর্গ গুলি শব্দের পূর্বে বসে।
যথা- অ , অনা , আ , কু , নির্ , পাতি ,বি, ভর, সু, তে, হা , দুর্ ।
বিদেশি উপসর্গঃ
· ফরাসি উপসর্গ-
গর, দর, নিম , না , ফি, বদ, বে, খাস, বন্দ, বাজ, সে, হর।
· ইংরেজি উপসর্গ-
হাফ, হেড, সাব, ফুল, মিনি।
অনুসর্গ – বাংলা ভাষায় যে সকল শব্দ বিশেষ্য বা সর্বনামের পরে বসে বিভক্তির মতো কাজ করে এবং বিশেষ্য বা সর্বনাম কে কোনো বিশেষ কারকের মর্যাদা দেয়, সে গুলিকে অনুসর্গ বলে।
যেমন- দ্বারা, দিয়ে, কর্তৃক, হইতে, থেকে, চেয়ে, জন্য, প্রতি, ওপর ইত্যাদি।
অনুসর্গ দু প্রকার-
শব্দ জাত অনুসর্গ (কর্তৃক, প্রতি ইত্যাদি)
ক্রিয়া জাত অনুসর্গ- (করিয়া>করে; ধরিয়া>ধরে)
তৎসম অনুসর্গ- অপেক্ষা, সমীপে, সঙ্গে,সহিত ইত্যাদি।
তদ্ভব অনুসর্গ- আগে, চেয়ে, কাছে, পিছে, পানে, পাশে জন্য ইত্যাদি।
বিদেশি অনুসর্গ- বদলে, বাদে ইত্যাদি।
উপসর্গ ও অনুসর্গ দিয়ে শব্দ গঠন করে বাক্যে প্রয়োগ করো-
সংস্কৃত উপসর্গ-
অপ- অপরাধ, অপবাদ, অপমান।
বাক্যে প্রয়োগ-
নিলা মেঘনাকে না বলে বই নিয়ে খুব অপরাধ করেছে।
অতি-অতিরিক্ত, অতিশয়, অতিক্রম।
রামের সব কিছুতেই অতিরিক্ত দেখায় তাই ওর এই অবস্থা।
প্রতি- প্রতিকূল, প্রতিবেশী, প্রতিশোধ।
স্রোতের প্রতি কূলে নৌকাটি ধীর গতিতে বয়ে চলে।
সু- সুন্দর, সুনাম, সুবাস।
মেয়েটি দেখতে বেশ সুন্দর।
বাংলা উপসর্গ-
কু- কু কাজ, কুদিন, কু অভ্যাস।
কু অভ্যাস ত্যাগ করা উচিত।
বি- বিদেশ, বিজোড়, বিজন।
রক্তিম বিদেশে গিয়ে পড়াশোনা করছে।
হা- হাঘরে, হাভাতে, হা-হুতাশ।
বন্যায় গ্রামবাসীরা সব হারিয়ে হা-হুতাশ করছে।
বিদেশি উপসর্গ-
ফি- ফি-বছর, ফি-বার, ফি-সন।
পুরসভার করফি-বছর বেড়েই চলছে।
গর- গররাজি, গরমিল, গরহাজির।
মিনা বিয়ের ব্যাপারে গররাজি ছিল।
বে- বেঢপ, বেয়াদপ, বেচাল।
ছেলেটা দিনদিন বেয়াদপ হচ্ছে।
অনুসর্গ-
তোমার প্রতি আমার দিন দিন শ্রদ্ধা বেড়েই চলেছে।
নকল হইতে সাবধান।
রামের চেয়ে শ্যাম বড়ো।
তিনা মিলির জন্য একটা বই কিনেছে।
Commercial Studies
Chapter: Finance And Accounts
Today I am going to start a new chapter;. Finance And Accounts
From this chapter we will learn only the meaning and objectives of Finance And Accounts.
Business Finance means the funds and credit employed in the business. Finance is the foundation of a business. Finance requirements are to purchase assets, goods, raw materials and for the other flow of economic activities. Let us understand in-depth the Meaning of Business Finance.
According to B.O. Wheeler Meaning of Business Finance includes those business activities that are concerned with the acquisition and conservation of capital funds in meeting the financial needs and overall objectives of a business enterprise.”
Q1) What is Business Finance?
Answer: Business Finance means the funds and credit employed in the business. Finance is the foundation of a business. Finance requirements are to purchase assets, goods, raw materials and for the other flow of economic activities. Let us understand in-depth the Meaning of Business Finance. .
Q2) Explain the different objectives of Finance & Accounts Department.
Answer:
1. Develop an Accurate Budget:Financial departments strive to develop a realistic budget that clearly indicates what the organization will spend. In doing so, they help all branches of the organization to plan their activities. The budget must clearly show how much departments can spend on each particular activity or necessity, such as new equipment. To create an accurate budget, the finance department must communicate effectively with the heads of other departments to determine what they need and modify unrealistic objectives.
2. Coordinate With Other Departments:A finance department must also strive to coordinate the flow of funds with the organization’s activities, using long-range planning while preparing for short-term needs. This involves timing, making sure the organization has sufficient funds for its activities when needed.
3. Procure Funds From Appropriate Sources:The finance department must decide how much debt the organization should have, keeping in mind its ability to pay back that debt. The department must then decide which sources of funding – such as loans, stocks and grants – would best meet the organization’s needs and purpose. Then it must research the available opportunities and interest rates, if applicable, and apply for these opportunities.
4. Pay Off Debts:One of the major finance department goals is paying back their organizations’ creditors in a timely and fair manner. This shows creditors the organization can be trusted and has been managing its funds wisely, making them more likely to continue investing in the organization. Furthermore, the financial department must decide how much of any surplus funds to divide among shareholders to encourage investing.
5. Budget Creation and Management:One of the main objectives of financial management is to create, and stick to, a budget. This is imperative if you are going to make a profit in business. Budget projections should be tailored to fit in with the organization’s financial year and should be regularly reviewed. Financial resources should only be used for the purposes that have been set out in the budget and expenditures should be monitored to ensure that departments across the company are keeping to their allocated funds.
English Literature
The Chief Seattle’s Speech
The ashes of their ancestors were scared to the natives and their resting place is hallowed ground.
The native’s dead never forget this beautiful world that gave them being. The Red man has ever fled the approach of the White Man. However, he agrees that the White man’s proposition seems fair and the natives would accept it and retire to the reservation offered to them. Then they would live apart in peace. Grim fate seems to be on the Red Man’s trail. He compared the native’s plight to that of the wounded doe that hears the approaching footsteps of the hunter.
He agreed to accept the White man’s proposition on the condition that they would not be denied the privilege of visiting at any time the tombs of their ancestors, friends, and children.
He appealed to the White man to be just and deal kind of his people.
Biology
Chapter- 12: Nutrition
Today we will discuss about protein deficiency disease, roughage and balanced diet.
Q4. Write difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus.
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
It affects children from 1-5 years of age.
It is due to the deficiency of proteins in the diet.
Oedema of legs and face.
The skin of the patient becomes dark and scaly.
No degeneration of the muscles.
It affects infants up to 1 year of age.
It is due to deficiency of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the diet.
No oedema.
No darkening of the skin.
Degeneration of the muscles, with the body becoming very week
Q5. What is roughage? Write the role of it in digestion .
The undigested cellulose , being fibrous in nature , acts as roughage. Vegetables like cabbage ,fruits, corn etc are chief source of roughage.
Role :
I) being fibrous , cellulose absorbs a lot of water and retain it, thus helps in keeping the faecal matter soft and prevents constipation .
Ii) The movement of the undigested food through the intestine becomes easier.
Iii) It stimulates the muscle contraction in the intestinal wall, making the movement of faecal matter easy.
Q6. Write a note on :
Balanced diet: A balanced diet is one which contains all the principal constituents ( carbohydrate , protein , fat , vitamin , minerals ) of food in proper quantity.
It depends on age, sex, and distribution of labour. Growing child require more protein than adult one. A physical labour requires more carbohydrate and mental worker like engineer, doctor, teacher require more protein. Male require more calories than female. Pregnant and lactating mother require more energy for their babies.
Q7. Define : Malnutrition:
The condition in which a person suffers due to lack or deficiency of one or more essential elements of food.
Class X
Subject
Topic
Summary
Execution
CHEMISTRY
CH-3
-Study of Acids, Bases and Salts
(L-5)
(1)SALTS :-
Definition of Salts: -A Salt is a compound made from an acid by the partial or complete replacement of the hydrogen ion[H+](aq) of the acid by a metal or electropositive ion or radical.
Partial Replacement
H2SO4 + NaNO3→NaHSO4 + HNO3
Complete Replacement
H2SO4 + 2NaNO3→Na2SO4 + 2HNO3
Ionic Definition of Salts :-
A salt is an ionic compound which when dissolved in water or in fused state, yields a positive ion other than Hydrogen ion[H+] and a negative ion other than Hydroxyl ion[OH-].
For example:-
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound consisting of Na+ and Cl- ions. In aq. Solution or molten state, it dissociates to give Na+ and Cl- ions.
NaCl (aq. Solution) →Na+ + Cl-
It is prepared by neutralizing Sodium hydroxide with Hydrochloric acid.
NaOH + HCl→NaCl + H2O
(Base) (Acid) (Salt) (Water)
In general,
BASE + ACID → SALT + WATER
(2)CLASSIFICATION OF SALTS :-
(a)Normal Salts :-
Salts which do not contain any ionizable or replaceable Hydrogen atoms in their molecules are known as ‘Normal Salts’.
Examples: -NaCl, KNO3 , BaCl2 , Pb(NO3)2, AlCl3 etc.
(i)These are formed by the complete replacement of Hydrogen ions of an acid by Basic radicals (metallic or Ammonium ions).
2NaOH + H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2SO3→ Na2SO3 + 2H2O
(ii)Normal salts do not exhibit the properties of an acid in solution.
(b)Acid Salts :-
Salts containing replaceable hydrogen ions in their molecules are known as ‘ACID SALTS’.
Examples: - NaHSO4, KHSO4, NaHCO3, NaH2PO4 etc.
(i)These are formed by partial replacement of Hydrogen ions of an acid by a basic radical (metallic or Ammonium ions).
H2SO4 + NaOH→ NaHSO4 + H2O
H3PO4 + NaOH→ NaH2PO4 + H2O
(ii)Acid salts ionize in aqueous solutions yielding H3O+ ion or H+ (aq) ion. Hence, aqueous solutions of acid salts exhibit all the properties of an acid.
NaHCO3→ Na+ + (HCO3)- , (HCO3)-→ H+ + CO32-
(c)Basic Salts :-
Salts which are formed by the incomplete neutralization of Polyacid Bases.
Examples :- Basic Copper chloride – Cu(OH)Cl
Basic Lead nitrate – Pb(OH)NO3
(i)Monoacid bases do not form Basic salts.
(ii)These salts still contain one or more Hydroxyl groups.
Mg(OH)2 + HCl→ Mg(OH)Cl + H2O
(iii)These salts on Neutralization with acids yield Normal salts.
Mg(OH)Cl + HCl→ MgCl2 + H2O
Q.1) Explain the solubility of Salts.
ANSWER :-
(i)All Sodium, Potassium and Ammonium salts are water-soluble.
(ii)All Nitrites, Nitrates and Bicarbonates are Water-soluble(KHCO3 and NaHCO3are sparingly soluble).
(iii)All Chlorides are Water-soluble.
Exceptions: - Mercuric chloride (HgCl2), Lead chloride (PbCl2); they are soluble in hot water, but insoluble in cold water.
(iv)All Sulphates are soluble in water.
Exceptions: - Lead sulphate (PbSO4), Calcium sulphate (CaSO4).
(v)All Carbonates, Hydroxides and Phosphates are insoluble.
Exceptions: - Carbonates, Hydroxides and Phosphates of Na+, K+ and NH4+ are soluble.
(vi)All Oxides and Sulphides of Na+ and K+ are soluble.
Q.2) What is the action of dilute acids on Carbonates and Bicarbonates?
ANSWER :-
When dilute acids react with Carbonates and Bicarbonates, it produces normal salt and water.
For example :-
MgCO3 + H2SO4→ MgSO4 + H2O + CO2↑
Magnesium Magnesium
carbonate sulphate salt
(Normal Salt)
NaHCO3 + HCl→NaCl + H2O + CO2↑
Sodium chloride
(Normal salt)
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HNO3→Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2CO2↑
Calcium nitrate
(Normal salt)
Q.3) What do you mean by Health Salts?
ANSWER:-
These are the mixture of Dry Citric Acid or Tartaric Acid and Sodium hydrogen carbonate (an acid salt). On adding water, acid reacts with NaHCO3 to liberate CO2 which forms an effervescent drink and relieves gas pressure in the stomach.
Q.4) Give some example of Common Salts.
ANSWER :-
Sl. No.
Derived from
Base
Acid
1.
NaCl
NaOH
HCl
2.
KNO3
KOH
HNO3
3.
Na2SO4
NaOH
H2SO4
4.
Mg(NO3)2
MgO
HNO3
5.
CuSO4
CuO
H2SO4
6.
Cu(NO3)2
CuO
HNO3
Hindi 2ndlang
चलना हमारा काम
शिवमंगल सिंह ‘सुमन’
प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि ने मानव को कर्म करते रहने की प्रेरणा दी है। मनुष्य के पास अभी शक्तियां है हमें अपनी मंजिल पाने के लिए सतत प्रयास करते रहना चाहिए। जीवन की राह में हमें अनगिनत राही मिलेंगे जिनसे हम कुछ सीखेंगे और कुछ उन्हें सिखाएंगी। हम कुछ समय के लिए एक दूसरे के सहायक बनकर मंजिल की ओर अग्रसर होते जाते हैं परंतु हमें मंजिल की ओर अकेले ही बढ़ना है। हम अपनी इच्छा को साथ लिए चलते हैं और उन इच्छाओं को पूरा करने के लिए कुछ खोते हैं तथा कुछ पाते भी है। रुकावट ,बाधाओ को पार करते हुए आगे बढ़ते जाने का नाम ही है जीवन।हमें कर्म करते रहना है जीवन में आए संकटों से घबराना नहीं है।इतने बड़े संसार में किसको दुख नहीं झेलना पड़ता ।?
हे! मनुष्य कर्म ही तेरा भाग्य है अतः आखिरी सांस तक तुझे बस चलना है, विराम के लिए कोई स्थान नहीं है।
1. गति प्रबल पैरों में भरी,फिर क्यों रहूं दर दर खड़ा जब आज मेरे सामने है रास्ता इतना पढ़ा जब तक ना मंदिर पास सकूं तब तक ना मुझे विराम है चलना हमारा काम है।
शब्दार्थ–
गति- रफ्तार
दर दर-प्रत्येक द्वार
रास्ता- मार्ग
विराम आराम
व्याख्या
कवि कहते हैं कि मनुष्य बड़ी-बड़ी चुनौतियों का सामना करने की शक्ति रखता है।वह अकेला ही मार्ग तय कर मंजिल तक पहुंच सकता है।उसे मार्ग में रुक रुक कर किसी दूसरे के साथ किया सहारे की आवश्यकता नहीं है।यदि उसके पैरों में चलने की शक्ति ना होती तब उसे दूसरे के सहारे की आवश्यकता थी।कविअभी अपनी मंजिल तक पहुंच नहीं पाए हैं लंबा रास्ता तय करना बाकी है।कविकहते हैं कि जब तक वह अपने गंतव्य तक नहीं पहुंच जाते तब तक उन्हें विश्राम नहीं करना है जीवन पर्यंत आगे बढ़ते जाना हमारा कर्तव्य है मनुष्य गतिशील होकर बड़े से बड़े उद्देश्य को भी प्राप्त कर सकता है।यहा कवि ने आजीवन कार्यरत रहने की प्रेरणा दी है|
Bengali
একই শব্দের বিভিন্ন অর্থে প্রয়োগ।
প্রশ্ন) পা শব্দটিকে বিভিন্ন অর্থে প্রয়োগ কর।
উত্তর) 1)পা (উপস্থিত হওয়া ) ---ভিটে মাটিতে পা দিতেই ঝগড়া শুরু হয়েছে।
2)পা ( দ্রুত পদে চলা ) ---- সূর্য ডুবে আসছে তাই তাড়াতাড়ি পা চালিয়ে এগিয়ে যাওয়াই দরকার।
3) পা (আরাম)---- রহিমের পিতা যা টাকা রেখে গেছে তাতে রহিম পায়ের উপর পা তুলে থাকবে।
4) পা (খোশামোদ করা )--- মালিকের পায়ে তেল দেওয়ার লোক অনেক পাওয়া যায়।
5) পা ( অনুগ্রহ করা ) ---- আপনার কাছেই সারা বছর কাজ করি আপনি পায়ে না রাখলে আর মতো শ্রমিকরা না খেতে পেয়ে মারা যাবে।
Biology
Chapter —8 : Circulatory System
Today we will discuss about blood transfusion and blood groups.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION:
Sometimes it becomes necessary to inject blood into the body of patients undergoing surgical operation or in an accident. This called blood transfusion. Blood taken from a healthy person ( Donor) is introduced through one of the patients vein( Recipient ).
BLOOD GROUP :
For blood transfusion, it is necessary that the kind or the type of blood to e transfused should match (or be compatible with recipient blood.
Karl Land steiner, had discovered that RBC’s of human being specific proteins ( Antigen A and Antigen B ) on their surface. Depending on the presence of these antigens there are four types of Blood groups in ABO system.
Blood group
Antigen on RBC
Antibodies in plasma
A
Antigen A
Anti b
B
Antigen B
Anti a
AB
Antigen AB
No Antibodi
O
No Antigen
Both Anti a and Anti b
Here , “O” is known as universal donor and “ AB “ is known as universal recipient.
Rh system:
The blood of most people contains a substance called Rh factor. (Rh stands for Rhesus monkey) . When the blood of such an individual ( Rh- positive ) is transfused into persons lacking it ( Rh-negative ), the blood of the recipient develops an antibody for Rh substance within about two weeks of transfusion. Now, if a second transfusion be given to such Rh-negative person, the antibody produced by the first transfusion causes a reaction with the transfused blood , which may even lead to death. This is similar to the development of an allergy.
Rh factor in pregnancy: An Rh negative woman may become sensitive if she carries an Rh- positive child in her uterus. The first Rh-positive child will be normal , but the second leading to death of fetus and abortion.
ECO-10, 14/08/20, Topic- Money
MEASURES OF MONEY SUPPLY IN INDIA
Money supply refers to the total quantity of money held by public in various forms at any point of time in an economy. The main components of money supply are currency held by the public and net-demand deposits held by the commercial banks. The money supply in Indian economy is generally measured in following forms:
(i) M1 = Currency (notes and coins) with the public + Demand deposits + other deposits held with the Reserve Bank of India.
(ii) M2 = M1 + Post Office saving deposits.
(iii) M3 = M1 + Time deposits of all commercial banks and co-operative banks (excluding interbank time deposits).
(iv) M4 = M3 + Total deposits with the Post Office Saving Organization (excluding National Saving Certificate).
Of all the concepts of money supply stated above, M1 is referred to as narrow measure and M3 the broader measure of money supply. M1 is the most important measure of money supply. M1 is most liquid whereas M4 is least liquid.
HIGH POWERED MONEY (H)
The High Powered Money refers to the currency held by the public (C), cash reserves of banks (R) and other deposits of the R.B.I. High Powered Money is produced by the R.B.I. and the Government of India and held by the public and the banks.
Class XII
Subject
Topic
Summary
Execution
Geography
POPULATION
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF POPULATION
1. Terrain: Terrain of land is a potent factor which influences the concentration and growth of population. Normally speaking, plain areas encourage higher density of modulation as compared to mountain regions. The steep slope in mountain areas restrict the availability of land for agriculture, development of transport, industries and other economic activities which may tend to discourage concentration of population and its proper growth. It is because of these adverse circumstances that the Himalayan region, though occupies about 13 per cent of India's land area, supports only 1-2 per cent of the country's population. In contrast to this, the Great Plain of North India is a land of extremely gentle slope and offers great opportunities for the growth of agriculture, transport and industries. This results in higher concentration of population. Although the Great Plain of North India covers less than one fourth of the countries land area, it is the home to more than half of India's population.
2. Climate: The climatic factors, twin elements of rainfall and temperature play the most important role in determining the population of an area. Man cannot go beyond the limits set by climate. Extremes of climate discourage the concentration of population. Such climates include the too cold climate of Himalayas, and the too hot and dry climate of the Thar Desert. A moderate climate, on the other hand, is favorable for population. Of the twin factors of rainfall and temperature, rainfall is more effective in determining the distribution of population. It is generally said that the population map of India follows its rainfall map. Rainfall supplies sufficient water for agriculture which is the main occupation of Indian masses. As we move from the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta in the east towards the Thar Desert in the west, the amount of rainfall and consequentlythe density of population decreases. However, there are a few exceptions to this general observation. The Assam valleys in the north-east and the North Circars coast on the Bay of Bengal have moderate density of population although these areas receive heavy rain fall. Similarly, southern face of the Himalayas is scarcely populated though this area receives sufficiently high rainfall. Some of the adverse factors such as steep slope, frequent floods, infertile soils and dense forests counterbalance the positive effect of rainfall. Increased use of irrigation facilities in north- west India comprising Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh has resulted in higher concentration of population than normally expected considering the amount of rainfall received by this region. Since India is a tropical country, temperature is fairly high and does not play as important a role as is done by rainfall except in extreme cases. On high altitudes, in the Himalayan region, climate is too cold beyond 2,000 m and population is sparse there. There is practically no population in areas over 3,000 m above sea level.
3. Soil: Fertile soil supports higher population density while infertile soil leads to low density. In the northern plain of India, the soil is regularly enriched by annual floods of the great rivers like the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra and their tributaries. Therefore, this is an area of high population density. The coastal plains also have fertile soils and are areas of high population density. The Black soil of the Deccan Plateau also supports high population density. On the other hand, desert soils, mountain soils, laterite soils are infertile soils and are not capable of supporting high population densities. However, new technology in agricultural field may change the future population scenario to some extent.
4. Water Bodies: Availability of water plays a significant role in determining the population of a given area. Water is the basic necessity for several purposes including irrigation, industries, transport and domestic affairs. Rivers are the greatest source of fresh potable water. Therefore, most of the population is concentrated in the river valleys.
5. Mineral Resources: Minerals act as great source of attraction for people from different areas, which results in higher density of population. The higher population densities in the Chhota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand and in the adjoining areas of Odisha are largely due to the availability of minerals.
6. Industries: Industrial growth offers massive employment opportunities and acts as a great magnet to attract people, particularly from the neighboring areas. This results in higher population density. Industrial areas are almost invariably associated with areas of high population densities. One hectare of industrial land is capable of supporting several thousand persons, while the most fertile area devoted to agriculture may not support more than a few hundred persons per hectare. One of the major causes of high population density in West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra and Gujarat is the phenomenal growth of industries in these states.
7. Transport: Growth of population is directly proportional to the development of transport facilities. The northern plain of India has a dense network of transport route sand is densely populated region. The peninsular plateau has moderate network of transport route and is moderately populated area. The Himalayan region badly lacks transport facilities and is scarcely populated.
Urbanization: Urbanization and population concentration go hand-in-hand and are closely related to each other. All the urban centers are marked by high density of population. The minimum density that an area should have to be designated as urban, is400 persons per sq km. The highly urbanized districts of Kolkata, Chennai, Greater Mumbai, Hyderabad, Delhi and Chandigarh have population densities of over 6,000persons per sq km.
Answer the following:
Q1. Briefly discuss the factors that influence the distribution of population.
English Language
Tenses and their use- III
(Present perfect tense and present perfect continuous tense)
Present perfect continuous tense:
· Linking the past with the present
The present perfect continuous tense is used to show that the action that began in the past is continuing up to the present time.
· Repeated action.
The present perfect continuous expresses a repeated or an uninterrupted action. This tense is not used when we mention the number of times a thing has been done.
· Drawing conclusions
Present perfect continuous is used for drawing conclusions based on some evidence.
Exercise 2.
Put the verbs in the brackets into the present perfect continuous tense.
1. Since when have you ______ (fly) kites?
2. They _____(think) of moving to a bigger house.
3. I am pleased to say that our team__________ (play) well in this tournament.
4. I feel irritable because I _________(not eat) enough lately.
5. For years she ________ (claiming) that she is from some royal family.
6. He _______( play) the piano since morning.
7. The sparrows _______(build) a nest in the porch since last week.
8. Someone ______( use) my computer, my password has been changed.
9. He ________(stand) at the bus stop for the last half an hour.
10. Perhaps he _________(tell) the truth after all!
English Literature
The Spider And The Fly
Stanza 5:-
The spider ‘went into his den’. The use of the world ‘den’ is vital here. Traditionally we associate a spider with a web. But ‘den’ gives a certain authority to the spider. It makes the spider come across as a strong and superior creature than the fly. He is confident that the fly is flattered and will soon return to him. He weaves a subtle web in a little corner to trap the fly. He carefully sets his dining table and waits for the fly. He refers to the ‘witty’ and ‘wise’ fly as ‘silly’ now that he knows that she has fallen into his trap.
The spider eagerly goes to the door and calls out to the fly- “come hither, hither, pretty fly, with the pearl and silver wing”. He goes on to flatter the fly by referring to her ‘pearl and silver wing. He lures her by saying that her robes are green and purple and her eyes are as bright and beautiful as a diamond. He goes on a step forward by comparing the fly’s eyes with his own. He says that while the fly’s eyes are like shining diamonds, his eyes are just dull as lead. He belittles his own looks to emphasize on the beauty of the fly so that the impact of his flattery becomes stronger.
Bengali
কোনি
প্রশ্ন) “ছোট মেয়ে, ওর তো সখ হবেই “
ক) বক্তা কে ? কার সম্পর্কে বক্তার এই উক্তি ?
খ) কোন সখের কথা বলা হয়েছে ?
গ) সখ মেটানোর ফল কী হয়েছিল ?
ঘ) বক্তার মনে এই ভাবনার উদয় হয়েছিল কেন ?
উত্তর) ক) মতি নন্দীর চিত ’কোনি‘ উপন্যাসে বক্তা হল ক্ষিতিশ।
বক্তা ছোট মেয়ে বলতে কোনি কে বুঝিয়েছে।
খ)যাত্রা দেখা সখের কথা বলা হয়েছে। ছোট ছেলে মেয়েদের অনেক রকম শখ থাকে তারা জম কালো পোশাক, অভিনয় দেখতে পচ্ছন্দ করে। কোনি ও তার ব্যতিক্রম নয়।
গ) সখ মেটাতে গিয়ে কোনির পরিবারের অস্তিত্ব বিলোপের সম্ভাবনা দেখা দিয়েছিল। যাত্রা দেখতে যাওয়ার ফলে দেরী হওয়ায় সকালে সাঁতার কাটতে যেতে পারেনি কোনি। তাতে ক্ষিতিশ বিরক্ত হয়। এক কথায় একদিন যাত্রা দেখানোর জন্য তাকে অনেক মাশুল দিতে হয়।
ঘ) বক্তার মনে এই কথা উদয় হওয়ার কারন হল এই সামান্র কারনে এত রূঢ় আচরন অভিপ্রেত ছিল না। এই বয়সে সাংসারিক চাপে এমনিতেই শৈশব নষ্ট হয়ে গেছে। রাতারাতা সংসারের সে ত্রাতা হয়ে উঠেছিল। এই বয়সে সে সংসারের হাল ধরেছে। কিন্তু এখন তার সংসারে হাল ধরার সময় নয়। তাই তার মনে এইকথা এসেছিল।
CHEMISTRY
Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
General methods of preparation of Monohalogen derivatives of Alkyl halides :-
*Alkyl halides are the derivatives of alkanes in which H-atom is replaced by a halogen atom, F, Cl, Br, I. They are represented by R-X; where R=Alkyl group and X=Halogen group like Chloro, Fluoro, Bromo and Iodo group.
e.g. –
CH3Cl, CH3CH2Cl etc.
Preparation methods of Alkyl halides:-
(1)Direct Halogenations of Alkanes: -
It involves the substitution of H-atoms of Alkanes by as many halogen atoms; i.e., by chlorine (chlorination), by bromine (bromination), by iodine (iodination) or by fluorine (fluorination).
e.g. –
CH4 + Cl2→ CH3Cl + HCl
Methane methyl chloride
(2)Addition of Hydrogen halides :-
Alkenes react with hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr or HI) to form Alkyl halides.
e.g. –
H2C=CH2 + HBr→ CH3CH2Br
Ethylene (Ethyl bromide)
H3C-CH=CH-CH3 + HBr→ H3C-CH2-CH(Br)-CH3
2-Butane 2-Bromobutane
(3)Action of Halogen acids on alcohol :-
Actions react with HBr or HI to produce Alkyl bromides or Alkyl halides.
e.g. –
CH3CH2OH + HBr→ CH3CH2Br + H2O
Ethyl alcohol Ethyl bromide
(4)Alcohols react with Phosphorus halides on Alcohol :-
Alcohols react with phosphorus hali
