Unit 4: Industry and Imperialism Study GuideQuestions Complet

ed1. How did the Agricultural Revolution change Britain?

2. Where were factories built during the Industrial Revolution?

3. How did the way goods were produced change during the Industrial Revolution?

4. What technology changed factories and transportation?

5. How did the Industrial Revolution have an impact on way people lived?

6. What were some of the negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

7. How did people move during the Industrial Revolution?

8. Why did the working class begin to believe in socialism?

9. How did labor unions and new laws have an impact on the Industrial Revolution?

10. What is imperialism?

11. How did the ideas of Social Darwinism and the White Man’s Burden shape imperialism?

12. How did different countries react to being imperialized?

13. How did nationalism affect the Zulu in southern Africa?

14. Why was Britain able to defeat the Zulu and take their land?

15. Why did many Indians dislike Britain’s imperialism?

16. What happened to India after the Sepoy Rebellion?

17. How did Britain’s decision to import opium have an impact on China?

18. Why did foreign influence in China grow in the 1800s?

19. How did the Boxer Rebellion impact China?

20. How did Japan react to western imperialism?

21. How do we know the Meiji Restoration was a success?

Unit 4 Vocabulary1. Agricultural Revolution2. Industrialization3. Industrial Revolution4. Textiles5. Division of Labor6. Interchangeable Parts7. Mass Production8. Steam Engine9. Rural10. Urban11. Laissez-faire Capitalism12. Working Class13. Socialism

14. Labor Unions15. Imperialism16. Social Darwinism17. White Man’s Burden18. Zulu19. Sepoy20. Spheres of Influence21. Open Door Policy22. Taiping Rebellion23. Boxer Rebellion24. Meiji Restoration25. Conservatives

Reader: Limited and Unlimited Government

The Industrial Revolution (Standard 7-3.4) BENCHMARK

1 When we think of the Industrial Revolution we usually think of factories filled with machines, or smokestacks billowing into the sky. But the Industrial Revolution didn’t begin with factories. It began with farms. During the AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION, new technologies and new machines allowed farmers to produce more crops than ever before. A single farmer could do the same amount of work that it had used to take teams of people to do. Since farmers were growing more food, they could sell it for less money. Because people could buy more food, they could have more children and the population began to grow. While this was good for the big farmers, it was bad news for those who owned small farms. Small farmers could not compete with the technology-using farms, and many of these small farmers lost their land. They were forced to become tenant farmers, where they lived on land owned by wealthier rivals, or move to the cities to find work in the growing number of factories.

2 The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION was the change from hand-made goods to mass production using machines and factories. It was an economic revolution that permanently changed the way the economy worked. The economic changes it caused were widespread and are still shaping the world we live in today.

3 The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. Britain was the first country to meet all the requirements for INDUSTRIALIZATION (becoming a factory-based society). Britain had lots of natural resources on its home islands and in its many colonies around the world. Britain had lots of rivers and streams to power factories and transport things. Britain’s population was growing because of the Agricultural Revolution. Britain’s nationalism was growing too, and it inspired them to try to stay ahead of other nations. Once the Industrial Revolution began

in Britain it spread to other countries that had similar circumstances. The United States, Belgium, Germany, and later Japan all became major industrial powers. The Industrial Revolution had spread around the world.

4 The Industrial Revolution began in TEXTILE (cloth making) industries. Machine technology made making cloth and fabric faster and cheaper. Machines were originally operated by hand, but later versions would use water power instead.

Chart 1: Textile Machines Used During the Industrial Revolution

Flying Shuttle Increased the amount of weaving one worker could do in a day

Spinning Jenny Allowed the user to spin more than one thread at a time

Spinning Mule

A spinning jenny with more threads that ran on water, steam, or electrical power. Threads produced by the spinning mule were stronger than other types of thread

Cotton Gin Removed the seeds from raw cotton

5 As these machines got larger and more expensive it became impossible for people to keep them at home. Factories were built to house the machines. Factories were usually built near rivers or streams so they could be powered by the flowing water. They were also built in existing cities and towns so they would have a reliable work force.

6 Building factories led to the development of the factory system. This system had several parts. One part was the DIVISION OF LABOR (Factories divided labor by giving individuals specific jobs). By focusing on just one task, workers could produce more goods and produce them faster.

Interchangeable parts were another part of the factory system. INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS were the same for everything that was produced. This meant more things could be made and they could be made faster. MASS PRODUCTION (making lots of goods instead of one at a time as they were ordered) became the backbone of the factory system. Mass produced goods could be sold for less money, meaning more people could buy them.

Chart 2: Examples of the Parts of the Factory SystemDivision of Labor

Bill puts the left-side tires on the cars as they come by. Tom puts the right-side tires on.

Interchangeable Parts

Every bolt on the car is the same size. Workers can grab from a bucket of bolts and not worry about grabbing the wrong one.

Mass Production

GearCo used to make 5 gears an hour and it cost them $1.00 to make them all. Now they make 500 gears and hour and it still only costs $1.00.

7 Technology continued to change the way goods were made. In the 1770s James Watt developed the STEAM ENGINE, a power source that used steam to run machines in factories. The steam engine allowed factories to be built anywhere. Coal and iron became the main resources needed to build the engines and power the factories.

8 The steam engine didn’t just change the factories. It also changed transportation. Both steamboats and locomotives were invented during this time. Steamboats could travel over water without using wind power at all. Locomotives ran over iron or steel railroads. Soon, railroads spread across industrialized nations. As railroads grew so did the need for workers to support them. Railroad workers were needed to build new railroads or work on the trains. Miners were needed to dig the coal that powered the locomotives. Like mass production in the factories, these changes in transportation made travel and trade easier and cheaper. It became more common for people and goods to travel long distances.

Steam Engine

9 Over time the engines used in factories and transportation would become more and more advanced. Iron and coal eventually became less important to growing industries. Steel, oil, and electricity would become the main resources needed to run the machines.

10 These changes had major impacts on the people living during the Industrial Revolution. Their working hours were long. It was common to work 14 hours a day, six days a week. Conditions in the factories were often dangerous. Injuries were common, but there were no protections for workers if they got injured. Many of the workers in factories were children, who worked every day instead of going to school.

11 The new factories caused many people to move to the cities. Many people moved from RURAL (country) areas to URBAN (city) areas were the factory jobs were. Factory jobs paid more than farm work. Many cities doubled in population during the Industrial Revolution. This wasn’t always good for workers. Most workers weren’t paid much. There were no laws or regulations about housing in the cities. The places workers lived were often not good. Their neighborhoods were crowded. Most houses and apartments lacked basic utilities such as running water or indoor toilets. The conditions were unsanitary; sewage and garbage often spilled into the streets. Factories polluted the air and water. Crime increased because many people lived in poverty, but there were few police to enforce the law. Middle and upper class people, the business owners and professionals, left the cities for nicer homes in the suburbs.

12 The divisions between rich and poor didn’t stop with different neighborhoods. The Industrial Revolution also changed politics. At that time most businesses used laissez-faire capitalism. Under LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM all the factories were privately owned and the government had very little control. If a business wanted to do something to make money, the government could not do anything to stop it.

Chart 3: Parts of Laissez-Faire CapitalismCompetition

Businesses compete to make money. Strong businesses create wealth. Weak businesses close to make room for new ones.

Supply and demand

Businesses make what the people want to buy. The people “demand” things and businesses supply them.

Self-interest The best thing for a business to do is take care of itself

13 Laissez-faire capitalism created a massive gap between the rich and the poor. In other words the rich got richer, and the poor got poorer. Businesses didn’t want a minimum wage or laws protecting the health and safety of their workers. They were afraid that if any changes were made it would mean less money for the factory owners. They used laissez-faire capitalism to explain why they didn’t want these changes.

14 The WORKING CLASS (the people who worked in the factories and were often at the bottom of society) wanted a system to push back against laissez-faire capitalism. The system many workers began supporting was called socialism. Under SOCIALISM the government would own the businesses to make sure the workers were being protected. The government would manage the economy to make sure it is creating wealth for everybody. Finally the government would distribute wealth equally among all citizens. The working classes thought using socialism would make their lives better. They thought it would lead to more equality and end poverty.

15 Two supporters of socialism were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the authors of a book called The Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels believed the working class should adopt a radical form of socialism called communism. They believed there was a war going on between the classes. On one side was the “bourgeoisie,” the factory owners who had all the wealth and power. Fighting against them were the “proletariats.” The proletariats were the workers who were oppressed and suffering because of capitalism. Marx and Engels believed the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie and take over the government and economy. While this never

happened during the Industrial Revolution, the ideas would become part of future reforms and revolutions.

16 Another way that workers tried to improve their lives was creating LABOR UNIONS (groups of workers that organized together to make their working conditions better). Unions negotiated for better working conditions, higher pay, and shorter hours. If their demands weren’t met, they would go on strike and refuse to work. At first the government tried to stop the unions, but it could not stop them forever. For example, in the 1830s the British government passed laws to improve working conditions for women and children.

17 As industrial nations’ power grew, they needed more places around the world to get resources and establish markets to sell their goods. These desires caused the Industrial Revolution to be the main cause of imperialism around the world.

Imperialist Ideas (7-3.5)

18 Countries who were part of the Industrial Revolution had some problems. They needed more places to get raw materials and resources. They also needed new markets to sell the goods they made. Industrial countries used imperialism to solve these problems. IMPERIALISM means a strong country takes control of a weaker country. Imperial countries in Europe, along with the United States and Japan, began colonizing areas in Africa and Asia. Nationalism helped imperialism grow. Countries competed to take over more land than any others because they wanted the most resources and most markets.

19 Imperialism was also influenced by the ideas of Social Darwinism and the White Man’s Burden. Both of these ideas

were built on the belief that white, Western society was the best society. SOCIAL DARWINISM said that people from some nations were born better than others. Since they had a natural advantage, it was only right that they should rule over weaker nations. This was very closely tied to nationalism. The WHITE MAN’S BURDEN was the belief that it was the duty of Western nations like Britain, Germany, and the United States need to take their “superior” culture to the places they took over. They believed they were saving the people from themselves. If the native people don’t want it then it is because they are too ignorant and backwards to know any better.

20 Each country reacted differently when it was imperialized. Japan was forced to re-open trade at gunpoint when the United States sailed into its harbor. This caused Japan to decide to jump start its own industrialization. China was forced to keep their trade open after losing a series of wars to Britain and other Western nations. India was taken over by trade companies and forced to accept British control when an attempted rebellion failed. Africa was colonized piece by piece. European countries redrew the map of Africa without concern for the nations that already existed across the continent.

Imperialism Examples (Standard 7-3.6) BENCHMARK

South Africa21 The Zulu Wars were the result of European imperialism coming into

conflict with nationalism in Africa. Both Europeans and the ZULU (a native nation in southern Africa) wanted to control the land the Zulu were living on.

22 In the early 1800s the Zulu Kingdom was led by Shaka Zulu. Under his leadership, the Zulu created a centralized state and established independent borders. Dutch settlers called Boers started invading the Zulu lands. Shaka Zulu led his people to resist the invaders and preserve the Zulu’s land and independence. However, his successors could not stop Europeans from coming. In the 1880s the Zulu fought a war against the British. They hoped for the

same outcome they had when they fought against the Dutch Boers, but the British had better weapons than the Zulu had. The Zulu were defeated, and the Zulu nation became part of the British Empire.

India23 The Sepoy Rebellion in India was also the result of British imperialism.

The British got involved in India because of the British East India Company. The East India Company had controlled trade in India for many years. The company hired Indian soldiers known as SEPOYS to keep control of their interests. The sepoys worked as muscle to protect the company’s property.

24 India was very important to the British Empire. The British called India the “jewel of the crown” because of the amount of raw materials and new markets it supplied. The British built railroads, communication systems and schools in India to try and make life better there. They also tried to force Indians to change their culture and become more like the British. Britain’s attempts to take more control made Indians feel more and more oppressed and unhappy.

25 In 1857 the Sepoy Rebellion began because of a rumor. Sepoys mostly followed either the Hindu or Muslim religions. Those religions have strict rules about what their followers can eat. A rumor was spread that the rifle cartridges, which had to be bitten to be used, were greased with either beef or pork fat. This was a violation of the religious beliefs for these two cultures. They attempted to rebel against the British in the hopes of forcing them to leave India. The British spent a year stopping the Revolution. When it was over, the British had taken full control over India.

China26 In the late 1800s China was self-sufficient. The Chinese were able to

support their society without trading with other countries. Even though the Chinese didn’t want to trade with foreign nations, the foreign nations wanted to trade with China. Britain found a way to gain influence in China by selling the addictive drug opium. China couldn’t stop the trade of opium by law, so they went to war with Britain. China lost the Opium War, and Britain forced

the defeated Chinese to sign a treaty allowing Britain to trade freely with them.

27 The Opium War wasn’t China’s only problem. China was also dealing a rebellion inside its own borders. The TAIPING REBELLION was started by Chinese peasants. They wanted to create a kingdom where nobody lived in poverty. The pressure from the Taiping Rebellion and growing Western influence forced the Chinese government to attempt reform. Their attempts to strengthen themselves had little success.

28 China’s weaknesses were noticed by European nations, Japan, and the United States. Those countries took advantage of China’s problems to gain more wealth and influence for themselves. They took SPHERES OF INFLUENCE (special areas where they controlled trade) in China. In 1899 the United States issued the Open Door Policy. OPEN DOOR POLICY said that China’s borders were open to anyone who wanted to trade there.

29 These changes caused Chinese nationalism to grow. The Righteous and Harmonious Fists were born from this nationalism. The British called them the Boxers. The Boxers used martial arts to fight against foreigners. The BOXER REBELLION was fought to force all non-Chinese to leave the country. The Boxers attacked and killed foreigners and Chinese Christians. They also destroyed foreign-owned shops and businesses. Eight nations joined together to put down the rebellion and protect their economic interests in China. When the Boxers were defeated, the Chinese were forced to pay the eight nations for all the damage done during the rebellion. China also had to let them to keep their spheres of influence. However, the defeat of the rebellion was not the defeat of nationalism in China.

Japan30 Japan’s response to growing nationalism was best described as “If you

can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em.” They had been invaded by the United States and forced to reopen trade. Japan’s government realized it had to change if it

wanted to stay independent. They forced their economy and military to become more like the ones in Western nations like Great Britain and the United States. This change was called the MEIJI RESTORATION.

31 In 1868 the Emperor of Japan took the title of “Meiji,” meaning “enlightened rule.” The Meiji government sent diplomats to European countries and the United States to learn how they made their economies so successful. Some people in Japan reacted negatively to this, especially CONSERVATIVES (people who want to keep things traditional and often resist change). The Meiji government pushed aside their concerns and continued to modernize. Japan quickly became an industrial power equal to the countries it had learned from. That also meant that it would become imperialist.

32 The first conflict that would prove Japan had become a major industrial and imperial power began in 1894. That year, Japan declared war on China so they could gain control of Korea. Japan wanted Korea’s raw materials and markets. Japan’s Western-style, industrialized military easily defeated the Chinese. At the end of the Sino-Japanese War, Japan took control of Korea.

33 In 1904 Japan would be tested again. Russia wanted to trade in Korea despite the fact that Japan still controlled it. Russia sent its navy to Korea to force them to open trade, but the Japanese fleet met them at sea and destroyed many of Russia’s ships. The Russians surrendered in 1905, agreeing that Japan had the sole right to trade in Korea.