Name: Date: May 19 2016Biology 11: Kingdom Plantae

Unit Topics

1. Analyze how the increasing complexity of algae, mosses, and ferns represent an evolutionary continuum of adaptation to a land environment.

a) Examine green algae and describe the characteristics that unify themb) Use examples of unicellular, colonial, and multicellular green algae to illustrate their increasing complexityc) Examine mosses and describe the characteristics that unify them (p.346)d) Examine ferns and describe the characteristics that unify them (p.347)e) Describe alternation of generations in algae, mosses, and fernsf) Describe features of mosses and ferns that have enabled adaptation to a land environment

2. Analyze how the increasing complexity of gymnosperms and angiosperms contribute to survival in a land environment

a) Examine gymnosperms and describe the characteristics that unify themb) Explain how gymnosperms are adapted for survival in a land environment with respect to the following: alternation of generations, roots, stems, leaves, seeds, pollen, vascular tissue (p.348 to 349)c) Examine angiosperms and describe characteristics that unify them (p.350 to 351)d) Use specimens to differentiate between monocots and dicots (p.623 )e) Describe how angiosperms are adapted for survival in a land environment, with respect to alternation of generations, flowers, pollen, enclosed seeds, fruit, roots, stems, leaves, vascular tissuef) Compare the ways in which mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms have adapted to a land environment (p.342 +)

Vocabulary

adaptation, alternation of generations, colonial, dicots, enclosed seeds, flowers, fruit, leaves, monocots, multicellular, pollen, roots, seeds, stems, unicellular, vascular tissue

Biology 11: Plant diversity Page 1

Biology 11: Kingdom PlantaeEvolution of Plants

1. Plant Common Ancestor

-Land plants and green algae (Charophytes) share many common features

and as such it is believed that they evolved from a common ancestor that

also possessed these characteristics:

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-Since they started to move onto the land 475mya, land plants have had to evolve to cope

with very different environmental conditions than their algal relatives. What are some

new challenges that living on land posed?

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-What were some benefits to living on land rather than in the water?

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As illustrated in the diagrams above and below, plants have made numerous adaptations

to successfully colonize land. Some of them that we will discuss are:

a) Maintaining Moisture:

-Achieved by leaves and stems being covered by a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss.

-Gas exchange occurs through pores called stomata, which are open while the sun is out

and closed at night to prevent water loss through evaporation.

b) Obtaining Soil and Air Resources:

-Plants have specialized structures to extract resources from:

i) Soil:

-Roots anchor plants and absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil. Roots grow

outwards from apical meristems to increase the surface area for absorption.

-Vascular tissue (cells joined into tubes) carries water and nutrients from the roots to the

entire plant body.

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ii) Air

-Leaves obtain CO2 from the air and light from the sun. They also grow from apical

meristems.

c) Supporting Body Weight:

-Air provides less support than water, so land plant cell walls are thickened with a

chemical called lignin.

d) Reproduction and Dispersal:

i) Fertilization:

-Like animals, reproduction on land required the development of specialized structures to

allow fertilization to happen in the absence of water.

-The most advanced plants have pollen grains containing sperm that are able to be carried

by the wind or animals to the egg.

ii) Embryo Development:

-Unlike algae, the zygote (fertilized egg) remains attached to and nourished by the parent

plant during development.

iii) Offspring Dispersal:

-Like reptiles, the most advanced plants protect their offspring in seeds. Unique to plants

is that these seeds actually function in dispersal.

*Not all of the above characteristics are found in every plant! The first plants to evolve

were, like amphibians, restricted to moist areas because they relied on water to carry

sperm to the egg, for example.

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2. Relationships Between Plant Groups

-The diagram below highlights one view of the relationships between plants.

What is a major difference between the bryophytes (non-vascular plants) and the vascular plants?

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3. Alternation of Generations

-Plants have both haploid and diploid generations in their life cycles (text 346).

-Use Figure 17.3 to complete this diagram, which illustrates alternation of generations in

plant life cycles.

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Nonvascular plants: Bryophytes

-Bryophytes are primitive plants. They have evolved some characteristics which allow

them to survive on land, but they still need to be in a moist environment.

-Nonvascular plants consist of three divisions:

Characteristics common to all nonvascular plant (Bryophytes) are:

1. Lack cells that transport water and nutrients (vascular tissue)

2. No true roots, stems or leaves. They have rhizoids for anchorage.

3. Gametophyte is dominant, sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte.

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Liverworts

HornwortsMosses

Haploid

Diploid

Mosses (text 346-347)

1. Describe the habitat of moss and explain why they have to live in these areas:

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-Examine the Moss Life Cycle animation on the text website (Chapter 17) and use text

346-347 to illustrate the moss life cycle diagram below:

*Examine the Bryophytes in the classroom and complete the lab package.

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Seedless Vascular plants

-These are the first land plants to possess vascular tissue and modern examples include:

Examples of these are whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails and true ferns.

Also Fig 17.2C

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Whisk Fern Horse Tail

True Ferns Club Moss

-Moss-like plants were joined by seedless vascular

plants 420 million years ago. Because of their

vascular tissue and rigid cell walls, these new plants

were capable of ranging in height from one metre to

as large as trees! -Seedless vascular plants formed

the great swamp forests of the Carboniferous Period.

Because of the anaerobic swamp environment these plants were not decomposed

completely after they died and were later transformed by the heat and pressure of

overlying sediments into peat and coal.

-Fossil evidence indicates that these plants

differed from bryophytes as they possessed

vascular tissue. There are two types of

vascular tissue:

1. Xylem: Dead, hollow cells joined together

to make tubes, this tissue transports a

solution of water and inorganic nutrients

(xylem sap) from the roots to the leaves.

2. Phloem: Living cells with their

nucleus moved into a companion cell

so that the cytoplasm can transport a

sugary liquid (phloem sap) from:

i) Sugar Source (leaves) to Sugar Sink

(Roots).

ii) Sugar Sink to growing shoots and

roots.

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Ferns

How are ferns different in their life cycle from that of other non-vascular plants?

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-Examine the Fern Life Cycle animation on the text website (Chapter 17) and use text

347 to illustrate the fern life cycle diagram below:

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Gymnosperms

-Gymnosperms are plants that have vascular tissue and seeds! However, their seeds are

called “naked” as they are not protected within a fruit.

-Some gymnosperms that you may recognize are:

-All gymnosperms possess cones, which are modified leaves of the sporophyte. Each

“leaf” or scale contains a sporangium that produces spores by meiosis. Unlike seedless

plants, these spores are not released but develop into the gametophyte within the cone.

The gametophyte later releases gametes that combine to form a new sporophyte.

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Fir Yew Cedar

Ginko bilboa Cycad

-Examine the Gymnosperm Life Cycle animation on the text website (Chapter 17) and

use text 349 to illustrate the gymnosperm life cycle diagram below:

1. Where are the male and female gametophytes in seed plants?

-Male (pollen grain) is produced by meiosis of the spore in the male cone.

-Female (egg) is produced by meiosis of the spore mother cell inside the ovule in the

female cone.

2.What is a seed?

-A seed is an embryo sporophyte packaged with a food supply inside a protective coat.

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3. How does pollen help gymnosperms to adapt to life on land?

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4. How do seeds help gymnosperms to adapt to life on land?

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5. As land plants evolved to become better adapted to life on land, what happened to the

relative dominance of the sporophyte and gametophyte generations? (use the diagram

below to answer this question.)

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Overview of Alternation of Generations in Plants

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Angiosperms

-Angiosperms are flowering plants that have vascular tissue and enclose their seeds inside

of fruit. They are the largest and most successful group of plants and include:

-Analyse the diagram right to understand how the

part of the flower perform the same functions as

the cones in gymnosperms.

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Raspberries Pineapple

Echinacea Cherry Trees

-Label the diagram of the flower below and answer the questions that follow (text 350)

1. What are the functions of a flower?

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2. How did fruit containing enclosed seeds

evolve?

-Ovules have become enclosed by the

modified leaves that produce them. The

modified leaves form the ovary.

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3. Which part of a flower develops into the seed? ________________________________

4. Which part of the flower develops into the fruit? ______________________________

5. How does pollination take place?

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-Examine the Angiosperm Life Cycle animation on the text website (Chapter 17) and use

text 351 to illustrate the angiosperm life cycle diagram below

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Fruit Formation (text 637)

What part of the flower develops into a fruit? __________________________________

This table compares different types of fruits:

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