Study Material of 6/8/2020For Class Nursery to XII

Class NurserySubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Practice book Pg: 28

Reading book Pg 31 Do in the book Listen and repeat

Math Practice Book Pg:-52 (36, 37) Do in the bookHindi Letter ( ट ) 5 lines Write in the copy

Bengali সাহি�ত্য কঁুহি – Pg: ৬ Listen and repeat.Drawing Reading book Pg – 134 Do in the book

Class KG ISubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Reading book Pg 21Sound of ‘a’ Read and learnMath Reading Book Pg 146 ‘Equal to’ Do in the bookG.K. Reading Book Pg – 92

(Places we visit) Listen and repeat

Art/Craft Art & Craft Book Pg: 8 & 9 Do in the book

Class ISubject Topic Summary Execution Hindi Vyakaran

दि�नों के नाम 1 सप्ताह में 7 दि�न होते हैं। दि�नों के नाम लि�खि�ए।1.सोमवार 2. मंग�वार 3.बुधवार

EVS Chapter 10

Some general safety rules:1. Never talk to strangers or take things

from them.2. Never tease animals.3. Always ask your parents for elders

before going to play.4. Inform your parents old as a teacher

immediately if you get hurt.

Read page 150

Class II Subject Topic Summary ExecutionEVS CH 9

PLANTS AROUND US

WRITE IN THE SCHOOL COPY AND LEARN THEM.

REFER TO PG 149EX D ] Answer the following questions.[ continuation]Qs 4] What is the function of the roots?Ans. The function of the roots are –a} It keeps the plant fixed in the soil.B} It takes food and water from the soil for the plant.Qs 5. Which part of a plant helps to take food from the leaves to all the other parts?Ans. The stem helps to take food from the leaves to all other parts.

Hindi Chapter 8

Done Do page 63 No. 3 in book कविवता की पंलि#यां पूरी कीजि(ए।

Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Science

Ch – Cleanliness, Health and

Looking After Our Body

Food, exercise and rest help to keep our

I can do it (pg no.-107)

Jinni is washing her hands. Number the

Hygiene body healthy.

Food –

We eat food to be healthy and strong. Food gives us energy to work and play, help us to grow and also protects us from diseases. Food contains nutrients that give us energy, help us to grow and protect us from diseases.

Foods such as rice, potatoes, idli, chapatti, sugar give us energy. Foods such as milk, eggs, pulses, fish, meat, chicken help us to grow and fruits and vegetables protect us from diseases. Milk and yogurt also help us to develop strong teeth and bones.

Junk food –

Food that contains high levels of fat, salt and sugar and lacks of other nutrients is called junk food. Eg. Chips, burgers, ice-creams, noodles. Eating junk food may increase our body weight. We should avoid eating junk food.

We should drink 8 to 10 glasses of water daily as water helps us to digest the food properly.

pictures correctly.

1.Wet your hands.

2. Put soap on your palms (bar or liquid).

3. Rub hands(both front and back).

4. Rinse with water.

5. Dry hands with a clean towel or tissue.

6. Turn of the tap.

Give reason:

2. Why should we avoid eating junk food?

Ans. We should avoid eating junk food because junk food has more sugar, salt and fat than what our body needs. Eating junk food can increase our weight.

3. Why should we not eat dinner very late at night?

Ans. Eating late night can lead to several health problems and can disturb our sleep.

Eng literature

Ch 5 Message in a bottle

Refer to pg 52

Write in your school copy and learn them.

Qs 3] Answer the questions about these lines from the story.

“There is some writing on it, but we cant read!”

A] Who says these words?

Ans. Ajay said these words.

B] To whom are the words spoken?

Ans. The words are spoken to Meena.

C] What was it?

Ans. It was a piece of paper.

D] Where was it taken and why?

Ans. The piece of paper was taken to Old Manu because they wanted to know what

was written on it.

Eng language

Writing a paragraph

Write down in your eng language copy and learn it.

Write a paragraph within 100 words

Topic - Raksha Bandhan

Raksha Bandhan is a festival of brothers and sisters . On this day the sister ties a silken thread or rakhi on her brother’s wrist. This is a symbol of her love and affection. She prays for the well- being and long life of her brother. In return, the brother vows to take care of her and protect her from all harm. The brother gives gifts or cash to his sister as a token of her love. Sisters and brothers look forward to this festival every year. They dress up in beautiful clothes and get ready for the ceremony. Then they share sweets with all the family members. I look forward to this festival with great enthusiasm every year.

CONVERSATION

Chapter-1.

HELLO.

Note- See the video given in the previous class related to this chapter.

So children in the video as you all have seen how we should greet our family and friends. Children we should always respect our elder and greet them whenever we meet them.

We have also seen how we should introduce ourselves when someone asks us anything about us. When we go to a party or function we should behave politely and greet others.

Page No. 4.

GET IT RIGHT:-

B. Listen to these sentences and fill in the gaps:-

1. My pet drinks water out of this bowl.

2. The teacher asked us to repeat the word.

3. Mother explained to me the difference between a noun and a verb.

4. Don't touch the mug. It's very hot.

5. My brother waters the flowers in the vase everyday.

6. Grandmother knits me a woollen sweater every winter.

**KINDLY WRITE THE ANSWERS IN THE BOOK.

MAT

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Ch: 8

Mon

ey

Division of rupees and paise by a number:When we divide money, we do the same way as we divide numbers, and then put a point leaving two digits from the right in the quotient.

Exercise – 49

(1) Rs.32÷4 = Rs._____ (2) 75P÷5 = ____ P(3) Rs.144÷8 = Rs. ____ (4) Rs.19.92÷6 =Rs. ____(5) Rs.40.40÷8 = Rs.____ (6) Rs.57.00÷6 =Rs. ____

Solution:

(1) Rs.32÷4 = Rs.8 (2) 75P÷5 = 25 P(3) Rs.144÷8 = Rs. 18 (4) Rs.19.92÷6 = Rs.3.32(5) Rs.40.40÷8 = Rs.5.05 (6) Rs.57.00÷6 = Rs.9.50

Working

(1) 4 32 8 -32 ×

(2) 5 75 15 - 5 25 - 25 ×

(3) 8 144 18 -8 64 - 64 ×

(4) 6 1992 332 -18 19 -18 12 -12 ×

(5) 8 4040 505 -40 40 - 40 ×

(6) 6 57.00 9.50 -54 30 - 30 ×

[To be continued…]

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature

How Perseus killed Medusa

Long ago there was a princess called Danae, and she had a baby boy whom she called Perseus. The boy's father was far away and Danae and the child had no one to take care of. One day some cruel people put Perseus and his mother into a boat and set them or float on the wide, wide sea. They floated about for many days but somehow the frail boat did not sink; and at last they were thrown upon an island. Some kind people took pity on them and gave them a home to live in. The mother and son lived there for many years until Perseus grew into a brave young man. The king of the island was, however, a very wicked

1. Who was Perseus?Ans: Perseus was the son of a princess name Danae.

2. What happen with Perseus and his mother?Ans: One they some cruel people put Perseus and his mother into a boat and set them a float on the wide,wide sea.

and cruel man who for some reason hated Danae and Perseus.He planned to get rid of Perseus. He thought of an adventure that would please Perseus; but this was a dangerous adventure and the king was certain that Perseus would never succeed.

Science Ch – The FoodWe Eat

Preserving FoodTreating food to prevent it from getting spoilt is known as preservation. We can slow down the growth of germs in food to prevent it from getting spoilt by preservation. Cooked and uncooked food can be preserved in many ways.

Using Preservatives –Preservatives such as sugar, salt and oil prevent the growth of germs. We can preserve many fruits and vegetables as pickles by keeping them in oil or vinegar. We can preserve fruits such as strawberries, apples as jams by boiling them with sugar. We can use salt to preserve fish. Canning –Canning is the process of heating and sealing the food in containers to store it. The food is heated in a can or jar to kill the germs. After that, the air is driven out of the container and it is sealed. Thus the food can be preserved safely for months. Fruits, vegetables and pickles are preserved by canning.

Questions and Answers5. What is the role of roughage in our food? Ans. Roughage is not a nutrient. It is the fibre part of food and cannot be digested. It helps the body to get rid of waste easily.

6. What is food preservation? Name the different methods used to preserve food. Ans. Treating food to prevent it from getting spoilt is known as food preservation.The different methods used to preserve food are refrigeration, drying, canning and using preservatives.

G.K Famous scientistWrite the names of these famous scientist in the blanks:

1. This American scientist flew a kite in a thunderstorm to prove that lightning is form of electricity- Benjamin Franklin

2. This American scientist developed high- yield wheat varieties. He is responsible for Green Revolution all over the world – Norman E. Borlaug

3. This German -born scientist is best known for his theory of relativity. His name has become synonymous with genius and intelligence- Albert Einstein

4. This British scientist profounder the law of gravity after seeing an apple falling on the ground- Issac Newton

5. This scientist discovered radium. She became the only women to receive two noble prizes- Marie Curie

CONVERSATION

Chp:1.

ON YOUR PLATE (meals in a day).

Kindly follow the video given in the previous class.

So in this chapter we have already learned through the video that we should always stay healthy. We have also learned that in different occassions we eat different kinds of foods but We should always eat

Page no- 4.

GET IT RIGHT.

A (rhymes with hurt).

1. CONVERT.

2. EXPERT.

healthy food and follow healthy habits to stay fit and healthy. We should avoid eating junk foods.

3. DIVERT.

4. SQUAT.

B (rhyme with heart).

1. CHART.

2. DESERT.

3. CART.

4. DART.

5. APART.

6. SMART.

MAT

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Ch: 9

Com

mon

Fra

ction

s

Wor

d pr

oble

ms o

f Fra

ction

s

Exercise – 44

(5) Prem took Rs.56 from his father and spent Rs.

16 on papers. How much money

does he have now? Solution:

Now Prem has Rs .( 56−1

6 )=Rs .(5−16 )=Rs . 4

6=Rs . 2

3

(6) If 1m cloth cost Rs.100, how much will 34 m cost?

Solution: 1m cloth cost Rs .100

∴ 34

m cloth cost Rs .(100 × 34 )=Rs . (25 ×3 )=Rs .75

(7) Find the difference of 14 of 8000 and

13 of 9000.

Solution: 14

of 8000=( 14

× 8000)=2000

Again , 13

of 9000=( 13

×9000)=3000

∴The difference=(3000−2000 )=1000

(8) Rohan spent 17 of Rs.490 and Reena spent

15 of Rs.450. Who spent less and

how much?

Solution:

Rohan spent 17

of Rs .490=Rs .( 17

× 490)=Rs .70

Reena spent 15

of Rs .450=Rs .( 15

× 450)=Rs .90

Therefore, Rohan spent less and the amount is Rs. (90-70) =Rs.20

(9) Find the cost of 78kg rice at Rs.40 per kg.

Solution:

Cost of rice Rs.40 per kg.

∴Cost of 78

kg=Rs .(40 × 78 )=Rs .35

Home WorkExercise – 44

(3) Roza read 18 part of a book on Monday and

58 on Tuesday. What part of the

book has she read?

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Kinds of sentences and clauses

Meaning of sentence:A group of words that contains a Subject and predicate and makes complete sense by itself is a sentence.

Kinds of sentences:There are four types of sentences:Simple sentences, complex sentences, compound sentences and compound- complex sentences.

Clause:A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of a sentence is a clause.

Kinds of subordinate clauses:Adjective clauses:A clause which does the work of an adjective is an adjective clause.Example: The boy, who had rescued the child from the fire, was rewarded for his bravery.

‘Who had rescued the child from the fire' is an adjective clause.

Solved exercises:Pick out the adjective clauses from the following sentences. Do not have to mention the noun:

1.Alexander, who conquered many countries, was a Macedonian.

2. This building, which was formerly a place, has now become a museum.

3. The people saw the snake sliding into a hole that a rat had made in the floor.

4. The ships, which sank in the storm, belonged to a rich merchant.

5. The robbers hid in a cave which was high up in the mountains.

6. The crowd that had gathered to watch the race, cheered as the runners entered the stadium.

7. Did you see the film that won the first prize?

8. Many writers, who were great and famous, did not receive the Nobel Prize.

9. Who is that boy who is sitting all alone on the last bench?

10. Never trust a man who always speaks ill of others.

MAT

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Ch: 7

Deci

mal

s

Multiplication of Decimals:

A.Multiplication of a Decimal by 10, 100 or 1000 etc:To multiply a decimal by 10, 100 or 1000 we shift the decimal point of the multiplicand one, two or three places respectively to the right to get product.

B. Multiplication of a Decimal by a Whole Number:To multiply a decimal by a whole number, we multiply like whole numbers ignoring the decimal point. We put the decimal point in the product, leaving from the right as many decimal places as there are in the multiplicand.

C. Multiplication of a Decimal Number by a Decimal Number:The number of decimal places in the product is the sum of the decimal

Exercise – 42Multiply:

(2) 0.903×10 = ____ (4) 56.738×100 = ____

(6) 83.9×100 = ____ (7) 0.58×1000 = ____

(9) 0.8×9 = ____ (13) 48.94×20 =____

(15) 7.591×60 = ____ (18) 6.034×213

(20) 37.005×296

Solution:

(2) Working:0.903 ×10= 9031000

×10=903100

=9.03

∴0.903 ×10=9.03

(4) 56.738×100 = 5673.8 (6) 83.9×100 = 8390

(7) 0.58×1000 = 580 (9) 0.8×9 = 7.2

(13) 48.94×20 = 48.94×10×2 = 489.4×2 = 978.8

(15) 7.591×60 = 7.591×10×6 = 75.91×6 = 455.46

(18) 6 0 3 4 × 2 1 3 1 8 1 0 2 6 0 3 4 0 1 2 0 6 8 0 0 1 2 8 5 2 4 2 ∴6.034×213= 1285.242

(20) 3 7 0 0 5 × 2 9 6 2 2 2 0 3 0 3 3 3 0 4 5 0 7 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 9 5 3 4 8 0 ∴ 37.005×296 = 10953.480 = 10953.48

places in the multiplicand and the multiplier.

Exercise – 43Multiply:(12) 8.98 by 0.306(14) 79.341 by 45.9

Solution: (12) 8 9 8 × 3 0 6 5 3 8 8 0 0 0 0 2 6 9 4 0 0 2 7 4 7 8 8 ∴ 8.98×0.306 = 2.74788

Note: Since the sum of the decimal places in the multiplicand and the multiplier is ‘5’, mark the decimal point in the product leaving 5 places from the right.

(14) 7 9 3 4 1 × 4 5 9 7 1 4 0 6 9 3 9 6 7 0 5 0 3 1 7 3 6 4 0 0 3 6 4 1 7 5 1 9 ∴ 79.341×45.9 = 3641.7519

Note: Since the sum of the decimal places in the multiplicand and the multiplier is ‘4’, mark the decimal point in the product leaving 4 places from the right.(16) Multiply 8.932 by 9. Write down the product when 8.932 is multiplied by: (a) 90 (b) 900 (c) 0.9(d) 0.09

Solution: 8 9 3 2 × 9 8 0 3 8 8 ∴ 8.932×9 = 80.388

Now,(a) 8.932×90 = 8.932×9×10 = 80.388×10 = 803.88(b) 8.932×900 = 8.932×9×100 = 80.388×100 = 8038.8

(c) 8.932×0.9 = 8.932×9

10 = 80.388

10 = 8.0388

(d) 8.932×0.09 = 8.932×9

100 = 80.388

100 =0.80388

(18) Verify the following:(d) 4.5×0.8×1.4 = 14×0.45×0.8

Solution: L.H.S. = 4.5×0.8×1.4 = 3.6×1.4 = 5.04R.H.S. = 14×0.45×0.8 = 6.3×0.8 = 5.04∴ 4.5×0.8×1.4 = 14×0.45×0.8 (Verified)

(21) A school uniform costs Rs.250.30. What will be the cost of 20 uniforms?

Solution: A school uniform costs Rs. 2 5 0 . 3 0 × 2 0 uniforms 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0∴ The cost of 20 uniforms will be Rs.5006.00 or Rs.5006.

(23) Vineeta bought 12.3m ribbon at the rate of Rs.8.90 and 4 dozen of bangles at the rate of Rs.3.35 per dozen. What amount did she pay?

Solution: Cost of ribbon Rs. 8 . 9 0Vineeta bought × 1 2 . 3m 2 6 7 0 1 7 8 0 0 8 9 0 0 0 1 0 9 4 7 0Cost of per dozen bangle is Rs. 3 . 3 5 × 4 dozen 1 3 4 0

∴ Cost of ribbon Rs. 1 0 9 . 4 7And cost of bangle +Rs. 1 3 . 4 0 Rs. 1 2 2 . 8 7

∴ Total cost Rs.122.87.(24) Match the following:(a)9.9×10 (i) 0.04(b) 0.31×0.3 (ii) 99(c) 0.2×0.2 (iii) 0.02(d) 0.05×0.4 (iv) 0.093(e) 0.60×5 (v) 3.00

Solution: (a) 9.9×10 (ii) 99(b) 0.31×0.3 (iv) 0.093(c) 0.2×0.2 (i) 0.04(d) 0.05×0.4 (iii) 0.02(e) 0.60×5 (v) 3.00

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution English Language

Verbs: The past Tense.

Like the present tense, it also has two forms: Simple past Past continuous

First person

SecondPerson

Third person

Simple past I wrote. You wrote.

He/she/it wrote.

Past continuous

I was writing.

You were writing.

He/she/it was writing.

Exercise A.1. Who wrote this essay?2. Formula played for two hours without

taking a break.3. Were you frightened of the dark when

you were younger?4. Who ate the cake that was in the tin?5. He thought I borrowed his pen.6. Sheila liked the book because it was not

funny.7. He requested me for another sheet of

Uses of the Simple Past tense:

To talk about a habitual or regular action in the past.

To talk about an action which took place over a period of time in the past but is now over.

To form reported speech. To make polite request.

paper.Homework- 8-10

Mathematics

Ratio, proportion and arithmetic problems/Ratio

Study Item : Some solved sums from exercise 11(A)1)Express each of the following ratios in its simplest form :(a)(i) 4 : 6Solution : 4 : 6 = (4/2) : (6/2) = 2 : 3(ii) 48 : 54Solution : 48 : 54 = (48/6) : (54/6) = 8 : 9(iii) 200 : 250Solution : 200 : 250 = 20 : 25 =4 : 5(b) (i) 5 kg : 800 kgSolution : 5kg : 800kg Therefore,5kg= (5×1000)gmTherefore 5000gm : 800gm = 5000 : 800 = 50 : 8 = 25 : 4(ii) 30 cm : 2mSolution : 30 cm : 2mTherefore, 2m =(2×100)cm = 200 cmTherefore, 30cm : 200cm = 30 : 200 = 3 : 20

(iii) 3m : 90cmSolution : 3m : 90cmTherefore, 3m =(3×100)cm = 300cmTherefore, 300cm : 90cm = 30 : 9 = 10 : 3(iv) 2years : 9 monthsSolution : 2 years : 9 monthsTherefore, 2 years=(2×12)months = 24 monthsTherefore, 24 : 9 = 8 : 3(v) 1 hours : 45 minSolution ; 1 hours : 45min Therefore,1 hours =(1×60)min = 60 minTherefore, 60 : 45 = 12 : 9 = 4 : 3(vi) 4min : 45 secSolution : 4min : 45 secTherefore,4 min =(4×60)sec = 240 secTherefore, 240 : 45 = 80 : 15 = 16 : 3(c)(i) 1 ½ : 2 ½ Solution : 3/2 : 5/2 = (3/2)×2 : (5/2)×2 = 3 : 5 [where L.C.M. of 2 and 2 is 2]

= 3 : 5(ii) 3 ½ : 7Solution : 7/2 : 7 =(7/2)×2 : 7×2 = 7 : 14 [where L.C.M. of 2 and 1 is 2](iii) 2 1/3 : 3 ½ : 1 ¼Solution : 7/3 : 7/2 : 5/4= (7/3)×12 : (7/2)×12 :(5/4)×12= (7×4) : (7×6) : (5×3)= 28 : 42 : 15(iv) x2 : 4xSolution : x2 : 4x = x : 4(v)2.5 : 1.5Solution : (25/10):(15/10) = 5/2 : 3/2 = 5 : 3(vi) 2.5 : 5Solution : (25/10) : 5 = 25 : 50 = 5 : 10 = 1 : 22) A field is 80 m and 60 m wide. Find the ratio of its width to its length.Solution : Given, length = 80 cm and width = 60 cmTherefore, Length : Width = 80 : 60 = 8 : 6 = 4 :

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY 1)What is energy?

Ans : Energy is the capacity of a body to do work.Analysis of the term `energy’ :A body that is capable of doing work is said to possess energy.Example: We can walk and run because we have energy.Units of energy: Heat energy is measured in calories(cal).What is calorie?Ans : A calorie is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C.NOTE: Since calorie is a very small unit.But kilocalorie is used to measure heat for practical purposes.A kilocalorie is written as Kcal or Cal, that is, Calorie with a capital`(C)’.Therefore, 1 Calorie = 1 Kilocalorie (Kcal) = 1000 calories.The SI unit of energy is joule(J).What is joule?Ans: One joule is defined as the amount of workdone when a force of 1N causes a displacement of 1m in a body in the direction of the force.NOTE: joule is a very small unit.So, its multiple kilojoule (KJ) is often used.1KJ = 1000 JIt has been found that the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C is 4.186J.Hence, the relationship between calorie and joule is 1 calorie = 4.186 joules.Or, 1 Kilocalorie = 4186 joules.2) What do you understand by the terms `forms of energy’?Ans: Energy exists in many forms. Each of these can be transformed from one from to another.3) What is Mechanical energy ?

Ans: The energy possessed by a body due to the work done on it is known as mechanical energy .Analysis of the mechanical energy with example :we all know that work is done on a body when it is displaced. So, the energy gained by a body due to its state of motion, or due to its position is known as mechanical energy.There are two type of mechanical energy – one kinetic energy and other potential energy.4) What is kinetic energy ?Ans: Kinetic energy of a body is the energy possessed by it due to its state of motion or movement.Example: All moving things have kinetic – a child riding a bicycle, a moving bus. etc.NOTE: The kinetic energy possessed by a body is directly proportional to its mass and velocity.Mathematically, kinetic energy of a body =( 1/2 )× mass of the body × (velocity)2

5) What is potential energy?Ans: potential energy of a body is the energy possessed by it by virtue of it position.Example: A stone kept at roof of a house, and then the stone possess potential energy. There are two type of potential energy – one Gravitational potential energy and other elastic potential energy.6) What is Gravitational potential energy ?Ans: An object is said to have gravitational potential energy due to its raised position.Example: A mango on a tree and water stored in a reservoir or a dam have potential energy owing to their height.7) What is elastic potential energy ?Ans: elastic potential energy of a body is the energy that gets stored in it when the body is stretched, compressed or bent.Example: A coiled spring used in a watch stores elastic potential energy when work is done to wind it up. The watch uses this energy stored in the spring for one or two days.8) What is chemical energy?Ans: Energy stored in matter that can become available for work through chemical process is called chemical energy. Example: Fuels such as coal, petrol and natural gas have chemical energy stored in them. These fuels released energy when they are burned.9) What is electrical energy ?Ans: Electrical energy is the energy produced due to the flow of electric charge through a substance.Example: It is used to run household appliances such as T.V., refrigerators etc.10) What is light energy?Ans: Light is a form of energy that enables us to see objects around us.Example: (i) Our eyes sense light energy. That is why we are able to read this page.(ii) Plants use the light energy of the Sun to prepare food.11) What is heat energy?Ans: Heat is a form of energy that causes a sensation of hotness and coldness.Example: we use heat energy to cook food and kept ourselves warm.NOTE: It can be transferred from a hotter body to a cooler body and has the capacity to do work.12) What is sound energy ?Ans: Sound energy is produced when a force causes a body to vibrate.Example: When we strike a drum, the membrane of the drum vibrates and produces

energy.13) What is magnetic energy ?Ans: The energy stored in magnets is called magnetic energy.Example: Magnetic energy of large magnets is used to separate iron from scrap with the help of an electromagnic crane.NOTE : Due to magnetic energy, magnets can attract magnetic materials, such as iron objects placed near them.14)What is Nuclear energy ?Ans : When the nucleus of an atom splits, or when two nuclei of different atoms combine, a large amount of energy is released in the form of heat and radiation. This energy is called nuclear energy.Example : in nuclear plant, nuclear energy is used to generate electricity.15)What do you understand by the terms ` transformation of energy ‘?Ans :We observe that one form of energy can be easily transferred to other forms. This change of one form of energy into another is known as transformation of energy.Example : Light energy of the Sun is transferred to chemical energy of food during the process of photosynthesis.16)What do you understand by the terms ` Law of conservation of energy ‘?Ans :Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another.Example : When a body falls from a certain height, its potential energy gradually changes into kinetic energy but the total sum of both the energies at every point during the motion always remains constant.NOTE : The law of conservation of energy is true for all the bodies and for all forms of energy. Whenever one form of energy disappears, an equivalent amount of energy in another form appears. # Most energy transfers lose energy. However, the energy does not disappear. It usually goes into the surroundings.

Mathematics

Number System /Exponents.

Study Item : Some solved sums from exercise 5(A).1)Find the value of :(i) 62Solution : 62 = 6×6 = 36(ii) 73Solution : 73 = 7×7×7 = 343(iii) 44Solution : 44 = 4×4×4×4 = 256(iv) 55Solution : 55 = 5×5×5×5×5 = 3125(v) 83Solution : 83 = 8×8×8 = 5122) Evaluate :(i) 23×42

Solution : 23×42 = 2×2×2×4×4 = 8×16 = 128(ii)23×52Solution : 23×52 = 2×2×2×5×5 = 8×25 = 200(iii) 33×52Solution : 33×52 = 3×3×3×5×5 = 27×25 = 675(iv) 22×33Solution : 22×33 = 22×33 = 2×2×3×3×3 = 4×27 = 108(v) 32×53Solution : 32×53 = 32×53 = 3×3×5×5×5 = 9×125 = 1125(vi)53×24Solution : 53×24 = 53×24 = 125×16 = 2000(vii)32×42Solution : 32×42 = 9×16 = 144(viii) (4×3)3Solution : (4×3)3 = (12)3 = 12×12×12 =1728(ix)(5×4)2Solution : (5×4)2 =(20)2 = 20×20 = 4003)Evaluate :(i) (3/4)4Solution : (3/4)4 =(3/4)×(3/4)×(3/4)×(3/4)= 81/256(ii) (- 5/6 )5Solution : ( - 5/6)5

= ( - 5)5/(6)5 = - 3125/ 7776(iii) ( - 3/ -5)3Solution : ( - 3/ - 5)3 = ( - 3)3/( - 5)3 = - 27/-125 = 27/1254)Evaluate :(i) (2/3)3×(3/4)2Solution : (2/3)×(2/3)×(2/3)×(3/4)×(3/4)= 1/6(ii) (- 3/4)3×(2/3)4Solution : ( - 3/4)3×(2/3)4 = - 1/12 (iii) (3/5)2×( - 2/3)3Solution : (3/5)2×( - 2/3)3 = - 8/755) Which is greater :(i) 23 or 32Solution : 23 or 32 23 = 8 32 = 9Here, 9 > 8 then 32 is greater than 23(ii) 25 or 52Solution : 25 or 52 25 = 32 52 = 25Here, 32 > 2525 is greater than 52(iii) 43 or 34Solution : 43 or 34 43 = 64 34 = 81Here, 81 > 6434 is greater than 43(iv) 54 or 45Solution : 54 or 45 54 = 625 45 = 1024Here, 1024 > 62545 is greater than 546) Express each of the following in exponential form:(i) 512 Solution : 512

= 2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 = 29(ii) 1250Solution : 1250 = 2×5×5×5×5 = 2×54

(iii) 1458Solution : 1458 = 2×3×3×3×3×3×3 = 2×36(iv) 3600Solution : 3600 = 2×2×2×2×3×3×5×5 = 24×32× 52(v) 1350Solution : 1350 = 2×3×3×3×5×5 = 2×33×52(vI) 1176Solution : 1176= 2×2×2×3×7×7 = 23×3×727)If a = 2 and b = 3, find the value of : (i) (a + b)2Solution : (a + b)2 = ( 2 + 3)2 = (5)2 = 25(ii) (b – a )3Solution : ( b – a )3 = (3 – 2 )3 = (1)3 = 1(iii) ( a×b)aSolution : ( a×b)a = ( 2×3)2 = (6)2 = 36(iv) (a ×b)bSolution : (a × b)b = (2×3)3 = (6)3 = 2168) Express : (i) 1024 as a power of 2 Solution : 1024= 2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2= 210(ii)343 as a power of 7Solution : 343 = 7×7×7 = 73(iii) 729 as a power of 3Solution : 729 = 3×3×3×3×3×3= 369) If 27×32 =3x×2y; find the values of x and y.Solution : 27×32 = 3x×2y Or, 33×25 = 3x×2yTherefore, 33 = 3x and 25 = 2y

Therefore, x = 3 and y = 510) If 64×625 = 2a×5b ; find :(i) the values of a and b(ii)2b×5aSolution : (i) 64×625 = 2a×5bOr, 26×54 = 2a×5bTherefore, 26 = 2a and 54 = 5bTherefore, a = 6 and b = 4(ii) 2b×5aSolution : 2b×5a = 24×56 = 16×5×5×5×5×5×5 =16× 15625 = 250,000

COMPUTER

FORMATTING PARAGRAPHS AND PAGES IN MS WORD

PRINT SETTINGS

ONCE A DOCUMENT IS TYPED, IT CAN BE PRINTED BY FOLLOWING THE GIVEN STEPS

1. Click the File tab2. Select Print (you can see the print settings on the left and the Preview on the right)

3. Select the number of copies.4. Select a printer from the drop down list if your computer is connected to multiple printers, otherwise your printer is chosen by default.5. Select Print All Pages (for printing all of your document) or type a range of pages (for printing certain pages, just part of your document).6. Choose whether to print on one side or both side of the paper.7. If you’re printing multiple copies, you can choose whether you want the copies collated or uncollated.8. Choose Portrait (for vertical orientation of the document) or Landscape (for horizontal orientation of the document) orientation.9. Choose the paper size that you want your printer to use.10. You can adjust the margins (this is especially useful if parts of your document are being cut off by the printer).11. Set the number of pages per sheet here.12. Click the Print button. (when you’re finally finished and satisfied with your printing settings and are ready to print your document, click the Print button).

Quick Print

Quick Print is used for printing something faster, with a single click. The documents are printed using the default settings and the default printer.You will need to add the Quick Print option in Quick Access Toolbar in Word 2010, in order to use it.Quick Print always prints the whole document, so if you  want to print some part of your document you’ll have to use the Print Pane.

To Access the Quick Print Button:1. Click the drop-down arrow on the right side of the Quick Access Toolbar.2. Select Quick Print if it is not already checked.

3. To print, just click the Quick Print command.

****Read and understand the summary part.

English Language

Verb : Tenses and Time

Uses of various tenses: Past and present tenses

Kinds Function1. Simple

present Habitual actions Truths of a general

nature Assured future events

2. Simple past

A complete action( often using a time marker)

Habits in the past. Polite requests and

questions

Exercise C1. We fed the birds everyday

before it got dark.2. He played tennis at the

district level, representing his college last year.

3. Sheena was a lazy child, but not anymore.

4. He asked me a favour, and I agreed to help him.

5. They went to the gym to exercise yesterday.

Homework : exercise B ( in the copy)

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution COMPUTER

PROGRAM CODING

I. Multiple Choice Questions (Tick the correct answers)

Question 1

A constant which gives the exact representation of data is called a/an:

1. variable2. literal

3. identifier4. character

Question 2

The default value of the boolean data type is:

1. "false"2. true3. false4. "true"

Question 3

Character literal is assigned to a:

1. char variable2. char type literal3. string variable4. string literal

Question 4

A character literal is enclosed in:

1. '' ⇐ Answer2. ""3. : :4. { }

Question 5

A set of characters is assigned to a:

1. String variable2. Static variable3. Boolean variable4. None

Question 6

The ASCII codes of upper case alphabets range from:

1. 65 - 902. 60 - 853. 65 - 914. 97 - 122

Question 7

Which of the following is false to find square of a number?

1. Math.pow(a,2)2. a*a3. Math.sqrt(a,2)4. All

Question 8

What type of value is returned by the sqrt function?

1. int2. float3. double4. All

Question 9

Which of the following syntax is true to find the square root of a number?

1. sqrt(a)2. Math.sqrt(a)3. Squareroot(a)4. None

Question 10

Boolean data is used to test a particular condition, i.e., true or false. Which of the following is a correct representation?

1. boolean m = true2. boolean m = 'true'3. boolean m = "true"4. none

II.Short Answer Questions

Question 1

Write down the syntax for the following functions in Java programming:

(a) To find the smaller between two numbers.

Answer

Math.min(a, b)(b) To find the absolute value of a

number.

Answer

Math.abs(a)(c) To find the exponent of a number.

Answer

Math.exp(a)(d) To find the square root of a number.

Answer

Math.sqrt(a)

Question 2

Assign the value of pie () to a variable with the suitable data type.

Answer

double pi =3.14159English Language

The Clauses

Fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow with appropriate subordinating conjunctions.1) She will speak to you if you approach her in a calm manner.2) You may not leave the room unless you have completed this assignment.3) You may use the library provided the librarian allows you to.4) We will go on our picnic if it does not rain.5) Whether or not my father gives me permission, I am going to the concert.6) He will not give you permission unless you ask politely.7) As long as you do your work quietly, no one will object to you working in this room.8) We will be unable to work until outdoors the heat wave continues.9) Until everyone is present this meeting cannot begin.10) You may stay with me as long as you are in the city.

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution

English Literatur

e

The Chief Seattle’s Speech

ThemeThrough the speech that Chief Seattle delivered in Washington in 1854. In Suquamish language he attempted to forward a message of reconciliation and friendship to the White people. He spoke about their ecological responsibilities and respect for the native people. He felt that their hostilities should end and they should live in harmony. The White Chief should take the responsibility of protecting the natives. The native people in return agreed to live on the land marked for them. Seattle strikes a note of optimism when he accepted just. But as he is slightly apprehensive, he puts the condition that the natives should be allowed to visit the graves of their ancestors whenever they so wished. This is how the author puts forward the theme of respect for elders and value of the traditions of their race.

English Language

Notice- writing

Format for Notice:

Heading: ( must be appropriate to the event)Date:Time:Venue: ( Hall/ auditorium +location)Name of the event:For whom?: ( Details of target audience,

1. The debating society in your school is organizing an inter-school debate competition. Write a notice for the school notice board, giving information pertaining to the event.QUIVER OF WORDS

Inter-school Debate10th August, 2020

invitees etc) 9 a.m. to 12 noonJoshua Hall, St Mary's conventAll pupils of classes VI to IX are eligible to participate.

EVS Chapter 3 –How Ecosystems Work

The Carbon CycleTaking Carbon out of the AtmosphereNature is constantly taking carbon out of the atmosphere. These processes are sometimes called carbon sinks.

Photosynthesis - Plants use photosynthesis to make energy and grow. They take carbon dioxide (CO2), sunlight, and water and turn it into oxygen and sugar. Large areas of plants like the rainforest help to remove lots of carbon from the atmosphere.

The ocean - Ocean water does a lot to remove excess carbon from the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the sea water to make carbonic acid in the ocean. However, if there is too much carbonic acid, it can cause acid rain, which is not good. Some carbon dioxide in the ocean is good as the carbon combines with calcium to form calcium carbonate, which is used by sea organisms to make their shells. These shells will eventually become sedimentary rock like limestone.

Moving Carbon into the Atmosphere

At the same time that some processes of nature are removing carbon from the air, other processes are adding more carbon to the air. These processes are called sources.

Respiration (breathing) - Every time you breathe you turn oxygen into carbon dioxide. This is true of every animal on Earth.

Decay - When plants and animals die they decay. When this happens, the carbon in their body will either be released into the atmosphere or stored in ground as fossil fuels.

Combustion (burning) - When plants, trees, or fossil fuels are burned, carbon is released into the atmosphere.

The Carbon Cycle BalanceCarbon is essential for life and nature does a great job of balancing the carbon available through the carbon cycle. Carbon is needed in

How much carbon is in the human body?

Carbon makes up about 18% of the human body. So if you weigh 100 pounds, your body contains around 18 pounds of carbon.

the atmosphere as well because it helps to keep the Earth warm. Without it we would all be freezing.

Biology Chapter- 6: Respiration in plants

Today we will discuss about relationship between respiration and photosynthesis. In many respects, respiration and photosynthesis in plants are distinctly opposite processes.The requirements of one are the products of other and therefore, they are complementary to each other.

Q7 What are the differences between Respiration and Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis Respirationi. Occurs in the presence of chlorophyll

i. Occurs in all living cells

ii. Occurs in the presence of light

ii. Occurs at all times

iii. Uses Carbon dioxide and water

iii. Uses Oxygen and Glucose

iv. Oxygen is released as an end product

iv. Carbon dioxide is released as end product.

v. Results in gain in weight

v. Results in weight loss

Q 8. How does respiration in plants is compared with that of respiration in animals ?

Respiration in plants

Respiration in Animals

i. Here is no gaseous transport, respiratory gases simply diffuses in and out y cell to cell.

i. Blood transports respiratory gases

ii. In anaerobic respiration products are ethanol and CO2

ii. In anaerobic respiration products is lactic acid

iii. As production of CO2 causes foaming

iii. No foaming is observed

iv. Produce little heat

iv. Produce more heat as compared to plants

Computer Application

Operators in Java

Note down the following question answers:-

1. What is an operator? How is the classification of operators based upon?Ans. An operator is a specialized symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one, two, or three operands, and produces a result.Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteria:• Forms of operators• Types of operators

2. What are the different forms of operators?Ans. Forms of operator group operators in terms of the number of operands. There are three typesof operators based on the number of operands. An operator is called a unary, binary, or ternary operator based on the number of operands. If an operator takes one

operand, it called a unary operator; if it takes two operands, it called a binary operator; if it takes three operands, it called a ternary operator.3. What is assignment operator? Explain with the help of an example.Ans. The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable.

4. What are Arithmetic operators? What are the different forms of arithmetic operators?Ans. Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions. Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator.

5. What is increment/decrement operator used for? Explain with the help of an example.Ans The increment/decrement operator is used to increase/decrease the value of a variable by 1. For example a++; increases the value of the variable a by 1, similarly a--; decreases the value of the variable a by 1.

6. What is an expression?Ans. An expression is a construct that is made up of variables, operators and method invocations, which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value.

7. State the different types of binary arithmetic operators. Also state their hierarchy of operations.Ans. These are operators that work on two operands. The operator is placed between the operands. The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are:

+ For performing addition - For performing subtraction. * For performing multiplication. / For performing division. % for getting the remainder when divided.

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators1. First Brackets/Parenthesis: In Java the expression in bracket is done first. However

brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ). Nested brackets can also be used, but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets. E.g. (5+6*(7-3)) will give 29. Notice that only first-bracket is used.

2. Then /, *, or % whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first.

3. Then + or – whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)Topic: Act II, Scene 9, Lines 1 to 33(Aragon: …….. And rank me with the barbarous multitudes.)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions & Answers Scene smmary:In this scene we move again to Portia’s house in Belmont and the main story is continued. We saw the light which the choice of the caskets shed upon the character of the Prince of Morocco. We now see the Prince of Arragon make the choice. He proves to be a less desirable suitor than Morocco. His soliloquy and method of choosing reveal him to be nothing more than a mere snob.

After the failure of the Prince of Arragon, he leaves with his train. Then a messenger arrives with the news that a young Venetian has arrived bearing with him gifts of rich value in addition to salutations and courteous regards to intimate the arrival of his Lord. Nerissa prays that let this Venetian Lord be Bassanio.

o In this scene we meet Portia, Nerissa and the Prince of Arragon who comes as one of the suitors of Portia.

o When the Prince of Arragon has returned from the church after taking his oath, Portia shows him the caskets and tells him that if he can choose the right casket, which contains her portrait, she will at once become his wife. But if he fails, he will have to leave the place at once without speaking a single syllable.

o The Prince reminds Portia that he has taken an oath in the church to observe three things viz. (a) not to tell anybody which casket he has chosen; (b) not to approach any other woman ever afterwards if he fails to choose the right casket and (c) not to wait for a moment in the house of Portia after he has failed to choose the right casket.

o To the above, Portia reminds the Prince that every suitor has to observe the same three things.

(1) (Act II, Sc 9, Lines 4-8)PORTIA: Behold, there stand the caskets, noble prince;

If you choose that wherein I am contain'd,

Straight shall our nuptial rites be solemniz'd;But if you fail, without more speech, my lord,You must be gone from hence immediately.

(i) Where does the scene take place? Who is the ‘noble prince’? Why does Portia call him noble?

The scene takes place in Portia’s house in Belmont. The Noble Prince is the Prince of Arragon.Portia calls him noble as it is a polite way of addressing the prince.

(ii) What are the conditions the noble prince is bound by oath to observe?

The Noble Prince is bound by oath to observe three conditions. These are(a) He can never tell anyone which box he chose.(b) If he chose the wrong box, he has to leave immediately(c) Also, if he chose the wrong box he can never propose marriage for the rest of his life.

(iii) How does the noble prince interpret the words ‘many men’ inscribed on the gold casket?

The Noble Prince said that ‘many men’ could mean that most people are fools and chose whatever is flashy. They don’t go beyond whatever their eyes see or bother to find what’s on the inside and pays attention only to the outside. The Prince won’t choose what many men desire because he won’t jump on the bandwagon and include himself with the whole crude population.

(2) (Act II, Sc 9, Lines 9-16)ARRAGON:I am enjoin'd by oath to observe three things:First, never to unfold to any one,

Which casket 'twas I chose; next, if I failOf the right casket, never in my lifeTo woo a maid in way of marriage; Lastly,If I do fail in fortune of my choice,Immediately to leave you, and be gone.

o The Prince of Arragon first of all examines the inscription on the leaden casket and rejects it at once. He then examines the inscription on the golden casket and says that what many men desire to possess may not be desired by him because he is not prepared to rank with the common people.

(i) Where is Arragon? Why is he there?

Arragon is in a hall in Portia’s house in Belmont.He is there to make the choice of the casket like the

previous Prince Morocco.

(ii) What does Portia ask him to do before making his choice?

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED:

(Act II, Sc 9, Lines 25-30)What many men desire.that many may be meant

By the fool multitude, that choose by show,Not learning more than the fond eye doth teach;Which pries not to th' interior, but, like the martlet,Builds in the weather on the outward wall,Even in the force and road of casualty.

Context:These lines are taken from Act II, Scene 9 of The Merchant of Venice written by William Shakespeare. In this passage, the Prince of Arragon passes comments on the inscription of the Golden Casket.

Explanation:The Golden Casket bears the inscription “who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire”. According to the Prince of Arragon, the word ‘many’ in the inscription may just mean ‘the common people’. Ordinary people are mostly foolish and they have no insight. They are often deceived by the outward appearance of things. The Prince of Arragon says that such persons behave like a martlet. The martlet is a bird that builds its nest always at the places that are exposed to wind and rain. It is wholly unconscious of the danger. Any moment, the wind or rain may seep off the martlet’s nest. Similarly, the outward shows may deceive the common people at any moment.

Before making the choice, Portia reminds him the rules of the test which he has to abide by. According to her, if he makes the right choice, he can marry her. But, if he fails, he has to leave immediately. He has to agree to the rules before making his choice.

(iii) What is the reply of Arragon?

Arragon replies that he knows the rules and he is bound to obey them. He repeats that the rule says that in the event he chooses the wrong casket, he should not reveal the secret of the choice, he should never marry in life, and he must leave the palace immediately.

(3) (Act II, Sc 9, Lines 17-20)Portia: To these injunctions every one doth swear,

That comes to hazard for my worthless self.Arragon: And so have I address'd me: Fortune now

To my heart's hope!—Gold; silver; and base lead.

(i) Who had tried his luck in trying to choose the correct casket before the Prince of Arragon? Which casket had that suitor chosen? What did he find inside the casket?

The Prince of Morocco had tried his luck in choosing the Golden casket.

He finds a human skull,with a scroll within its empty eye socket, in which is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived.

(ii) What was the inscription on the Golden casket? How do the actions of the martlet illustrate this inscription?

The inscription on the golden casket was, “Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire”.

The inscription means that those who choose by outward appearance, not learning any more than the foolish eye can teach them, for it cannot penetrate to the inside of things. It is like a swallow who builds its nest keeping the outside exposed to the weather, exposed to all risks from violence and accident.

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch –5:

Food.Today we will discuss aboutsustainable agriculture and integrated pest management (IPM).

Q 1.What do you mean bysustainable agriculture?

Successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources.

Q2. What is IPM ?write the aims of it.

Application of several different insects control methods to maintain a pest population below economically damaging levels is termed as integrated pest management.

Aims of Integrated Pest Management:

1. Setting action thresholds: Action threshold is a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken.

2 . Monitor and identify pests: For appropriate control. This monitoring and identification removes the possibility that pesticides will be used when they are not really needed or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used.

3. Prevention: In an agricultural crop, IPM controls cultural methods, such as rotating between different crops, selecting pest –resistant varieties, and planting pest –free rootstock.

4 . Control: Effective , less risky pest controls are chosen first , such as mechanical control, such as trapping or weeding .

5.To keep a balanced ecosystem .

6.To save money by reducing crop loss from pest.

7. To promote healthy environment using IPM strategies helps keep adverse effects to a minimum.

8. When pesticides are ineffective, IPM works.

HISTORY AND CIVICS

THE UNION JUDICIARY:-Supreme Court

Supreme Court at the apex of the Indian Judiciary is the highest authority to uphold the constitution of India, to protect the rights and liberties of citizens, and to uphold the values of rule of law. Hence it is known as the guardian of our Constitution.The Indian constitution provides for a provision of the Supreme Court under Part 5 (The Union) and Chapter 6 titled The Union Judiciary. Indian Constitution has provided an independent judiciary with a hierarchical setup containing High Courts and Subordinate

Courts under it.Composition of the Supreme Court:-

Article 124(1) and Amendment act of 2008 states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief justice of India (CJI) and 34 judges including the CJI. Article 124(2) states that every judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the states.

Powers of the Supreme Court:-

1. Power to punish for contempt (civil or criminal) of court with simple imprisonment for 6 months or fine up to 2000. Civil contempt means willful disobedience to any judgment. Criminal contempt means doing any act which lowers the authority of the court or causing interference in judicial proceedings2. Judicial review - to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders. The grounds of review is limited by- Parliamentary legislation or rules made by the Supreme Court.3. Deciding authority regarding the election of President and Vice President4. Enquiring authority in conduct and behavior of UPSC members5. Withdraw cases pending before high courts and dispose of them itself6. Appointment of ad hoc judges-Art 127 states that if at any time there is lack of quorum of Judges of Supreme Court, the CJI may with the previous consent of the President and Chief Justice of High Court concerned request in writing the attendance of Judge of High Court duly qualified to be appointed as Judge of SC.

7. Appointment of retired judges of supreme court or high court - Art 128- The CJI at any time with the previous consent of the President and the person to be so appointed can appoint any person who had previously held the office of a Judge of SC.

8. Appointment of acting Chief Justice- Art 126- when the office of CJI is vacant or when the Chief Justice is by reason of absence or otherwise unable to perform duties of the office, the President in such case can appoint Judge of the court to discharge the duties of the office.

9. Revisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court under Art. 137 is empowered to review any judgment or order made by it with a view to removing any mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or order.

10. Supreme Court as a Court of RecordThe Supreme Court is a court of record as its decisions are of evidentiary value and cannot be questioned in any court.Removal of Supreme Court Judge:A judge of Supreme Court can be removed only from the office by the President on the basis of a resolution passed by both the Houses of parliament with a majority of the total membership and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting in each house, on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity of the judge in question.Hence, a democratic country like India needs a judiciary because democratic values tend to lose their prominence without proper checks and balances.

***Answer the following questions:-

What are the functions of Supreme Court in India?

2. Short note: - Removal of Supreme court judge.

Learn:-learn.Biology Chapter Today we will start Q1. What are the principal fluids in our body ?

—8 : Circulatory System

circulatory system. So, first we will know why this system is necessary for?1. Digestive system digests and absorbs nutrients which are needed to be transported to every cell of body.2. Respiratory system draws oxygen from air , and expels CO2 . So, the distribution of oxygen to every cell and coolection of CO2 from cell transport system is needed.3. Besides this, for hormones, nitrogenous waste distribution, transport system is needed.

1. Blood 2. Lymph 3. Tissue fluid. Q7. What is blood? Write its composition. Blood is fluid connective tissue whose pH is 7.3 – 7.45. It is composed of 55% plasma (liquid part) ,and 45% cellular

part. Plasma is alight –yellow coloured , alkaline liquid , consists of

90% water, 7-8% protein, inorganic salts 1% etc. Besides this, glucose, amino acids, hormone, urea etc also present.

Cellular elements of Blood are of three types: 1. Red Blood cell: contain hemoglobin which combine with

O2 and CO2 and transport it. Life span of RBC is 120 days. These are produced in the red marrow of long bones and

destroyed in spleen , liver and bone marrow . Mature RBC has no nuclei and other cell organelles. Individual has approx 5 million RBC / cubic millimeter of

blood. 2. White blood cell: Has no haemoglobin but has nucleus

and number is 4000-8000/ mm3 of blood . Life span is 10- 15 days. These are of two types : i) granular – neutrophil, eosinophil,

basophils. ii) agranular – lymphocytes , monocytes.

3. Platelets: originated from megakaryocyte cells of red marrow.

Life span 3-5 days. 200,000 to 400,000/ cc3 of blood. Responsible for blood clotting.

Geography

EnergyResource

s

INTRODUCTION:Everything we do depends on energy. It fuels all activities and is required in practically every

Q1. Classify resources on the basis of its life.A1. On the basis of life of resource we can

aspect of our life. Energy resources of a country are a key input in economic growth and the availability of energy resources is very closely linked to the future growth of our nation. India is the world's third largest energy

consumer. These resources are often classified as

renewable or inexhaustible and non-renewable or exhaustible.

We can also classify energy resources as conventional and non-conventional energy resources.

CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCESConventional energy resources are those that man has traditionally and commonly used for many decades on a large commercial scale for generating power.In India, conventional sources of energy meet about 90 percent of the total primary energy supply in India, with the balance coming from non-conventional sources of energy.Coal, petroleum and natural gas are all derived the fossilize remains of living organisms that remains got buried beneath sediments and rocks or existed in past geological ages.

Advantages of Conventional Energy Resources: The fossil fuels are energy rich resources

that combust easily and release a good amount of energy when burned. They support heavy energy requirements.

Coal, petroleum, natural gas and running water are reliable energy resources and the power generated from them is consistent.

While there is a cost to the raw material in the case of fossil fuels, their high calorific value results in a relatively low cost per unit of energy. Hydropower is also one of the low cost sources of electricity.

The thermal energy and hydropower that is generated from conventional energy resources meet our commercial and domestic energy requirements and also provide the fuel that powers varied transport vehicles.

Importantly, they can be stored and used on demand.

The raw fossil fuel resources can be transported easily to areas of power generation by road, rail and waterways.

Power generated from conventional energy resources can be easily transmitted and therefore linked up to power grids.

Hydropower, though a conventional source of energy, is renewable as it uses a natural

classify it into two:a.Renewable or inexhaustible resources

and b.Non-renewable or exhaustible

resources.

Q2. Define conventional energy resources and give examples on it.A2. Conventional energy resources are those that man has traditionally and commonly used for many decades on a large commercial scale for generating power.

Q3. Give any two examples of energy resources which are directly derive from fossil.A3. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are all derived the fossilize remains of living organisms.

Q4. What are fossil fuels? How they formed? Give examples on it.A4. The fossil fuels are energy rich resources that combust easily and release a good amount of energy when burned. They support heavy energy requirements.Coal, petroleum are good examples of fossil fuels.

Q5. Explain any three differences of conventional and non-conventional sources of energy resources.A5.

Conventional Non-conventional

They are present in a limited quantity.

They are present in a unlimited quantity.

After use they become exhausted.

After use they can be replenish.

They are not eco friendly.

They are eco friendly.

resource-water. Hence it can sustain energy requirements for generations to come.

Hydropower is a clean energy resource as it involves no combustion and there is no emission of green house gases.

Natural gas is a cleaner fuel than the other fossil fuels and is non corrosive because of its high methane and low carbon content.

Disadvantages of Conventional Energy Resources: The conventional energy resources other

than hydropower are non-eco-friendly resources as they release huge carbon emissions that pollute the environment leading to global warming, which is one of the major causes of climate change.

The mining, extraction and combustion of fossil fuels leads to a release of sulphides, arsenic, dustand other poisonous gases into the atmosphere posing grave risks to health and a negative impact on the environment. This is not the case with hydropower.

More importantly, the conventional energy resources with the exception of hydropower are non-renewable and this supply challenge is one of the big disadvantages.

Heavy utilization of these resources over a period of time will deplete the current stocks and hence they are not sustainable as a resource.

Exploration, mining and extraction of these resources is hazardous and an expensive process.

In the process of drilling, excavating and mining the landscape is often scarred.

Though hydropower itself is environment friendly the dams that are constructed can cause ecological imbalances and damage to the environment due to flooding that can affect various forms of life.

Sometimes these resources may be in remote areas both physically and geographically posinga challenge to their exploitation.

Transportation costs of the fossil fuels can be inexpensive proposition.

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Geograp

hyGEOGRAPHY AS

ADISCIPLI

NE

APPLIED GEOGRAPHYAs mentioned earlier in this chapter, geography is an integrating discipline. As such it has close relationship with many allied subjects. It borrows from and contributes to these disciplines resulting in overall growth of knowledge and its application in everyday life.Geographical knowledge is applied in a wide variety of fields such as agriculture, industry, mining, transport and communication, town and country planning, environment management as well as travel and tourism etc.

Town and Country Planning:A major part of the world's population lives in settled houses which lead to the development of settlements. Two types of settlements are found all over the world, they are urban settlements and rural settlements. A majority of settlements have grown haphazardly in an unplanned manner and face a large number of problems. As such town and country planning has become necessary for a better life and geography as an applied science can contribute a lot to the process of town and country planning.Town Planning:Most of the towns in the world have grown haphazardly and in an unplanned manner and are facing innumerable problems. As such town planning has become essential and in some cases it has become the way of life. According to J.P. Dube,"Town planning is indeed, as ancient as human settlement. In tact town planning is an art of which geography is the science. L.D. Stamp has rightly remarked that the aim of town planning is the welfare of citizens and to raise their standard of living. According to Jackson, Town and country planning is concerned with the use and development of land. Modern town planning aims at making the cities livable, clean, safe and healthy not only for the present generation but also for the future generations. Tiered Deelstra (1989)has identified the following ingredients in a good city:1. Good cities are livable places where growing old can be a pleasurable experience, where children can live and learn.2. Good cities incorporate nature, in simple and complex form. This contributes to balanced urban climates, wildlife and habitat. Nature in cities can contribute to food production, the recycling of organic waste, education and recreation.3 In good cities, a lot of activities are carried on. There is continuous and multiple use of space.4. Good cities are safe. Pedestrians and cyclists are given priority. Women, children, senior citizens and handicapped can get around easily.5. Good cities are clean and healthy. They have good air and water and healthy buildings in which it is good to stay.6. Good cities combine centralized infrastructure with decentralized systems. Management of flow of water, materials and energy is optimal and attained to natural life-cycles.7. Good cities have great experimental value. Activities, movements and flows are visible. This enhances emotional, behavioral and cognitive growth of cities, and facilitates their engagement with urban life and the environment.8. Good cities have past and future, identifiable in their built form as well as in their social and cultural life.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare)Topic: Act I, Scene 2, Lines237 to 284(Prospero: …. Not honoured with a human shape.)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions & Answers(ii)Ariel and Prospero:(Contd..)

o All those in the ship, except the mariners, plunged into the sea when they saw that the ship was out of control and would be wrecked. He had taken care to ensure that no one perished. He had also seen to it that all of them (those who plunged into the sea) reached the island safely and he had dispersed them in groups all across the island. They were, however, still under a spell.

(1) PROSPERO: Ariel, thy charge (Line 237-243)Exactly is performed; but there's more work.What is the time o'th’ day?

ARIEL: Past the mid season.PROSPERO: At least two glasses. The time ’twixt six and now

Must by us both be spent most preciously.ARIEL: Is there more toil? Since thou dost give me pains

Let me remember thee what thou hast promised,Which is not yet performed me.

(i) Where had Ferdinand been left by Ariel and in what state? What was he doing there?

While the other passengers of the ship have been scattered in groups in different parts of the island, Ferdinand had been left

o Prospero asks Ariel to perform another task on hearing which Ariel grumbles. Prospero reminds him of his confinement by the witch Sycorax (whom he had served before) in a cloven pine, and of his subsequent release by Prospero. Prospero demands that for such act of kindness, Ariel should show more gratitude.

by Ariel in an out-of-the-waycorner of the island all by himself. There was none to keep him company. When Ariel left him, he was cooling the island with his sorrowful sighs. He sat there with his arms folded, in a posture of sadness.(ii) How did Ariel deal with the King’s ship and the sailors?

As for the ship and the sailors on that ship, Ariel stowed them safely in the harbour. The sailors had all been placed by him in the lower deck with the hatches firmly closed to prevent them from escaping to the shore. They had fallen asleep because of the exertions they had undergone and also because of a magic spell which he had cast upon them.(iii) What happened to the other ships which formed part of the fleet?

The other ships of the fleet had got scattered but had assembled again and were now sailing on the Mediterranean Sea. They were sailing sadly towards their native Naples. They were under the impression that the King’s ship was wrecked and the great King himself had been killed.(iv) What does Prospero say when Ariel tells him that it is past noon-time? What does Ariel remind Prospero?

When Ariel tells Prospero that it is past noon time, Prospero says that it must, at least, be two o’clock. He then, at once, becomes aware of the preciousness of time and says that the time must be utilized by them most carefully. As Prospero is ready to impose more hard tasks upon Ariel, Ariel reminds him a promise which Prospero has still not fulfilled.(v) What does Ariel demand from Prospero? Why does Prospero not want to free him? What does he ask Ariel?

Ariel demands from Prospero his freedom. Prospero does not want to free him because the agreed period has not come yet. He asks Ariel not to grumble again till the determined time of releasing him approaches.

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution English Literature

The Spider and The Fly

Stanza 3-This time the spider tries to befriend the fly by calling her ‘Dear friend’. He wants to establish a false bond of friendship and affection in order to lure the fly into his home. Again, he tries to persuade the fly to fulfill his wish by offering her good food from his pantry. The fly is, however, determined not to be tricked by the cunning spider. She tactfully refers to the spider as ‘kind sir’ and tells him that she is not interested in seeing what he has to offer her.Stanza 4-The spider does not give up. This time he tries to flatter the fly into doing what he wants her to do. He calls her a ‘sweet creature’ that is witty and wise. He acknowledges the fly’s smartness and decides to coax her by repeatedly complimenting her. He also compliments her appearance- “How handsome are your gauzy wings, how brilliant are your eyes!”. He wants to show the fly how beautiful she is by offering her a looking glass to look at herself and appreciate her own beauty. The point to be noted is that until now the spider had been asking her to step into his home- “will you walk into my parlour? Will you rest upon my little bed? Will you please to take a slice?” But this is the first time he suggests her to do something- “I have a little looking-glass upon my parlour shelf, If you’ll step in one moment, dear, you shall behold yourself.” Perhaps it affects the fly’s reply. She shifts her tone from a firm “O no, no!” to a soft “I thank you, gentle sir”. This is the first instance where the readers

are made to anticipate the fact of the fly. Either the fly is quite flattered or perhaps, she tries to stall the spider by saying that she will visit him some other day.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare)Topic: Essay Questions(EQ-8)Question No. 8:o Sketch the characters of Antonio and Sebastian.o Compare and contrast the characters of Antonio and Sebastian.o Compare Antonio and Sebastian.Answer:The characters of Antonio and Sebastian always go together and are hardly differentiated. They are confederates in crime. There is a curious parallelism in the situation of the two.

Antonio, the brother of Prospero, has usurped his brother from the throne of Duke of Milan and expelled him from his dukedom. In the island he seduces Sebastian to murder the sleeping king and thus pave his (Sebastian’s) path to the throne of Milan. But Antonio is the harder of the two villains. He takes the initiative in the plot against Alonso, for that would rid him of the necessity of paying annual tributes to the King of Naples. He incites Sebastian by insinuation, cajolery and appeals to his ambition. He is a conscienceless villain. When Sebastian, who is but a novice in crime, refers to the prick of conscience, how cynically Antonio speaks –

“Ay Sir, were lies that? If ‘twere a kibe ‘Twould put me to my slipper.”

It was agreed between him and Sebastian that he will use his sword to kill the sleeping Alonso and Sebastian should likewise do it to Gonzalo. He lifts the sword to dispatch the king and would have succeeded but for the timely interruption of Ariel. How adroitly he excuses his criminality when Alonso and Gonzalo are awakened. Having failed for the first time, they are resolute to take thoroughly the next advantage at nightfall.

The same villainy makes Antonio intolerant of the good, honest Gonzalo, for whom he and Sebastian are all scorn and contempt. They show no pity for the King in his distress and abuse him for his folly in marrying Claribel to the King of Tunis against her will. They remind the King that the loss of Ferdinand is just the result of his folly.

Antonio knows human nature well and suggests that the majority of men will follow the person who has the power irrespective of how he got it. Nevertheless, he is aware that Gonzalo is sincerely loyal to Alonso and so advises Sebastian to kill him.

Antonio has a sense of humour, as is shown in his witty exchanges with Sebastian in the first part of Act II, Scene 1, yet it is a cruel sense of humour, taking pleasure in mocking the talkativeness of an old man. In spite of all his weaknesses, however, Antonio has courage. He is as disturbed as the others by the disappearance of the banquet in Act III, Scene 3, and as frightened as they are by Ariel’s apparition and yet he is prepared to follow Sebastian and fight the spirits.

Antonio shows no sign whatever of having repented any of his crimes and yet he is included in Prospero’s general absolution. But he neither thanks Prospero for his forgiveness nor does utter more than a few words for the rest of the play. Perhaps he had received the hardest punishment an ambitious man like him could receive - the loss of the temporal power he had fought so hard to attain.

Sebastian, like Antonio, shows little sign of repentance and yet is included in Prospero’s forgiveness. He also seems more willing to accept the fact that his plot has failed and to make the best of the situation he rejoices or appears to rejoice in Ferdinand’s discovery: “A most high miracle!” and joins in the amused criticism of Stephano. Shakespeare leaves us in no doubt that Sebastian is an evil man but his evil seems to derive more from Antonio than from any obvious personal predisposition towards sinfulness.