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FORM 1
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS EMERGENCE OF
KENYAN SOCIETIES
1. a) Give five reasons, which led to the migration of the Cushites into
Kenya before 1800.
i) Need for pasture for their animals
ii) Population pressure
iii) External attacks
iv) Outbreak of disease
v) Family and clan feuds
vi) Escape from drought and famine
vii) Adventure
viii) Search for fertile land
b) Describe the economic activities of the Cushites in the pre - colonial
period.
i) The Cushites practiced pastoralism. They kept camels, goats, cattle
and donkeys.
ii) Some of Cushites who lived in oasis and along the river valleys
practiced subsistence agriculture. They grew grain crops,
vegetables, dates and bananas.
iii) They practiced iron smelting. They made iron eg. swords, knives,
bangles and arrowheads.
iv) They hunted wild game, gathered rots, vegetables and fruits.
v) They engaged in craft industry. For example produced leather
items such as handbags, belts and clothing.
vi) Some of the Cushites who lived near rivers, and along the Indian
Ocean practiced fence traps and hooks and line.
vii) They traded with their neighbours such as the Samburu and
Pokomo. They trade in iron implements and leather products.
2. a) State five results of the settlement of the Gikuyu in the Mount Kenya
Region during the pre colonial period
i) The settlement of the Agikuyu in the Mt Kenya region led to the
intermarriage with their neighbours e.g Akamba and Maasai.
ii) It brought about the expansion of trade in the region,
iii) Some communities were displaced by the Agikuyu e.g. the Okiek
iv) Some communities were assimilated by the Agikuyu e.g. the
Okiek/increase in the population in the area.
v) It promoted cultural interaction between communities e.g. dressing
and ceremonies,
vi) It promoted conflicts in the region over land grazing areas and
cattle.
b) Describe the political organization of the Agikuyu during the pre-
colonial period.
i) The Agikuyu were divided into clans. Each clan was made up of
several sub-clans (Mbari) with common descent, and usually living
in the same ridge.
ii) Each ridge was under a Muthamaki (spokesman). He was the
chairman of the council. Muthamaki emerged due to his personally
and leadership potential.
iii) Each sub-clan was ruled by a council of elders/kiama. The council
performed religious, It, “administrative and judicial roles.
iv) There existed two generation sets (Marika) Mwangi and Maina.
The council performed religious administrative and judicial roles.
v) The warrior class was responsible for defence. A council of war
directed them.
vi) Other leaders such as the prophets, priests and diviners played
important role in the society.
vii) Some individuals rose to top positions of political importance in
the late 19th Century as a result of exemplary contributions to the
society and wealth acquired.
3. a) State five economic activities of the Kalenjin during the pre-colonial
period.
- The Kalenjin practiced livestock keeping
- They practiced crop farming/agriculture.
- They were practicing iron making.
- Hunted and gathered wild fruits and rocks.
b) Explain the functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi during the re-
colonial period.
• The Orkoiyot presided over religious functions such as offering
sacrifices to God.
• He advised the council on matters pertaining to the day running of
the community affairs such as ownership of land.
• He advised and blessed the warriors before they went to war.
• He foretold what was going to happen in the future e.g. success in
war, famine and calamity.
• He had the ability to make rain by communicating with the spirits
of the ancestors.
• He was chief medicine man.
4. State three functions of the Laibon in traditional Maasai society.
• The Laibon of the Maasai blessed the warriors before they went to
war.
• He presided over religious activities/ceremonies
• He advised councils of elders.
• He foretold future events.
• They practiced handicrafts/craftwork for instance they made pots,
weaved baskets and made leather items such as sandals.
• They hunted wild animals for food and gathered fruits, herbs and
honey.
• Cattle raiding was considered an important economic activity.
They raided their neighbours such as Agikuyu for cattle.
5. Give two functions of the council of elders among the Akamba during the
pre-colonial period.
i) They had powers to declare war and bring peace.
ii) They presided over religious and other ritual functions.
iii) They were the custodians of the sacred roles of ethics.
iv) They offered advise to the community when need arose.
v) They ruled the community.
6. a) What factors made the Cushites migrate into Kenya during the pre-
colonial period?
i) Hostile neighbours in their homeland.
ii) Succession in disputes/feuds/family conflicts
iii) Search for pastures for their livestock
iv) Natural calamities such as drought,
v) Search for settlement
vi) Population pressure
vii) Spirit of adventure.
b) Explain five results of the migration of the Cushites into Kenya
during the pre-colonial period.
i) The Cushites came with their own livestock and so ended livestock
farming in areas they where settled.
ii) Their settlement led to increased rivalry and ownership of land.
iii) Some Cushites who had been converted to Islam spread religion in
the areas where they settled,
iv) The Cushites attacked the Eastern Bantu Communities who had
settled at Shungwaya, and forced them to move to their present
homeland in Kenya.
v) The Cushites intermarried with the communities they found hence
increase of population,
vi) Trade developed between the Cushites and the communities they
came into contact with. For example they exchanged livestock
products such as milk and butter with the Bantu in return they
obtained grains from Bantu.
vii) The Bantu borrowed some of their cultural practice eg.
circumcision, iron making,
viii) Cushites acquired mixed farming from the Bantu.
7. a) Explain the result of the migration and settlement of the Somali into
Kenya by 1800.
i) The Somali people intermarried with the people they came into
contact with such as Pokomo and Boran.
ii) Their settlement in Kenya led to the expansion of trade in the
region,
iii) Demand for agricultural produce by the Somali led to the
expansion of trade in the region.
iv) Their settlement led to the increased conflicts between the
communities over resources such as water and pasture.
v) Their migration and settlement led to the displacement and
redistribution of people where they settled.
vi) Led to cultural exchange between the Somali and the people they
came into contact with. For example the neighbouring
communities adopted Islam from the Somali.
vii) Assimilation of some communities they came into contact with eg.
Oromo.
viii) Their settlement in high agricultural potential areas e.g. river
valleys encouraged some of them to practice crop farming.
b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in Kenya during the
colonial period.
i) The basic political unit of the Somali was the clan. Each clan had
its pre - colonial period.
ii) A council of elders was inn charge of the day - to day affairs of the
clan eg. making major clan decisions and settled disputes.
iii) A council maintained law and orders and was the final court of
appeal,
iv) The age set system was an important institute among the Somali
and all male members of the society belonged to the age - set. Each
age set performed specific role/duties,
v) The Somali had leaders called Sultan whose role was mainly
advisory,
vi) There existed warriors whose main duty was to protect the
community against external attacks and acquire possessions for the
community,
vii) There existed people with special responsibilities eg. Sheikhs and
medicine men. They were highly regarded in the community and
their opinions were sought before important decisions were made.
8. Give TWO factors which led to the migration and settlement of the Iteso into
Kenya by 1800.
i) Search of land/pasture/water for their herds
ii) Family/clan feuds/internal conflicts,
iii) External attacks/pressure
iv) Increase in population
v) Outbreak of diseases/epidemics
vi) Natural calamities e.g. drought
vii) Spirit of adventure
9. Name two sources of the History of Kenyan communities during the pre -
colonial period.
i) Oral tradition
ii) Archaeology/artifacts
iii) Written sources/records e.g. books, magazines, diaries and
journals.
iv) Linguistic genetics/anthropology
10. In what ways did the Kenyan communities interacted during the pre -
colonial period?
i) Through trade
ii) Through warfare
iii) Through intermarriage
iv) Through common festivals/ceremonies e.g. wrestling and cultural
exchange e.g. language.
11. a) Describe the migration and settlement of the Eastern Bantu speaking
communities in Kenya up to 1800.
i) They migrated from the original home in the Congo basin and
settled in Taita Hills area around Mt. Kilimanjaro by the 2nd
Century AD.
ii) Some of them later migrated northwards along the Coast to
Shungwaya in present day Somali. These were the ancestors of
Mijikenda, Pokomo and Taita.
iii) The ancestors of the Mount Kenya groups moved into the interior
along the Tana River.
iv) From about 1450 the communities that had settled in Shungwaya
were forced to disperse from the are due to external pressure from
the Cushites.
v) The ancestors of the Mijikenda and taita moved south and
established their settlement along the. Coast while those of the
Pokomo migrated into the interior and settled along river Tana
while the Ameru migrated to the slopes of Mt. Kenya.
b) Discuss the result of the migration and settlement of the eastern Bantu
into Kenya by 1900.
i) The incoming Bantu communities had iron weapons which enabled
them to displace some of the communities which they came into
contact with for example Gumba in the slopes of Mt. Kenya,
ii) They intermarried with their neighbours/those people they came
into contact with such as the Cushites and Nilotes.
iii) Their settlement led to expansion/development of trade between
them and neighbours.
iv) There was cultural exchange between the Bantu and their Cushitic
and Nilotic neighbours.
v) Expansion of the Bantu created pressure over land, which led to
inter community conflict and wars.
vi) Inter-community conflicts led to loss of lives and destruction of
property,
vii) Adoption of some agricultural practices from the Bantu.
12. What was the base of the political organization among the Cushites during
the pre - colonial period?
• The clan
13. Identify the TWO economic activities which the Maasai acquired as a result
of interacting with the Agikuyu during their settlement in Kenya.
i) Some Maasai sections eg. the kwavi became
agriculturalist/farmers/ cultivators.
ii) Some Maasai became traders.
14. What religious functions did the Orkoiyot of the Nandi perform during the
pre - colonial period?
i) Mediating between God and the People/acting as a priest.
ii) Offering sacrifices to God on behalf of the people.
iii) Blessing people before they undertook special activities such as
going to war/raids.
15. Give two main factors which influenced the Abaluhya to become crop
farmers by the beginning of the nineteenth century.
i) Possession of iron and iron working skills,
ii) Settlement in areas with suitable climate,
iii) Existence of indigenous crops.
16. Name two Bantu communities in Kenya whose ancestors settled in the Mt.
Elgon area before migrating to their present homeland.
i) Abagusii
ii) Abakuria
iii) Abaluyha
17. a) Why did the Bantu migrate from their coastal settlement at
Shungwaya in the sixteenth century
i) Invasion of the settlement by the incoming Cushites.
ii) Internal conflicts/feuds.
iii) Population increase.
iv) Outbreak of diseases/epidemics/natural calamities.
v) Search for more land for settlement and pasture.
b) Describe the political organization of the Mijikenda during pre -
colonial period.
i) The Mijikenda were organized into 4 to 6 clans with many sub -
clans e.g. Giriama.
ii) Each clan lived in protected villages known as Kayas.
iii) Young men became members of age - sets after going through
circumcision.
iv) Senior age - sets members made up the governing council - Kambi.
18. State two ways in which the Akamba interacted with the Agikuyu in the pre -
colonial period.
i) Through trade
ii) Through intermarriages
iii) Through wars and conflicts over ownership of land, animals.
19. Give two economic reasons why the Cushites migrated from their original
homestead into Kenya.
i) Search for pasture/drought
ii) Outbreak of animal and human disease^
iii) Search for land for cultivation
iv) Internal conflicts
v) Invasion by outsiders
vi) Overpopulation
20. Identify the main reason why the Mijikenda lived in Kenya.
- To protect themselves against attacks by hostile neighbours.
21. a) Explain five results of the migration and settlement of the plain
Nilotes in Kenya.
i) There settlement increased conflicts and insecurity in the area as
they rivaled other communities over the control of resources.
ii) They influenced the way of life of other communities they found.
iii) They displaced some of the communities they found in the area
such as the Southen, Cushites.
iv) Their settlement 'led to an increase in population in the region
therefore forcing some communities to migrate.
v) They promoted commerce in the area as they traded with their
neighbours^ practice agriculture.
vi) The plain Nilotes intermarried with their neighl ours such as Meru,
Abaluyha and Kalejin.
vii) Some communities borrowed the political systems from the Maasai
for example the development of the office of the Orkoiyot among
the Nandi was due to their interaction with the Maasai.
viii) It led to the enrichment of the languages spoken in the region as
they interacted with other communities.
ix) Some communities/clans were assimilated by the incoming plain
Nilotes.
b) Describe the political organization of the Maasai during the pre -
colonial period.
i) The council of elders ruled the Maasai. The council consisted of
ritual leaders, clan heads and family heads among others.
ii) The council of elders was responsible for maintaining law and
order, making decisions about ceremonies, declaring war and
settling disputes.
iii) The age set system was an important institution among the Maasai.
There were several age sets and each had leadership roles in turns.
iv) The existed a class of warriors, the Morans, who used to preside
over religious functions and advise the community during crises.
v) There were ritual leaders among the Maasai. Their function was to
preside over religious functions and advise the community during
crises.
vi) The most important ritual head was the Oloiboni. By the mid 19th
Century the institution of the Oloiboni had become more
influential. Some outstanding were Mbatiani and Lenana.
22. State one way in which the Abagusii and the Kipsigis interacted during the
pre - colonial period.
i) Intermarriages
ii) Trade iii) Raids/warfare
23. State two functions of the council of elders (Njuri Ncheke) of the Ameru.
i) Solve land and inheritance disputes
ii) Acted as the Court of Appeal
iii) Presided over religious functions
iv) Organized social functions
v) Advised warriors on when to go wars/raids
vi) Negotiated peace settlements
24. a) What were the results of the settlement of the Luo in Kenya during
the pre - colonial period?
i) Assimilation of some communities they found in the areas eg.
Abasuba
ii) Intermarriage with the neighbours eg. Abagusii
iii) Displacement of some communities eg. Abagusii
iv) Increased conflicts over control of resources between the Luo and
their neighbours.
v) Expansion of trade with their neighbours eg. iron tools
vi) Occupation of fertile land influenced the Luo to adopt farming in a
large scale.
b) Describe the socio - political organization of the Luo during the pre -
colonial period.
i) The luo were organized into clans, each with a common ancestry.
ii) The clans were organized into larger units (Gwenge) which were
self - governing.
iii) Each Gwenge was administered by a council of Elders.
iv) The council administered justice and served as a final court of
appeal.
v) The council coordinated religious functions.
vi) They had a system of chieftainship (Ruoth) who administered with
the help of Council of Elders.
vii) There were ritual experts such as diviners, medicine men and
healers.
viii) There existed a class of warriors for the defence of the community
standing army.
ix) They believed in the existence of One God (Nyasaye). They
prayed to God through priests.
x) They evenrated / worshipped the ancestral spirits.
xi) They had sacred places set aside for worship.
xii) They practiced initiation rites eg. removal of lower teeth / front
teeth.
xiii) They celebrated important eg. harvest, marriage through drinking,
eating, wrestling and dancing.
25. a) Give five reasons which led to the migration of the Cushites into
Kenya before 1800.
i) Need for pasture for their animals.
ii) Population pressures
iii) External attacks
iv) Outbreak of diseases
v) Family and clan feuds
vi) Escape from drought and famine
vii) Adventure
viii) Search for fertile land
b) Describe the economic activities of the Cushites in the pre - colonial
period.
i) The Cushites practised pastoralism. They kept camels, goats, cattle
and donkeys.
ii) Some Cushites who lived in oasis and along the river valleys,
practiced subsistence agriculture. They grew grain crops
vegetables, dates and bananas.
iii) They practiced iron smelting. They made iron tools eg. swords,
knives, bangles and arrowheads.
iv) They hunted wild game and gathered roots, vegetables and fruits.
v) They engaged in craft industry. For example they produced leather
items such as handbags, belts and clothing.
vi) Some of the Cushites who lived near rivers and along the Indian
Ocean practiced fishing using fence traps, hooks and line.
vii) They traded with their neighbours such as the Samburu and
Pokomo. They traded in iron implements and leather products.
SOURCES OF HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
1. a) Give five reasons for studying history.
i) Assumption of knowledge about the past
ii) Using it to develop a sense of time
iii) To develop a sense of belonging/culture
iv) To learn from past mistakes and achievement.
v) Provide intellectual fulfilment
vi) To develop critical thinking/reasoning
vii) Helps us appreciate why we need a government
viii) Instill a sense of patriotism and national pride
ix) Helps us in attainment of a profession.
b) Explain three limitations of using the following:
i) Oral tradition
• Information may be exaggerated and this may distort history
• Some information may be forgotten/omitted due to loss of
memory.
• Some information is based on dominant groups such as
leaders/heroes; this may not correct bias.
• It is difficult to give correct dates and chronology of events/wrong
dates.
• Some information may be deliberately concealed by informants.
• Information given may be false.
• It is an expensive and time consuming method.
ii) Archaeology
• It is an expensive method because one has to hire labourers to
excavate the sites and take artifacts and fossils to the laboratory.
• It is time consuming to organize visits to museums and
archaeological sites where information can be obtained.
• It is difficult to locate archeological sites.
• Some of the fragile artifacts and fossils are destroyed by weather
or by man during the process of excavation.
• It is limited to the study of ancient period.
• It is not easy to determine the date when events took place; it can
only be estimated through carbon dating system/carbon 14 dating.
• Sometimes the information is inaccurate as it is based on
inferences/scanty information.
2. Identify two sources of information which Historians use tow rite the History
of Africa.
i) Archaeology/palaeontology
ii) Oral tradition
iii) Linguistics
iv) Anthropology
v) Botany/zoology/biology/genetics vi) written records
vii) Rock painting/sculpture/engravings
viii) Geology
3. Give two limitations of using written records as a source of African History.
i) Most of the written records on Africa History were written by
foreigners who put their biases in the records.
ii) Some written records on African History contain inaccurate
information.
iii) Information may be exaggerated,
iv) It is difficult to correct dates/chronology of events.
4. State two shortcomings of oral tradition as a source of history.
i) They may contain biases
ii) They maybe inconsistent/inaccurate/false
iii) Some of the records are not readily available with ease for
reference.
iv) Written records are limited only to those who can read and write.
5. What is oral traditional as a Source of History? ££
Oral traditional as a source of Hisory involves the study of historical
information based on what has been handed down from one generation to
another by words of mouth/verbally.
6. State one advantage of written materials as a source of History.
i) Written materials ensure relatively permanent storage of Historical
events
for future reference,
ii) Written materials can be easily translated to different languages
relatively accurate storage of historical events.
iii) They relatively provide accurate storage of historical events,
iv) Written materials cannot be easily distorted/infected with/not
easily changed.
THE EARLY MAN
1. List economic activities of early man during the Stone Age period.
i) Hunting wild animals
ii) Gathering wild fruits, roots and vegetables, insects and eggs.
iii) Fishing
iv) Crop farming
v) Livestock keeping.
vi) Trading
vii) Weaving/basketry
viii) Making stone implements and bone implements
ix) Pottery
2. Identify two aspects of the culture of the early man that had their origins in
the late Stone Age.
i) Growing crops/agriculture
ii) Establishing permanent settlements
iii) Making microlitic composite tools
iv) Domesticating animals
v) Beginning of religion and government
vi) Pottery and basketry
3. a) Describe two theories about the origin of human beings.
i) Scientific theory maintains that human beings evolved from ape -
like creatures and developed through adoption over a long period
of time.
ii) The creation theory - according to many world religions eg.
Christianity, Islam and Judaism, the human race was created by
God at a specific time in history to fulfill God's purpose.
iii) Mythical or traditional theories/traditional legends.
b) Discuss the benefits of the discovery of fire to early man.
i) The discovery and use of fire made it possible for early man to
keep warm during cold nights and seasons.
ii) Fire enhanced the security of early man as it was kept burning to
keep away wild animals and other possible sources of danger.
iii) It was a source of lighting at night which facilitated other
productive activities at night.
iv) Fire improved hunting activities of the early man as it was used to
harden the tips of the tools for hunting.
v) Early man used fire to extract poison from plants which they used
for hunting.
vi) Fire was used as a source of food preservation method. For
example drying meat or fish.
vii) Fire was used to attract animals towards set traps so that they were
easily trapped.
viii) Fire was used to cook food and make it palatable and more
nutritious/tasty.
ix) Fire was used to bake and harden wood for special use eg. stools
and hoe - sticks.
x) It was used for communication.
4. Name two factors which influenced early man to begin domestic animals.
i) Changes in climatic conditions resulted into aridity which forced
animals to migrate,
ii) Over hunting by early man led to the reduction of animal
population.
iii) Increase in human population forced the animals to migrate further
away.
iv) Adoption of settled life necessitated domestication of animals.
5. State two distinct characteristics of Homo erectus. 3
i) Homo erectus had a big brain capacity / higher thinking capacity. ,
ii) Homo erectus walked upright/had an upright posture/bipedal.
iii) Homo erectus had the ability to grasp objects.
6. a) What things do archaeologists use to reconstruct the activities of
people who lived in prehistoric times?
i) The remains of the weapons that they used.
ii) The remains of the tools that they used.
iii) The remains of animals found at the prehistoric sites.
iv) The remains of plants they lived on.
v) The remains of their dwelling places.
vi) The remains of their artwork eg. rock paintings
vii) The remains of traditional craft.
viii) The remains of beads.
ix) The remains of coins
x) The remains of garments
xi) The remains of charcoal
b) Explain five ways in which Homo erectus attempted to improve his
way of life.
i) Improved stone tools through the use of Levallois method.
ii) Invented fire which was used for cooking, lighting, warming and
protection against wild animals.
iii) Made and lived in caves for more permanent settlement and
security.
iv) Made clothes out of animal’s skins by scrapping them clean, using
efficient stone tools.
v) Had thick skull
vi) Had well developed thumb for grasping
vii) Had small jaws compared to earlier forms.
7. State one characteristic of Homo sapiens.
i) Was thick and heavily built
ii) Homo Sapiens had a large brain
iii) Walked upright/had an upright posture/bipedal
iv) Had refined speech
v) Had thick skull
vi) Had well developed thumb for grasping
vii) Had small jaws compared to earlier forms
8. Give one characteristics of Homo Erectus
i) Homo erectus was upright/bipedal/walked with two legs
ii) Homo erectus was more intelligent than earlier apes/higher
thinking capacity.
iii) Homo erectus had a bigger brain capacity.
iv) Homo erectus had a more developed speech then the earlier apes.
v) Homo erectus had a more developed hand for grasping tools.
vi) Homo erectus had a long skull.
vii) Homo erectus had a long protruding jaw.
AGRARIAN REVOLUTION
1. a) State three factors which contributed to the development of
agriculture in ancient Egypt.
i) Availability of water for irrigation/presence of flood water.
ii) Existence of good soils deposited by the Nile during annual floods.
iii) Foreign influence from South West Asia where crop farming was
first practiced.
iv) Invention and use of farming tools/ploughs/iron tools.
v) Favourable topographic factors enabled Egyptians to use canal
irrigation.
vi) Invention of the shadoof and other methods of irrigation by the
Egyptians.
vii) Contribution of the Egyptian rulers eg. Menes who dominated the
Nile.
viii) Storage tanks and knowledge of weather forecast.
b) Explain six factors which have led to inadequate food supply in
Africa.
i. Rapid population growth has put a lot of pressure on the available
food resources, leading to shortages.
ii. Poor transport network has led to uneven distribution of food
supplies in some African countries,
iii. Poor and inadequate storage facilities have led to wastage of a lot
of food.
iv. Most African countries lack adequate capital for agriculture
development/financial problems,
v. Poor farming methods have led to low agricultural yields,
vi. The eating habits have created artificial food shortages in Africa as
some people prefer certain types of the drought resistance crops.
vii. Political stability in some African countries has undermined food
production due to insecurity,
viii. Infertile soils.
ix. Conservative attitude of Africans in adopting modern farming
methods.
x. Decline in growing of the drought resistance crops.
xi. Poor economic planning/no motivation to farmers/poor marketing
facilities.
xii. Low income/poverty
xiii. Land tenure systems in some African countries.
xiv. Food production has been affected by rural - urban migration,
which has created shortage of labour in the agricultural sectors.
xv. Overdependence on donations and foreign aid has made it difficult
for African countries to find solutions to their problems of food
shortage/importation,
xvi. Over - emphasis of cash crops has led to the decline of food
production,
xvii. Destructive human activities such as cutting down of trees have
turned productive land into wasteland thus leading to low food
production.
2. a) State three agricultural practices used in Europe before the Agrarian
Revolution.
i) Small- scale farming
ii) Shifting agriculture / cultivation
iii) Subsistence farming / peasant farming
iv) The use of simple agricultural implements e.g. hoes, sticks
b) Explain the impact of the Agrarian revolution in Europe
i) The use of new and improved farming methods led to the high
yields, leading to the security.
ii) Introduction of new crops such as wheat, beans and maize, turnips,
clove led to the diversification of agriculture.
iii) Establishment of large - scale farms and plantations farming
replaced subsistence farming,
iv) Agricultural research finding led to the development of exotic
livestock breeds and better quality crops.
v) Production of sufficient food led to improved standards of living
and high life expectancy,
vi) Abundance of food led to increase in population,
vii) Mechanization of farming methods led to the redundancy of
manual worker/unemployment
viii) Establishment of large farms encouraged the rich landlords to buy
off poor farmers' land – thus creating a class of landless
people/some became hired labourers on the farms,
ix) Displacement of the poor led to rural - urban migration.
x) The price of land went up.
xi) Provided industries with raw materials eg. wool and labour which
led to growth of industries.
xii) Those who could migrate to abroad eg. Canada, USA, South Asia
Stages,
xiii) Improvement of transport network e.g. roads, railways etc
xiv) Led to expansion of trade.
3. a) State three factors which contributed to the development of early
agriculture in Mesopotamia.
i) Availability of indigenous crops e.g. barely, wheat, grapes and
onions/animals e.g. sheep, goats, pigs, cattle etc
ii) Existence of fertile land along rivers Tigris and Euphrates.
iii) Availability of water for irrigation/presence of rivers Tigris and
Euphrates.
iv) Invention of farming tools such as hoes, ploughs, sickles and seed
drill.
v) Existence of transport system in form of donkeys, canoes, river
transport.
vi) Availability of slave labourers.
vii) Settlement of Sumerians people who had that knowledge of
agriculture from Iranian plateau (from outside Persia).
viii) Demand for food to fed the growing populations/increase in
population.
ix) Political stability which enabled the people to practice agriculture.
x) Construction of dykes to control floods.
b) What was the result of the development of early agriculture in
Mesopotamia.
i) The development of early agriculture in Mesopotamia led to the
production of enough food for the population,
ii) The production of food enabled people to establish permanent
settlements/people became sedentary.
iii) Places where people met to exchange food surpluses developed
into urban centres,
iv) Food production allowed some people time to engage in other
productive trades eg. Basket weaving. This led to job
specialization/social classes/stratification,
v) Surplus agricultural products led to the development of trade
between communities,
vi) Food production led to an increase in population,
vii) Settled life led to the development of a centralized system of
government to cater for the protection of the people and their
property,
viii) Need to transport agricultural products led to invention of the
wheel. The wheel was used to transport grains to markets and
stores.
ix) Promoted religion
x) Need to keep records on agricultural activities led to the
development of writing.
xi) The standards of living were improved.
4. Name two main cash crops that were grown in North America during the
Agrarian Revolution.
i) Tobacco
ii) Cotton.
iii) Corn/maize
iv) Wheat
5. Identify two factors which favoured the development of crop growing in
ancient Egypt.
i) Availability of reliable sources of water.
ii) Existence of indigenous type of grains e.g. barley, wheat
iii) Existence of fertile Soils along river Nile.
iv) The invention and use of the Shadoof for irrigation and other farm
implements.
v) Existence of a stable government under Pharaoh.
vi) Availability of labour.
vii) Existence of writing helped them to keep accurate records of
seasons and volume of food.
6. Name two ways in which railway transport contributed to the Agrarian
Revolution in Western Europe
i) Railway provided efficient and reliable means of transport for
agricultural products,
ii) Provided efficient transport for farm machinery and labour.
7. State one way in which the Agrarian Revolution contributed to rural urban
migration in Europe.
i) Mechanization of farming rendered peasants jobless so they
migrated to urban centers in search of job opportunities,
ii) The enclosing system made many people landless.
8. a) State one main way in which the Agrarian Revolution contributed to
the development of urban centers in Europe.
i) Availability of water from river Ganges and Indus for irrigating
farmlands,
ii) Existence of fertile soils which were deposited along the river
Valleys,
iii) Existence of fertile indigenous crops in the area.
iv) Changes in climatic conditions decreased the supply of food from
the natural environment thus cultivation.
v) Use of improved methods of irrigation eg. earth dams and dykes,
vi) Availability of adequate rainfall during certain times of the year
promoted farming.
b) What were the effects of the Agrarian Revolution?
i) It led to increase food production which enhanced food security for
the people.
ii) Led to a more settled life as food was easily available.
iii) Led to the development of urban centers/towns in agricultural
collection centers along the river valleys,
iv) Some of the agricultural products were exchanged for those
commodities which people lacked leading to expansion of trade,
v) Availability of food led to population increase,
vi) Since people did not spend too much time looking for food, they
found themselves with time for leisure eg. sports.
9. What factors led to the development of early agricultural in India?
The enclosure systems/the consolidation of farms forced people to migrate
from the rural areas to urban centers.
10. a) What factors favoured the beginning of agriculture during the New
Stone Age?
i) Development of tools (microlithic, wooden plough etc)
ii) Settled life/development of settlement.
iii) Increase in population leading to high demand of food.
iv) Climatic changes which made natural food scarce.
v) Hunting and gathering was becoming tiresome.
vi) Availability of a variety of seeds/cereals e.g. wheat, barley
vii) The remains of their dwelling places.
b) Explain six factors which promoted plantation farming in Europe
during the Agrarian Revolution.
i) The invention of machines for extensive farming eg. seed drill,
iron plough
ii) Discovery of fertilizers which led to high yields/manure.
iii) Discovery of pesticides and fungicides which facilitates control of
crops diseases.
iv) Improvement in transport especially the railway which facilitated
transportation of bulky goods/farm products and farm workers.
v) High demand for food at rapidly growing urban population.
vi) Demand for agricultural and industrial raw materials.
vii) Reclamation of wasteland - which gave rise to more arable land.
viii) Development of new breeds of crops as a result of research in
agriculture.
ix) Migration of people to towns created room for plantation farming
in the rural areas,
x) The enclosure acts/systems pushed people out of the rural areas
and created room for plantation agriculture.
11. Identify two similarities between early agriculture and Mesopotamia and
Egypt.
i) Developed a system of storage and preservation of farm products/fertile
soil/silt
ii) Availability of water and transport
iii) Farmers depended on flood water for farming,
iv) They developed a system of irrigation.
v) They used farm implements made of stone, wood and later metal eg. ex,
plough
vi) They traded in farm produce.
vii) They reared animals, cattle, sheep, chicken.
viii) Planted indigenous crops - wheat, barley, oat etc
ix) Used both-human and animal labour
x) Developed arithmetic/writing to keep farm records.
12. Explain 4 advantages of the land tenure system in Britain. ^
i) It led to the development of large scale farming thus bringing more land
under production.
ii) It led to increased food production since more land was brought under
cultivation.
iii) Increased food production led to an increase in population.
iv) It facilitated the mechanization of agriculture eg. the use of the seed drill,
mechanical thresher and combine harvester,
v) Increased agricultural production led to the establishment of industries
which provided employment opportunities to the displaced people,
vi) It enhanced control of the spread of pests and diseases and led to
production of high quality produce.
vii) It led to the appreciation of value of land.
viii) Improved transport system to transport agricultural produce to the market,
ix) Invention of new methods of maintaining soil fertility eg. use of manure,
crop rotation and use of fertilizer,
x) Led to the establishment of organization that disseminated information
about the agricultural inventions. For example the Royal Agricultural
Society
xi) New methods of animal husbandry were practiced for example selective
breeding of livestock,
xii) Mechanization of Agriculture led to the growth of local and international
trade.
13. a) Describe three factors that facilitated the development of agriculture
in America before 1800.
i) European immigration into the region led to population increase
and demand for food,
ii) European immigrants introduced new methods of farming,
iii) Introduction of new crops.
iv) Availability of slave labour led to clearing of forests for farm
v) Suitability of climate for agriculture.
vi) Presence of suitable soils for different types of crops.
vii) Settlement of enterprising European emigrants who wished to
make a living through agriculture,
viii) Accountability of indigenous crops.
b) Discuss the factors that led to the Agrarian Revolution in North America
i) The introduction of the enclosure system in Britain forced landless
to migrate r.o North America where they introduced new farming
methods,
ii) Availability of land for farming of different crop varieties such as
tobacco, cotton and wheat,
iii) Government recognition of individual land ownership (The
homestead Act 1860) encouraged settlers to farm.
iv) The granting of financial aid to farmers to buy and develop
land/credit facilities.
v) The introduction of slave labour ensured adequate supply of labour
for farming.
vi) Determination by the European immigrants to succeed in
agriculture as there was no other source of livelihood,
vii) The increase in demand of agricultural raw materials by European
industrialists encouraged expansion in agriculture.
viii) The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney Marke led
to increase cotton acreage,
ix) The mechanization of agriculture stimulated agricultural
productivity eg. the steel plough and the mechanical reaper.
x) The development of food preservation methods of canning and
refrigeration encouraged farmers to produce more.
xi) The development of good transport and communication network
led to increased agricultural productivity as products reached
markets on time,
xii) The application of science and research of agricultural (eg.
biotechnology development of new foods from existing crops, use
of fertilizers and genetic engineering in livestock production)
facilitated the Agrarian Revolution,
xiii) Increase in population created demand for food which led to
expansion of agriculture.
USE OF METALS AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1. a) Give four inventions that improved textile manufacturing it Britain
during the industrial revolution.
i) Population growth from the mid 18th Century expanded the
internal market for manufactured goods.
ii) The agricultural revolution in Britain meant that more food could
be produced for main centres, the rising population could be fed
and many peasant thrown off toe land could become industrial
workers/labour.
iii) Britain was the leading trading nation because of her large
merchants/navy that guarded ships,
iv) Empire provided Britain with raw materials and captive markets
necessary for industrialization,
v) Britain's network consisting of roads, railways, canals, bridges and
harbours was extended and this helped industrialization.
vi) The merchant and middle class who favoured industrialization
increased their influence and pressured the government to adopt
measures for favourable industrialization/enterprising merchant's
courage.
vii) The existence of well - established cottage industry provided a
base for industrialization
viii) Availability of coal and iron, which served as the basis of
industrialization,
ix). Some of the inventions that stimulated the industrial revolution
such as steam engine were made in Britain.
x) Britain enjoyed relative peace compared to other European
countries/political stability,
xi) No internal custom barriers e.g. tariffs.
xii) Scientific invention/knowledge/skill
xiii) Availability of capital
xiv) Banking plus insurance system.
b) State six reasons why the industrialization revolution first took place
in Britain.
i) Availability of new machines and methods of production.
ii) Masses of manufactured goods were produced on a scale
unprecedented in history.
iii) It improved transport and communication.
iv) It led to an enormous expansion of local and international trade.
v) It created new employment opportunities.
vi) It led to the expansion of urbanization.
vii) It intensified economic rivalries among nations.
viii) It revolutionized agricultural production.
ix) It raised the standards of living of the people.
x) It sharpened social stratification.
xi) It led to the expansion of the banking industry.
xii) Full utilization or exploitation of natural resources.
xiii) Specialization in jobs.
c) State six economic effects of the industrial revolutions in Europe.
i) Overcrowding in urban centres/rural-urban migration,
ii) Child labour/women/exploitation of labour.
iii) Poor working conditions, low wages/long working hours.
iv) Spread of diseases/poor sanitation,
v) Increase in crime,
vi) Unemployment
vii) Class struggle
viii) Pollution
ix) Poor/lack of housing/slums/shanties
2. Identify three uses of bronze in the Kingdom of Lerlin.
i) It was used to make weapons
ii) It was used to make decorations/ornaments
iii) It was used as item of trade
iv) It was used for plaques for kings and figurines
FORM 2
KENYA AND THE WORLD UP TO KENYA 19TH
CENTURY
1. a) Why were the Portuguese interested in establishing their control over
the
Kenya coast during 16th century AD.
i) To control trade with coastal towns.
ii) To spread Christianity/revenge on the Muslims who had conquered
and rolled their homeland for over 700 years/look for Pastor John,
iii) The Kenyan Coast was strategically located on the way to the east
and could act as a base for their trading and navy ships
iv) To control the Indian Ocean.
b) Explain six effects of Portuguese rule on the Kenyan Coast.
i) It led to the decline of the Indian Ocean trade/decline of gold trade.
ii) It led to the decline and ruin of towns.
iii) It led to the loss of lives during their constant raids on coastal
towns.
iv) The heavy taxes that were imposed on the coastal people hindered
the development of commercial and agricultural resources at the
coast.
v) Thy built Fort Jesus, which became a historic monument in the
subsequent years.
vi) They brought new crops to the Coast e.g. maize, groundnuts and
pineapples.
vii) They introduced the use farmyard manure.
viii) Their language enriched the Kiswahili language.
ix) The introduction of guns and other advanced weapons by the
Portuguese contributed to insecurity in the region.
x) Commercial links between the Kenyan Coast and the Arabian
peninsular were almost completely cut off.
xi) Some Africans were converted to Christianity.
xii) Close links between the Kenyan Coast and India developed.
xiii) Their conquest of the Kenyan Coast exposed the area to other
European powers.
2. a) Apart from trade, give three reasons why Arabs came to the Kenyan
Coast by 1500.
i) Some Arabs fled to the Kenyan Coast as a result of religious and
political Persecution at home,
ii) Some Arab Muslims came to the Kenyan Coast to spread Islam,
iii) Others came to explore the region.
b) State five factors, which promoted the growth of trade between Hit*
Kenyan Coast and Arabia.
i) Availability of items of trade.
ii) Demand for goods from the Kenyan Coast and Arabia.
iii) Existence of enterprising merchants in Arabia and the Kenyan
Coast.
iv) Accessibility of the Kenyan Coast by sea.
v) The monsoon winds facilitated movement of traders
vi) Relative political stability of he Kenyan Coastal city - states.
c) State six result of this trade on the Kenyan Coast.
i) The Muslim traders who settled among the African communities
along Kenyan Coast converted them to Muslim.
ii) Trading towns developed along the Kenyan Coast.
iii) Arab - Muslim culture spread along the Kenyan Coastal city -
states.
iv) The Arab immigrants intermarried with indigenous communities
giving rise to the Swahili community.
v) Muslim system of government (Sheria) was introduced at the
Coast.
vi) Arab traders introduced new crops along the Kenyan Coast.
vii) The slave trade brought about wars among the communities.
viii) Slave trade led to depopulation of the region.
3. State two factors which made it possible for the Arabs traders to come flic
Kenyan Coast.
i) Accessibility of the Kenyan Coast via the sea.
ii) Availability of funds to finance their journey.
iii) Availability of dhows.
iv) The monsoon winds which powered their dhows to the coast.
4. Identify one contribution of Johann Kraft to the spread of Christianity in
Kenya during the 19th Century.
i) He built a church at Rabai.
ii) Converted people to Christianity.
iii) Translated the Bible into Kiswahili. -
iv) Trained the first catechist who later spread the gospel.
v) Encouraged other European missionaries to come to Kenya.
vi) The exploration of Kenya led to the opening up of the interior for
more missionary activities.
5. a) Why were the Portuguese able to conquer the Kenyan Coast during
the sixteenth Century.
i) The Portuguese used superior weapons.
ii) Lack of unity among the coastal communities e.g. between Malindi
and Mombasa.
iii) The Portuguese launched superior attacks.
iv) The Portuguese fought as one united group of people.
v) The Portuguese knew the geography of the East Africa Coast very
well after obtaining information from Vasco Da Gama's visit of
1498.
vi) Portuguese had well trained soldiers.
b) Explain six factors, which led to the collapse of the Portuguese rule on
the Kenya Coast by the end of the Seventh Century. -
i) The harsh Portuguese rule provoked resentment from the
communities.
ii) Coastal communities organized a series of revolt against the
Portuguese in order to regain their independence,
iii) The corrupt Portuguese colon administrators embezzled revenue
and so they made it difficult for Portugal to run their possessions
on the Kenyan Coast,
iv) Trade along the Kenyan Coast declined; therefore the Portuguese
found retaining their control over the east Africa Coast liability,
v) The Portuguese settlements were attacked by the Zambia terrorist
from the lower Zambezi valley who looted property and killed
people. This made life of Portuguese difficult,
vi) The Portuguese were constantly attacked by tropical diseases such
as Malaria which killed African coasts,
vii) The coastal Arabs and the Swahili obtained support from the Turks
and Amni Arabs (their fellow Muslims who helped them to drive
away the Christian Portuguese colonialists,
viii) Delayed re-enforcement due to distance.
6. Identify TWO factors, which encouraged the spread of Islam in Kenya by
1500 A.D. 1
i) Commercial activities between the Arabs and African.
ii) Arabs settlement along the coast
iii) Intermarriage between the Arabs and other communities.
iv) Islam was more accommodative to African traditional practices.
v) Development of Kiswahili language.
7. State TWO main reasons why the Omani rulers were interested in
establishing their control over the Kenyan Coast.
i) To expand their commercial empire.
ii) To establish political control over the Kenyan Coast.
iii) To assist in ending the Portuguese rule.
8. a) Explain why Christian Missionaries established mission stations in
Kenya during the colonial period.
i) Missions stations were established by Christian missionaries to
serve ns centers for converting Africans,
ii) To serve as centers where African would be taught basic literacy to
enable them to read their Bible.
iii) To teach Africans new methods of carpentry, farming and
masonry.
iv) To train African catechists who would in turn facilitate the spread
of Christianity.
v) To use them as centers for the spread of Western European culture.
vi) To serve as settlement for freed slaves and other displaced people.
vii) Serve as centers for pacification of Africans/centers to promote
Europe in colonization.
b) What factors undermined Christian Missionary activities in Kenya
during the 19th Century?
i) Hostility by believers of traditional religion who saw missionaries
as threat to their beliefs and cultural practices,
ii) Opposition by leaders of Islamic faith and other believers whose
interest wore to advance religion in the region.
iii) Harsh tropical climate coupled with tropical diseases eg. Malaria.
iv) Inadequate personnel to carry out missionary activities.
v) Rivalry among different Christian groups.
vi) Communication barrier/lack of common language of
communication to facilitate interaction with and conversion of
Africans.
vii) Strict Christians doctrines, which were not compatible with
traditional beliefs and practices,
vii) Limited transport and communication facilities.
9. Give the main reason why earlier visitors from Arabia came to Kenya const
before 1500 AD.
To trade/commerce
10. State two reasons why the Portuguese built Fort Jesus.
i) To act as hiding place against/attacks by their enemies.
ii) To use it as a base of sensing expeditions against resisting
communities of the coast/administration base.
iii) Use it for storing ornaments/storage of items before transportation.
iv) Use as a watch tower.
11. Give one reason for the establishment of the independent churches on Kenya
during the colonial period.
i) To develop worship pattern that are relevant to their needs.
ii) To avoid being discriminated against in the missionary churches.
iii) To preserve their cultural heritage, that was being threatened by
European missionaries
iv) To provide a forum for cultural activities.
12. a) Why were the Portuguese able to control the Kenyan Coast between
1500 and 1700 AD.
i) Disunity/rivalry among the coastal towns enabled the Portuguese
to play one against the other e.g. Mombasa and Malindi.
ii) Military superiority - the Portuguese had better weapons and their
soldiers were better trained and organized (superior attacks),
iii) The construction efforts by the Portuguese erg. Fort Jesus made
them able 10 sustain their control over the area.
iv) The harshness of the Portuguese administration made African
communities submit to their rule,
v) The Portuguese established alliance with some coastal rulers e.g.
Malindi.
b) Describe the results of the Portuguese rule of the Kenyan Coast.
i) Introduction of new crops such as maize, sweet potatoes and
banana/manure.
ii) Introduction of new architectural designs/Fort Jesus.
iii) Absorption of Portuguese words into the Kiswahili language.
iv) Disruption of the Indian Ocean trade/gold trade.
v) Decay of many coastal towns e.g. Gedi.
vi) Establishment of a close link between Kenya and India.
vii) Introduction of guns and other weapons along the Coast leading to
slave trade and insecurity in the area.
viii) Decline in trade between Arabia and the Kenyan Coast,
ix) Their harshness made Africans and Arabs have a impression of
Christianity and Europeans.
13. State two benefits of Portuguese rule over the coastal settlements.
i) Some Portuguese words were added to Kiswahili.
ii) Portuguese architecture was introduced at the Coast.
iii) The Portuguese introduced new crops such as maize and cassava/farming
methods at the coast.
iv) The Portuguese built Fort Jesus and Vasco Da Gama Pillar, which have
become historic sites.
v) Links between coastal settlement and India were strengthened.
14. a) Describe the characteristics of the coastal towns by 1500 A.D.
i) Kiswahili was used as the main medium of communication in the
coastal towns.
ii) Islam was the main religion practiced in towns.
iii) Islamic Law (Sharia) was used in administration.
iv) Houses were constructed using Arabic architecture.
v) Traders was the main economic activity in the town.
vi) In the city - states were generally divided into two sections, one
Muslim and the other African class of merchants/Sultan and
Sheik.
vii) Imams ruled in the city state.
viii) The city-states were independent political entities.
ix) Town minted and used their own coin - money.
x) People wore woven and silk clothes.
b) Explain five factors which led to the decline of the coastal towns after
1500 AD.
i) Disruption of trade by the Portuguese resulted in loss of revenue.
ii) Constant warfare and conflict between the Portuguese and the
coastal towns led to total destruction of some coastal settlements,
iii) Invasion of coastal settlements by the Zambia led to the disruption
of economic activities of the coastal settlements.
iv) Increased conflict between the city state discouraged traders from
the interior to bring trade good to the coast.
v) The drought spell hindered farming activities/lack of water
vi) Conflicts between the Mazrui family and the Al Busaidi family
over the control of the coastal settlement.
vii) Taxes levied on the coastal settlement by corrupt Portuguese
administrator weakened the economic base of the settlement,
viii) Rivalry between European nations for the control of the trade.
15. a) What factors encouraged the Akamba to participate in the long
distance trade during the 19th Century.
i) Demand for their commodities.
ii) Availability of trade good.
iii) Unsuitable climatic conditions for farming.
iv) Proximity to the coast.
v) Existence of entrepreneur like Chief Kivoi.
vi) Existence of a well organized trade.
b) Explain the effects of slave trade on the African communities in
Kenya.
i) The raids of slaves by traders led to insecurity and fear making
people abandon their economic activities.
ii) Able - bodied people were taken away as slaves in the weak who
could not work effectively,
iii) It led to the death of family members denying the family the much
needed work - force,
iv) Led to loss of skilled labour force eg. Iron smiths,
v) Methods used in acquiring slaves such as burning of houses led to
destruction of the environment and human suffering/misery.
vi) Slave raids and sale of people led to depopulation.
vii) Promoted interaction between African communities e.g. the
Akamba and Agikuyu.
viii) Led to the spread and use of Kiswahili in the interior of Kenya.
ix) Led to the spread of Islam and Islamic culture.
x) Opened up the interior of Kenya for European penetration.
16. State two main factors which enabled traders from Arabia to come to the
Kenya Coast before 1500 A.D.
i) The monsoon winds which facilitated transport to and from Arabia.
ii) Possession of advanced marine technology at the time - for
example making dhows.
17. Give the main reasons why most of the early urban centers along the Kenya
Coast were built on Island.
To provide security against invaders.
18. State two reasons why most of the Portuguese were able to conquer the
Coastal settlement by 1500 A.D.
i) The Portuguese had modern weapons.
ii) The Portuguese were ruthless in their attack.
iii) The coastal settlement were disunited.
19. State two ways in which the introduction of Christianity undermined African
culture.
i) Conversion of African to the abandonment of African traditional
belief and practice.
ii) By encouraging African to settle at the mission station, the
Africans wcic uprooted from their traditional set up.
iii) Outright condemnation of some African cultural practice as
primitive and backward.
iv) Introduction of western education by missionaries and its glitters
made African abandon their culture.
20. Identify two methods which long distance traders used to acquire slaves
during the nineteenth century.
i) Exchanging slave with other goods/buying slaves from African,
ii) Raiding other communities for slaves,
iii) Enticement and gifts.
21. a) Describe the way of life of the people who lived in the coastal city
states by 1500 A.D.
i) The people lived in settlements that were politically independent of
each other. The settlements were ruled by Muslim leaders/the
sultans,
ii) The majority of the city - state were Muslims,
iii) The people who lived in the city states spoke Kiswahili.
iv) They participated in the Indian Ocean trade.
v) The architectural designs of their houses were influenced by
Arabian and Persian design,
vi) They practiced mixed farming. They grew banana, yam and
coconut,
vii) They practiced fishing, spinning and weaving,
viii) The city states were ruled according to the Islamic laws/sheria.
ix) Their way of dressing was influenced by Arabian way of
dressing/buibui.
x) Oriental diet.
b) Explain four factors which led to the decline of the coastal settlements
between 1500 and 1700 A.D.
i) Rivalry for the control of the Indian Ocean trade weakened the
coastal settlements. Each one of them wanted to dominate trade,
ii) Wars of conquest by the Portuguese against the coastal settlements
destroyed and weakened many of them,
iii) Establishment of Portuguese rule at the coast led to disruption of
the Indian Ocean trade – the main economic base of the towns. The
Portuguese also diverted trade to Portugal leaving them with little
revenue.
iv) Invasion of the settlement by the Zambia a warrior community
from me Zambezi valley – they caused widespread destruction.
v) Occasional unfavourable climatic conditions which characterized
the period led to inadequate rainfall and shortage of water in some
coastal settlement for example Gedi which subsequently declined.
vi) Conflicts/wars between Oman Arabs and the Portuguese over the
control of the coastal settlements affected economic activities in
the sea.
vii) Conflicts/wars between Oman Arabs and the Portuguese over the
control the coastal settlements affected economic activities in the
area.
viii) Some Africa middlemen diverted trade goods to Northern routes
by passing the town that were under Portuguese control.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING
THE COLONIAL PERIOD
1. a) Give five factors which contributed to the development of trade
between different Africans communities in the interior of Kenya by
1800 A.D.
i) Uneven distribution of resources such as iron are and salt created a
demand for some goods by communities that did not produce
them.
ii) Production of surplus commodities by some communities
encouraged them to look for markets,
iii) External demand for goods found in the interior such as ivory and
leopard skin stimulated trade between different African
communities.
iv) Existence of well developed local trade provided a base for the
development of intercommunity trade.
v) Demand for foreign goods in the interior e.g. cloth and beads led to
the development of intercommunity trade,
vi) Existence of cordial relations between communities contributed to
the development of trade.
b) Explain five result of this trade.
i) Intercommunity trade led to the development of markets where
buyers and sellers met regularly to transact business. These
markets were normally situated in the boundary between two
communities.
ii) Some traders got a lot wealth from trade. Such people became very
powerful and rose to positions of importance.
iii) Foreign crops such as maize, pineapples, sweet potatoes and
bananas were introduced to the interior of Kenya.
iv) Intercommunity trade led to intermarriage between Kenyan
communities e.g. Mijikenda and Akamba.
v) Lines of communication linking different communities developed
in the interior of Kenya. Other lines of communication linked the
interior with the Coast.
vi) Trade stimulated production of goods and other economic
activities e.g. hunting.
vii) Existence of community trade led to direct participation of Arabs
in the trade with the interior.
viii) The importance of luxury articles and new crops influenced the
way of life of the people.
ix) Intercommunity trade promoted cultural interactions e.g. language
and dances.
2. Why did Africans start independent schools in Kenya during the colonial
period?
i) To provide more educational opportunities for Africans.
ii) To have a say/control of what was taught in their schools.
iii) To keep away Europeans missionary influence from their schools,
iv) To preserve their cultural heritage/values.
v) To create job opportunities fro educated Africans.
vi) To sensitize African on the evils of colonialism.
3. Give two ways through which colonial government controlled the migration
of the Africans to urban centers.
i) Taking head count of those who were supposed to live in urban
centers.
ii) Enhancing strict rules about migration into urban centers/creation
of African reform,
iii) Ensuring that only those who had specific activities to undertake in
the urban centers lived there,
iv) Introducing Kipande system.
4. State two objectives of education offered by Christian missionaries in Kenya
during the colonial period.
i) To teach Africans basic literacy and numeral skills.
ii) To teach Africans better farming methods.
iii) To train Africans catechists.
iv) To teach Africans basic technical skills.
v) Civilize/better methods of hygiene.
5. Identify one problem which independent schools faced during the colonial
period.
i) Hostility from the government and missionaries.
ii) Inadequate teachers,
iii) Inadequate funds and facilities.
6. Identify one reason why Africans were not allowed to grow some cash crops
before 1954.
i) Europeans wanted to continue getting cheap African labour for
their farms.
ii) To avoid competition by African farmers.
iii) To control the spread of disease and pests from African farms.
7. State one result of the establishment of independent churches in Kenya
during the colonial period.
i) African cultural practices and beliefs were incorporated into the
Christian church,
ii) Give African clergy leadership opportunities in the church.
iii) More African were trained as clergy.
iv) Accelerated the spread of Christianity.
v) Led to the establishment of independent schools.
vi) Led to the formation of Nationalisms.
8. Identify two negative consequences of urbanization in Kenya during the
colonial period?
i) Unemployment led to poverty.
ii) Low morality e.g. prostitution.
iii) Increase in crime.
iv) Development of shanties/slums
v) Congestion leading to epidemics.
vi) Break up of family set - up.
vii) Development of the Kipande system
viii) Deprived rural areas of manpower/negligence of agriculture.
USE OF METALS AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1. a) State five uses of copper in pre - colonial Africa.
i) It was used to make ornaments i.e chains
ii) It was used to make utensils/spoons.
iii) It was used to make weapons
iv) It was used to make tools/needles/chisel/axes
v) It was used as currency/medium of exchange/money.
vi) Used as a trading commodity
vii) It was used to make the King's plagues
b) Explain impact of iron technology on the people of Africa.
i) The discovery of iron technology led to the manufacture of better
and efficient tools for farming. For example, iron hoes and panga.
ii) The use of iron tools enabled people to clear natural vegetation and
bring more land under cultivation hence more food.
iii) The demand for iron - ore and iron tools led to the development of
trade between communities,
iv) The development of iron technology led to job specialization. Iron
smiths became very respectable members of the society.
v) The possession of iron weapons in warfare intensified
intercommunity conflicts. The stronger communities conquered
and absorbed weaker ones.
vi) The possession of iron weapons made it possible for communities
to improve their system of defense,
vii) Possession of iron weapons led to the emergencies of states
through conquests while other fell,
viii) Possession of iron weapons and implements facilitated
immigration of people - they were better armed and could face the
danger on the way.
2. Explain six factors which have contributed to the rise of China as a powerful
nation.
i) Strong leadership under chairman Mao and Chou - en - lai united
the country/unity/stability.
ii) Collectivization of agriculture and land reforms led to food
sufficiency/land tenure system leading to food sufficiency.
iii) The establishment of heavy industries enabled China to produce
capital goods and consumer goods for export which enabled her
earn foreign exchange/external market.
iv) Establishment of strong army equipped with modern weapons
including nuclear weapons.
v) Possession of natural resources such as minerals has enabled China
to establish and sustain heavy industries.
vi) The vast Chinese population has made it possible for China to
expand her industries and agricultural output (through the supply
of labour). Hardworking and dedicated
vii) Expansion and modernization of education led to the production of
skilled manpower that spearheaded impetiginization programmes.
viii) Modernization of China through the 5 years plans.
ix) Development of transport and communication to exploit the
economic resources.
x) Foreign investment in China accelerated the modernization of the
economy.
xi) Political stability
xii) Existence of an internal market/market for her agricultural and
industrial output.
xiii) Development of H.E.P stimulated industrial growth.
3. a) State five factors which have facilitated industrialization in the third
world countries.
i) Availability of raw materials.
ii) Availability of cheap labour (both skilled and unskilled)
iii) Acquisition of relevant technological knows - how.
iv) Existence of some indigenous industries which provide the
foundation for the process of industrialization
v) Facilitated diversifications of the economy of the third world
countries/banking/insurance.
vi) Promoted urbanization in the third world countries.
vii) Led to the degeneration in the third world countries.
viii) Led to the development of transport and communication e.g. roads
and telecommunication systems.
ix) Increased agricultural production because farmers are aspired of a
ready market in the agro- based industries.
x) Has led. to the provision of social amenities such a§ schools and
hospitals.
4. a) State three ways in which the industrial revolution contributed to
urbanization.
i) The establishment of industrial centers created new jobs
opportunities where many were attracted to work,
ii) The industrial revolution brought in new discoveries which
changed/improved transport communication systems - thus
facilitating the movement of people to towns,
iii) The emergence of industrial centers opened other commercial
activities which attracted many people,
iv) Use of machines in production made many people lose their jobs in
the cottage industry. They moved/migrated to urban centers to look
for jobs,
v) Industrial revolution led to enormous expansion trade - many
people were attracted to the centers of trade.
b) Explain six factors which led to the emergency of USA as an
industrial power.
i) Existence of large mineral deposits for example coal, iron and tin
for use in industries,
ii) Use of the skilled and unskilled labour led to the establishment of
American industries,
iii) The development of efficient transport and communication
network enhanced economic growth,
iv) Existence of enterprising entrepreneurs who have invested in the
country had enabled the United States of America to enjoy a
monopoly of the world's economic systems.
v) Existence of ready market at home and abroad for American
products stimulated industrial growth.
vi) The USA has experience relatively fewer strikers and industrial
growth.
vii) The aggressive foreign investments policies have enabled her to
dominate world economic system and also attracted foreign
investment,
viii) The collapse of European economic during the 2nd World War
enabled the USA to extend here influence to Europe and other
parts of the world.
ix) Technological advancement has enabled the USA to dominate
world economy/machines.
x) Political stability
xi) Availability of energy e.g. coal, oil, gas etc xii) Banking and
insurance services/financial institutions.
5. Give one use of bronze in ancient Benin.
i) Making royal regalia
ii) Making statues of rulers, noblemen.
iii) Making ornaments . ;
iv) Making weapons
v) Making religious figurines e.g. gods
6. Explain six factors which led to the emergency of Japan as an industrial
power after the Second World War.
i) Provision of education which emphasized on technical training.
ii) Japanese work ethics which discouraged idleness and encouraged
hard work.
iii) Government policy which granted subsidies to industrial
enterprises/entrepreneurs led to industrial growth,
iv) Availability of raw materials from within Japan e.g. silk and from
other Asian countries which she had colonized e.g. cotton from
China.
v) A well-established industrial base. By 1945 Japan had well
developed industrial base,
vi) Existence of labour force with industrial know - how/technological
skills,
vii) Availability of capital from local and foreign investors, especially
the U.S. A financial support which was provided after the Second
World War (the Marshall plan) stimulated industrial growth of
Japan
viii) Availability of energy eg. H.E.P and nuclear solar stimulated
industrial growth of Japan,
ix) Elaborate transport and communication system,
x) Political stability of Japan.
xi) Cheap labour force
xii) Good industrial relations
xiii) Japanese goods are cheap
xiv) Open minded economic policy
xv) Scarce farming land
xvi) Good natural harbours
xvii) Foreign investments e.g. Japan investment in foreign countries.
7. What was the main source of energy during the early period of industrial
revolution in Europe?
Coal
8. State two government policies which have contributed to industrialization in
India.
i) Restriction on imported goods
ii) Promoted technical and scientific education
iii) Development of heavy industries by the state/government
iv) Emphasis on industrialization of the five - year development plan.
v) Encouragement of foreign investment in the country.
9. a) Describe the working condition of factory workers in Britain during
the industrial revolution.
i) Factory workers subjected to long working hours.
ii) Workers received low wages
iii) Under - age children were employed to work in the factories.
iv) Poor living conditions eg. over - crowding, inadequate lighting and
poor ventilation.
v) Lack of insurance cover for the workers/no workman's
compensation.
vi) Exposure to dangerous machinery/no protection against dangerous
machines
vii) Frequent outbreak of epidemics e.g. Cholera, Dysentery and
Typhoid.
b) What factors favoured the development of industries in Britain by
1850?
i) Availability of resources like energy for use in industries eg. cola.
ii) Existence of a large population which provided steady market for
her manufactured goods/domestic market.
iii) Availability of external markets in her colonies for her industrial
goods,
iv) Availability of iron - ore for heavy industries.
v) Existence of cottage industries which acted as a base for industrial
expansion,
vi) Availability of labour force especially following the displacement
of the people from the rural areas as a result of the Agrarian
Revolutions.
vii) Existence of capitals/entrepreneurs, who were willing to invest in
the industries,
viii) Political stability and strong leadership that existed at the time
created conducive atmosphere for investment.
ix) Well developed transport and communication network eg. railway
and canals/roads.
x) Agrarian Revolution increased food for industrial workers and raw
materials for industries,
xi) Scientific innovations led to the improvement and expansions of
industries/technical know - how.
xii) Existing banks and insurance systems gave financial help and
security to the industrialists,
xiii) Britain had a strong navy which protected her merchants from
foreign competition/protection against sea pirates,
xiv) Britain's policy of free trade encouraged industrialization.
10. In what ways did overseas colonies contribute to the expansion of industries
in Europe?
i) The overseas colonies provided additional market for European
industrial products such as cloth and spirits.
ii) Overseas were sources of industrial raw materials eg. cotton, plan
oil and sisal,
iii) Trade between European countries and their colonies led to the
emergence of a class of rich people who invested in industries.
iv) Use of machines in industries rendered people jobless.
v) Industrial waste was not properly disposed of and this led to
environment degradation,
vi) Long working hours deprived people of leisure and rest thus
reducing their efficiency,
vii) Low wages paid to workers led to poor living conditions which
demoralized them.
11. Give one main reason why trade union movements were formed in Europe
during the nineteenth century.
To fight for the welfare of workers / to enable workers to collectively
negotiate for better terms of service with the employers.
12. Show two ways in which the Industrial Revolution in Europe promoted
European colonization of Africa.
i) The European nations wanted colonies as source of raw materials
for their industries.
ii) The European wanted markets for their manufacture goods.
iii) Wealthy industrialists wanted colonies where they could invest
their excess capital.
13. Describe the use of gold in Ancient Egypt.
i) Gold was used to make ornaments/jewellery
ii) It was used in making decorations for houses/handlers of swords.
iii) It was used for making utensils especially plates and vases for rich
people,
iv) It was used as currency/money/medium of exchange/making coins
14. Why did the industrial revolution take place in Britain ahead of other
European countries?
i) Britain had ready markets for her industrial products within the
British empire,
ii) The empire was also a source of raw materials for industries in
Britain,
iii) She had large reserves of coal which was used as a source of
industrial energy.
iv) She had a well established cottage industry which provided a basis
for the industrial growth,
v) Some of the inventions that accelerated industrialization were
made in Britain. For example the steam engine.
vi) There existed a class of rich businessman who were keen to invest
in the industries,
vii) Availability of labour following the displacement of peasant as a
result of the Agrarian revolutions/ unskilled labour.
viii) Agrarian revolution led to production of adequate food for the
industries workers.
ix) Existence of well developed banking and insurance systems which
advanced loans to entrepreneurs.
x) Protection of her trading ships from piracy by her strong navy,
xi) Britain had well developed transport system - both land and water,
xii) Availability of skilled labour.
xiii) Britain had enjoyed a relatively long period of peace and
stability/strong leadership
xiv) The policy of free trade
xv) No internal custom barriers.
15. State two uses of bronze in early Egypt.
i) To cast the statues of the Pharaohs.
ii) To make special tools for cutting and shaping huge stones for
making pyramids.
iii) Make tools such as holes, chisel and adzes were made from
bronze. j
iv) Make weapons such as sword, daggers, axes and spears.
v) Make items for decoration
16. Identify one way in which the Industrial Revolution contributed to
colonization of Africa by Europeans.
i) The need for raw materials for their industries.
ii) Desire to establish new markets for their manufactured goods.
iii) Desire by European industrialists to invest their surplus capital.
17. Give two reasons why coal was used as the main source of industrial power in
Britain during the industrial revolution.
i) It was cheap.
ii) It was available in large quantities.
iii) It was more efficient than other sources of energy at the time.
18. a) What factors led to the development of urban centers in Africa during
the Pre-colonial period.
i) Trading activities led to the rise of convergent centers which later
developed into towns.
ii) The existence of local industries led to population concentration in
places that were developed into towns,
iii) Existence of trade routes which linked various places led to the
development of towns at major cross - roads.
iv) Administration/royal centers later developed into towns e.g.
Kumasi and Addis Ababa.
v) Development of centers of learning later became urban centers e.g.
Timbuktu.
vi) Development of Agriculture led to availability of food which in
turn encouraged people to establish permanent settlements.
vii) Religious centers developed into town erg. Ife and Kumasi.
viii) Places that were secure attracted population concentration and later
developed into towns e.g. Thababosiu the capital of Basuto land
ix) Places where water was available developed to urban centers.
b) Explain the social effects of urbanization in Europe during the
nineteenth century.
i) Migration of people to urban centers led to overcrowding.
ii) Inadequate housing due to high concentration of people in urban
areas.
iii) Poor sewerage and sanitation facilities exposed to diseases such as
Cholera and Typhoid.
iv) Concentration of people led to shortage of food which resulted in
malnutrition.
v) Frustration and suffering - urban life led to anti-social behaviour
such as drug abuse, alcoholism and prostitution.
vi) Increase in crime rate and vehicle created fear and insecurity,
vii) Poor working conditions e.g. child labour, long working hours and
lack of workmanship compensation dehumanized urban dwellers,
viii) High concentration of people in urban areas ^trained the social
amenities e.g. school and hospitals.
EARLY RELIGION
1. a) State five cities of indigenous religion among the Kenya.
i) Religion provided spiritual care to members of society/people to
Communicate prayers/services/sacrifice/knowledge for repentance.
ii) Religion set moral standards in society.
iii) It promoted unity and harmony in society.
iv) Religious leaders played advisory roles in matters affecting society
Guidance and counseling/offering/sacrifices.
v) Religion provides the basis for secular laws.
vi) It was used to unite them against foreign invasion.
vii) It served as a link between spiritual world and man/communicate
with god
viii) It provided answers to the mysteries of nature
ix) Medicine men used religion to treat the sick.
b) Describe the religious beliefs and practices of the May a.
i) They worshipped many gods and goddesses.
ii) They believed in a supreme god called Hunab/Ku/Kunab
Kin/Creator god.
iii) They worshipped in stone temple.
iv) They offered animal sacrifices to the gods.
v) They appeased their gods with human blood.
vi) Priests presided over religious functions and ceremonies.
vii) They believed in the existence of life after death.
viii) They believed in the existence of heaven and hell,
ix) They believed in the existence of god gods (spirits) and bad gods.
x) They believed life is a struggle between good and bad.
xi) They buried the dead with some of their belongings e.g. food to
use thereafter,
xii) They made carving of their gods on temples,
xiii) They believed that those who died while defending the community
and those offered as sacrifice to gods went straight to heaven.
xiv) Members of the public worshipped by singing and dancing outside
the temples
xv) Believe maize was given by god who determines different
varieties.
xvi) Maya believed in the predestination of mankind.
xvii) Believed that there were 13 layers of the sky and each layer had a
god in charge.
xviii) Believed that the sky was supported by trees with a god at every
corner.
2. a) Give five features of traditional religion in Ancient Egypt.
i) Belief in many gods and goddesses (polycyesis)
ii) Belief in life after death
iii) They had priests
iv) They buried the dead with property.
v) Belief in the hierarchical importance's of gods - Ra, the sun god
being most powerful.
vi) Belief in judgment after life.
vii) Worshipped in temples.
viii) Offering sacrifices to gods to appease them.
ix) Built temples for their gods to appease them.
b) Describe the role played by the traditional religion in Ancient Egypt.
i) The Egyptians traditional religion acted as unifying factor in the
community especially in times of difficult/created harmony/law
and order.
ii) It gave meaning to the mysteries of nature for example, in the
event of natural calamities, the traditional priests offered
explanations,
iii) Religious leaders offered political and religious guidance to the
community for instance, priests advised the Pharaoh, (the priest in
alliance with the nobles could reject the Pharaoh).
iv) Religion was the basis of the Egyptians moral values e.g. respect,
obedience, it thus guided the behaviour of individual members of
the society.
v) Religion provided Egyptians with hope and courage especially in
times of problems.
vi) Religion was a source of socialization.
vii) Religion offered protection and security to the Egyptians.
viii) Religion influenced architectural/arts in Egypt/building of
pyramids and temples.
ix) Religion influenced education. The priests were the teachers in the
society,
x) Religion was the basis for secular laws.
3. a) Identify three indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the Yoruba.
i) Belief and worship of one god.
ii) Belief in existence of ancestral spirits.
iii) Belief in life after death.
iv) Making offering and sacrifices to God and ancestral spirits.
v) Worshipped God in shrines.
vi) Use of religious God in shrines,
vii) Use of religious leader/priests to intercede for them.
b) Explain the importance of religion in a society.
i) Religion has been used to give explanation to the mysteries beyond
man's understanding. For example, occurrences of lightening and
death
ii) Religion contributed to the development of formal education by
building schools.
iii) Religion inculcates (teaches) moral values and provide a moral
code of conduct to people/how to behave.
iv) Religion provides hope and meaning to life.
v) Religion act as a moral conscience of society.
vi) Temples inspired writings
vii) Sacred art work and pictures have influenced modern works of art.
viii) Religion strengthens and cements bonds of human brotherhood and
provides cultural.
4. a) Describe beliefs the religion beliefs and practices of traditional
Yoruba Society.
i) Yoruba people believe in the existence of one supreme being/god
known as Olourn.
ii) They believed in the life existence of other lesser gods e.g. God of
wisdom and war.
iii) They believed in the existence of spirits/ancestral worship.
iv) Yoruba priests and divines interpreted god's messages to the
people/they acted as intermediaries,
v) They offered sacrifices to God and the spirits. These were presided
over by the priest and diviners.
vi) Religious functions were conducted in special places/shrines.
vii) Stages in life e.g. birth, puberty and marriage were accompanied
by festivals and rituals.
viii) They believed in life and death.
ix) Believed in mysterious powers.
b) Explain the importance of religion among the Yoruba.
i) Religion provided answers/explanations to mysteries that were
beyond human comprehension e.g. drought, epidemics and death.
ii) It was a source of moral standards for the Yoruba. It provided
moral guidelines.
iii) It was the basis of Yoruba laws.
iv) I linked the living and the dead thus gave continuity of life.
v) It gave significance and divine purpose to the different stages of a
person's life,
vi) It provided meaningful spiritual and leisure activities e.g.
participation in religious ceremonies and rituals,
vii) It was used by leaders/kings to unite the people.
5. What similar roles were played by priest in both Egyptians and Yoruba
traditional religions?
i) In both cases priests acted as intermediaries between god and the
people.
ii) They presided over religious functions and activities/offered
sacrifice.
iii) They interpreted divine messages and messages from the ancestors
to the people.
iv) They advised and controlled the powers of the Kings/rulers on the
administration matters.
v) They controlled the power of kings.
vi) They predicted/foretold the future.
6. Identify two ways in which Yoruba worshipped their gods. u
i) They offered prayers in shrines.
ii) They offered sacrifices to the gods.
iii) Priests presided over the offering of sacrifices/prayers.
iv) Gave offering to their god.
7. Identify the main reason why Egyptians buries the dead with their
belongings.
The dead were buried with their belongings because they would use them
in the new world/they believed in life after death.
8. State two duties of the priests in Yoruba traditional religion.
i) They interpreted the wished of the gods/god's messages.
ii) They acted as mediators between the gods and the people.
iii) They officiated in religious activities/presided over religious
functions.
iv) They were consulted before important decisions were made.
v) They predicted the future.
vi) They led people in public and private prayers/conducted prayers.
MODERN WORLD RELIGION
1. a) State five factors which contributed to the rapid expansion of Islam
during the first hundred years of its existence 610-710 A.D.
i) Through conquests - Islam expanded rapidly due to the jihads
which were undertaken by the devout followers of the faith,
ii) Arab migration - The Arab colonization - the migration of Arabs
over large parts of Africa, Asia and Southern Europe contributed to
the rapid spread of Islam/nomadic societies,
iii) Development of Islamic learning - The development and spread of
Islamic learning contributed to the rapid expansion of
Islam/education.
iv) Establishment of Islamic states - The establishment of Islamic
states contributed to the conversion of many people to Islam in
many parts of Africa, Asia and Europe,
v) The appeal of Islam - Islam appealed to many because it was
accommodative to various cultural practices and values and
regarded as a liberating force.
vi) Intermarriage/marriages
vii) Religious persecutions
viii) Means of transport e.g. camels and horse.
ix) Weakness of neighbouring states e.g. Persia
x) Some became Muslims in order to avoid being enslaved.
b) Discuss the impact of Islam on East African societies.
i) Conversion/undermined traditional religion - Islam has become the
religion of many people in East Africa, especially along the Coast.
Many of these people are converts from traditional and other
religions. Islam therefore significantly affected the religious
complexion of East African societies,
ii) Material culture - Islam had transformed the material culture of
many East African communities. This is reflected in architecture,
iii) Dressing
iv) Social etiquette - Islam etiquette on such areas as eating habits,
forms of hospitality and social relations between the sexes has
permeated many east African Societies,
v) Language - many East African communities learnt Arabic - the
language of Islam. Some East African languages, especially
Kiswahili also borrowed words from Arabic,
vi) Education - Islamic learning has affected the forms and content of
education among a number of East Africa societies,
vii) Politics - Some parts of East Africa were for along time ruled by
Muslim leaders who established ruling dynasties or families e.g.
the shiraz - Islam therefore affected the form and structure of
government.
viii) Legal system based on Islam law or sharia.
ix) Trade was promoted e.g. slaves trade, ivory and gold.
x) Growth of towns eg Mombasa, Kilwa, Mogadishu etc. city/states.
xi) Intermarriage leading to Kiswahili race people,
xii) Islamic music
xiii) Introduction of new crops e.g. coconuts, millet, rice etc
2. a) Give three reasons why Christian Missionaries came to Africa in 19th
Century?
i) To spread Christianity/convert the Africans
ii) To explore the continent
iii) To promote Western civilization
iv) To stop the slave trade
v) To promote legitimate trade
vi) To spread education/culture
b) Explain six factors which undermined the activities of Christian
missionaries in Africa during the 19th Century.
i) Tropical diseases such as Malaria claimed many lives and
incapacitated some missionaries,
ii) There was communication problem due to lack of a common
language,
iii) Some African rulers opposed the missionaries because they saw
them as threat to their authority,
iv) Missionaries lacked sufficient funds to carry out their activities eg.
construction of schools and churches.
v) Lack of well developed transport network hampered their
activities.
vi) Rivalry between different missionary networks hampered
activities.
vii) There was opposition from Muslims and traditionalists who felt
threatened by the religion.
viii) Tropical climate was unfavourable to the missionaries they found
it difficult to carry out their activities,
ix) Political instability in some parts of Africa made it difficult to
carry out their activities shortage/lack of provisions/supplies e.g.
food.
3. a) State three factors which contributed to the spread of Christianity in
Europe up to 4th Century.
i) Missionary work of the apostle/disciples who visited Southern
Europe.
ii) Early converts who spread Christianity in the region/Europe.
iii) Persecution of Christians within the Roman Empire made some of
them to flee to other parts of Europe where they spread
Christianity.
iv) Conversion of emperor Constantine of Christianity.
v) The declaration of the Christianity as the state religion of the
European empire by emperor Theodosius.
vi) Christian doctrine of hope appealed to the oppressed in the
European society/accepted by all.
vii) The hue of common languages (Latin and Greek) facilitated the
spread,
viii) Improved means of transport/facilitated the movement of
preachers.
b) Explain six factors which led to the emergence of protestant churches
in the 16th Century.
i) Widespread corruption among the clergy led to discontent among
Christians who lost confidence in the church/bribery/selling of
indulgences.
ii) Possession of absolute power by pope and excessive wealth by the
church leaders in the Vatican, the centre of Christianity was seen
by many Christians as a deviation from the Christian teaching/
absolute power,
iii) Translation of the Bible into different languages in Europe exposed
many people to the Bible thus they became critical of the clergy.
iv) The development of printing press in the early 16th Century made it
possible for the critics of the church to circulate their ideas to the
people.
v) Conservatism of the church made the clergy to refuse to
compromise with the reformists some of whom were
excommunicated e.g. King of England and marriage,
vi) Some of the opposition arose as a result of the growth of national
consciousness in different parts of Europe. Nationals of different
countries of Europe questioned their allegiance to Rome,
vii) The activities of Martin Luther and his subsequent
excommunication led to the split of the church,
viii) Immorality was prevalent in the church and this caused discontent
among the high ranking bishops and other Christians.
4. Give two ways through which Islam had spread in Africa by the 16th
Century.
i) Jihads
ii) Missionary activities
iii) Commercial interactions
iv) Intermarriages
v) Influence of already converted rulers
vi) Fear of being enslaved
vii) Muslim culture was accommodating
5. Why did missionary Work along the Coast thrive?
i) Existence of already existing trade routes which connected the
African coastal/trading posts with the interior facilitated the
movement of the missionaries/railways and water ways.
ii) Use of guides and porters made the movement of the missionaries
and the transportation of their luggage easy.
iii) The learning of local languages by the missionaries facilitated their
activities among different communities.
iv) Transportation of the Bible and other church literature made
Christianity accessible to many African communities.
v) The discovery of curd of some tropical disease e.g. Quinine for
treating Malaria fever reduced the number of death cases among
the missionaries.
vi) Support and protection given to missionaries by some African
rulers e.g. Lowanika of Bulozi promoted missionary activities.
vii) Support from the church organization in Europe enabled the
missionaries to carry out their activities.
viii) Support from colonial government (e.g. protection against some
hostile communities) enabled the missionaries to carry out their
activities.
ix) The existence of displaced people e.g. the freed slaves, helped the
spread of Christianity in Africa as they readily accepted
Christianity.
x) The establishment of mission stations which were used as basis
from which they operated as stations also provided other social
services e.g. heath care.
6. Give the main result of the translation of the Bible into different languages
during the Sixteenth Century.
i) People were able to identify some of the weakness/excesses of the
pope's powers and other religious leaders. This led to criticism
against them which resulted in the split of the Roman Catholic
Church.
ii) Led to the rise of Protestantism
7. a) Why were Christian missionary in other parts of the world.
i) To spread Christianity in other parts of the world.
ii) To help stop the slave trade and slavery.
iii) To support Christian missionaries who were sent to other parts of
the world.
iv) To co-ordinate the activities of Christian missionaries in other
parts of (he world.
v) To promote exploration of other parts of the world.
vi) To counter/check the spread of Islam.
vii) It was a period of evangelism in Europe.
viii) To spread western education and culture/to civilize people in other
parts of the world.
b) Give six factors which affected Christian Missionary activities in
Africa during the Nineteenth century.
i) Tropical diseases such as Malaria, which claimed many lives of
missionaries and scared other who gave up and returned home,
ii) Lack of adequate funds to finance missionary activities.
iii) Poor means of transport forced them to walk long distance/long
tire some journeys.
iv) Language barrier hindered effective communication with the
people.
v) Harsh tropical climate coupled with difficult terrain made it
difficult for the missionaries to perform their work effectively.
vi) Hostility of the African leaders who feared losing their control
over the people as a result of conversion of Christianity.
vii) Hostility of slave traders who saw Christianity as a threat to their
trading activities.
viii) Opposition from Muslim dominated areas where Christianity
posed a threat to the Islamic faith.
ix) Opposition from the Africans who saw Christianity as a threat to
their traditional region and cultural values/practices.
x) The missionaries were few in number and therefore unable to reach
many people,
xi) Danger caused by wild animals e.g. snakes, scorpions etc
xii) Shortage of medicine, water and food,
xiii) Theft of medicine and other supplies,
xiv) Hostility from local communities.
xv) Desertion by porters/loneliness/homesick,
xvi) Conflicts/between various Christian groups undermined their
effectiveness.
8. State the main reason why the independent church movement started in
Africa during the nineteenth century.
To incorporate African values and practices into Christianity
9. a) What factors led to the development of religious beliefs in societies?
i) Desire to understand things that were beyond human understanding
such as sun, moon, floods and drought,
ii) Search for security in the face of uncertainties to human existence.
For instance death, diseases and war
iii) Attempts by the human race to explain their existence on earth, i.e.
belief in the existence of a force behind creation.
iv) Desire to keep the community together/desire for unity.
v) Some of the Christian teachings appealed to the oppressed and
poor. They were attracted to the religion because of its teaching on
equality of all men, love and better life after death,
vi) The conversion of powerful roman emperors such as Constantine
contributed to the spread of Christianity.
vii) Non - Christians were attracted to the faith as a result of the
exemplary lives of the Christian leaders and converts/martyrs,
viii) Missionary activities of British, German and Dutch converts led to
the spread of Christianity in their respective countries,
ix) Christianity spread as a result of the activities of Emperor of
Charlemagne, who used force to convert people. He also
established a school for training priests and produced better copies
of Bible,
x) Existence of peace and security in the Roman empire encouraged
Christian activities.
10. State the result of the translations of the Bible into different European
language during the sixteenth century.
i) Enabled more people to read and understand the Bible,
ii) Facilitated the spread of Christianity,
iii) Led to the reformation of the church.
iv) The Bible became accessible to more people.
v) Led people to question in teaching of the Catholic Church.
11. Give two ways in which in which Islam spread to Africa in the 19th Century.
i) Trading activities.
ii) Migration and settlement of Muslims in Africa.
iii) Jihads/holy wars, especially in West Africa
iv) Intermarriages
v) Establishment of Islamic centers of learning.
vi) Missionaries activities/Muslims scholars.
12. a) In what ways are the teachings of Islam similar to those of
Christianity?
i) Both religious are monotheistic, i.e. they teach the worship of only
one God.
ii) Their teachings are contained in the Holy Books, the Bible and the
Koran,
iii) There is life after death.
iv) Communicated their message through message through prophets.
v) There are angels.
vi) God communicates his through prophets.
vii) Faith and good works
viii) There is judgment after death.
ix) Existence of heaven and hell.
x) Both recognize the significance of Abraham.
xi) Both believe in creation theory.
b) Explain why the Christian Church split during the 16th Century.
i) Translation of the Bible to many Europeans languages enabled
people to read the word and challenge some of the teachings.
ii) Corrupt practices in the church e.g. pluralism (holding more than
one office in the church) buying offices in the church.
iii) The clergy lived luxurious life's and many lived for world! v
pleasure in the monasteries and nunneries which was not in
accordance with the teaching the Bible.
iv) Sale of indulgences to those who had sinned in order to be
forgiven.
v) Practice of the nepotism and appointment of their relatives to high
offices.
vi) The clergy ignored the rule of celibacy and kept mistresses.
vii) The faithful were opposed to the heavy taxes imposed on them to
sustain the church.
viii) Reformist questioned some church practices and ceremonies eg.
confession
ix) The growth of nationalism throughout Europe made many people
to question why they were answerable to Rome.
x) Excessive secular and religion powers of the pope.
xi) The age of Renaissance (Rebirth) likened traditional beliefs of the
church at the time.
xii) Struggled for papacy.
xiii) The development of printing press led to production of more
religious materials.
xiv) The unwillingness of the clergy to compromise with the demands
of the reformists especially after the trial and excommunication of
Martin Luther.
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
1. Explain the impact of the development of transport and communication
network in Zimbabwe during the colonial period (1930).
i) The development of railway and road transport led to the efficient
and fast movement of goods and people,
ii) Improved transport and communication network facilitated
colonial administration. For example, administrators were easily
transported to various parts of the country.
iii) Improved transport and communication encouraged large number
of white settlers to come to Zimbabwe. They dominated the
political and economic affairs of the country.
iv) Development of transport and communication network led to
creation of employment opportunities,
v) Development of transport and communication network led to
creation of employment opportunities.
vi) The construction if Arriba Dam and lake promoted the
development of local shipping services connecting Zimbabwe and
Zambia.
vii) Improved transport system led to reduction of portage.
viii) Urban centres developed along transport and communication lines
e.g. Harare
ix) Dissemination of information was facilitated by the development
of transport and communication network.
x) Promoted local and international trade.
xi) Transport and communication network generated revenue for the
colonial government.
2. a) Explain three ways in which Macadamia are an improved level in the
Road transport
i) They are well weather roads.
ii) They are durable.
iii) Water drain easily
iv) They provide a good monitoring surface.
v) Cheaper and quicker to construct.
b) What are the results of the development of railway transport in
Europe up to the end of 19th Century?
i) Led to the expansion of trade in Europe as goods were quickly
transported from one point to another,
ii) Facilitated the movement of people from one place to another thus
promoted greater interaction among people,
iii) Railway transport promoted agricultural growth as it assured
farmers of means of transporting their products.
iv) The railway transport provided employment opportunities.
v) The development of railway transport led to growth and expansion
of urban centers,
vi) Facilitated the development of industries in Europe by providing
quick means of transporting raw materials/finished materials and
industrial workers,
vii) It led to environmental pollution through emission of large of
carbon dioxide smoke into the atmosphere,
viii) Reduced transportation costs of goods.
3. Give one advantage of drum beating as a form of communication over the
use of smoke signals in Africa during the pre- colonial period.
i) In most cases drum beating could be used at any time both day and
night where as smoke signals could only be used during the day.
ii) Drum beats relayed specific messages whereas smoke relayed
general messages,
iii) Drum beats could be used during all the seasons whereas smoke
signals could not be used during certain seasons e.g. when it was
raining.
iv) Drum beats spread messages faster than smoke.
4. Identify one way in which invention of the wheel promoted early transport.
i) Facilitated travel over long distances,
ii) It eased transportation of heavy loads,
iii) It facilitated speedy transportation of people/goods.
iv) It enhanced the movement of soldiers during battles,
v) It led to development of roads.
5. List forms of communication used to send messages to distant placed in the
shortest possible time.
i) Telephone
ii) Telegram
iii) Telex
iv) Fax
v) E- mail
vi) Television
vii) Radio
viii) Courier letter
6. Give one way in which poor transport hinders industrialization in the 3rd
world countries.
i) Poor transport network causes delay in marketing goods.
ii) Causes delays in supplying industrial raw materials.
iii) Brings about high cost of supplying industrial raw materials.
iv) Bring about high transport costs.
7. a) Describe the results of the development of railway transport during
19th Century.
i) Railway facilitated transportation of goods especially industrial
products and raw materials for the industries.
ii) It facilitates transportation of industrial workers/labour.
iii) It facilitated the spread of ideas.
iv) It led to widespread migration and settlement of people.
v) It promoted the development of trade.
vi) It opened up remote areas for economic exploitation e.g. mining,
fishing and farming,
vii) It strengthened European pacification of their overseas colonies,
viii) It led to the development of towns/urban centers.
b) Discuss ways through which the modern society benefited from the
development in the telecommunications.
i) The use of telecommunication has facilitated storage of
information more conveniently through use of computer.
ii) It has provided entertainment e.g. live transmissions of music and
sports.
iii) It has promoted fast transmission of ideas.
iv) It has speeded up business transactions between individuals and
countries.
v) It has reduced cost of business transactions by enabling a few
people to handle a lot of workload,
vi) It has enabled organizations/individuals to access
information/programmes at their own convenience.
vii) It has enhanced safe traveling by air and water through radar
connections,
viii) It has enabled the exploration of outer space,
ix) It has facilitated the study of weather.
8. State two ways in which poor transport systems have contributed to food
shortages in Africa.
i) Poor transport has led to high transportations costs, leading to high
places of food.
ii) Poor transport has led to poor distribution of food.
iii) Poor transport system have led to delays in the transportation of
food leading to low losses.
iv) Poor transport system discourages/demoralizes farmers and this in
turn leads to low agricultural production,
v) Poor transport system undermine effectiveness of agricultural
extension officers.
WORLD TRADE
1. a) State five factors which contributed to the development of Trans –
Sahara trade.
i) Availability of commodities of trade especially gold and salt.
ii) Introduction and use of camels for transport.
iii) Existence of local trade in the region.
iv) Existence of a strong economy based on agriculture/rich
agricultural goods.
v) Existence of rich merchants who invested in the trade/middle
mean/ availability of capital.
vi) Strong and able leaders provided security to traders,
vii) Demand for commodities of trade.
b) Explain five factors which contributed to the decline of the Trans -
Sharan Trade.
i) The minefields got exhausted - this discouraged traders from
coming to West Africa/lack of trade commodities,
ii) Political instability in the region brought about anarchy and
insecurity. This affected trading activities in the region/fall of
empires.
iii) Invasion of the region brought about anarchy and insecurity,
iv) The Moroccan invasion of the Western Sudan in the 16th Century
undermined the trade as it created anarchy and insecurity in the
region.
v) Trans - Atlantic trade grew and attracted some of the traders from
the Trans - Saharan trade thus weakening the trade in terms of the
volume of commodities and traders,
vi) After the colonization of North and West Africa, the resources
were taken over by Europeans and commercial activities by
Africans were undermined/invasion of West Africa by Europeans,
vii) The invasion of North Africa by the Turkey created insecurity
along the caravan routes leading to the decline of the trade,
viii) The ant slave pressure from the British from 1840 and the abolition
of the slave trade in the Ottoman Empire in 1857 led to the end of
Trans - Saharan slaves trade thus undermining the trade,
ix) Change of the laws from guiding and protecting to attacking.
2. a) Give ways in which the Tuaregs contributed to the development of
Trans - Saharan trade. The Tuaregs
i) Guided the traders through the desert.
ii) Provided security to the caravans.
iii) Took care of the oases/wells.
iv) Sometimes they acted as interpreters to the trade merchants.
v) Arranged for water and food and accommodation for the traders
and animals.
b) State five ways in which the Trans - Saharan trade led to development
of the Kingdom of Old Ghana.
i) Was a source of state revenue, wealth through import and export,
taxes paid by traders.
ii) Kings acquired horses/firearms and weapons from North Africa
which they used to establish strong armies to defend and expand
the kingdoms.
iii) Islamic sharia which was introduced by trades was used in the
administration of kingdoms,
iv) The kings were able to acquire personal wealth. This helped them
command respect. They also used it to reward their royal subjects.
v) The trade stimulated local trade, whish generated state wealth,
vi) Muslims personnel were used by the Kings as advisers and
secretaries. This led to effective administration.
vii) The trade motivated the kings to establish diplomatic links with
North Africa and countries of the Middle East,
viii) Islam acted as a unifying factor.
3. a) Identify 5 factors which led to the development of the trade between
East Africa and the outside world up to the 19th century
i) Increased demand for East Africa goods in the outside world.
ii) Demand for foreign goods in East Africa.
iii) Establishment of Arab settlements along the East Coast.
iv) Monsoon winds facilitated their movement across the Ocean,
v) Accessibility/availability of coast to the East Coast people.
b) What were the effects of the trade on East Africa?
i) Trade with the outside world led to thee expansion of local trade
(non regional trade).
ii) It led to the development of a merchant’s class in East Africa.
iii) Foreign goods, such as cotton cloths, glassware, weapons were
brought to East Africa.
iv) Some rich traders used the wealth derived from the trade to
establish states and empires at the Coast. For example, Mombasa,
Lamu, Zanzibar and Mogadishu
v) Some crops were introduced by the traders. For example mangoes
and maize were introduced in the interior of East Africa.
vi) Trade led to the introduction and expansion of Islam in East
Africa.
vii) Slave-trade brought misery to the people of east African. It led to
the death and displacement of some people.
viii) Urban centres developed along the East Coast of Africa and
interior. For example, Kilwa, Malindi, Pate and Mamba
ix) It led to colonization of East Africa as European powers came to
protect their traders.
x) Intermarriages between Arabs and local people.
xi) Some of the Arabs who came to trade interfered in the running of
some state at the Coast confusion over control of trade led to
conflicts.
xii) Trade led to the diffusion of material culture. For example new
clothes and new styles of building were introduced in East Africa.
4. a) Identify three factors leading to the abolition of slave trade in the 19th
Century?
i) Humanitarian movement in Britain which viewed slave trade as
unjust and inhuman.
ii) Decline of plantation economy in the New World (the Americas
and Caribbean Island).
iii) Industrial Revolution in Europe, there was a need to retain
Africans in their home countries so that they could produce raw
materials
iv) Views of conditions (Scholars) such as Adam Smith that free
labour was ore productive than slave labour.
v) Resistance by Africans both in West Africa and in the New World
made Europeans abandon the slave trade.
vi) The need to discourage mass migration of population from Africa
so as to retain the market for European manufactured goods.
vii) The industrial Revolution in North America led to the use of
machines and rendered slave trade unnecessary.
viii) Coming of Christian Missionaries.
5. What is barter trade?
Barter trade is the exchange of goods for other goods/trade in kind.
6. a) What factors led to the development of trade between North Africa
and West Africa during the pre - colonial period?
i) Existence of enterprising North Africa merchants.
ii) Availability of capital provided by the Barber merchants of North
Africa.
iii) Availability of trading items e.g. gold from West Africa and from
salt mines of the Sahara Desert.
iv) Demand for scarce goods in North Africa and West Africa.
v) Existence of local trade in West Africa.
vi) Presence of Tuaregs who guided the traders through the Sahara
desert.
vii) Presence of capable leaders/rulers who offered protection to
traders/peace/security.
viii) The use of camel and horse.
ix) The presence of oasis.
b) Describe the effects of the Trans - Saharan trade on West Africa
societies.
i) The trade led to the development of towns in West Africa e.g. Gao,
Timbuktu.
ii) It led to the spread of Islam.
iii) Led to the emergence of a class of wealthy - the merchants who
participated in the trade.
iv) The trade promoted intermarriage between North Africans and
West Africans.
v) The trade introduced new cultural values in West Africans e.g.
people adopted new styles of dressing and eating habits.
vi) Trade led to the introduction of Arab architectural designs in West
Africans.
vii) Trade led to the development of empires eg. Mali, Songai and
Ghana.
viii) Led to decline of empires eg. Ghana, Mali
ix) Introduction of Sharia/Islam laws/new ways of Islamic rulings.
x) African was known to eh outside world.
xi) It led to depopulation of West Africa slave trade.
xii) Establishment of diplomatic ties between West Africa and North
Africa,
xiii) Led to growth of agricultural production of West Africa slave
trade.
xiv) Led to increased warfare,
xv) Led to spread of Islamic schools, education and universities.
7. Give ways through which slaves were obtained.
i) Sale of social misfits by chiefs/leaders/through rates by traders of
chiefs.
ii) Sale of captivates of war.
iii) Enticement/trickery
iv) Abduction/kidnapping
8. a) What factors contributed to the development of Trans - Saharan
trade?
i) Existence of local trade in the region provided a base for the trade.
ii) Demand for West African goods such as gold, slaves and kola nuts
in the North.
iii) Demand for goods from the North e.g. salt, horses, cotton cloth
and weapon.
iv) Existence of rich merchants in the region who were willing to
invest in the trade.
v) Existence of trade routes made it easy for them to travel.
vi) The camel mad either journeys through the dessert easy - they
were able to carry heavy loads and travel long distances without
water. They could also travel on sand with ease,
vii) Tuaregs guided and guarded traders through the desert and also
acted as interpreters,
viii) Existence of oasis, which provided water/acted as resting point.
ix) The conquest of settlement of Arabs in North Africa.
x) Availability of trade items e.g. gold, salt from W. Africa.
b) Describe the difficulties faced by the Trans - Saharan traders.
i) Communication barrier due to lack of a common language in
which to conduct commercial transactions.
ii) Traveling long distances and for many months across the dessert.
iii) Traveling under extreme weather condition - too hot during the day
and too cold at night,
iv) Scarcity of water and food during the journey across the desert.
v) Exposure of frequent sandstorms which killed many storms.
vi) Loss of direction due to vastness of the desert/getting lost.
vii) Attacks by hostile communities who sometimes robed them of
their merchandise.
viii) Traders were sometimes attacked b insects e.g. scorpions/wild
animals
ix) Sometimes wars between kingdoms disrupted trade.
9. Distinguish between barter and currency systems of trade.
Barter systems of trade involves the exchange of goods with other goods
where as currency system of trade involves the use of money to purchase
commodities.
10. a) State the role played by the Tuaregs in the Trans - Saharan trade.
i) They acted as guides to traders across the desert/they guided
traders along the trade\route across the Saharan desert.
ii) Provided security to traders/acted as guards.
iii) They provided food/accommodation.
iv) They acted as interpreters.
v) They maintained oasis/well/water sources.
b) Identify two trade routes which connected trading centres in the
Western Sudan and North Africa during the Trans - Saharan trade.
i) From Sijilimosa in Morocco through That, Gao to Timbuktu.
ii) Fez Mareakech - wadeni - Walata
iii) From Tunisia through Ghadames and Agades to Hausaland.
iv) From Tripoli through Fezzan to Bornu.
v) Fiom Cairo through Muizuk - Bilma – Kano
vi) From Sijilimosa - Walata - Taghaza – Audoghost
11. State one objective of international trade agreements.
i) To regulate transactions among members.
ii) Control unfair competition.
iii) Promote trade relations through dialogue.
iv) Control restrictions on trade member states.
12. What is the difference between barter trade and trade in which currency is
used as the medium of exchange.
Barter trade refers to the exchange of one commodity for another whereas
trade in which currency is used refers to the exchanging of a commodity
for money.
13. a) What 5 factors undermined the Trans - Saharan trade?
i) Lack of a common language made it difficult for the traders to
communicate.
ii) The journey through the desert was sometimes hazardous due to
frequent sand storms.
iii) Sometimes traders lost their way through the desert.
iv) Traders were attacked by desert robbers and would lose most of
their belongings.
v) Exhaustion of trade goods e.g. salt.
vi) The journey across the desert was tedious and slow. It sometimes
took the traders as many as three months to cross.
vii) Political instability led to insecurity to traders.
viii) Uncomfortable weather - too hot during the day too cold at night.
ix) Attacks by wild animals and insects e.g. scorpions, snakes.
b) Explain why West Africa communities benefited from Trans –
Saharan trade.
i) West African communities were above to acquire essential
commodities from the trade, for example cloth, glassware, hose,
firearms and salt,
ii) Commercial centres developed along the trade routes e.g.
Timbuktu, Jenne, Gao and Kano. These enhanced local trade.
iii) Some African leaders established strong armies with the firearms
that they acquired from trade. They used the armies for defending
and expanding their kingdoms,
iv) It stimulated the production and exchange of locally produced
commodities such as gold, kolanuts, ivory and slaves/local trade
was stimulated.
v) It led to the spread of Islam.
vi) Introduction of Islamic culture in West Africa e.g. architectural
designs and clothing,
vii) It opened up West Africa to the outside world and the
establishment of diplomatic relations with north Africa.
viii) Iron tools acquired through trade contributed to agricultural
productions,
ix) Revenue raised from trade taxes were used for developing the
empire.
14. a) Describe how the Trans - Saharan trade was organized.
i) The trade was between people of the Western Sudan and Arabs
from North Africa.
ii) Traders crossed the desert using camels.
iii) The traders traveled in large caravans to enhance their security.
iv) The Tuaregs/Berbers acted as guides to the traders through the
desert.
v) Tuaregs provided them with security.
vi) The traders made stops at the oases to refresh themselves and let
their camels drink water.
vii) The Tuaregs took care of the oases.
viii) The Tuaregs acted as interpreters at times.
ix) The trade was conducted in barber/it involved exchanging of one
good for another/silent trade.
x) The rulers paid taxes to the kings of the western Sudan.
xi) The traders paid taxes to the kings of the western Sudan.
xii) The main items of trade were gold and salt.
b) What problems did the Trans - Saharan trade face?
i) Long and dangerous journeys across the desert.
ii) Inadequate water and food.
iii) Extreme weather conditions of the desert - very cold at night and
very hot during the day.
iv) Attacks by hostile desert communities.
v) Lack of a common language for transacting trade.
vi) Frequent sandstorms.
vii) Loss of direction in the vast dessert without assistance of the
guides,
viii) Attacks by dangerous desert creatures such as scorpions, snakes.
ix) Insecurity because of declining and falling of kingdoms.
x) Exhaustion of trade goods especially gold.
xi) Frequent shifts of trade routes.
xii) They were robbed by desert people.
15. a) Describe three ways which slaves were obtained during the Trans –
Atlantic trade.
i) Through exchange of slaves for Europeans manufactured goods -
exchange of slaves.
ii) By selling prisoners of war to slave dealers - selling prisoners.
iii) Lonely travelers and weak subjects were kidnapped and sold as
slave - kidnapping.
iv) Some rulers sold their subjects/criminals to slave dealers.
v) By enticing people/children using desirable goods such as cloth
and sweets - enticing
vi) Through raiding - villages were attacked and captives sold to slave
dealers.
viii) Parrying - (Selling of debtors)
b) Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Trans - Atlantic trade.
i) The development of industrial Revolution in Europe shifted the
demand from slaves to agricultural produce e.g. Palm Oil.
ii) The need to retain Africans in their homelands to produce raw
materials for export to Europe,
iii) The attainment of independence by the USA left Britain without
colonies where she would take the slaves to work,
iv) The rise of humanitarians in Britain made up of missionaries and
some parliamentarians pressurized the British government to
abolish the slave trade and slavery,
v) The development of legitimate trade which was more profitable
and less costly replaced slave trade and slavery,
vi) Britain influenced other European countries to stop slavery and
slave trade by signing anti-slave trade treaties.
vii) Use of machines in firms/industries rendered slave labour
unnecessary,
viii) Leading economists e.g. Adams Smiths argued that free people
were more productive than slaves.
URBANIZATION
1. a) State five factors that led to urbanization in pre - colonial Africa.
i) Development of agriculture led to the concentration of people in
settlements which subsequently developed into urban areas.
ii) Development of trade: Some cities in pre - colonial Africa emerged
out of markets centers,
iii) The need for security encouraged people to settle in protected
centers, some of which eventually developed into urban areas.
iv) Some cities grew out of religious centers which attracted
population concentration,
v) Major crossroads influenced the development of some urban
centers in Africa.
vi) Some urban centers developed around royal/administrative centers.
vii) Mining centers
viii) Harbours and ports.
ix) Availability of water for domestic irrigation and industrial
purposes.
b) Discuss the problems of urbanization in Cairo.
i) Overcrowding - Cairo is Africa's largest city and one of the largest
in the world. It is terribly overcrowded - Overcrowding made life
for many in the city unpleasant for it led to widespread squatters
squalor e.g. inadequate social services - because of its size and
rapid growth it has been difficult for the government to provide
enough social services.
ii) Housing is scarce - Some people are even forced to live in
cemeteries and rooftops. In 1973, for example, one million people
were living in cemeteries.
iii) Health vices/poor sanitation.
iv) Education
v) Inadequate infrastructure - It has not been possible to develop the
city's infrastructure as fast as the city's population growth. As a
result roads are congested/jams and many areas of the city are
poorly served with water, electricity/and telephones.
vi) Unemployment - The city of Cairo has not been able to generate
many jobs as its rapidly growing populations requires.
Unemployment is therefore high. The economic and social costs of
high unemployment are equally high.
vii) Social dislocation - Cairo suffers from all the social dislocations of
very large cities. Crime and prostitution, insecurity and inequality
are widespread. This takes a heavy toll on the lives of many
residents of the city.
viii) Lack of food due to increased population growth.
ix) Pollution from vehicles, industries, desert dusts, garbage.
2. a) List 5 factors which led to rapid development of urban centers.
i) Establishment of industries/rapid industrialization.
ii) Enclosure systems created a class of landless people who migrated
to urban centers/rural urban migration,
iii) Increased mining activities.
iv) Expansion of transport system/communication.
v) Expansion of capital for investment.
vi) Existence of entrepreneurs who were willing to invest surplus
capital.
b) Explain the result of urbanization in Europe in the 19th Century.
i) Migration of many people to towns led to overcrowding in urban
centers,
ii) Increase in urban population put pressure on limited social
amenities such as schools and hospitals,
iii) It led to the development of slums especially for those who could
not afford to pay house rents,
iv) Urbanization led to environmental pollution due to uncontrolled
disposal of industrial and domestic wastes/poor sanitation.
v) Crime rate increased with the increasing number of unemployed
people in the urban centers.
vi) Establishment of industries in urban centers created employment
opportunities.
vii) Urbanization led to improvement of transport and
communication/infrastructure such as postal services/road/railway.
viii) Urbanization led to interaction between different communities
from different parts of Europe in urban centers and this promoted
political awareness among the masses,
ix) The demand for raw materials and food in urban centers led to
expansion in agriculture,
x) Urbanization led to interaction between different communities
from different parts of Europe in, urban centers and this promoted
political awareness among the masses.
xi) Urbanization led to agricultural land being encroached upon as the
urban centers expanded
3. Give two factors which led to early urbanization in Africa.
i) Trade
ii) Mining/iron working industries iii) Religion
iv) Agriculture
v) Administration
vi) Security
vii) Transport and communication viii) Education centre e.g. Fez and
Alexandria
4. Give two factors which influenced the development of urban centres in
Greece.
i) Security - location in area which could be easily defended.
ii) Trade/commercial activities with other countries.
iii) Religion activities - towns developed around places of worship.
iv) Accessibility and communication network.
v) Availability of water.
5. a) What 5 factors influenced the development of urban centers in
Africa?
i) Discovery of new crops for farming led to the development of
farming centers which attracted population and later became
towns,
ii) Trading activities between different communities led to the
development of trading centers which later became towns.
iii) Centers that were used for religious activities developed into
towns,
iv) Areas that had adequate security attracted population concentration
and thus led to the development of towns.
v) Places that were used for administrative functions developed into
towns.
vi) Places along the coast where ships stopped for supplies developed
into towns,
vii) Mining centers developed into settlements which became town for
example Meroe.
viii) Places where water for use was available attracted settlements and
grew into towns,
ix) Towns developed at crossroads.
x) Centers of learning e.g. Alexandria developed into towns.
6. a) What factors led to the development Durban centers in Africa during
the pre - colonial period?
i) Landless peasants migrated to urban centers in search of
employment/rural - urban migration.
ii) Inadequate housing in urban centers led to development of
shanties.
iii) Pollution of the environment arising from industrial waste that
were untreated.
iv) Administration/royal centre later developed into towns e.g. Kuasi
and Addis Ababa.
v) Development of centers of learning later became urban centers e.g.
Timbuktu.
vi) Development of agriculture led to availability of food which in
turn encouraged people to establish permanent settlements,
vii) Religious centers developed into towns e.g. Ife and Kumasi
viii) Places that were secure attracted population concentration and later
developed into towns e.g. Thababosiu the capital of Basuto land,
ix) Ports and harbours which were used as calling stations for
replenishments developed into urban centers e.g. Cape Town,
Malindi, Cairo.
b) Explain the social effects of urbanization in Europe during the
nineteenth century.
i) Migration of people to urban centers.
ii) Inadequate housing due to high concentration of people in urban
centers.
iii) Concentration of industries led to shortage of food which resulted
in malnutrition.
v) Frustration and suffering urban life led to anti - social behaviour
such as drug abuse, alcoholism and prostitution.
vi) Increase in crime rate and violence created fear and insecurity.
vii) Poor working conditions e.g. child labour, long working hours and
lack of workmanships I. compensation dehumanized urban
dwellers.
viii) High concentration of people in urban centers strained he social
amenities e.g. school and hospitals.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
1. Results of the development of writing.
i) It made information readily accessible to many members of the
society.
ii) The development of writing made it possible for idea to spread
fast.
iii) It facilitated the establishment of permanent records.
iv) It le to the establishment of libraries and archives.
v) Maintaining written records promoted accuracy as people no
longer relied on the ability of a few to recall events and maintain
continuity.
vi) It facilitated communication between individuals who are
physically separated/letter writing.
vii) It promoted literacy as people became eager to read the written
information/illiteracy reduced.
viii) It encouraged the development of allied industries such as paper
production,
ix) It provided employment to people such as the scribes and teachers.
x) Facilitated the spread of languages,
xi) It led to invention of the printing press/printing
xii) It led to establishment of schools and universities/not formal
education.
xiii) Led to the efficient of running of government e.g. In Egypt/unified
empire of kingdoms,
xiv) Facilitated business transactions e.g. Greece
xv) Provided literature and theatre activities in Greece/poems,
xvi) Promoted agriculture e.g. in Egypt (harvests records, taxes)
xvii) Promoted the spread of religion through the written word.
2. In what ways did the development of steam engine contribute to the growth
of industries in Europe during the 19th Century?
i) The development of steam engine of facilitated faster
transportation of raw materials and finished industrial products.
ii) Facilitated faster transportation of industrial workers,
iii) Provided a source of energy in the factories e.g. the spinning
factory,
iv) It was used to pup water out of the mines to facilitate mining e.g.
cola mines
3. Identify the main source of industrial energy in Europe from the twentieth
century.
Coal
4. State two scientific discoveries during nineteenth century which contributed
to food preservation.
i) Discovery of canning
ii) Invention of refrigeration
iii) Invention of pasteurization
5. State two inventions during the eighteenth century which improved textile
industry in Britain.
i) The spinning jenny which produced large quantities of cotton
threads - James Hargreaves.
ii) The spinning mule which produced high quality threads - Samule
Compton.
iii) The power boom which facilitated the weaving process - Edmund
Cartwright.
iv) The cotton gin which quickened the removal of seeds from cotton
fibre - Eli Whitney
v) The water frame the flying shuttle - John Key
vi) The cylindrical calico printing machine - Thomas Bell
6. a) Which scientific inventions of the twentieth century have led to a
reduction in death rates?
i) The grouping of blood into various blood groups by Land Steiner
in 1900 facilitates blood transfusions ad the storage of blood banks
for later transfusion,
ii) The X - ray by Roengen, German scientists, to view the bone
structure and internal organs of the human body to facilitate
treatment,
iii) Penicillin, an antibiotic by Dr. Alexander flemming in 1928
prolonged lived by treating infections.
iv) The Polio vaccine in 1954 by Jonas Edward,
v) Transplant surgery by Dr. Christian Barnard, A South African
surgeon in 1967 succeeded in prolonging lives of kidney patients,
vi) Heart valve in 1961 has prolonged lives through replacement of
defective valves.
b) Explain the positive impact of scientific inventions on industry.
i) The invention and use of machines in factories have led to
production in large quantity of manufactured goods.
ii) The science of electronics has led to the production and use of
computers in processing information, weather research and spying
purposes.
iii) Research in science and technology has led to the development
through the use of email and the internet,
iv) The discovery of atomic power/nuclear has led to increased power
generation for industrial use, electronic trains and supersonic jets,
v) Scientific research has led to the production of alternative sources
of energy for use in industries e.g. gasohol, methanol, solar energy.
7. Give two inventions that improved textile manufacturing industry in Britain
in the 18th century.
i) The shuttle of John Kay
ii) Water frame of Richard Arkwright
iii) Spinning Jenny of James Samuel Crompton.
iv) Steam power loom of Edmond Carwright
v) Cylindrical calico Printing Machines of Thomas Bell.
8. State one contribution of Joseph leister in the field of medicine in the 19th
century.
i) He discovered the use of carbonic acid as an antiseptic to
clean/sterilize surgical instruments.
ii) He discovered the use of carbonic acid to kill microbes around the
wound after an operation,
iii) He developed an antiseptic spray for cleaning the air during
operations.
POLITICAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
OF AFRICANS IN PRE - COLONIAL PERIOD
1. Give two functions of the Buganda traditional parliament.
i) It made laws for the kingdom.
ii) It checked on the activities of the government
iii) It represented the interest of the people.
iv) It advised the Kabaka.
2. State two functions of the Lukiko of the Buganda kingdom during the pre -
colonial period.
i) The Lukiko advised the Kabaka.
ii) Assisted the Kabaka to administer the kingdom.
iii) Made the laws/important decisions of the kingdom e.g. declaring the war
iv) It acted as the court of appeal/settle dispute.
v) Directed collection of taxes or planned government expenditure.
vi) Presented the interest of the people of the country.
vii) Checked the activities of the government.
3. a) State one way in which centralization of the authority contributed to
the Success of the Buganda kingdom.
i) It enhanced effective control of the kingdom.
ii) It promoted control of other traditional leaders e.g. clan heads and
thus brought about unity,
iii) It enhanced loyalty to one single leader,
iv) It led to the emergency of able Kabaka who propelled the kingdom
from strength to strength.
4. a) What were the economic activities of the people of the Asante empire?
i) They participated in the local trade where they exchanged
commodities such as fish, salt and cloth with their neighbours,
Goan and Ga.
ii) They participated in the long distance trade as middlemen between
traders from North Africa and those from the South. Their main
commodities of trade were salt, gold, kolanuts and slaves.
iii) They grew such as kolanuts and grain.
iv) They practiced crafts especially the manufacturing of items such as
baskets and pots.
v) They practiced iron working and made tools like hoes, bangles and
arrows,
vi) They practiced hunting and gathering of fruits and roots.
b) Describe the political organizations of the Asante Empire during the
19th century.
i) The Asante empire was a centralized state divided into three
divisions namely: the nucleus: (Kumai) state outside Kumais
(amatoo) and the conquered states.
ii) The overall ruler of the empire was Asantehehe, Kumasi was under
the direct control of the Asantehene.
iii) The conquered states were ruled by their kings but treated as
provinces of Asante, Asantehene appointed representative in each
conquered state,
iv) The Asantehene ruled with the help of a confederacy of kings
(Omanhehe). They took an oath of allegiance to ensure loyalty to
the Asantehene.
v) The Omanhehe represented the king in the provinces. They were
allowed some autonomy but were expected to pay tribute to
Asantehene soldiers in time of war.
vi) The empire had a standing army which defended/conquered other
states and maintained law and order in empire,
vii) Religion played an important role which defended/conquered other
states and maintained law and order in the empire.
viii) The sacred golden stool which was introduced in the 18th century
by Asantehen Osei Tut, strengthened unity in the empire. It was
kept as the headquarters, Kumasi, Each Omanhene was given a
symbolic black stool to signify unity of purpose in the provinces.
ix) The empire had a well established judicial/court system at Kumasi
and was headed by king. The Omanhene were given powers to try
minor cases at the provinces.
x) The empire had a strong economic base that depended mainly on
taxes and profile derived from the long distance trade.
5. Give the main why the Golden stool was important for the Asante Empire?
It was the symbol of unity within the Asante empire/it united the Asante
Empire.
6. a) What were the economic activities of the Ndebele during the
nineteenth century.
i) The Ndebele kept cattle.
ii) They traded with their neighbours and people from the Coast.
iii) They grew crops such as cassava, millet and cassava.
iv) They raided cattle, especially the warriors.
v) They practiced crafts such as basket weaving
vi) They hunted wild animals and gathered wild roots and fruits.
vii) They were iron workers.
b) Describe the political organization of the Ndebele during the pre -
colonial period.
i) The Ndebele were organized into a kingdom headed by king.
ii) The king was the commander in chief of the army and had powers
to declare war or make peace.
iii) The king was the supreme judge of the kingdom.
iv) The kingdom was divided into settlements/military kraals ruled by
an appointee of the king, known as Induna, generally chosen from
commoner clans.
v) Each kraal was ruled by an appointee to the king.
vi) Indunas had very little autonomy as they implemented the King's
decisions,
vii) The settlements were further divided into units which were ruled
by junior officers,
viii) The king kept a standing army which was used to conquer new
lands and defend the kingdom against external attacks,
x) The king kept a network of spies who kept him informed of all that
was going on in the, kingdom against external attacks.
xi) The king married from various sections of the country.
xii) The king's position was hereditary.
7. Give two functions of the Kabaka of Buganda.
i) He was the head of government.
ii) He was the commander in chief of the armed forces.
iii) He appointed senior officials in the government/dismissed.
iv) He was the supreme judge.
v) He was in charge of al religious activities/chief priest.
FORM 3
ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN
KENYA
1. (a) Give three reasons why Nabongo Mumia collaborated with the British
(i) To consolidate his position and that of his kingdom
(ii) To secure military support against his enemies’ e.g. the Luo of Ugenya
(iii) To obtain material benefits from the British
(iv) To secure military support to expand his kingdom
(v) To gain prestige and fame by associating with the British
(b) Explain the result of Nabongo Mumia collaboration with the British
(i) The British were able to establish their rule over Western Kenya with the
assistance of the Wanga soldiers. For instance, the soldiers were used to
subdue the Nandi, the Bukusu and the Luo of Ugenya
(ii) The British used Wanga as their agent to rule various parts of Western of
Kenya. For example, Murunga his half brother was appointed chief over
Isukha and Idakho.
(iii) The rule of Wanga agents led to hostility and conflicts with neighbours.
Attempt were made to overthrow this dominance.
(iv) His power was strengthened and his prestige rose. He made paramount
chief in 1909.
(v) His headquarters at Aleruko became the administrative centre of the
British in Western Kenya, until 1920 when it was transferred to Kakamega
(vi) Nabongo Mumia Over a long period of time was consulted by the colonial
government over the appointment of headmen and chiefs
2. (a) Give five reasons why the colonial government encouraged white
settlement in Kenya
(i) The colonial government wanted to make Kenya white man’s country by
encouraging white settlers to form the backbone of the economy.
(ii) The colonial government hoped that the settlers would finance
administrative expense of the colony without involving the British tax
payer
(iii) The settler economic activities would help the colonial government pay
for the construction costs of railway and maintain it.
(iv) The settlers were expected to produce raw materials for British industries
(v) The colonial government wanted to counter Asia influence in Kenya by
encouraging European settlement
(vi) The Kenya highlands were suitable for European settlement in terms of
climate and soils
(b) State three methods which were used by the colonial government to
acquire land for European settlement
(i) The colonial government got some of the land through signing of treaties
with Africans. For instance, the Maasai were evicted of their land through
the agreements of 1904 and 1911.
(ii) Some of the land was acquired through the use of force. For instance, after
the defeat of Nandi, large tracts of their land were annexed and alienated
or European settlement reserves were established for Africans
(iii) Some parts of unoccupied land were declared crown. These areas were
leased, granted or sold to the settlers.
(c) Apart from providing settlers, state six ways through which the
colonial government promoted settler agriculture in Kenya
(i) The colonial government provided continuous flow of African labour to
the settlers by imposing heavy taxes and enacting forced labour laws. The
Kipande system was introduced to restrict the movement of labourers
(ii) Agricultural activities of the Africans were controlled to reduce
competition for markets. For instance, up to the 1930’s. Africans were not
allowed to grow any main cash crops.
(iii) The colonial government boosted settler agriculture by providing adequate
transport network to ease marketing of their produce and delivery of farm
produce
(iv) The colonial government provided extension services through the
department of agriculture and established research stations to facilitate the
development of better breeds for better yields
(v) Banking system and loan facilities were introduced to subdue settlers’
initiative
(vi) The government encouraged settlers to form cooperatives such as KCC
and KFA. These facilitated political representation in the legislative
council, they managed to get many concessions
(viii) Through political representation in the legislative council, they managed
to get many concessions from the government such as tariff barriers and
removal of custom duties
(d) List economic problems that white settlers in Kenya
(i) Lack of labour
(ii) Competition for the white highlands by Asians
(iii) Scarcity funds
(iv) Animal diseases
(v) Crop diseases
(vi) Variations in climate/ harsh climate conditions/ unfovourable weather
conditions
(vii) Marketing problems/ fluctuation of prices/ economic depression
(viii) Lack of experience in farming/ delay in expecting goods
3. (a) Give three reasons why the Portuguese came to the Kenyan Coast by
the beginning of the sixteenth century
(i) Look for Prester John
(ii) Look for sea route to India
(iii) Participate in the Indian Ocean
(iv) Spread Christianity
(v) Carry out revenge against the Muslim
(vi) Explore/ adventure
(vii) Colonize the Kenya coast in order to protect their commercial interest
(b) What were the results of the Portuguese rule over their settlements
along the Kenyan Coast
(i) The Portuguese rule along the coast disrupted trade between the coast and
Arabia, Persia and India
(ii) Their rule led to the decline of coastal settlements such as Geddi. This was
due to the fact that the Portuguese rulers were corrupt and inefficient and
taxed them heavily.
(iii) The Portuguese build churches along the Kenyan Coast and attempted to
convert some of the coastal communities to Christianity
(iv) The coastal communities borrowed a few Portuguese word, which were
incorporated into the Kiswahili language. For example the Kiswahili word
meza was borrowed from Portuguese
(v) Portuguese rule along the coast disrupted Islam in the region. This was
due to constant fighting and destruction of mosques.
(vi) Portuguese Built some structures along the costs e.g. Fort Jesus and Vasco
Da Gama Pillar in Malindi. These survived their decline an remained
important to date. Punitive raids by the Portuguese led to lose of life and
destruction of their settlement.
(vii) Harsh Portuguese administration led to suffering of the people and forced
some to flee
(viii) The Portuguese administered the Kenyan Coast Gao this in turn
contributed to the development of strong links between the coast and
India.
4. Identify three factors which contributed to the establishment of British
colonial rule in Kenya by the end of the 19th century
(i) Some communities such as the Wanga collaborated with the British
(ii) Lack of unity among African communities made it possible for the British
to subdue them one at a time
(iii) The British used superior weapons and tactics
(iv) Civil wars and epidemics weakened some communities such as the Maasai
so they could not resist
(v) Development of local and international trade/ commerce
(vi) Establishment of industries such as food processing industries promoted
the expansion of agricultural activities
(vii) Exploitation of mineral resources in the country e.g. soda ash at magadi
and gold in K.K
(viii) Development of urban areas such as Nairobi, Nakuru and Kisumu
(ix) Introduction of exotic breeds of livestock e.g. sheep, pigs and cattle
(x) Development of tourists industry e.g. establishment of game reserves and
parks
(xi) Establishment of research stations/ centers to improve farming methods
and breeds
(xii) Development diseases and unfavourable climate
5. (a) State five problems that the imperial British East African Company
faced in administering Kenya
(i) Lack of funds to undertake its tasks
(ii) Rivalry from the Germany Company for the control of the region
(iii) Hostility and attacks by the local people
(iv) Lack of personnel to administer the colony
(v) Lack of co-ordination between the headquarters and company
representatives in Kenya
(vi) Lack of good means of transport to facilitate the coordination of their
activities
(vii) Lack of experienced administrators
(viii) Tropical diseases and unfavourable climate
(b) Explain five social effects of colonial rule into the Africans in Kenya
(i) The colonial government introduced Western Education, which
undermined indigenous form Education
(ii) Hospitals were built and modern medicine introduced, these undermined
traditional medicine practices
(iii) The introduction of Western health care improved standards of some
Africans in Kenya
(iv) The introduction of Christianity created new alliances and divisions
among Africans
(v) Colonial rule influenced Africans to adapt to Western values and practices
e.g. new ways of dressing
(vi) Colonial rule promoted the construction of permanent and improved
building
(vii) Colonial rule led to the expansion and improvement of transport and
communication system
(viii) Improved means of transport and communication promoted interaction
between different African communities
6. Name the company which administered Kenya on behalf government up to
1895
The imperial British East African Company (I.B.E.A)
7. Identify two factors which enabled the white settlers to establish farms in
Kenya Highlands during the colonial period
(i) Government policy and support i.e. providing loans, land and laborers
(ii) Favourable climate i.e. adequate rainfall
(iii) Availability of transport/ especially the railway and feeder roads
(iv) Fertility of the soil
8. (a) Outline five reasons why the Nandi resisted the imposition of the
British colonial rule over their territory
(i) They wanted to maintain their independence
(ii) They wanted to protect their land
(iii) They wanted to reserve their culture
(iv) They did not want the Uganda railway to be constructed through their
territory
(v) They did not want strangers to pass through their territory
(vi) They hated the whites because according to mythology they were a sign of
a bad omen
(vii) They wanted to protect their livestock
(b) Discuss factors which led to the defeat of the Nandi resistance by the
British
(i) The British were supported by some of the local communities e.g. Somalia
and Maasai soldiers so the Nandi warriors were outnumbered.
(ii) The British used superior weapons such as repeat rifles while Nandi used
spear and arrows
(iii) The British tricked the Nandi and used treacherous methods. For example
in October 1905, the commander of the British troops in Nandi territory
Captain Meinerzhagen arranged to have a meeting with the Nandi
Orkoiyot, Koitalel Arap Samoei when he had already arranged to kill him.
The Orkoiyot was killed in cold blood by the British and this demoralized
and weakened the Nandi.
(iv) The British used scorched earth policy- They buried down the houses and
food stores of the Nandi and confiscated their livestock. The Nandi were
deprived of the sources of their livelihood and this forced them into
submission
(v) Natural calamities, the small pox, epidemics that broke out in the 1890’s
killed many people of the Nandi and weakened the survivors.
(vi) Lack of transport from the neighbouring Kenyan communities such as
Abaluyhia and Luo
9. Give the MAIN reason why the British were able to conquer Kenyan during
the 19th century
- Military superiority of the British
10. State two reasons why the British used the imperial British East Africa
Company (I.B.E.A) to administer her possessions
(i) Absence of clear policy on the administration of colonial possession
(ii) Lack of funds/ the colonies were not politically viable
(iii) Lack of personnel
(iv) IBEA a long experience with the region
11. State ways through which the construction of the Uganda railway
contributed to the development of settler farming in Kenya
(i) Provided cheap and reliable transport network
(ii) Opened up the Kenyan highland to the settlers
12. Give ONE reason why Africans were denied equal educational opportunities
with others races during the colonial period
(i) Europeans aimed to produce and maintain semi- skilled labour force for
the colony
(ii) Fear of competition from educate Africans/ racial discrimination/ claim
for the rights
13. (a) Why the British become interested in establishing their control over
Kenya during the second half of the 19th century
(i) Britain wanted to gain access to Uganda so as to control of the Nile
(ii) In order to establish a market for her manufactured goods
(iii) To use Kenya as an outlet for surplus capital investment
(iv) To protect European missionaries and other British nationals who were
already settled in Kenya and Uganda
(vi) To prevent Kenya from being colonized by other European powers
(vii) To stop slave and introduce legitimate trade
(viii) To control the fertile highlands
(b) Explain why some African communities resisted the establishment of
British rule in Kenya
(i) Some communities had established strong socio- political systems which
they were not willing to allow foreigners to destroy
(ii) Those communities which were (military) superior to their neighbours
believed that no other race/ community could defeat them and thus
resisted
(iii) Some communities resisted because their socio- economic political set ups
were strong enough to sustain resistance
(iv) They wanted to protect their independence against foreign invaders
(v) Some communities were encouraged by their foreign invaders
(vi) Most communities underestimated the military strength of the British
(vii) They were against the alienation of their land
(viii) They were opposed to forced labour for Europeans farms
(ix) Imposition of unpopular elders by the British
(x) Racial discrimination and arrogance of the British
(xi) Lack of political representation
14. Give two reasons why the Africans were opposed to British colonial rule
(i) Land alienation
(ii) Imposition of taxes
(iii) Loss of independence
(iv) Forced labour
(v) Disruption of coastal trade by the British
15. State two terms of the Anglo German Agreement of 1880
(i) A 1 km coastal strip was awarded to the Sultan of Zanzibar (10 miles)
(ii) The Islands of Pembe, Pate, Zanzibar and Lamu and river Ruvuma were
given to the Germans
(iii) Witu and territory between River Umba and Ruvuma were given to the
Germans
(iv) The territory between River Umba and Jumba were given to the British
16. Give one reason why British colonial government encouraged white settlers
to come to Kenya
(i) To make the colony self- sustaining/ economic viability of the land
(ii) To produce raw materials for their home industries
17. (a) What factors facilitated the establishment of the British control over
Kenya during the 19th century
(i) Christian missionary factor
(ii) Presence of trading company (IBEA)
(iii) Superior military power/ good army/ force
(iv) Disunity among African Communities
(v) Collaboration of some communities with British/ signing of treaties
(vi) The British policy indirect rule
(vii) Financial support from home government
(b) Why were the British interested in establishing their control over Kenya
during the Europeans scramble for Africa?
(i) Had strong military system
(ii) Understood the terrain
(iii) Adopted guerilla warfare
(iv) Had reliable foods supply/ stable economic background
(v) Were proud, confident, community having subdued their neighbouring e.g.
Maasai
(vi) Had strong unifying institution of the Koiyot
(vii) Kimnyoles prophecies
(viii) Superiority in numbers
(ix) Distance of replenishing of suppliers e.g. food, arms
18. Give reasons why the British allowed the imperial British East Africa
Company to administer their possession in East Africa during Nineteenth
century
(i) The British tax payers were not ready to sustain the administration of the
colony because it was expensive
(ii) The company officials were familiar with the region – based on their
trading experience in the area.
(iii) The British taxpayers did not see the economic benefits of the colony
(iv) The British had inadequate personnel
19. Give two reasons why the Uganda railway was built
(i) To link Uganda with Coast
(ii) To provide quick, save and convenient means of transport for government
administration/ troops
(iii) Open up Kenya for economic/ stop slave trade/ for legitimate
20. Identify one institution which advised the governor in Kenya in the
administration of the colony during the early twentieth century
(i) The executive advisory (ii) The Legislative council
21. Identify one method, which was used by the colonial administration to attack
European Setters to Kenya
(i) Provide efficient railway transport connecting the coast and the interior
(ii) Alienation of the white highland for European settlement
(iii) Advertising the availability of free land in Kenya in foreign
newspapers
(iv) Loans
(v) Security
22. (a) Describe five results of the collaboration between Mumia of the
Wanga and the British
(i) Mumia of the Wanga was made a paramount chief of the Abaluhya/ the
whole of Western Kenya
(ii) He was assisted by the British to subdue his enemies such as the Luo of
Ugenya and other Abaluhya sub- clans
(iii) The British assisted him to expand his kingdom and he rule over a vast
area
(iv) The kingdom was used as a base in Western Kenya by the British for more
British people visited Wanga kingdom.
(v) The kingdom was used by the British to subdue/ colonies communities in
Western Africa
(vi) Mumias lost his independence to the British when the Wanga kingdom
was made part of the British East Africa Protectorate/ colony
(vii) Colonization
(b) Explain six reasons why the British were interested in establishing
control over Kenya during the scramble for East Africa
(i) Britain wanted free access through Kenya and Uganda in order to control
the source of Nile this was critical to her interests in the Nile Valley and
Egypt.
(ii) Britain wanted to establish strategic stations along the coast to safeguard
their interest in India
(iii) Britain wanted a source of raw materials for her industries and market for
her manufactured goods
(iv) To protect British traders and missionaries who were already operating in
the region
(v) To help stop a slavery through direct occupation of the region
(vi) To promote legitimate trade in the region by developing other economic
ventures e.g. Plantation farming/ investments of surplus capital.
Naturalism plus prestige
23. (a) Why did the Africans resist the colonial rule?
(i) European settlers were provided with large tracts of land which were
alienated from Africans through various land legislations
(ii) The introduction of forced labour on European farms ensured steady
supply of cheap labour
(iii) The introduction of Kipande system ensured that Africans remained in
employment.
(iv) The squatter system ensured that Africans residing on the settlers farms
provided that required labour in turn for small plots where they practiced
subsistence farming
(v) Forced settlement of Africans in overcrowded and unproductive reserved
forced them to seek wage unemployment in settlers’ farm
24. (a) What economic reason encouraged the British to colonize Kenya
during the 19th century?
(i) To establish reliable markets for their manufactured goods
(ii) To establish source for industrial raw materials for industries in Britain
(iii) Control the coast in order to safe guard their trade in the Far East
(iv) To stop the slave trade and establish legitimate trade
(v) To find areas to invest surplus capital
(b) Explain six ways though which the colonial government promoted
settler farming
(i) European settlers were provided with large tracts of land while were
alienated from Africans through land legislations
(ii) The introduction of forced labour on European farms ensured steady
supply of cheap labour
(iii) The introduction of the Kipande system ensured that Africans remained in
employment
(iv) The squatter system ensured that Africans residing on the settlers farms
provided that required labour in turn for small plots where they practiced
subsistence farming
(v) Forced settlements of Africans in overcrowded and unproductive reserved
forced them to seek wage unemployment in settler’s farm.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING
THE COLONIAL PERIOD
1. a) State three roles played by Kenya Federation of labour during the
colonial period.
i) Improved the working conditions of African workers by fighting for better
wages and housing,
ii) The organization was to keep the spirit of African nationalism alive
following the banning of the Kenya African Union.
iii) The organization secured international support for cause of African
nationalism.
iv) The organization articulated African grievances in the absence of political
parties.
v) The organization prepared some African nationalism.
vi) The organization educated the workers on the rights.
b) Apart from trade union movements, explain six factors which hastened the
achievements independence in Kenya after 1945.
i) The experience of ex - service men in the Second World War exposed the
Myth of white supremacy and thus Africans rejected their domination.
They also acquired military training which they used in their struggle for
independence,
ii) Attainment of independence by India in 1947 gave the nationalist a strong
urge to fight for their own liberation,
iii) Kenya African Union mobilized Africans against colonial rules. It also
influenced the colonial office to institute constitutional changes,
iv) The Mau - Mau uprising proved to the colonial office that unless Kenya was
granted independence it would be difficult to run the colony,
v) The elected Africans members to legislative council put pressure on the
colonial government to grant independence to Kenya,
vi) The liberation of Ghana in 1957 was a big influence on the other colonies
like Kenya. The president of Ghana Kwame Nkuruma took it upon himself
to champion the cause of the nationalists struggle in other parts of Africa,
vii) The formation of nationalists parties e.g. KANU, KADU and APP
intensified the struggle, which led to the final attainment of independence,
viii) African nationalist in Kenya received support from Afro Asian
people/solidarity organization and the socialist state,
ix) Pan - African movement inspired African nationalist in their struggle for
independence. They organized conferences where they planned strategies.
x) The labour party policy after 1945 was not in favour of keeping colonies but
they were a burden to the British tax payers.
xi) The international opinion after 1945 was against colonialism. The British
contributed to the war.
2. a) Describe the economic developments that took place in Kenya during
the colonial period.
i) Transport and communication systems were developed e.g. the
constuction of railway and roads,
ii) Settler farming was encouraged, this promoted agricultural production for
export trade and local consumption,
iii) Africans were encouraged, this promoted agricultural production for
export trade and local consumption.
iv) Introduction of money and establishment of banking industry to facilitate
economic transactions,
v) Development of local and international trade/commerce, vi)
Establishment of industries such as food processing industries promoted
the expansion of agricultural activities.
vii) Exploitation o mineral resources in the country e.g. soda as at Magadi
viii) Development of tourists industry e.g. establishment of game reserves and
parks.
ix) Introduction of exotic breeds of livestock e.g. sheep, pigs and cattle.
x) Development of tourists industry e.g. establishment of game reserves and
parks,
xi) Establishment of research stations/centres to improve farming methods
and breeds.
xii) Development of the fishing industry eg. use of better fishing methods.
3. a) Identify three commodities that were from Asia into towns along the
Kenya Coasts by 1500.
• Glasware, salt, cowrie shells, beads/ornaments, rugs/capets,
swords/daggers/knifes, cloth/silk, cloth/cotton clot, spices and porcelain.
b) Explain six results of the contact the Kenyan Coast and Asia by 1500.
i) The contact between the Kenyan Coast eg. Mombasa, Malindi and Lamu.
ii) The establishmen of towns promoted intermarriages between Asians and
different African communities at the Coast,
iii) It led to the development of Kiswahili language, whcih had become
widely spoken at the Coast by 1500.
iv) It led to spread of Asiatic arcitecture to the Kenyan Coast. The coastal
committee built rectangular houses in stone,
v) It led to the spread of Islamic culture along the Kenyan Coast. For instance
the people were converted to Islam. They built mosques and adopted
Islamic way of dressing,
vi) It led to the development of trade between the Kenyan Coast and Asia.
They brought their goods to the Kenyan Coast and took the Kenyan goods
in return.
viii) It stimulated commercial activities between different communities in the
hinterland of Kenya,
viii) It led to the rivarly between communities over the control of the region,
ix) It led to the establishment of the Arab control/rule along the Kenyan
Coast. Islamic law/ Sheria was applied in the coastal town.
ix) It led to the emergence of a class of rich people who controlled trade,
xi) Ot led to the development of slave trade; Many Africans slaves were
transported to Asia/led to depopulation.
xii) It led to the introduction of new crops to the Kenyan Coast e.g. rice and
coconut,
xiii) Introduction of Madras/slamic learning.
4. Give two factors which led to the establishment of urban centers in Kenya
during the colonial period.
i) Development of transport network/the construction of the Uganda railway.
ii) Development of trade
iii) Development of mining activities
iv) Development of agriculture
v) Establishment of administrative centers
5. Give one reason why Africans who lived in towns formed social welfare
organizations during the colonial period.
i) They provide security s
ii) To promote unity and a sense of belonging among members.
iii) To cater for the basic needs of the members.
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN
COLONIAL KENYA (1919 - 1939)
1. Some two objectives of the Kikuyu Central Association (K.C.A).
i) To advocate for the growing of the coffee as cash crops by Africans.
ii) To work towards the restoration of alienated African Inland.
iii) To have laws written in Kikuyu.
iv) To pressurize the colonial government to abolish racial segregation.
v) The respect African culture e.g. circumcision
2. What was the main reason for the formation of the Ukambani members
Association?
- To oppose the colonial policy of destocking.
3. State two features of the political organization which were formed in Kenya
before 1939.
i) They were ethnic (Tribal based / oriented / urban based)
ii) They were non - militant
iii) They were led by educated African chiefs.
iv) They were formed in response to socio - economic and land problems of
various
ethnic groups.
4. State one features of the political associations that were formed in Kenya
between
1920 and 1939.
i) They were mainly ethnic based / they lacked national outlook.
ii) They addressed specific grievances affecting the ethnic groups.
iii) Their demand focused mainly on welfare of the people.
iv) Led by educated African.
5. State two reasons why the Taita Hills Association was formed in 1939.
i) To fight for the return of their alienated land.
ii) To protest against destock policy.
ii) To protest against taxation.
iv) To protest against the Kipande system.
v) To protest against forced labour.
STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN KENYA
FROM 1939 - 1963
1. a) State five methods which were used by African nationalists in Kenya
during
the struggle for independence.
i) The nationalists attended constitutional conference to present their
grievances.
ii) Africans in the legislative council put pressure on Britain to hasten her -
decolonization program.
iii) The nationalists used the trade unions to popularize the cause of the
struggle among workers.
iv) They organized strikes and boycotts.
v) They enlisted public sympathy through the press.
vi) They used violence against the colonial administration.
vii) They formed political parties that coordinated the nationalists’ activities.
b) Explain five factors which promoted the growth of African nationalist
activities in Kenya between 1945 and 1963.
i) The experience of ex - service men made them more informed in world
affairs on their return, they were less inclined to resume subordinate
status in the colonial set - up, and thus, informed the vanguard of the
liberation front,
ii) The labour government, which came to power in 1945 was more
responsive to the demands for self rule in the colonies. It created a
favourable climate for the nationalists activities in Kenya,
iii) The constitutional changes, which were initiated in Kenya by the labour
government promoted nationalists activities. For example, Lylteton
constitution of 1954 provided for election for Africans to the legislative
council for the first time.
iv) The United Nations Organization (U.N.O.) recommended for self -
determination for the colonized communities as a right. IT also provided a
forum where owners were urged to liberated the colonized peoples.
v) The example provided by the India's and Ghana independence in 1947 and
1957 respectively showed African Nationalists in Kenya that
independence was achievable and made them more determined in their
struggle, the leadership in India and Ghana gave moral and material
support to the liberation struggle in. Kenya,
vi) The Mau Mau movement consolidated the nationalists struggle and
brought
into direct confrontation with the colonial thus giving an impetus to the
nationalist struggle,
vii) Lifting of bans on political parties in 1945 - 1955 and 1960 by the colonial
government enabled the African nationalists to co - ordinate the
nationalists’ activities in Kenya
viii) The activities of the trade unions promoted the growth of African
nationalists activities especially in urban centers.
ix) Education
2. Apart from trade union movement, explain six other factors which hastened
the
achievement of independence in Kenya after 1945.
i) The experience of ex - service men in the Second World War exposed the
myth of white supremacy and thus Africans rejected their domination.
They also had military training which they used in their struggle for
independence,
ii) Attainment of independence by India in 1947 gave the nationalist a strong
urge to fight for their own liberation.
iii) Kenya African Union mobilized Africans against colonial rules. It also
influenced the colonial office to institute constitutional changes,
iv) The Mau Mau uprising proved to the colonial office that unless Kenya was
granted independence it would be difficult to run the colony.
v) The elected African members of legislative council put pressure on the
ccolonial government to grant independence to Kenya.
vi) The libertaion of Ghana in 1957 was a big influence on the other colonies
like Kenya. The President of Ghana Kwame Nkurma took it upon himself
to champion the cause of the nationalists struggle in other parts of Africa.
vii) The formation of nationalist parties e.g. KANU, KADU and APP
intensified the struggle which led to the final attainment of independence.
viii) The charasmatic role of Jomo Kenyatta managed to unite KEnyan against
colonial rule,
ix) Africans nationalists in Kenya received support from Afro Asian people
solidarity organized and social states,
ix) Pan - African movement inspired African nationalists in their struggle for
independence. They organized conferences where they planned their
struggles:
xi) The international opinion after 1945 was against colonialism. The British
contributed to the war.
3. a) State five grievances of the Africans which were voiced by Kenya
African
Union (KAU).
i) Inadequate African representation in the legislative council;
ii) Lack of African participation in the governance.
iii) Existence/use of the Kipande systems.
iv) Lack of educational opportunities for Africans.
iv) Poor working conditions.
v) Land alienation
vii) Racial discrimination.
viii) Undermining cultural practices of Africans.
ix) Lack of compensation for the ex - service men
x) Imposition of taxes /forced labours.
xi) Free labour for communal projects.
b) Explain five ways in which Kenyatta contributed to the nationalist
movement in Kenya upto1963.
i) He was a founder member of the Kikuyu Central Association that
fought
for the rights of Africans in Kenya,
ii) He started the KCA newspaper Muigwithania through which he
articulated the grievances of the Africans,
iii) During his study in Britain between 1929 and 1946, he presented
the plight of Africans in Kenya in many international forums, iv)
He became the president of KAU in June 1947 and endeavored to
transform it into a mass party.
v) His detention by the colonial government turned him into a
national hero
and future leader.
vi) In 1961, Kenyatta was elected to the legislative assembly and he
attempted to reconcile KANU and KADU.
vii) In 1962, Kenyatta led KANU delegated to the second Lancaster
house conference to work out constitutional changes for Kenya's
independence,
viii) When KANU won election in 1963, Jomo Kenyatta became the
Prime Minister.
4. a) Name three political parties which struggled for independence in
Kenya
after 1945.
i) Kenya African Union (KAU)
ii) Kenya African National Union (KANU)
iii) Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU)
iv) African People Party (APP)
b) Explain six grievances which African nationalist in Kenya had against
colonial rule between 1945 and 1963.
i) The African nationalist complained about Africans land that was alienated
by white settlers. They wanted this land to be restored to Africans.
ii) They complained about lack of effective representation in the Legco.
iii) Poor working conditions and poor salaries made Africans discontented.
iv) Imprisonment of Kenyatta and other nationalists who had been imprisoned
after
the declaration of the state of emergency displeased the nationalists.
v) The nationalists wanted the state emergency to be lifted to facilitate free
movement and formation of political parties.
vi) The nationalists complained against the payment of the tax / hat tax /
matiti tax. vii) The nationalist were opposed to communal labour which
was used to develop
public facilities.
viii) The African nationalists demanded the granting of complete independence
of Kenya.
ix) The Kipande system was cumbersome, humiliating and restricting to the
freedom of movement,
x) Unfufilled reward of promises to be participated in the world war. xi)
Africans were not allowed to grow cash crops.
5. Identify two ways in which the trade union movement contributed to the
struggle
for independence in Kenya.
i) Trade unions sensitized workers about the importance of joining political
parties that struggled for independence.
ii) Trade union contributed money to political parties to enable them sustain
the struggle for independence.
iii) Trade unions organized strikes and boycotts to oppose some politics of the
colonial government,
iv) Trade unions provided relevant training ground for potential leaders,
v) Release of political leaders e.g. Harry Thuku
6. State two main roles that Thomas J. Mboya played in the Kenya African
Union (K.A.U)
i) He was director of publicity in 1952 and opposed the KAU policies.
ii) He became treasurer of the party in 1953 thereby mobilizing financial
support for KAU.
iii) He made KAU have a national outlook / revitalized KAU.
7. a) What were the grievances of African Nationalists against the colonial
government upto 1945.
i) Land alienation
ii) Forced labour
iii) The Kipande systems
iv) Interference with African culture
iv) Racial discrimination
v) Poor social services
vi) Payment of taxes
viii). Poor wages/working condition
ix) Harassment by colonialism administrators.
b) Explain the political developments which hastened the achievement of
independence in Kenya between 1945 -1963.
i) The return of ex - servicemen after the Second World War exposed the
myth of white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. They also
acquired military expertise, which
enabled them to organize their assistance.
ii) Failure by the colonial government to reward the African men on return
embittered them,
iii) Change by the Government from conservative labour party in Britain
made her adopt sympathetic attitude towards the nationalists struggle in
her colonies such as Kenya/Lancaster House Conference 1960/1962.
iv} The establishment of political parties by African Nationalists e.g. KASU,
KAU
Nairobi Peoples Convention Party, KANU, KADU, APP enhanced
mobilization of the masses against colonial rule.
iv) The Mau Mau uprising forced the British to realize the need to granting
Kenya Independence,
vi) Nomination and election of Africans to Legco enabled them to use the
House as a forum to agitate for independence.
vii) Emergency of trade union movement, which helped to mobilize workers
to fight for their rights,
viii) Pan African Movement and other global bodies helped in the
establishment of Afro – Asian peoples Solidarity organization, which
supported the course of African nationalist in Kenya,
ix) The return of Jomo Kenyatta from UK in 1946 strengthened the
nationalistic movement in Kenya.
x) Independence of other countries e.g. Ghana and India inspired African
nationalists in Kenya to fight for their independence (Kwame or Nehru)
xi) The formation of the UNO and the pressure it exerted on the European
powers to decolonize.
8. Why was the nomination of Eliud Mathu to the Legco movement?
• It was important because, for the first time African interest were
represented by African themselves.
9. Give the main reason why African nationalists in Kenya formed the Kenya
African Democratic Union (KADU) in 1960.
• KADU was formed as an alliance of minority ethnic political groups to
protect the right/ interest of the minority groups against possible
domination of KANU/majority groups.
10. a) What factors undermined African nationalist activities in Kenya
between 1939 and 1963
i) Harassment, detention and jailing of the nationalist leaders e.g. Jomo
Kenyatta, Oneko and Ngei.
ii) Banning of political organization especially during the inter war and
emergence period.
iii) Disunity among the African nationalists/tribalism
iv) Lack of finances and other resources with which tornanage the struggle.
v) African nationalists were denied access to the mass media and therefore
could not articulate their grievances.
vi) Use of the mass media by the colonial government to discredit the
activities of
the nationalists,
vii) Betrayal of the African nationalists by other people especially the home
guards/loyalists,
viii) Lack of support from some communities from within and out of the
country.
ix) Illiteracy among Africans.
x) Restriction of movement.
b) Describe the role of African elected members of parliament played in
the
struggle for independence up to 1963.
i) Elected members formed a pressure group to demand for greater political
rights for Africans.
ii) They formed the core team which pressurized for independence.
iii) They made known the grievances of the Africans in international forums
they networked with other African nationalist elsewhere e.g. Ghana and
Nigeria to hasten achievement of independence
in Kenya,
iv) They sought for the release of Jomo Kenyatta and other
imprisoned/detained/ African nationalist.
v) They educated and created awareness among the masses to the nationalist
struggle.
vi) They popularized Kenyatta and made him to accepted as the nationalist
hero, vii) They took part in the formation of the independence constitution.
11. In what ways did the Lennax - Boyd Constitution contribute to the
constitutional changes that led to the attainment of independence in Kenya?
i) The constitution led to increased number of elected Africans in the
Legislative Council,
ii) It opened up branches in various parts of the country to educate the
African representation in
the Legislative Council in various ways.
ii) It supported Eliud Mathu who was appointed to the Legislative Council in
various ways.
iv) It represented the grievances of the Africans internationally of its support
the activities of the Mau Mau Freedom fighters by giving them moral and
material support,
v) It provided leadership for the nationalist struggle.
vi) It laid the foundation for the formation of KANU which led Kenya to
independence.
vii) It organized allies in most parts of the country to create awareness on the
rights of the Africans.
viii) It held discussions with the colonial government about Kenya's political
future.
ix) It supported trade unions.
b) Explain five constitutional changes which took place in Kenya between 1954
and 1963.
i) The Lottleton constitution of 1954 led to the appointment of the first
African
Minister and nomination of other African leaders to the Legislative
Council
iii) In 1957 the first all races elections were held and Africans were elected in
8 constituencies.
iii) The Lennox Boyd constitution gave more seats to Africans from 8 and 14
members. For the ^
first time more Africans were elected to the Legislative Council
iv) The first Lancaster House Conference of 1960 gave Africans more seats in
the Legco. Thus African representation move from 14 to 33 members,
iv) In 1960 the state for emergency was lifted and Africans were allowed to
form country wide political parties. KANU and KADU were formed,
v) The second Lancaster Conference drew up the independence constitution
Kenya was to become Majimbo/ a federal state,
vii) In 1961 the first general elections were held and KANU won but refused
to form the government until the release of Kenyatta / KADU formed the
government with Ngala as leader of government business.
viii) KANU and KADU formed a coalition government with Kenyatta as the
first Prime Minister,
ix) On December 12th, 1963 Kenya attained full independence.
12. a) What were the three main features of the independence constitution of
Kenya?
i) It provided for the establishment of a federal government.
ii) It spelt out that the party with the majority forms the
government/multiparty.
iii) It spelt out the rights and obligations of individuals/citizens.
iv) It provided for the establishment of National Assembly consisting of the
Senate and the House of Representatives,
v) It provided for opposition/post of Prime Minister to head the government
and a Governor General to head the state,
vi) It spelt out the powers and responsibilities of the central government and
regional governments.
vii) It established regional government with regional Assemblies and
presidents. viii) It divided responsibilities between regional governments
and the central
government.
b) Explain six powers that constitution of Kenya gives to the president.
i) Powers prorogue parliament/dissolve the National Assembly.
ii) Powers to- appoint and dismiss the Vice President and minister.
iii) Powers to appoint and dismiss senior public officials/servants,
iv) Powers to maintain peace in the country by upholding the rule of
law/detention.
v) Powers to preserve public security through declaring the state of
emergency.
vi) Powers to permit ministers and other officers in the civil service to be out
of the country.
vii) Powers to form government after a general election.
viii) Powers to declare war or make peace with enemies.
ix) Power to establish commissions of enquiry to investigate issues of national
importance.
x) Powers to perform official opening of parliament after general elections.
xi) Powers to nominate members of parliament after general elections.
13. a) What major reform result from the Lyttleton Cosntitution of 1954 in
Kenya?
i) I t led to the establishment of multi - racial council of minister made up of
official and non official members. This new council replaced the executive
council,
ii) B. A. Ohanga one of the nominated African memberswas made minister
for community Development and African Affairs,
iii) Africans were allowed to form political organizations whose functions
were confined to district levels.
iv) The government provided for elections of eight Africans to the legislative
councils.
v) It led to the establishment of an Advisory Council to discuss government
policies.
b) Explain six ways through which Thomas Joseph Mboya contributed
the struggle for independence in Kenya,
i) He was a member of the Kenya Local Government Workers Union
(KLGWU) and Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL).
ii) He protested against colonial separation of the Agikuyu, Aembu and
Ameru from other communities in Nairobi
iii) He was a member of KAU and became its director of publicity in 1952 he
was later elected treasure of the party.
iv) He protested against government arrest, detention and torture of African
workers.
v) He solicited for financial and moral support to KFL from international
trade unions and organizations.
vi) He protested the restriction of Africans to grow cash crops.
vii) He campaigned for the release of detained unionists and political leaders
such as Jomo Kenyatta
viii) He facilitated trade union in many parts of Kenya.
ix) He exposed African problems and sought help from Pan African.
x) In 1957, having been elected into Legislative council, he championed their
needs such as involvements in government affairs.
xi) He was elected Secretary General of KANU in 1960.
xii) He condemned the reservation of white highlands for Europeans settlers.
14. Explain the functions and powers of the President in Kenya,
i) He is the Head of state and symbol of national unity (Head of
Government).
ii) He is responsible for making and ratifying international treaties and
ugreemen (if
one unites "elects").
iii) The president appoints the cabinet and Assistant Ministers from among
members of the
National Assembly
iv) The president has the powers to summon, prologue and dissolve
parliament.
v) The president has the powers to appoint disicple and remove senior public
servants such as Permanent Secretaries, Ambassadors and Judges..
vi) He nominates twelve people to the National Assembly to represent special
interests
vii) He grants honors to deserving citizens.
viii) He has power of clemency.
ix) He presides over important state occasions.
x) He represents the country in international conference, he is chief diplomat.
15 a) State three ways through which a person can become a member of
parliament in Kenya.
i) By being elected to represent a constituency,
ii) By being nominated by the President.
iii) By virtue of office e.g. Ex-officio (Attorney Genera!),
b) Name two Institutions which make up the Executive Arm of the
Government
i) Presidency
ii) Cabinet
iii) Civil service
MODERN MEANS OF TRANSPORT AND
COMMUNICATIONN
1. Discuss the role by telecommunication service in modern society.
i) Improved communication - The development of telecommunication has
revolutionalized communication through the world, between countries,
between governments and their citizens and among individuals,
ii) Mass entertainment - Telecommunication service such as radio, cinema
and
Televisions provide mass entertainment that is unprecedented in history.
This has played an important role in the development of the popular arts,
iii) Education - Telecommunication services that served as a medium for
public education. Education by radio and television for example are
widely used in many countries,
iv) Travel - Telecommunication services have helped to improve travel. For
example, ships at sea and planes in the air are kept in constant touch
through the marvels of the telecommunications industry.
v) Exploration of outer space - The development of telecommunication
services has enabled people to explore outer space. This has greatly
improved our understanding of the way the universe and the earth itself
operate.
vi) Warfare - telecommunication services have been widely used in
improving weapons and conducting warfare. This has made warfare more
destructive than ever before in history.
vii) Cultural imperialism - The modern telecommunication industry is
dominated by a few rich countries. These counries are able to dominate
and impose their cultural values on the rest of the world. For example, the
USA dominates in the production and export of films and television
programmes.
viii) Business transaction/advertisement - the development of
telecommunication services have led to the improvement of management
techniques and systems e.g. computers.
ix) National unity patriotism propaganda on radio e.g. songs
2. What also has been the result of the development of telecommunication
technology in the modern world?
i) Advancement in telecommunication has increased the speed at which
messages are communicated from one point to another.
ii) It has enabled direct personal delivery of messages through the use of
telephone, iii) Led to the introduction of many forms of audio - visual
forms of entertainment to
people in various-parts of the world,
iv) Facilitated commercial transactions between countries an individuals
through the use of telex, fax and telephone.
v) It has facilitated live transmission of some audio - visual programme,
vi) Promoted audio - visual commercial advertisement of goods/products thus
promoting sales and public awareness of the existence of some parts.
vii) Promoted cultural interaction positive or negative between different
communities of the world. Thus people have been able to learn more about
each other's culture,
viii) Enriched learning through the use of audio - visual means of
communications,
ix) Promoted the safety of air and water transport as it used to send signals to
field pilots and captains.
x) Used in modern warfare to provide information to the parties involved in
the warxi) Promoted space research through satellite communication.
xii) Provided employment. TV
3. Describe the results of the development of railway transport during the 19th
century.
i) Railway facilitated transport of goods especially industrial products and
raw materials for the industries.
ii) It facilitated transportation of industrial workers/labour,
iii) It facilitated the spread of ideas.
iv) It led to widespread migration and settlement of people.
v) It promoted the development of trade.
vi) It opened up remote areas for economic exploitation e.g. mining, fishing
and farming,
vii) It strengthened European pacification of their overseas colonies,
viii) It led to the development of towns/urban centers.
4. Give two ways in which air transport has improved trade between nations.
i) It has improved speed with which nation trade. Organizations/individuals
are moved.
ii) It has facilitated fast marketing of trade strategies by
organizations/individuals, iii) It has improved transportation of urgent
documents and messages relating to
trade,
iv) It enables fast transportation of perishable goods.
5. State two effects of the development of railway transport in the 19th century.
i) It facilitated transportation of bulky goods,
ii) It led to expansion of trade,
iii) It facilitated industrialization.
iv) It facilitated in the entrenchment of colonial administration/movement of
soldier
v) It facilitated the spread of Christianity.
vi) Created employment opportunities.
POLITICAL. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF
AFRICANS IN THE PRE-CQLQNIAL PERIOD
1. Give three characteristics if African traditional education.
i) It was carried throughout an individual's life/no time limit.
ii) Everybody in the society was a teacher/had something to offer.
iii) The elders in the society taught the youth societal norms/instructions.
iv) Learning was through participation/practically oriented in the
affairs/experience of the community /observation/experimentation,
v) It was informal,
vi) Most learning took place during initiation - Young men learnt the role of
father and girls the roles of mother,
vii) Taught how to earn a living through apprenticeship.
2. a) State three factors which led to the growth of Baganda.
i) Sound economy based on agriculture.
ii) The office of the Kabaka was hereditary.
: iii) Capable rulers such as Mutesa 1
iv) Participation of the long distance,
v) Decline of Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom.
b) Describe the Buganda system of government during the pre - colonial
period.
i) Buganda was a centralized monarchy headed by the Kabaka.
ii) The office of the Kabaka was hereditary.
iii) His court was the final court of appeal. The Kabaka was the commander in
chief of the armed forces and Sabatka.
iv) The AKbaka was assisted in the running of the government by the prime
minister
(Katikiro) who was his appointee.
v) There existed a council of ministers which consisted of Katikiro (prime
minister) and Omuwanika
(treasure). Tehy adised the Kabaka.
vi) Lukiko - This was a legislative body which discussed important matters
affecting the kingdom. It was made up of Kabaka's nominees.
3. a) Describe the social organization of the Shona during the pre- colonial
period.
i) They believed in the existence of ancestral spirits whom the consulted
from time to time.
ii) The Shona communicated with the spirits through mediums/oracles.
iii) The priest presided over religious functions such as offering sacrifices to
god.
. iv Shona elders were highly respected. .
v) Priests came from Rozwi clan.
vi) It was a polygamous society.
b) Explain the political organization of the Mwene Mutapa kingdom
during the pre-colonial period.
i) The empire/kingdom was ruled by an emperor/king who was both head of
(he state and government.
ii) The office of emperor was hereditary.
iii) The emperor was assisted in administering the empire by the queen
mother, head, drummer; emperor's sister, emperor's principal wives, the
chancellor and military commander, head door keeper, head cook.
iv) The empire was divided into provinces which were ruled by kings who
were directly answerable to the emperor. The emperor had a standing
army which was used for defense and expansion of the kingdom.
iv) Religion united people/religion create political unity,
v) The emperor controlled trade activities whose revenue was used to sustain
the empire and the army.
vii) Priest acted as a link between the people and the emperor/priests acted as
emperor spies.
viii) The emperor was military leader,
ix) The vassal states were ruled by chiefs who paid tribute to the king.
4. State the main function of the Golden Stool in the Asante Empire during the
pre - colonial period.
- The Golden stool bound together all the Asante states. It was a symbol of
Asante unity.
5. State two factors that facilitated the growth of the asante kingdom.
i) Able leaders e.g. Osei Tutu
ii) Unity brought about the Golden Stool/Odwira festival/common society,
iii) Wealth derived from the Trans - Atlantic slave trade.
iv) Military strengths based on the acquisitions of guns.
v) A strong agricultural base/availability of food.
vi) Centralized political system under Asantehene.
vii) A large army
viii) Oppressive need rule to free themselves from rule denkyia.
SCRAMBLE AND PARTION OF AFRICA.
1. Give three reasons why the British were able to suppress the Ndembrlr
uprising in Zimbabwe.
i) The British used firearms against the Ndembele/better weapons/inferior
weapons of Ndembele.
ii) African communities in Zimbabwe were not united against the British/the
Ndembele were not united.
iii) The ruthlessness qith which the British handed resistors demoralized the
Ndembele warriors.
iv) The British were supported by some African warriors against the
Ndembele.
v) The British soldiers were better trained and better organized,
vi) The fleeing and final death of Lobenguela in exile demoralized the
Ndembele.
2. Apart from Nigeria, name three other West African countries which were
ruled by Britian.
i) Gambia - Sierra Leone - Ghana Gold Coast
ii) Togo (after 1914) - a section of Cameroon. VJ!
3. a) Name three colonies in N. Africa which were colonized by France
during the
19th Century.
- Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania.
b) Explain six factors which facilitated European colonization of Africa
in 19th Century.
i) Some Africans rulers were ignorant of the true implications of the
protectorate treaties which they signed with the European
imperialists/signing treaties.
ii) Some Africans collaborated with imperials who used superior military
weapons against the African communities.
iii) The Europeans imperialists used superior military weapons against the
African communities.
iv) European imperialist missionaries who were already perating in Africa
persuaded some African rulers to accept European rule. For example, in
Bugarida, Kaka Mwanga had refused to sign a protectorate treaty with
captain Fredrick Lugard in 1890 but the Chrsitian missionaries persuaded
him to sign it.
v) European traders operating in Africa persuaded their respective
governmnets to acquire those. African territories which they regarded as
their commercial spheres
vi) The discovery of quinine during the first half of the 19th Century reduced
the European mortality rate in Africa. This made it possible for Europeans
to stay in Africa and impose their rule on the Africans.
vii) The Europeans had worked out their strategies of occupation in Berlin
Conference. They also co - operated to deal with the African/Berlin
Conference.
4. What methods did European powers use to acquire colonies in Africa?
i) They signed treaties with the rulers.
ii) They used military force to subdue communities which resisted.
iii) They signed treaties among themselves to partition African e.g. the 1890
Anglo-German.
iv) Use of treachery e.g. with Menelik in Ethiopia.
5. Give two economic reasons which made European powers to scramble for
African colonies.
i) Search for markets for their manufactured goods.
ii) Search for sources of raw materials for their industries.
iii) Desire by the entrepreneurs to invest excess capital.
6. Give two methods that European powers used to occupy Africa during the
nineteenth Century.
i) Diplomacy/treaty making/promises of protection/giving gifts,
ii) Trickers/use of missionaries’ explorers/traders,
iii) Military conquest e.g. the French in West Africa,
iv) Divide and rule tactics i.e. playing off one community against
another/promoting
later state conflicts.
v) Annexation
vi) Setting up administrative posts.
AFRICAN RESPONSE TO THE EUROPEAN
COLONIZATION
1. State six causes of the Maji Maji uprising.
i) The use of Arabs and Waswahili as Jumbes and Akidas by the Germans
was resented by the people of Southern Tanzania.
ii) The Africans resented taxes imposed on hem by the Germans/hut tax.
iii) German administrators were cruel, harsh, oppressive and corrupt and this
provided resentment.
iv) Africans resented being forces to grow cotton/cash crops.
v) Africans hated forced labour for public works and European settles.
vi) Land loss to European settlers.
vi) The Germans showed disrespect for African culture e.g. rape, sleeping
with Ngindo women which was a crime punished by death.
viii) Desire by Africans to regain their independence,
ix) Disrespect to traditional African rulers e.g. flogging them in public.
2. Name the empire which was ruled by Samori Toure during the European
invasion of Africa.
- The Mandinka empire.
3. Explain six factors which influenced Lewanika of the Balozi to collaborate
with the British.
i) Lewaninka collaborated with the British in order to protect his kingdom
against the Germans and Portuguese/European enemies.
ii) Lewaninka desired Western educational and civilization and wanted the
British to introduce it in his country/wanted his sons to be educated.
iii) Lewaninka wanted the British to protect him against internal enemies eg.
1884 Lewaninka faced an internal rebellion/safe guard his position.
iv) Lewaninka was encouraged to collaborate with the British by King Kham
of Botswana who had already sought British sought British protection
against Boers.
v) Lewaninka saw the futility of resisting a strong power like Britain, so he
chose to collaborate,
vi) Lewaninka wanted the British to protect his kingdom from attacks by
other African communities such as the Ndembele and Shona/Africans
enemies.
vii) Lewaninka was influenced by the European missionaries who had visited
earlier to collaborate.
viii) In order to preserve the economic structure of his people.
ix) Desire for the promotion of trade between Britain and his people.
4. a) Explain why Maji Maji uprising occurred between 1905 and 1907.
i) Cruelty and brutality of the German colonial administrators especially the
Akidas and Jumbes.
ii) Forced labour on the German plantations and other works which
dehumanized the Africans.
iii) Imposition of taxation e.g. hut tax provoked resentment among Africans.
iv) Compulsory growing of cotton on unsuitable soils and hence poor yields.
v) The Africans desired to retain their lost independence.
vi) Disrespect for African culture by the German administrators e.g. In
Uganda, the German misbehaved with Ngindo women/raping.
vii) Land alienation
viii) The charismatic role played by Kinjeketile in using region to unify the
people of southern Tanzania against the Germans/role of
religion/Kinjeketile Ngwale.
b) What was the outcome of the Maji Maji uprising against Germans
i) The uprising led to destruction of property in southern Tanzania.
ii) There was loss of many lives through the war e.g. hanging of some leader.
iii) Many people were displaced as they escaped from the war - torn region of
southern Tanzania/break up of families.
iv) The German colonial government changed its policies e.g. abolition of
forced labour.
v) Change of German colonial administrators because they understood their
system better/less harsh.
vi) Betrayed Africans confidence in their religion and the magic water - many
turned to Christianity,
vii) Created division between those communities, which resisted and those
which collaborated/bitter feelings amongst people.
viii) Arrest and imprisonment of Africans.
ix) Africans learnt the futility of fighting against better - armed opponent.
5. State the contribution of religion in the Maji Maji uprising against the
Germans.
• A religious leader Kinjeketile Ngwale used magic water which e claimed
to had
Magic power h from the ancestors against German bullets, encourage
and unite people of southern Tanzania to rise against foreign rule.
6. a) What factors led to the success of Menelik of Ethiopia against the
Italians at
the battle of Adowa.
i) Menelik had the support of the provincial rulers/kings.
ii) He was to unite Ethiopians against the common enemy, the Italians.
iii) Menelik had large well trained army with modern weapons which he had
acquired from Europeans
iv) The Ethiopian soldiers knew the terrain of their country/applied guerilla
warfare.
v) Adequate food supply to sustain the prolonged war.
vi) Menelik used diplomacy by playing off one European power against
another to delay Italian attack.
vii) The Ethiopians were anxious (Determined) to be independent of European
control.
viii) Italian soldiers were incompetent and ill prepared/underrated Ethiopians
military strength.
b) Describe the result of the battle of Adowa.
i) The Ethiopian victory led to their independence.
ii) It led to the signing of the 1986 Addis Ababa treaty in which Ethiopians
independence.
iii) Other European nations such as France, Britain and Russia established
diplomatic relations with Ethiopia.
iv) Many soldiers both Egyptians and Italians lost their lives in the fighting.
v) The war brought about general destruction of property.
vi) Insecurity brought by the halted economic activities.
vii) The victory enabled Ethiopia leaders to consolidate their unity and identify
as a nation
viii) Led to the resignation of the Italian Prime Minister due to humiliation at
Adowa.
7. Give one reason why some Africans communities collaborated with the
European imperialists.
i) Influence from the Missionaries.
ii) To get assistance against their enemies/hostile neighbours.
iii) Show them courtesy assuming they would soon leave/ignorance of the
intensions of Europeans.
iv) To get material gains/benefits e.g. guns, clothes, luxury goods etc.
v) Saw it futile to resist a stronger force,
vi) Traditional rulers.
vii) To get education and medicals services.
8. a) What factors enabled Samori Toure to resist French colonization in
West
Africa between 1882 and 1898?
i) He had a large well - Organised army which was a formidable force for
the French.
ii) He equipped his army with modern weapons which were acquired from
the Europeans and also manufactured some locally.
iii) He used Mandinka nationalism and Islam to unify the soldiers/army.
iv) He has adequate food supply which sustained the army.
v) He used guerilla warfare and scorched earth policy which proved effective
against the French.
vi) Some of his soldiers had served in the French colonial army and were thus
familiar with the French war tactics.
vii) Use of horses by Samori during the war enhanced the soldiers
effectiveness.
viii) Samori's soldiers were familiar with the terrain. This enabled democratic
assignment of duties.
ix) He was a competent leader who inspired his soldier democratic
assignment of duties.
x) He used diplomacy e.g. he signed the Bussandugu Treaty (1886) to get
more time to organise himself.
xi) Samori shifted his empire and capital further inland to give him more time
to re-organise his forces.
b) Explain four result of the defeat of the Mandinka by the French in the
nineteenth century.
i) The Mandinka empire disintegrated as the French established the areas.
ii) Property was destroyed due to the use of the scorched policy causing
famine and suffering to the people.
iv) Some Mandinka fled to other countries such as Ghana and Ivory Coast to
avoid French colonial rule.
iv) Samori Toure was captured and exiled to Gabon in 1989.
9. a) What reasons led to the failure of Maji Maji rebellion in 1907?
i) Africans were not well organized in their resistance. Each Community
fought on its own/lack of proper co – ordination.
ii) The magic water failed to protect Africans from German bullets leading to
the death of African soldiers into the battle.
iii) The Africans did not unite to face the common enemy, for example the
Hehe and Nyamwezi did not join the revolt/lack of unity.
iv) The Germans received reinforcement from Germany and other colonies
and their number overwhelmed the African soldiers.
v) Africans soldiers lacked enough weapons to use against the Germans
vi) The ruthlessness of the German soldiers in crushing the rebellion e.g. use
of scorched earth policy.
vii) Capture and execution of leaders demoralized the warriors.
b) Explain five reforms that were introduced by the German administration
after the Maji Maji uprising.
i) Communal cotton growing was stopped and Africans were encouraged to
plant their own cotton and get profit from it.
ii) Force labour for settler farms was abolished.
iii) Corporal punishment was forbidden and those settlers who mistreated
their workers were punished.
iv) Better educational and medical services for Africans were introduced.
v) Africans were involved in Administration of the regions as Akidas and
Jumbes. vi) The new governor censured newspaper that supported settlers
against Africans, vii) A new governor censured newspapers that
supported settlers against Africans.
viii) A colonial department of German government was formed in 1907 to
closely investigate the affairs to German East Africa.
ix) Extra taxation of Africans was rejected by the new governors.
x) Kiswahili was accepted as the official language.
xi) Colonial administration in Tanganyika was tailored to suit the Africans.
COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
1. a) Give 5 reasons why Britain used indirect rule in Northern Nigeria.
i) Britain wanted to reduce administrative costs by using the local chiefs ie.
system was cheaper.
ii) Lack of adequate funds.
iii) Nigeria had organized political structure which suited indirect
rule/centralized government,
iv) Britain wanted to guard against resistance by the local people through
using existing local institutions and rulers.
v) Britain lacked adequate personnel to administer the vast colony,
vi) Indirect rule had been tied in India and Uganda was found to be workable.
b) Why did the British improve transport and communication in
Northern Nigeria?
i) To promote trade in the country.
ii) To facilitate the movement of colonial administrators.
iii) To facilitate the exploitation of natural resources in remote parts of the
country,
iv) To promote evangelization of the colony by facilitating the movement of
missionaries.
v) To speed up communication between Nigeria and Britain,
vi) To facilitate the transportation of agricultural products and equipment,
vii) To facilitate the transportation of raw materials/minerals,
viii) To raise revenue for administering the country.
2. a) State five benefits which the people of the four communes in Senegal
enjoyed as a result of the application of the French policy of
assimilation.
i) They were allowed to send representative to the French Chamber of
deputies. < * ii) They were enfranchised like the French people in France.
iii) They were provided with same educational rights like the French people in
France/protected by French constitution.
iv) They were exempted from forced labour.
v) They were allowed trading rights like the French people in France.
vi) They were allowed to operate local authority structures which were similar
to those in France.
vii) They were allowed to serve in the French civil service.
b) Explain five factors which undermined the application of the French
policy of assimilation in West Africa.
i) Opposition by local people who did not want the French to interfere with
theory
culture.
ii) Traditional African rulers who did not want to lose their authority and
influence over people.
iii) The people who had been converted to Islam resisted the French attempt
to convert them to their culture/Christianity.
iv) There was opposition by French traders in West Africa who saw the
assimilated Africans as a potential threat to their commercial monopoly in
the region.
v) The African land tenure system was different from that of the French.
vi) French government found it expensive to implement the policy because it
required building many schools and employing teachers.
vii) It threatened the existence of the French empire.
viii) it was opposed by the French imperialists.
ix) The vastness of the French colonies made it difficult to supervise the
implementation of the policy of assimilation/inadequate personnel.
x) The French people in France opposed of assimilation because they feared
that they would be outnumbered in the chamber of deputies and that the
laws would be made by representative from the colonies.
3. Name two systems of colonial administration which were used by the British
to administer their colonies in Africa.
i) Indirect rule
ii) Direct rule
4. a) Describe that factors which facilitated the success of the French policy
of
Assimilation in Senegal
i) The application of the assimilation led to the promotion of French culture
in Senegal e.g. dressing feeding etc.
ii) The policy of assimilation undermined African culture as many adopted
the French culture.
iii) It undermined the authority of the traditional rulers as they were replaced
by the assimilated Africans.
iv) Senegal was incorporated in French republic regarded as an overseas
province of France.
v) Africans from Senegal were allowed to participate in the political affairs
of France. Some of them became deputies and minister in the French
government.
vi) It undermined the spread of Islam in the same communities where many
Africans had adopted Christianity.
vii) It created a class of privileged Africans who were regarded to be equal
with the white French people.
viii) It created division among Africans in Senegal some became citizens while
others became subjects.
5. a) What were the difference between the British policy of indirect rule to
administer Northern Nigeria.
i) The existence of a well established and centralized system of government
in the region i.e. the Sokto Caliphate.
ii) Use of the Sheria (Islamic Law) in the Sokto Caliphate provided a base to
be used to govern the protectorate.
iii) To win the confidence and the support of all the people by giving them the
impression that they were still under the governance of their leaders.
iv) Shortage of British personnel to administer the vast protectorate.
v) Inadequate funds to facilitate administrative expenses of the
protectorate/cheap/less expensive etc.
vi) Success already realized in using the policy elsewhere within the empire
e.g. Uganda and India gave Lugard the courage to try it in Nigeria.
vii) Poor transport and communication network making it difficult for British
officials to effectively administer different parts of the country.
6. Define indirect rule as a policy that was used by the British to administer
their colonies in Africa.
Indirect rule was the British colonial administration policy where they
retained the existing indigenous systems and use of local rulers in pursuit
of their colonial interests.
7. State two reasons why indirect rule was unsuccessful in Southern Nigeria.
i) Southern Nigeria lacked centralized administration which could be used to
implement the indirect rule.
ii) African chiefs feared erosion and loss of the traditional authority.
iii) The African elite resented British rule.
iv) Existence of many ethnic groups and religious made it difficult to bring
the people together under one rule.
v) The use of unpopular African rulers e.g. Obas/puppet made the people
reject British rule.
8. a) Why did the British use direct rule in Zimbabwe?
i) They desired to control the economy of Zimbabwe to maximize profits.
ii) The indigenous/local political institutional based on Induna system had
been destroyed during the British occupation of Zimbabwe.
iii) To ensure complete control of Africans.
iv) Existence of British South Africa company personnel on the sport who
were familiar with the area as well as British system of administration.
b) Explain the effected of British rule in Zimbabwe.
i) It led to the alienation of African land to white settlers resulting to
displacement of Africans.
ii) African traditional rulers lost their political autonomy and served as
puppets of the British/loss of independence.
iii) The day to day running of the colony was vested in the hands of the
British without much reference to the African interest.
iv) Africans were subjected to heavy taxation and forced labour.
v) The British South African company was given too much in the
administration of colony.
vi) It undermined African traditional economy as some Africans worked in
white farms.
vii) It led to the development of transport network/infrastructure,
viii) It led to the introduction of new crops in the region,
ix) It undermined African culture,
x) Establishment of white settlements subjected Africans to poverty and
suffering.
xi) Africans were denied freedom of movements by being confined to
reserves and required to carry identity cards.
xii) It led to rise of African nationalism.
9. a) Why did the British use indirect rule to administer Northern Nigeria?
i) To reduce the administrative costs of the colony because it was vast/costs.
ii) The British did not have enough trained personnel to administer the area -
no – person.
iii) There existed an already accepted system of administration through the
Enirs and Qadis.
iv) They did not want to provoke people of Northern Nigeria into rebellion -
or rebellious by introducing the rules.
v) Indirect rule had already succeeded in Uganda and India, so they had
points of reference.
vi) the adoption of the dual Mandate policy by the British government
encouraged the development of the colony for its own good and good of
Britain.
vii) Poor communication.
b) Explain why the use of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria was
unsuccessful.
i) Southern Nigeria did not have centralized indigenous system of
government that was necessary for the application of indirect rule.
ii) Lack of homogeneity in the South as there were many ethnic groups,
language and customs to be understood.
iii) The British introduced new ideas such as forced labour and direct taxes
which infuriated the people.
iv) the failure of the British administrators to fully understand how the social
and economist and political system of Southern Nigeria (based on the
office of the Oba) operated made them fail easily.
v) Opposition from the educated elite who felt out of the administration of
their country/leadership.
vi) The educated people in Southern Nigeria resented the chiefs appointed by
the British because they were illiterate.
vii) The Obas of Southern Nigeria had defined powers such as mediation, so
when they were given wide ranging powers, people became discontented.
viii) communication barriers between the British supervisors, the warrant
chiefs and the people often led to misinterpretation and misunderstanding.
ix) misuse of power by the Warrant chief who raised taxes for their own
benefits. They also harassed women sexually
x) Use of excessive force to suppress any form of resistance provoked
resentment e.g. the shooting of women during a demonstration against
British administration.
NATIONALISM OF AFRICA
1. Give two ways through which the attainment of independence in Ghana
contributed to the liberation of other African from colonial rule.
i) Motivated other African countries to strengthen their independence
struggle.
ii) Nkurumah became more vocal in agitating for the course of other
nationalists in globa forums.
iii) Ghana played a leading role in the formation of the OAU, which was
instrumental in the liberation of other states.
iv) Ghana allowed some Africans nationalists to establish their military bases
in the country.
2. Identify one way in which the rise of nationalism undermined the policy of
assimilation in French West Africa.
i) The nationalist created awareness on the value of African culture and
systems, this encouraged Africans to condemn assimilation.
ii) The nationalists created awareness of the importance of African Unity
which exposed the hypocrisy of assimilation/nationalists parties were used
to mobilize the masses to condemn assimilation.
Form 4
GOVERNMENT OF KENYA PROVINCIAL
ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL UNITY AND BILL
OF RIGHTS.
1. Explain how the bill of rights in Kenya Constitution protects the rights of the
individuals.
i) The bill of rights guarantees a person the right to live. This means that
taking away life, either by murder or suicide is punishable under the law.
ii) The bill of rights provides for the right to own property thus any person
who interferes with another person's property is liable to prosecution in
court of law.
iii) It provide for freedom of conscience for the prosecution in court of law.
iv) it provides for freedom of association/assembly. This entitles the
individual the right to assemble and associate with people of his won
choice without harassment.
v) It provides freedom of expression. This allows person to express his
opinion freely in writing or speech without fear.
vi) It provides for freedom of movement of the individual. This guarantees a
person the right to move freely in any part of the country at any time
without fen
vii) It provides for protection against slavery and forced labour. This allows
the individual to choose when, where and whom to work.
viii) The bill of right protects the individual against arbitrary search, arrest and
detention.
2. a) Identify three occasions when the Kenyan National Anthem is sung.
i) When raising the National flag.
ii) During National heads of state meeting,
iii) When commemorating public holidays.
iv) During international sports events where Kenya is participating.
v) When radio and TV open and close.
b) Explain six factors that promote the National Unity in Kenya.
i) Office of the President.
ii) National Language
iii) National Anthem
iv) Equal distribution of resources.
v) Loyalty pledge
3. Which provision in the Kenyan Constitution protects the wealth of
individuals in the country?
The right to own property/of right.
4. a) State three functions of the Police force in Kenya.
i) To maintain law and order.
ii) To investigate suspected criminal activities.
iii) To provide internal security
iv) To control and direct traffic in the country.
v) To arrest and prosecute suspected criminals.
vi) To mount a guard of honour for domestic and international dignities.
b) Describe six duties performed by Provincial Commissioner in Kenya.
i) The PCS act as representatives of the president in their areas of jurisdiction.
ii) The PCS overseas the implementations of government policies and
programs in their provinces.
iii) The PCS interprets government policies in their areas of jurisdiction.
iv) The PCs ensures that law and order is maintained in the provinces.
v) They issue permits for public meetings in their respective provinces.
vi) The PCs serves as chairperson in the provincial security to the areas.
vii) They co - ordinate development programs to serve as chairperson of the
provincial development.
viii) They are in overall control of all government departments in their
respective provinces.
5. a) Describe the main provision of the Independence Constitution in
Kenya.
i) The Independence Constitution provided a regional/Majimbo government.
Each regional has a regional assembly and president.
ii) A bicameral parliament consisting of the Senate and House of
Representatives/upper house or lower house.
iii) The Prime Minister to be the head of government, the party with the
majority forming the government.
iv) Recommended a multiparty system of government, the party with the
majority forming the government.
v) The bill of rights, which protected the individual interest.
b) Explain circumstances which may force the government to limit the
rights and freedom of the individual.
i) One can be denied the right to life if one is convicted of murder in a court
of law or caught in the act of robbery with violence.
ii) If suspected to be planning to commit a crime, one can be denied their
personal liberty/freedom of movement.
iii) One can be denied freedom to own property if the government wishes to
develop public utilities in the areas, but compensation must be paid.
iv) One's freedom of assembly can be limited if it poses a threat to the state.
v) Ones freedom of speech may be limited if one publishes false accusations
about another person or state/incite people against the government.
vi) If one is not of sound mind one can be taken mental hospital by the police
for confinement and treatment.
vii) If one has an infectious disease one can be denied one's personal liberty.
viii) If one has not attained the age of maturity/one is considered a minor and
their decision are made on their behalf by adult members of society.
6. State one fundamental right of the individual which a person in prison is
deprived of.
i) Freedom of movement
ii) Freedom of expression.
7. State the main functions of Kenya army.
Protect the country against external attacks.
8. Give two reasons why the Chief's Baraza is important in Kenya.
i) It is used to communicate the government's policies/decisions to the local
people.
ii) It acts as forum for people to express their wishes to the government.
iii) It is used to address, resolve minor concerns of the people in the
locality/settling local despite.
iv) Mobilization of local resources.
9. Explain five functions of a Provincial Commissioner in Kenya.
i) He represents the president during national celebration e.g. Labour Day,
Moi Day etc. He reads the presidents speech in these occasions.
ii) He is the president's representative in the province.
iii) He explains and educates the government employees and the people on the
government policies.
iv) He is responsible for the maintenance of law and order where he chairs the
provincial development committee and ensures that there is law and order
during public meetings.
v) He co-ordinates all the administrative functions in the provincial
development committee meetings.
vi) He supervises and co-ordinates all the administrative functions in the
province being the Chief Administrator.
vii) He chairs provincial committee meeting on procurement, land control
boards, education and non - governmental organizations.
viii) Installs chiefs in the areas of jurisdiction.
10. State one way in which the Kenya constitution promotes national unity.
i) Guarantees equal opportunity to all Kenyans.
ii) Helping to apprehend individuals who break the law.
ii) Centralized national examinations.
iv) Existence of national schools.
11. State two ways in which the chief promotes law and order in the location.
i) Settling disputes between the people in the location.
ii) Helping to apprehend individuals against any form of discrimination/bill
of right. iii) Provide for unity government.
12. Give one way through which the education system in Kenya promotes national
unity.
i) Use of one curriculum in all the public schools.
ii) Use of one medium of instructions.
iii) Centralized national examinations.
iv) Centralized training and deployment of teachers.
v) Existence of national schools.
13. Identify two national philosophies used development strategies in Kenya.
i) Harambee
ii) Nyayoism (peace, love and unity)
14. a) Describe the process of preparing a bill before it is taken to
parliament for
debate.
i) Preparation of bill starts with making suggestions/proposal about the need
for the law.
ii) The proposal is taken to the Attorney General's chamber for drafting.
iii) The Attorney General prepares a draft proposal of the intended law.
iv) The Attorney General notifies the members of the parliament and the
public about the intended bill to enable them carry out research.
b) Explain six ways in which the Bill of Right protects the right of the
individual.
i) States that every individual has the right to life.
ii) It guarantees liberty to all citizens by forbidding enslavement, detention or
imprisonment without trail.
iii) It protects the individual from all forms of torture and inhuman treatment.
iv) It guarantees protection of private and allows Kenyans to own property
anywhere in the country.
v) It protects individual freedom of conscience and religion/workshop,
vi) It guarantees the protection of freedom of speech and expression.
vi) It gives Kenyan the right to move freely throughout the country. Kenyan
are protected against expulsion from the country.
viii) It guarantees individual against any form of discrimination on the basis of
colour, creed, gender and religion.
ix) It protects individuals against arbitrary search, arrest and entry into one's
property without one's consent.
POLITICAL PARTIES IN KENYA
1. a) State five advantages of multi - party democracy.
i) Provides citizens with alternative political parties to belong to.
ii) Provides a form of accountability of government of the day.
iii) Allows for the existence of a shadow cabinet which enables the country to
have an alternative u national policies.
iv) The party officials work hand in hand with civil servants at all levels in
implementing government policies accordingly.
v) Lay down the policy to guide members of parliament.
vi) The ruling party is charged with the responsibility of promoting the
country social and economic development.
vii) Promotes political awareness and general development among the people
with national consciousness.
viii) Charged with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and
providing security to the people.
ix) Formulates foreign policies and protects Kenyan nationals who are
citizens of the country.
2. What is the main functions of opposition parties in Kenya?
To provide a system of checks and balances to the government of the day
in order to guard against excess/to act a check on the government
3. Identify TWO causes of divisions within the opposition party in Kenya since
1992,
i) Personal difference.
ii) Ethnic affiliations
iii) Selfish motives
iv) External interference
v) Ideological difference
4. a) Describe the structure of the Democratic Party of Kenya (DP).
i) National Delegates Convention is the highest organ of the party and
responsible for electing the officials of the party and amending the party
constitution.
ii) National Governing Councils is made up of all National Officials of the
Party and two representatives from each province ensuring that all party
policies and programmed are implemented/second highest party, organ.
iii) National Executive committee consists of selected officials. They are
charged with day to day running of the party.
iv) Branch Executive consists of selected officials. They are charged with day
to day running of the party.
v) Each branch is divided sub - branches up to the village level.
vi) NSC - National Secretariat Committee headed by executive officer.
vii) PET - Party Election Committee.
viii) EOT-the Board of Trustees.
b) Explain the role of the opposition parties in the government and national
building.
i) Keep the government of the day on its toes by pointing out the
shortcomings/acts as the watchdog for the people/contribute to the process
of law making and ensures that laws are in harmony with the constitution.
ii) Educates the masses/public about their right/gives civic education to the
masses.
iii) Mobilize people for participation in the political/democratic process.
iv) They offer alternative policies and program to those of the ruling party.
v) Ensure that public funds are properly utilized through Public Investment
Committee and Public Accounts Committee (PAC).
vi) They check the possible excess by the government of the party in power.
vii) They provide the basis for peaceful solution of conflicts.
5. What main factor led to the split of the Forum for the Restoration of
Democracy Party (FORD) in 1992?
i) Difference/disagreements over the election of the officials/delegates
ideological differences/personality.
ii) Ideological difference/personality.
6. Give the main role of opposition parties in Kenya.
To act as check on the excess of the government and the ruling party/upholding
democracy
EXECUTIVE ARM OF THE KENYA GOVERNMENT
1. Name two parastatals organizations in Kenya that fall under the Ministry of
Transport and communication.
i) Kenya Ports Authority
ii) Kenya Railways
iii) Kenya Posts and Telecommunications.
2. a) What are the constitutional duties of the president of Kenya.
i) The president is the head of the government/chair cabinet meetings.
ii) Opens parliament at the start of every session.
iii) Prorogues parliament
iv) Commander in chief of the armed forces.
v) Receives credentials from the foreign envoys accredited to Kenya.
vi) Appoints senior civil servants.
b) Explain six factors which have promoted national unity in Kenya
since 1963.
i) The use of common language - English and Kiswahili which enable
people of different groups to communicate.
ii) The establishment of national schools which enable pupils from different
pan s of the country to meet and interact/education.
iii) Intermarriage enables people from different ethnic backgrounds learn
different cultures.
iv) Expansion of job opportunities, which enables people of different parts of
the country to meet and interact at their place of work.
v) Development of transport network has facilitated free movement of people
in the country.
vi) Promotion of sporting and other cultural activities through which people
of different ethnic groups interact.
vii) The Harambee spirit which has made it possible for people of different
ethnic groups/religious interact and help eh other.
viii) Existence of the instructions of the presidency is one unifying factor.
ix) The use of the national flag which is recognized by all Kenyans.
x) The national anthem which involves the spirit of unity among Kenyans.
xi) The court of arm which is recognized by all Kenyans.
xii) Constitution of Kenya.
3. State TWO ways through which the government controls Parastatals.
i) Through appointment of top officials of the Parastatals either by the
minister or the president.
ii) Constant inspection of Parastatals by the inspectorate of state corporations,
iii) Annual inspection requires the Parastatals prepare detailed annual
report on their activities and expenditure for approval by parliament.
iv) The government requires the Parastatals prepare detailed annual report on
their activities and expenditure for approval by parliament.
v) Parastatals are created by act of parliament.
4. a) Explain the role of the Electoral Commission of Kenya.
i) The electoral commission organizes civic, parliamentary and president
elections.
ii) Identifies, appoints and trains elections officials.
iii) Clears party candidates for participation in elections.
iv) Verifies and announces election results.
v) Prepare ballot papers and other election materials.
vi) Educate/informs the general public on the requirements for voters and
contestants.
vii) Identifies and recommends polling stations.
viii) Prescribes and reviews electoral boundaries.
ix) Registers voters
x) Maintains and updates registers of voters.
xi) Supervises the election process.
xii) Participitates in the formulation of election code of conduct.
b) Describe the factors that are likely to interfere with free and fair
election in Kenya.
i) Ethnic loyalties/polarization/allegiance.
ii) Party loyalties
iii) Harassments of voters by rival groups.
iv) Incompetent elections officials
v) Parties election officials.
vi) In accessibilities of polling stations.
vii) Transport difficulties.
viii) Communication problems between the headquarters.
ix) Extreme weather conditions
x) Illiteracy of some voters
xi) Corruption of candidates and their supporters.
xii) Inefficient distribution of election materials
xiii) Use of negative propaganda by party leader supporters
xiv) Insecurity/fear instils in candidates.
xv) Gender insensitivity.
xvi) Use and misuse of the mass media
LEGISLATIVE ARM OF THE GOVERNMENT
1. a) State three constitutional requirements that must be fulfilled by a
person
who wishes to be elected a president of Kenya.
i) The person must be a Kenyan citizen.
ii) Must have attained the age of 35 years.
iii) Must stand for parliamentary elections in a constituency (must be an
elected MP) iv) Must be registered voter.
v) Must be nominated by a registered political party. (Member of registered
political party)
vi) Must be proposed by one thousand registered voters.
vii) Must be of a sound mind,
viii) Must not have been declared bankrupt by a court of law.
ix) Not jailed for over six months.
b) List five powers and duties of the president of Kenya.
i) Ye is head of state and symbol of national unity (Head of
Government).
ii) He is responsible for making and rectifying international treaties
and agreements (if one unites 7 "elects")
iii) He president appoints the cabinet and Assistant Minister from
among member of the National Assembly.
iv) The president has the powers to summon, prologue and dissolve
parliament.
v) The president has the power to appoint, discipline and remove
senior public servants such as Permanent Secretaries, Ambassadors
and judges.
vi) He nominates twelve people to the National assembly to present
special interests.
vii) He grants honours to deserving citizens,
viii) He has power of clemency,
ix) He presides over important states occasions,
x) He represents the country in international conferences. He is chief
diplomat.
2. Explain five ways through which the parliament exercises control over the
Executive Arm of the government.
i) Parliamentary has to approve sources of government revenue. The
minister of finance presents a budget annually to parliament and it gives
its approval to this budget.
ii) Ministers are accountable to parliament for their actions, they have to
answer questions in parliament about the running of their respective
ministries.
iii) The public accounts Committees scrutinizes government expenditure and
censors individuals/institutions that have not followed the laid down
procedures,
iv) Only parliament has the powers to legislate the bills prepared by the
cabinet and its decisions are binding,
v) Parliament can pass a vote of no confidence in the government if it is not
satisfied with performance; in that case the president and the minister have
to resign,
vi) Parliament can pass a vote of no confidence in the government
expenditure before funds can be released to various government
ministries.
vii) Parliament can limit the powers of the expenditure through amendment of
the constitutions.
3. Identify three situation that may lead to a by - election in Kenya.
i) Death of a member of parliament.
ii) Nullification for elections results by court of law/when one is declared
bankrupt.
iii) Imprisonment of a Member of parliament.
iv) Resignation of a Member of Parliament
v) When a member resigns/defect the party that elected him/her to
parliament.
vi) Failure to attend parliament meetings eight (8) times.
4 a) Why are parliamentary elections held regularly in Kenya?
Parliamentary elections are held regularly in order:-
i) To give the citizens the chance to choose leaders whom they have
confidence in
ii) To inject new blood into parliament and government.
iii) To enable sitting MPs to be responsive to the development needs
of the electorate/be conscious and alert.
iv) As stipulated by the constitution.
b) Describe the stages through which a bill is passed before it becomes a
law in Kenya.
i) Draft stages by the Attorney General.
ii) First reading - the Bill is presented to the National Assembly by
the Mover of he debate takes place during this stage.
iii) Second reading - The Bill is discussed in details and amendments
are made,
iv) Report stage - Chairperson of the committee reports the
amendment Bill to the whole house,
v) Third - Final debate on the Bill and voting is carried out if the Bill
is supported by the majority then it is passed to the next stages.
vi) The Bill is presented to the president for assent, it becomes an act
of parliament and is gazetted and becomes law.
5. a) Describe the process of the electing the Speaker of the National
Assembly.
i) A person qualifies to be elected speaker to the National Assembly
if she/he is eligible to contest and vote in elections.
ii) A date is set for the election of the speaker at the start of new
parliament/after general elections,
iii) The candidate is proposed and seconded by members of
parliament,
iv) If more than one name is presented, the members vote through the
secret ballot, if one person name is proposed and seconded then the
person is declared Speaker without elections,
v) A swearing - in - ceremony is then conducted for the elected
Speaker,
vi) If the speaker is an elected Member of Parliament then his/her seat
is declared vacant.
b) Explain six reasons why parliament is an important institution in
Kenya.
i) Parliament is the supreme law - making institution in the country.
Once it makes laws, they are binding to everybody,
ii) Parliament is made up of elected representative who are elected by
the people, therefore it represent the electorate,
iii) It checks on the possible abuse of power by the executive and thus
promotes good governance and accountability,
iv) It is empowered to control revenue collection and government
expenditure. For example annual budgets are discussed and
approved by parliament,
v) Parliament ensures that government is spent properly. The
controller and auditor general checks on the spending of all
ministries and produces a comprehensive report for discussion by
parliament,
vi) Parliament is empowered to investigate the activities of any public
servant if they feel that person is not doing the work well.
vii) It can pass a vote of no confidence in the government of day.
viii) It reviews the constitution.
6. a) Describe the process of preparing a bill before it is taken to
parliament for debate.
i) Preparation of bill starts with making suggestions/proposals about
the need of the law.
ii) The proposal is taken to the Attorney genera's chambers for
drafting.
iii) The Attorney general prepares a draft proposal of the intended law.
iv) It is empowered to control revenue collection and government
expenditure. For example annual budgets are discussed and
approved by parliament.
v) Parliament ensures that government money is spent properly. The
controller and auditor general - checks on the spending of all
ministries and produces a comprehensive report for discussion by
parliament,
vi) Parliament empowered to investigate the activities of nay public
servant if they feel that person is not doing the work well.
vii) It can pass a vote of no confidence in the government of day.
viii) It reviews the constitution.
7. a) Describe the process of preparing a bill before it is taken to
parliament for debate.
i) Preparation of bill starts with making suggestions/proposals about
the need of the law.
ii) The proposal is taken to the Attorney General's chambers for
drafting,
iii) The Attorney General prepares a draft proposal of the intended
law.
iv) The attorney General notifies the member of parliament and the
public about the intended bills to enable them carry out research.
v) The intended law is taken to parliament for debate.
THE JUDICIARY
1. a) State three functions of the Judiciary in Kenya.
i) Interpreting the law
ii) Settling disputes between parties.
iii) Protecting the constitutional rights and freedom of individuals
against encroachment,
iv) Administering justice/punishing criminals.
b) Explain six ways through which the independence of the judiciary is
guaranteed Kenya.
i) There is a separate system of command for the judiciary unlike
other government departments that are headed by the public
service commission. The chief justice heads the judiciary.
ii) Settling disputes between parties.
iii) Protecting the constitutional rights and freedom of individuals
against encroachment.
iv) Administering justice/punishing criminals,
c) List five terms of service of judicial officials.
i) There is separate system of command for the judiciary unlike other
government department that are headed by the public service
commission The chief justice heads judiciary.
ii) The judiciary service commission does the appointment of the
Magistrate. The president in M... consultant with the Judiciary
Service Commission appoints the judges.
iii) Judges and magistrates are protected against any form of
victimization and molestation by judicature act.
iv) The judges are bound by the oath of allegiance to perform their
duties without fear or favour and ill-will.
v) A judge can be removed from office only due to inability to
perform the functions of his office. This means that nobody can
dismiss a judge at will. His tenure of office is fairly long, the
retirement age being seventy - four years,
vi) Salaries and allowances of judges are fixed by statues and are not
subjected to be reviewed or debated upon in parliament.
vii) Judges and Magistrates are not answerable to the entire executive.
This allows for impartiality in making judgments.
2. Explain the process of law making in Kenya.
i) The bill is prepared by the Attorney General's chambers or by law if it is
private members bill,
ii) The bill is introduced in parliament during the first reading either by the
attorney General or the relevant Minister to acquaint the members with the
Bill and seek their approval,
iii) During the second reading the bill is discussed by members in details and
amendments are suggested. A vote is taken and if the majority approves
the bill it goes to the next stage,
iv) A committee of the whole house discusses the bill in details, makes
amendments and incorporates those suggestions made during«the second
reading.
v) A report is made to the house regarding the amended bill.
vi) The bill that goes through the third reading, during this stage some
discussions of the bill takes place. A vote is taken and if majority of the
members supports the bill it goes to the next stage.
vii) The bill is taken to the president for his assent after which it becomes a
law and is published in the Kenyan gazette.
3. a) Identify three functions of the attorney General of Kenya.
i) The Attorney General is the chief legal adviser to the government.
ii) Chief state prosecutor
iii) Interprets the laws of Kenya
iv) Drafts government bills
v) Serves as ex - official Member of Parliament
b) Describe the structure of the court system in Kenya.
i) The judicial structure in Kenya consists of a system of courts
which are managed hierarchically from the lowest to the highest
level.
ii) The District magistrate's court. This is the lowest court in Kenya,
which is charged with the responsibility of trying civil and criminal
case§ within the district.
iii) The Kadhi's court. This is parallel to the District Magistrate court
which has powers over all the resident magistrates and Districts
Magistrates. It supervises and oversees the work of other courts in
the country,
iv) The High Court of Kenya - This have unlimited jurisdiction over
civil and criminal stemming from any part of Kenya,
v) The Court of Appeal - it is the highest court in the country. It
listens to appeals from any court in Kenya.
vi) Other court e.g. Industrial court, tribunal etc
4. What is the main role of the Attorney General as an E - official member of
the parliament?
Advises the parliament and the government on the matters of law
5. a) Describe three ways in which the judiciary ensure fairness in the
administration of justice.
i) The Judicial Service Commission ensures that Judges and
Magistrates discharged their duties without interference.
ii) Suspected criminals are held innocent until proved guilty in a court
of law - giving them a chance to be heard by the courts.
iii) Persons founds administering mob justice are liable to prosecution.
iv) Suspected criminals are entitled to legal representation through an
advocate of High Court,
v) Suspected criminals of serous crimes such as murder are
guaranteed free government services of being represented by
advocates,
vi). Persons not satisfied with the verdict are allowed to appeal a
higher court.
b) Explain six factors that may undermine the administration of justice
in Kenya.
i) High incident of crime cause delay in the hearing and finalizing of
cases.
ii) Corrupt practices by some of the judiciary personnel and police
officers undermine fair administration of justice,
iii) Political interference - some suspected criminals may be freed on
orders from above without following the laid down procedure.
iv) Lack of awareness by the general public on their rights and legal
procedures,
v) Inadequate personnel and equipment for detecting and
investigation acts of crime - this may lead to inadequate evidence
against acts of crime.
vi) Some of the laws are too colonial/foreign to be relevant to the
Kenya context,
vii) Unwillingness of some members of the public to give information
and also acts as witness,
viii) Use of out - dated customary laws that have not been harmonized
with current situation makes their proper interpretation difficult.
ix) Poverty makes it difficult for some people to hire professional
services of lawyers/advocates,
x) Miscarriages of constitutional privileges.
6. a) Describe the structure of the court system in Kenya.
i) District magistrate's Court is the lowest in the structure. These are
found at District level.
ii) Kadhi Court. It is at the same level as the District Magistrate Court
can be heard at the High Court of Kenya and Court of Appeal,
iii) Resident Magistrate's Court is the second lowest in the court
system but it is the highest court in the province.
iv) Chief Magistrate's Court is the highest Magistrate's Court in Kenya
system of courts.
v) High Court is above the magistrate's Court in Kenya. The Chief
heads it.
vi) Court of Appeal is the highest Magistrate's Court in Kenya. The
Chief Justice heads it.
vii) Special court/tribunals e.g. rent, industrial and business. u
b) Explain the functions of the High court of Kenya.
i) The High Court is a constitutional court, which interprets the
constitution to determine whether the dispute is constitutional or
not.
ii) It ties both criminal and civil case/handling case involving large
amount of money,
iii) It can listen to cases from all over the country,
iv) To correct mistake made in decision by the lower court,
v) To hear appeal from decision of professional Depilatory Tribunal
e.g. the Law Society of Kenya and the Kenya Medical and Dentist
Association.
vi) Hear appeal from the Kadhi Court.
vii) It acts as court appeal for cases from Residents and Chief
Magistrate's Court,
viii) It deals with petition arising from elections (Presidential and
Parliamentary)
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN KENYA
1. a) Name five source of revenue for municipal councils in Kenya.
i) Grants from the central government,
ii) Fees charges on services rendered by councils,
iii) Sale of license,
iv) Fines imposed on offenders.
v) Service charge paid by residents.
vi) Rates on property.
vii) Aid from donor agencies.
viii) Loans from financial institutions,
ix) Profits from council investments,
x) Rents charged on houses and office places.
b) Explain five roles played by the municipal councils in Kenya.
i) Municipal council provides and maintains transport network within
their areas of jurisdiction,
ii) They provide educational facilities to residents. They undertake
constructions and maintenance of primary and nursery schools and
employment of nursery school teachers,
iii) They provide recreational facilities to the resident. They undertake
the construction and maintenance of hospitals and health centres,
iv) They promote business transactions by providing and maintenance
of markets. They also sell licenses and permits to businessman,
v) Municipal council provide employment opportunities, for instance
as administrator markets. They also sell licenses and permits to
businessmen.
vi) Municipal council provide employment opportunities, for instant
as administrators, council and clerk,
vii) Municipal council makes by - law, help regulate the activities and
behaviour of the resident, lawbreaker and prosecuted,
viii) They provide street lighting and ensure safety of residents.
2. a) Name three types of local government authorities in Kenya.
i) City Council
ii) Town Council
iii) Urban Council
iv) Country Councils
v) Area Councils
b) In what ways does the Minister of Local Government ensure that local
authorities carry their duties effectively?
i) The minister for local government carries out general supervision
of the activities of the local authorities to ensure that they conform
to the stipulated national policies.
ii) The minister nominates councillors to the local authority and set p
a commission to run the affairs of council,
iii) By laws made by local authorities do not become effective until
the Minister for local government approves them.
iv) The minister has the power to over - rule some of the decisions of
the authorities,
v) The minister has the powers to investigate activities of any local
authority should need arise.
vi) The minister has the power to withhold grants to local authorities if
need be.
viii) Senior officers of the council e.g. clerks are appointed by the
central government.
3. What services are provided by Country Councils in Kenya?
i) Administrative services are brought closer to the people.
ii) Local resources are utilized effectively e.g. Hospitals, piped water
iii) Means of transport and communication are developed/improved
iv) Local people are involved in decision making
v) Local priorities are identified and implemented
vi) Ensures equal development in all district/decentralize industries
vii) Create employment for local people
4. a) What are the main sources of revenue for Local Government
authorities in Kenya?
i) Rent from residential and other premises
ii) Rents paid by property owners / bills boards
iii) Loans form external sources
iv) Grants from the central government
v) License paid by business operators / trade licenses
vi) Parking fees paid by motorists / hiring facilities e.g. stadiums, halls
etc.
vii) Fees form national parks
viii) Fines paid by people who break laws.
ix) Sale of property
x) From cess
b) Explain six factors which undermine the performance of local
authorities.
i) Some are too small to operate efficiently
ii) High population concentrations rains available resources
iii) Many local authorities lack adequate financial base to finance their
services
iv) Insufficient revenue collection system
v) Tax evasion by individuals and organizations
vi) Misappropriation of funds by corrupt officers
vii) Conflicts between Councillors and the Chief Officers.
viii) Political interference in the affairs and management of local
authorities
ix) Too much control by the central government
x) Lack of qualified staff in areas of administration and financial
management due to poor remunerations
xi) Over employment thus straining their financial abilities.
xii) Widespread corruption
xiii) Election of illiterate Councilors to manage the affairs of the
Authorities
GOVERNMENT REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE
1. Discuss the functions of the Central Bank of Kenya
i) The Central Bank regulates the issue of currency that there is adequate
stock of notes and coins for circulation. It also withdraws worn - out notes
from the public and replaces them with new ones.
ii) It is charged with the responsibility of determining the denominations in
which the currency should be issued.
iii) The Central Bank is a banker to the government. It keeps government
revenue and pays for the government expenditure.
iv) It acts as the national centre of collection of data and general information
in the field of money and banking.
v) The Central Bank is given powers to inspect books of accounts of
commercial banks and other financial institutions and recommend the field
in which they may lend money. It also gives informal and formal advice to
commercial banks.
vi) Foreign exchange operations - the Central Bank in liaison with the
relevant government ministries administer the Country's foreign reserves.
The exchange control act and generally handles the financial relationship
between Kenya and foreign financial institutions.
vii) Participates in negotiation for foreign borrowing and in handling of aid
and grant funds from foreign Government and international organizations
like the World Bank and international monetary fund. The repayment of
capital and interests of all loans are also channeled through the bank.
viii) Act as a banker to all commercial banks in the country. These banks are
required to maintain current account with the central banks, to use for
settling claims with one another through the banking clearing house.
ix) The bank assists in the development and maintenance of a sound monetary
credit and banking system conducive to orderly and balanced economic
development of the country.
x) It regulates credit depending on the policy objectives the government is
pursuing at any given period.
xi) The bank promotes exports while ensuring that satisfaction of domestic
needs. It ensures that all proceeds of the country's exports are received
without undue delay.
xii) The bank has also initiated studies intended to identify ways and means of
maximizing foreign exchange such as coffee and tourism.
2. Identify one type of direct tax through which the government raises its
revenue
i) Export tax
ii) Import tax/excise duty
iii) Sales tax
iv) Value Added tax (V.A.T.)
v) Income tax
iv) Pay as you earn.
3. Explain why the Kenya Government prepares an annual budget
i) To enable the government to priorities its needs
ii) Help the government to identify sources of revenues
iii) Enable Parliament to approve government expenditure.
iv) Enable the government to explain the tax structure to the public.
v) Enable the government to estimate the financial requirements for its needs
vi) Acts as reference for future - in correcting mistakes.
vii) Smooth running of various government departments
viii) Help the government to identify its departments and allocate duties
appropriately thus enhancing accountability
ix) Give useful information to those organizations and allocate duties
appropriately thus enhancing accountability.
x) Enable the government to account for funds borrowed / donated for
development,
ix) Accomplish already started projects
4. Identify one main factors that is addressed in the national budget in Kenya
i) The amount of revenue the government requires and plans to raise
ii) Source from which the government intends to raise the revenue
iii) How the government intends to spend the revenue
5. How does the Kenya Government ensure that the rule of law is upheld in the
country?
i) Establishing an independent court system to try criminal / civil offends /
cases,
ii) Ensuring that suspected criminals are tried in a court of law and is found
guilty are sentenced.
iii) Allowing those found guilty to appeal for retrial.
iv) Empowering parliament to control the excess of the executive / president
v) Entitling every accused person legal representation by an advocate of the
High Court.
vi) Subjecting all citizens of the country to and are governed by the same law.
vii) Arresting suspects.
6. a) What actions do Police Officers in Kenya take from the time an
offence is committed up to to the time judgment is passed?
i) Arrest the suspected criminal
ii) Confine the arrested suspect
iii) Provide protection / security to the suspected criminal
iv) Investigate the offence to prepare evidence for prosecution
v) Take the suspected criminal to court
vi) Lead the prosecution / give evidence
vii) Hand over the criminal to prisons authority
viii) Release the suspect if acquainted.
b) Explain five factors which undermine the work of the police force in
Kenya.
i) Inadequate working facilities such as vehicles, radios, stationery to
facilitate efficient communication.
ii) Poor conditions of the roads lead to increase / frequent accidents
and congestion on the roads thus putting pressure on the police
officers,
iii) Negative public attitude towards the police makes it difficult for
them to perform their duties freely.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. a) Give five ways in which international commodity agreements help
third world countries.
i) Stabilization of price - international commodity agreements help to
fix the prices of Third World Primary Products on the world
market,
ii) Guaranteed markets - International commodity agreements
provided the producer nations with guaranteed markets during the
duration of the agreements,
iii) Regulations of production/quotas - the international commodity
agreements help to regulate the production of the commodity in
quantities,
iv) International commodity agreements help in promoting Third
World solidarity in international trade/unity.
v) The negotiation of international commodity agreements provides
an important opportunity and forum for the producer and the
consumer nations to articulate their positions,
vi) The negotiation of international commodity agreements provides
an important opportunity and forum for the producer and the
consumer nations to articulate their positions.
vii) Improvements of quality of commodities.
b) Account for the failure of international commodity agreements.
i) Opposition from consumer nations - Many consumer nations are
often opposed to international commodity agreements that
guarantee high price to the primary commodity producers. So they
do their best to frustrate these agreements,
ii) Protectionism - Many developed countries impose protectionist
measures against third world exports. This makes it very difficult
for international commodity agreements to operate effectively. For
example, the EEC restricts the import of may third world
agricultural products in order to protect its own agricultural
industry,
iii) Disunity among third world countries - Third world producer
nations are often disunited during negotiations and in defending
the international commodity agreements. Each nation tries to
maximize its benefits, but this undermines their collective interests,
iv) Overproduction- Many third world nations tend to overproduce
primary commodities. This undermines the effective operations of
international commodity agreements,
v) The interference by non - member countries - international
commodity agreements do not always include all the producer or
consumer nations of the commodity in question. The non-member
countries often undermine the effective operation of an
international commodity agreement both directly or indirectly.
vi) Competition from other alternative commodities eg. synthesis,
vii) Political changes between the buyers and sellers/political
differences / ideologies / coups.
2. a) State five ways in which the United Nations Organization has
attempted to promote world peace.
i) Peaceful settlements of disputes - The UNO has tried to promote
world peace by encouraging the peaceful settlements of disputes in
the world,
ii) Application of sanctions - the UNO has attempted to promote
world peace by imposing mandatory sanctions against countries
that are seen as threat to world peace in an effort to bring them
back into line,
iii) Peacekeeping operations - The UNO has attempted to promote
world peace by encouraging the development and application of
international law.
iv) Promoting of international law - The UNO has attempted the world
peace by encouraging the development and application of
international law.
v) Disarmament - The UNO has attempted to promote world peace by
encouraging disarmament through its disarmament commission
and numerous conferences on disarmament that is has sponsored.
vi) Decolonization - The UNO has attempted to promote world peace
by encouraging the process of decolonization and thus removing
one of the major sources of world conflicts.
vii) Development - The UNO has attempted to promote world peace by
encouraging the social and economic development of third world
countries through the work of its numerous specialized agencies
e.g UNDP.
viii) Creation of general awareness - The UNO has promoted awareness
in the world about peace.
ix) Promotion of regional co-operation - The UNO has prompted
regional cooperation in different areas between different countries.
x) Protection of human rights / refugees.
xi) Authorizing the use of force to bring peace / threatening to use
force.
b) What problems has the UNO faced in its efforts to achieve world
peace?
i) Insufficient funds - The UNO lacks sufficient funds with which to
carry out its work l effectively. For example, it has often not been
able to send enough peacekeeping forces due to lack of sufficient
funds,
ii) Veto power - of the permanent members of the Security Council.
These countries often adopt politics that promote their own narrow
national interests at the expenses of the collective interests of most
nations in the world as expressed in the General Assembly,
iii) Ideological disputes - The work of the UNO in promoting world
peace is often hampered by ideological disputes among member
states. There is hardly any question of international importance that
is not affected by ideological disputes.
iv) The Arms race- The UNO has found it difficult to achieve world
peace because of the arms race in different parts of the world. The
arms race generates and sustains conflicts rather than peace.
v) National sovereignty - The member states of the UNO are
sovereign states that jealously guard their national sovereignty.
vi) Lack of machinery - The UNO does have effective power to
enforce its decisions.
vii) Regional conflicts- The UNO attempts to promote world peace
has been frustrated by deep - rooted regional conflicts. For
example, in the case of Iran-Iraq conflicts,
viii) Voting as a block has frustrated the UNO efforts to promote peace,
ix) Loyalty to other organizations - This undermines the strength and
importance of the UNO.
3. a) State five objectives of the non-aligned movements
i) To safeguard the sovereignty of member states
ii) To fight for the decolonization of third world countries
iii) To work for the disarmament of super powers
iv) To discourage military alliances promoted by the super powers.
v) To promote active participation in the UNO programmes / to
support UNO.
vi) To promote economic independence member countries
vii) To promote neutrality among member countries
viii) To fight racism in the world
b) Explain the factors that undermine the activities of the movement
since 1947.
i) Political instability experienced by member states has undermined
their contribution to the movement, such as civil wars and military
coups, which has made it difficult for the affected af states to
participate fully.
ii) Economic ties between the third world countries and their colonial
masters has made it difficult for the member states to pursue an
independent line,
iii) Border disputes between neighbouring member countries has
weakened their co-operation. For instance, border disputes
between Morocco and Algeria, North and South Korea,
iv) Economic backwardness of some of the member states has made it
difficult for them to meet their obligations in the movement as
national needs come first.
v) Ideological differences between member states has undermined
their co-operation whereas some countries are inclined towards the
West and others to the East,
vi) Personality differences between leader states has undermined their
efforts to discuss issues successfully,
vii) Membership to other organizations such as OAU, Commonwealth
and French community has made it difficult for some sates to
participate actively in the affairs of the movement,
viii) Break up of the Soviet Union has destabilized the movement.
ix) The movement lacks a permanent institutional framework such as
secretarial
x) Nationalism/ national interests have conflicted with other
objectives of the movement.
4. Apart form China, name three permanent member states of UNO.
i) USA / America / US
ii) United Kingdom/ Britain Not England
iii) USSR / Russia / Soviet Union
iv) France
5. a) State three member states of the commonwealth in West Africa?
i) Nigeria
ii) Ghana
iii) Sierra Leone
iv) Gambia
b) Six ways the Commonwealth member countries have benefited from
the organization.
i) Member states have received technical know-how through the
provision of experts and advisers in various fields eg. Agriculture.
ii) The developing member states of the organization have acquired
skilled manpower through 1 the provision of scholarships and
setting up training programmes by the developed muaber states of
the organization e.g. Britain and Canada,
iii) Member states have been able to interact with one another through
activities such as commonwealth games and exchange
progammes / cultural interactions,
iv) Member states have conducted trade among themselves with
relative ease and its has helped them to develop their economics,
v) The developed member states have provided financial aid to the
developing member sates of the organization and this has
promoted economic development among the latter,
vi) The organization has provided a forum for member states to air
their views with one voice on international issues.
vii) The organization has promoted friendship and understanding
among member e.g. the Commonwealth peace keeping force was
sent to Zimbabwe.
viii) The organization has promoted friendship and understanding
among member states through conferences such as the
commonwealth heads of government meeting.
ix) It has enhanced the democratization process in developing member
states of the organization through sending observers to monitor
democratization eg. Kenya and Uganda.
6. a) Name three West African countries which are under OAU
i) Senegal
ii) Ghana
iii) Nigeria
iv) Mali
v) Niger
vi) Burkina Faso(Upper Volta)
vii) Republic of Benin (Dahomey)
viii) Ivory Coast / Cote D'vore
ix) The Gambia
x) Sierra Leone
xi) Guinea xii) Liberia
b) Explain six roles which the OAU has played in Africa since its
formation.
i) It has contributed to the liberation of African states from European
colonial rule. For instance providing financial material support and
articulating their demands in international forums,
ii) It has promoted cultural interaction among member states for
example the All African Games,
iii) It has mediated in disputed among African states for example the
difference between Morocco and Algeria over the West Sahara
Republic.
iv) It has promoted economic co-operations among members states for
example encouraging regional economic groups such as
Preferential Trade Area (PTA)
v) It has promoted peace among member states through dialogue.
vi) It has provided research funds and activities in Africa.
vii) It has promoted friendly ties among member states, for instance
through meetings.
7. Name two agencies of the United Nations Organizations (UNO) which deal
with the problems of health.
i) World Health Organization (WHO)
ii) United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNCEF)
8. a) Why was the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS)
formed?
i) To promote economic co-operation among West Africa states e.g.
agriculture and transport.
ii) Promote unity and solidarity among member states
iii) Promote free movement of people among member states
iv) Create a customs union in the region/improve trade
v) Promote industrial development among member state
vi) Promote cultural interaction among member state
vii) Promote peace in the region
viii) Promote economic independence among member states
ix) Setting up a fund to finance viable economic projects
b) Explain the factors that have undermined the activities of the OAU
i) Existence of national interest among member states which override
continental commitment,
ii) Personal differences among leaders have made it difficult for some
of them to come together,
iii) Lack of funds to facilitate implementation of the OAU activities -
as some of the member states do not remit their subscription
regularly,
iv) Lack of an army to enforce decisions of the organizations
especially on critical and urgent issues.
v) Interference by foreign powers / governments in some of the
activities undertaken by the organization,
vi) Divided loyalty- membership for other international organizations
by some member states e.g. Commonwealth,
vii) Political instability and the resulting refugee problem makes it
difficult for the organization to operate effectively,
viii) Attachment to former colonial masters by some member states. For
instance former French colonies look to France for assistance,
ix) Existence of basic problems within member states which require
immediate attention e.g. famine, drought and diseases.
x) Different political ideological among member states.
xi) Disputes among member states e.g. border disputes between Kenya
and Somalia,
xii) Lack of executive authority to enforce OAU decisions.
9. Give the main aim of the United Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD)
To encourage / promote trade between the rich/developed and the developing
countries.
10. Name one organization which has been formed by the organization of Africa
Unity (OAU) member countries to promote economic co-operation among
Southern Africa countries.
i) Preferential Trade Area (PTA) of Eastern and Southern Africa /
COMES
ii) Southern Africa Development Co-ordination Conference
(SADCC) SADEC.
11. State one problem which faced the League of Nations.
i) Inability to settle disputed between member states.
ii Lack of military strength with which to implement its objectives
iii) Lack of adequate funds fit
iv) Nationalist ambition of member countries / rearmament
v) Lack of support and commitment by major powers eg. US, Italy, German
and Japan
12. Give the main reason why the League of Nations was established in 1919.
To promote peace and security in the world / preventing a possible
occurrence of another world war.
13. a) Why was the East African Community formed?
i) To maintain a common market for the member states/promote
balanced economic co-operation.
ii) To provide common services to the three member states, especially
in the areas of transport Li and communication.
iii) To promote political cooperation between the three countries.
iv) Facilitate free movement of the people of the regions to foster
greater co-operation and understanding among them.
b) Explain 6 factors that led to the collapse of the East African
Community
i) Unequal distribution of services and accrued benefits from the
organization by the member countries made Tanzania and Uganda
resent Kenya's economic monopoly of the organization,
ii) Ideological differences between the three countries, made them
pursue different economic policies.
iii) Individual differences between leaders made it more difficult for
them to hold meetings that would promote dialogue and unity.
iv) To coup d'etat which over threw Milton Obote undermined the
unity that was desired for the survival of the organization. Nyerere
refused to recognize Amin as the president of Uganda/political
instability in Uganda undermined their unity.
v) Use of different currencies by the three sates made transaction
difficult.
vi) The fear that more Kenyans were benefiting from the community
in terms of employment.
vii) Hostility towards nationals from member states.
viii) Financial constraints resulting from failure by member states to
remit funds to meet the organization needs,
ix) Lack of trust in manning community resources by member
countries led to unlawful nationalization of the organization’s
assets. Tanzania's closure of the common border with Kenya halted
community activities.
x) Personal ambitions of the leaders e.g. Nyerere, Kenyatta, Amin etc.
xi) Too much power was placed on the authority of the community (3
Heads) lacked a defined policy / scope of co-operation (little
agreement better leaders about the above).
14. Identify two factors that undermined the effectiveness of the League of
Nations.
i) Countries refused to take disputes to the international court of
justice.
ii) Germany's aggression/Germany's determination to strengthen its
armed forces.
iii) Harsh conditions against Germany after the defeat
iv) National interest that pre-occupied individual nations.
v) It lacked executive powers and authority to implements its
resolutions
vi) Refusal by the USA to join denied the organization economic
strength.
vii) Some members left the league e.g. Brazil, Japan
viii) Shortage of funds to implement its function
ix) The appeasement policy of Britain and France
x) The covenant of League did not forbid way.
15. Identify one aim of the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)?
i) To assist the marketing of primary products as well as
manufactured goods from member of states/to promote trade
between developing all developed countries.
ii) To stabilize commodity prices
iii) To assist in the transfer of technology from development to
developing countries.
16. Give the main reason why the League of Nations was formed in 1919.
To prevent the occurrences of another world war/to maintain world peace
FORMS OF GOVERNMENTS
1. a) What arguments are advanced in favour of one party system of
government in the USSR?
i) Promotion of national unity - is by minimizing political conflicts
based on ethnic or regional or religious consideration,
ii) Promotion of development - because people's energies are
concentrated on development and not divisive party policies,
iii) Vanguard of revolution changes- therefore it should have the sole
responsibility of running the state,
iv) Promotion of the interests of the working class - a one party system
of government makes it easier to organize and promote the
interests of the working class which is the important class in the
society,
v) Embodiment of the national identity - one party state promotes
direct contact between the people and the government.
vi) It is argued that it promotes the best form of democracy in the
world and allows discussions in the party.
b) Described the structure of the government in USSR?
i) Federal government - is in-charge of running the whole country of
union through the Supreme Soviet, the presidium and the council
of ministries,
ii) Republican government - the Soviet Union is composed of union
republics and autonomous republics, which have their own
government responsible for running affairs in each of the republics,
iii) Local government- At the local level the organs of states power are
the soviet of working people deputies they are elected by the
people of the respective territories region areas district cities or
localities. They are responsible for maintaining public order and
directly local economic and cultural affairs and draw p the local
budgets,
iv) The Supreme Soviet - This is the highest organ of the soviet
government. It consists of two chambers, the soviet of the union
and the soviet of Nationalities. It is elected for a term of 4 years
and is headed by a chairman. But it meets only once or twice a
year. In the interim it delegates its powers to the presidium of the
Supreme Soviet.
v) The Presidium - It is the authority to convene the sessions of the
supreme soviet, issue decrees and interpret soviet laws, dissolve
the supreme soviet and order new elections, order referendums,
annual decisions and order ministers if they do not conform to
laws, appoint and remove the high command of armed forces,
declare war, ratifying international treaties, receive letters of
credence of foreign diplomats and appoint minister if they don't
conform to laws.
vi) The council of ministers / cabinet - it is responsible and
accountable to the Supreme Soviet, or in the intervals between the
sessions of the Supreme Soviet, to the presidium. The council
directs the work of ;the ministries, prepares the national economic
plan and budget, overseas public order, exercises general
guidelines over foreign affairs, fixes the annual quota of citizens to
be called up for military service, and can set up special committees
and central administrations of economic and cultural affairs and
defence. The council of ministers has a chairman sometimes called
premier or prime minister
2. a) Give three reasons why Lenin introduced the New Economic policy in
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic USSR.
i) The Marxist economic policies which has been introduced by the
Bolsheviks had failed
ii) To attract foreign investment
iii) To encourage peasants to produce more food,
iv) To revive industrial production that had collapsed because of the
First World War and the civil wars
v) To re-establish foreign trade that had collapsed after the 1917
revolution
vi) To create employment opportunities.
b) Discuss six factors which have contributed to the emergence of the
USSR as an industrial power.
i) The USSR had developed a strong agricultural base as a result of
the establishment of collective farms. This facilitated the
production of industrial raw materials and food,
ii) Rehabilitation programmes of the 1920's and 1930 provided a
bases for further industrial expansion.
iii) Existence of a large population provided labour for industrial
advancement,
iv) The USSR had technological and scientific know-how form
Germans after her defeat in the Second World War. She used this
for her industrial development/technological know-how,
v) Establishment of the USSR's influence over most parts of Eastern
Europe after the second world war enabled her to acquire vast
markets for her industrial produce/external markets,
vi) Foreign investment contributed to industrial
development/availability of capital,
vii) Good economic planning especially the five-year plans enabled
USSR to achieve her objectives in her industrial development.
viii) Availability of vast natural resources (Mineral resources) for
example coal and iron ore contributes to further industrial growth,
ix) Good communication and transport network facilitated the
transportation of raw materials and industrial products.
x) Availability of sources of powers e.g. coal and H.E.P.
3. a) List three ways through which a person may become a member of
parliament in Britain.
i) By election to the House of Commons
ii) Nomination to the House of Lords by the Queen/Monarch
iii) By virtue of holding certain offices e.g. Bishop of the Church of
England and some judges,
iv) By becoming a member of the House of Lords through inheritance
b) State four factors which may limit the supremacy of parliament in
Britain.
i) Parliament is the supreme institution in Britain. All other
institutions derive their power from it.
ii) Parliament is the only institution empowered to make, amend and
abolish laws. No other institution has the right to order-ride the
legislations of parliament/passing of bills,
iii) Parliament is the only institution empowered to approve
government budget,
iv) Decisions of parliament are biding to all. They cannot be over
ruled or nullified by a court of law.
v) Parliament has the powers to remove an unpopular government
from office.
4. a) State five conditions that had to be fulfilled in order to become a
member of the communist party of the Union of Soviet Socialists
Republic (USSR).
i) A person had a citizenship of the Soviet Union.
ii) A person had to actively practice supporter of communism.
iii) A person had to be a staunch supporter of communism
iv) To become a full member of the party, a person had to successfully
complete a probation period of one year.
v) A person had to be prepared to accept all party resolutions without
question.
vi) A person had to apply for party membership. The application was
screened by a committee made up of a party youth wing
(Komsomol).
vii) One had to be an outstanding/responsible member of the society
e.g. Intellectuals, scientists, outstanding workers and peasants.
b) Explain how the USSR government was organized before the break
up of the union.
i) The USSR was a federal republic made up of about fifteen
republics
ii) The head of state was a resident
iii) According to the soviet constitution, each member state had status
in the union.
iv) Membership to the union, according to the constitution was
voluntary - individual member states had the right to choose to be
members or secede,
v) The highest organ of the Federal Government was the Supreme
Soviet (Council) which was a bicameral legislature. It was made
up of the soviet of the union and the Soviet of the nationalities.
vi) Each republic was represented in the two houses of the Supreme
Soviet,
vii) Representatives of the two houses of the Supreme Soviet were
elected through adult universal suffrage.
viii) The federal government took charge of the foreign policy, defence
and other sensitive issues,
ix) Candidates were chosen by the communist party,
x) Each republic had its own constitution and government run by a
council of working people’s deputies,
xi) The council of working people’s deputies was responsible for the
internal affairs and law and order, xii) The Communists Party had
all control of government at all levels. For instance, it defined and
determined government policy and elected the president
5. a) State advantages of a federal system of government
i) A federal system of government makes it possible for several states
to work as one political unit.
ii) It ensures that the interests of smaller states and groups are
protected/security.
iii) It makes it possible for member states to benefit from the federal
pool of resources/economics of scale.
iv) Federalism makes it possible for member states to solve common
problem together
v) It makes available a large market of goods produced in the various
states,
vi) Promotes trade within the federation by eliminating problems of
customs duties and boundaries / establishing common currencies.
vii) It makes it possible for member states to be together without losing
their identity,
viii) Facilitates interaction between people of different states and
nationalities,
ix) It provides checks and balances in the systems between the central
government and the states.
b) Explain how the government of the US A is organized.
i) The USA is a federal republic made up of about 50 (49, 51) states
ii) The head of state is a president who is elected every four years. Fie
is the chief executive but he is not a member of the legislative.
iii) There is separation of powers between the executives, legislature
and judiciary,
iv) It has a bicameral legislature (congress). The congress is made up
of the House of Representatives and the Senate,
v) Each state is divided into a number of electoral constituencies each
of which elects representatives from each state.
vi) Each state has its own court system. The federal court (The
Supreme Court) is the high –test court in the country.
vii) Functions of the government are shared between the federal
government and state governments.
viii) The federal government tasks are of major issues, foreign affairs,
defence and making general laws for all American regulating trade
and commerce and issuing the currency.
ix) Each state has its own government to deal with matters pertaining
to their territories.
x) The secretaries are appointed by the president and are not member
of the congress.
xi) State government deal with matters pertaining to their territories
e.g. agriculture, education, health.
xii) There is a vice president who is appointed by the president with the
approval of the party.
6. a) State 3 ways in which a British citizen may become a member of
parliament.
i) By being elected to the House of Commons in general election.
ii) By being created a peer by the queen to become a member of the
House Lords/nomination.
iii) By inheriting a set in the House of Lords.
b) List six functions of the queen of Britain
i) She is the head of the state and commander- in- chief of the armed
forces
ii) She opens parliament / does not convene
iii) She invites the leader of the wining party to become the prime
minister
iv) She invites the prime minister and creates political peers
v) She represents the country international forums
vi) She gives assent to bills before they become law.
vii) She appoints the Arch Bishop of the Church of England
viii) She is the symbolic head of commonwealth
ix) She bestows honours to deserving persons
x) She exercises prerogative of mercy and grants pardon to convicted
criminal/person/fountain of justice,
xi) She creates peers
c) Explain 3 roles played the House of Lords in the British
Parliamentary system.
i) The House of Lords checks the powers of the House of Commons
and therefore prevents nasty legislation. Bills from the House of
Common have to go the House of Lords for debate and approval,
ii) It provides a forum for the utilization of the talents of people who
could not win a general election. These people are created peers by
the queen and become members of the House of Lords,
iii) It enhances unity in the country as commoners are created Lords
by the queen and then become members of the House of Lord,
iv) It provides continuity in operations in parliament. Old and
experienced peers retain their seats in the House of Lords until
they die, so they provide guidance to new and young politicians.
7. a) What are the sources of the British Constitution.
i) Act of parliament e.g. the magma Carat, the parliament Act of
1911.
ii) The British conventions which have been used from generation to
generations over a long period of time. For example, those who
protect the British citizens against the excess of the executive,
iii) Decisions made by the British law courts from time became part of
the British constitution e.g. in 1884 the supremacy of parliament
was established by the courts of Britain,
iv) The Hansard and - official verbatim report of proceeding in the
parliament,
v) Royal prerogatives / powers of king or queen to declare war or
make treaties of peace,
vi) Legal publications by reputable authorities e.g. scholars, lawyers,
statements, political thinkers. .
b) Describe how the government of the USSR was organized.
i) The USSR was a federation of several socialists’ republics. The
federation was headed by a president.
ii) The Supreme Soviet was the highest law making institutions,
iii) The Supreme Soviet was made up of two houses, the soviet of the
nationalities,
iv) There existed a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister
who was also the head of the government.
v) Each state had its own government and parliament.
vi) The union government was in charge of defence, currency, and
foreign policy,
vii) There were local Soviets to run affairs at the local level.
viii) System of occurs existed from the local to the federal level. The
courts were independent,
ix) The communist party controlled the government at all levels. It
was the supreme political force in the USSR.
x) The community party was the only legal political party in the
country.
xi) The leader of the communist’s party was the most powerful person
in the USSR.
8. a) Explain why the ancient regime in France had become unpopular in
1789.
i) The kings possessed absolute and unquestionable powers. Their
word was law.
ii) The Kings claimed divine authority and so were above the law.
They used this claim to control people's lives.
iii) The royal family lied lavishly while the commoners lived in
extreme poverty/famine,
iv) The Kings tolerated no criticism; the opponents were sentenced to
death with ruthlessness.
v) The clergy and nobility had a privilege position in the state. They
were the first and second class citizens and owned all the land
which they rented to commoners.
vi) The nobles and the clergy were exempted from paying taxes while
the commoners paid heavily,
vii) The middle class which was made up of the professionals eg.
Lawyers, teachers and doctors were excluded from government to
their dissatisfaction.
viii) The peasants were over - burdened with many types of taxes which
were collected ruthlessly,
ix) They were subjected to other ills such as forced labour unfair
evictions by the landlords.
b) Discuss the French s /stems of government from 1871.
i) France became a republic in 1871 with an executive president,
ii) The president is assisted by a Prime Minister who is his appointee.
iii) The president is elected by direct popular vote to a seven year term
of office through according to the French constitution the president
can be elected for a second term.
iv) The president with the help of the prime minister chooses a team of
minister who are charged with irresponsibility of making and
implementing government policies,
v) Defence and foreign affairs fall under the direct responsibility of
the president / commander in chief of the armed forces,
vi) The National Assembly is the law making body in France although
its power is limited to certain areas e.g. taxation, nationalization of
industries and declaration of war.
vii) The president has the right to dissolve parliament in the event of a
national crisis and rule by decree.
viii) France has a bicameral parliament consisting of the senate and the
national assembly. The senate is elected to a five - year term and
has more powers,
ix) The power is shared between the president and the prime minister.
x) The president is the arbitrator and guardian of the constitution,
ix) France has a multipart y democracy.
9. Name one organization which has been formed by the organization of Africa
Unity (OAU) member countries to promote economic co-operation among
Southern African countries.
i) Preferential Trade Area (PTA) of Eastern and Southern Africa /
COMESA
ii) Southern Africa Development coordination conference (SADCC)
SADEC
10. a) What role does the Queen of England play in relation to the British
government?
i) At the end of election, ,, the monarch invites the leaders of the
party with the majority votes in the House of Commons to form the
next government / invites the Prime Minister.
ii) The Monarch is the legal head of the state and the symbol of
national unity.
iii) Before a bill becomes law the Monarch gives the Royal Assent.
iv) The Monarch has the powers to officially dissolved parliament at
the end of its tenure of office.
v) The Monarch approves the appointment of the cabinet.
vi) The Monarch nominates members to the House of the Lord /
makes peers
vii) She exercises the prerogative of mercy on conflicts and criminals.
viii) She summons the parliament after general election
ix) The Monarch is the commander in chief of the armed forces.
b) Describe the functions of the British Parliament
i) The British parliament discuses and makes laws. It also amends
laws when need arises.
ii) Parliament control government expenditure the approval of
parliament is mandatory.
iii) Parliament approves the government budget and ways of raising
money.
iv) It directs government foreign policy and keeps development
programmes on tract.
v) It checks the power of the executive to ensure that the rule of law
is maintained / can pass a vote of no confidence.
vi) Discuss / debates issues of national interest.
11. State one privilege which members of the British Parliament enjoy.
i) Freedom of Speech
ii) Freedom from harassment within precincts of parliament e.g. arrest
iii) Protection against arrest for civil offences for a period of forty
days before and forty day after parliament.
13. Distinguish between written an unwritten constitution.
A written constitution is one which is available in a formal document
whereas unwritten constitution is one which does not exist in a formal
document.
14. a) Describe the structure of the communist party in the Union of Soviet
Republic (USSR)
i) The highest organ of the communists party structure was the all -
union party congress was the final decision making organ.
ii) The next organ was the central committee whose main function
was to ratify decisions made by the party congress.
iii) Another important party organ was the politburo / presidium of the
central committee it made decisions when the committee was in
the recess.
iv) The central party committee controlled and supervised the function
of the various departments e.g. the army, finance and personnel.
v) The secretariat was the next organ in the political set up of the
communists party. It played a role in the formation of government
policy.
vi) Youth wing (Komsomol)
b) Discuss 6 critics that have been advanced against the communist
party in the USSR.
i) The part was highly elitist and exclusive and membership was
confined to a fear/selected citizens such as government officers,
intellectuals, scientists, secret police and outstanding workers.
ii) Membership to the party was restricted and therefore was not
represented of the masses, e.g. by 1973 out of a total population of
200 million people only 15 million people were members of the
party.
iii) Members and applicants of the party were subjected to scrutiny
and strict party discipline. Those who did not meet these demands
lost their membership / were not accepted.
iv) The party deprived the majority of the population democratic
participation in their governance since it could not possibly
represents the wishes of the people.
v) The party established organs for the youth. These were the union
of the young wing (Komsomol) between ages 5 and 28 and the
octobrists for those up to 10 years. These organs K were used to
propagate the ideals of communism and loyalty to their country
and hence brainwashed them.
vi) The communist party was dictatorial and undemocratic at all levels
- it did not give the citizens a chance to choose other forms of
governance.
15. State one advantage of a written constitution over an unwritten constitution.
i) A written constitutional is readily available for ease of reference
and application / use
ii) A written constitution promotes uniformity of application in
various situation.
iii) A written constitutional does not give much room for
manipulation.
16. State two features of the government of France in the 20th Century.
i) It is multiparty democracy
ii) Power is shared between the President and Prime Minister
iii) The president is the executive head of government
iv) There- is a legislative which is composed of a senate and national
assembly.
v) Presidential elections are held every 7 years.
vi) National assembly elections are held every 5 years
vii) Senate elections are held every 9 years.
17. State the main reason why the USSR adopted a one party system
To promote national unity.
18. a) Describe the functions of the president of the United States of
America (USA)
i) The president is the head of state.
ii) He appoints cabinet minister and senior civil servants with
approval of the congress
iii) He guides and controls foreign affairs/ chief diplomat.
iv) He is the commander in chief of the Armed forces.
v) He presides over the senate.
vi) He presides cabinet meetings
vii) He appoints the supreme court judges including the Chief Justice.
viii) The president is the head of government.
b) Explain how the system of government of the USA works
i) It is federal system of government consisting of 50 states.
ii) Each state is a republic with its own government.
iii) Each states is headed by governor
iv) Each state has its own constitution guiding internal affairs
v) The federal government is headed by president
vi) The president is assisted by the vice president who can take over in
case the president dies.
vii) The federal government has bicameral legislature / congress made
up to two houses. The Senate and the House of Representatives.
viii) Members of the congress are elected by popular votes /each
represented in the congress.
ix) The congress makes law
x) State judiciary comprises of the federal courts and the Supreme
Court.
xi) The Supreme Court is the highest court.
xii) There is separation of powers between the legislation and
judiciary.
xiii) The federal government controls foreign affairs defense trade,
taxation issuing currency and solving disputes between states and
citizens of different states.
WORLD WARS
1. a) State five causes of the Second World War.
i) The rise to power of Adolf Hitler and his determination to restore
Germany's lost glory led war as he invaded other countries / Hitler
invasion of Poland,
ii) The inability of the League of Nations to implement its. Resolution
and punish those violated them encouraged the aggressors to purse
their ambitions (Objectives) and this intensified tension in the
World / failure of the League of Nation.
iii) The unfavourable conditions imposed on Germany by the Treaty
of Versailies humiliated and made her nurse a grudge against the
allied powers.
iv) The policy of appeasement practiced by Britain and France
encouraged the fascist dictators to carry on with their acts of
aggression,
v) Establishment of alliances between major powers encouraged acts
of aggression because of the feeling of mutual support,
vi) Growth of nationalism made countries inward looking and
therefore were reluctant to participate international issues.
vii) Rearmament and rise of dictatorship e.g. Mussoloni and Hilter.
b) Explain five effects of the Second World War on Europe.
i) The war led to the loss of many human lives. Many of the
survivors were maimed,
ii) The war was costly and this slowed down the rate of economic
development / economic problems.
iii) It led to the destruction of property such as industries and building
through bombing,
iv) Germany was occupied and dismembered by the Allied Force,
v) The balance of power in Europe was changed with the emergence
of the USSR and USA as new powers,
vi) Communist governments were established in many parts of Eastern
European through the influence of the USSR.
vii) The war increased USA's involvement in European affairs /
NATO/Marshall plan.
viii) The was stimulated the development of the military technology
and industry / making sophisticated weapons.
ix) It led to displacement of people who became refugees, x)
European countries became more committed to the idea of
maintaining peace in the world / formation of the UNO.
xi) The war left bitter feelings and mistrust among the countries which
fought,
xii) The expansion of the USSR in Eastern Europe and USA's
determination to check it led to the cold war.
2. What event prompted the United States of America to join the first world
war in 1917?
Germany declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare / sinking of the
USA ships.
3. Give two reasons why the central powers were defeated in the first world
war.
i) The allied forces controlled the sea routes and had powerful navy which
they used to block supplies to the central power,
ii) The allied forces had adequate supply of human resources for the war
from members against the central powers.
iii) The allied forces had abundant wealth with which finance the war.
iv) The initial defeat of Germany let to minutes in the Germany army. It also
made other members of the central powers to surrender.
4. a) Why was the United States of America (USA) reluctant to join the
first world war during the initial stages?
i) Desire to abide by the term to Moroe Doctrine of 1823 which
Prevents her from interfere in European affairs.
ii) Fear of revolt by her citizens of German origin,
iii) Fear of an outbreak of civil war between Americans of German
origin and those of other European nationalists
iv) The war had not interfered with the USA's interests until 1916.
b) Describe the result of the Second World War,
i) Loss of life. It is estimated that 300 million people died either in
Battle or as civilians through bombing,
ii) The atomic bombs which were used against Japan released radio-
active substances which affected the lives of many people,
iii) Permanent ill health and shortening of life for millions of people as
a result of years under nourishment or captivity.
iv) Destruction of property such as homes, houses, building and
bridges
v) Agriculture and Industry were disrupted due to lack of equipment,
raw materials and human resources.
vi) Psychological and emotional problems to families, individuals and
nations as a result of the torture of the war.
vii) Economics of the countries that were involved in the war were
destroyed leading to depression/economic slump.
viii) External trade almost came to stand still due to fear and insecurity,
ix) There was a high inflation rate which led to high cost of living,
x) Large numbers of people were displaced which led to great
suffering,
xi) The pre-war balance of power was destroyed and the power
vacuum was filled by two new super powers. The USA and USSR,
xii) The communist zone extended to cover half of the continent of
Europe, the USA assisted weakened European powers through the
Marshal plan,
xiii) The division of European into two opposing blocks led to the cold
war which was followed by arms race between USA and USSR
xiv) The failure of the League of the Nations to maintain world peace
led to the foundation of the United Nation Organization,
xv) Germany was divided into two, capitalist West Germany and
Communist East Germany. The city of Berlin was also divided
between the East and the West,
xvi) The myth of European military superiority was destroyed due to
the defeat of the British and American forces in the far East by the
Japanese.
xvii) Participation of Africans in the war strengthened African
nationalism.
5. Describe three factors that enabled the allied powers to win the Second
World War.
i) Germany's inability to effectively control her expansive territories and
some turned against her and fought along the allies.
ii) The USSR recovered from her losses rearmed and attacked Germany.
iii) The allies had more supporters than the axis powers who remained four
i.e. Germany, Bulgaria, Australia and Turkey.
iv) USA's entry into the war on the side of allies’ attack of Pearl Habour
v) Germany's forces were overstretched by fighting warring in many fronts.
vi) Allied forces had better arms than the axis powers as atomic bombs.
vii) A chief forces controlled North Sea to blocked Germany.
