ambrishgupta.files.wordpress.com€¦ · Web viewLesson: 1. Bricks, Beads abnd Bones – the Harappan Civilisation. Q1. Read the passage given below and answer the following question

Lesson: 1Bricks, Beads abnd Bones – the Harappan Civilisation

Q1. Read the passage given below and answer the following question 7

The most Ancient System Yet Discovered

About the drains, Mackay noted: “It is certainly the most complete ancient system as yet discovered.” Every house was connected to the street drains. The main channels were made of briks set in mortar and were covered with loose bricks that could be removed for cleaning. In some cases, limestone was used for the covers. House drains first emptied into a sump or cesspit into which solid matter settled while waste water flowed out into the street drains. Very long drainage channels were provided at intervals with sumps for cleaning. It is a wonder of archaeology that “little heaps of material, mostly sand, have frequently been found lying alongside drainage channels, which shows.... that the debris was not always carted away when the drain was cleared.”

From Ernest Mackay, Early Indus Civilisation, 1948.

Drainage systems were not unique to the larger cities, but were found in smaller settlements as well. At Lothal for example, while houses were built of mud bricks, drains were made of burnt bricks.

Questions:

1. The drains of which place are being described in this passage? 1

2. What were the advantages of covered drainage? Give any two reasons to support your answer. 2

3. Enumerate any four characteristics of these houses. 2

4. What was the drawback in the sanitation system? 2

निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेदों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िये तथा उसके अंत मे दिये प्रश्नो के उत्तर लिखिए।

अब तक्क खोजी गई प्राचीनतम प्रणाली

नालियों के विषय मैके लिखते है: “ निश्चित रूप से यह अब तक खोजी गई सर्वथा सम्पूर्ण प्राचीन प्रणाली है.” हर आवास को गली की नालियों से जोड़ा गया था. मुख्य नाले गारे में जमाई गई ईटों से बने थे और इन्हें ऐसी ईटों से ढका गया था, जिन्हें सफाई के लिए हटाया जा सके. कुछ स्थानों पर ढकने के लिए छूना पत्थर की पट्टिका का प्रयोग किया गया था.घरों की नालिया पहले एक हौदी या मलकुंड में खाली होती थी जिसमें ठोस पदार्थ जमा हो जाता था और गंदा पानी गली की नालियों में बह जाता था बहुत लंबे नालों में कुछ अंतरालों पर सफाई के लिए हौदियां बनाई गई थी. यह पुरातत्व कास एक अजूबा ही है कि “ मलबे, मुख्य: रेट के छोटे-छोटे ढेर सामान्यत निकासी के नालों के अगल-बगल पड़े मिले है जो दर्शाते है.......................कि नालों की सफाई के बादकचरे को हमेशा हटाया जाता था.”

अर्नेस्ट मैके, अर्ली इंडस सिविलैजेसन, १९४८

जल निकास प्रणालियाँ केवल बड़े शहरों तक ही सीमित नहीं थी बल्कि ये कई छोटी बस्तियों में भी मिली थी. उदाहरण के लिए, लोथल में आवासों के निर्माण के लिए जहाँ कच्ची ईटों का प्रयोग हुआ था, वही नालियां पक्की ईटों से बनाई गई थी.

1. इस अनुच्छेद में किस स्थान के नालियों के विषय में बताया गया है?

2. हडप्पावासियों की जल निकासी प्रणाली की क्या कमिया थी?

3. मोहनजोदडो के गृह स्थापत्य की व्याख्या कीजिए.

4. ढकी हुई नालियों के क्या-क्या लाभ है? स्पष्ट कीजिए.


How Artefacts are Identified

Processing of food required grinding equipment as well as vessels for missing blending and cooking. These were made of stonem metal and terracotta. This is an excerpt from one of the earliest reports on excavations at Mohanjodaro, the best-known Harappan site:

Saddle querns.......are found in considerable numbers....... and they seem to have been the only means in use for grinding cereals. As a rule, they were roughly made of hard, gritty, igneous rock or sandstone and mostly show signs of hard usage. As their bases are usually convexm they must have been set in the earth or in mud to prevent their rocking. Two main types have been found: those on which another smaller stone was pushed or rolled to and fro, and others with which a second stone was used as a pounder, eventually making a large cavity in the nether stone. Querns of the former type were probably used soley for grain; the second type possibly only for pounding herbs and spices for making curries. In fact, stones of this latter type are dubbed “curry stones” by our workmen and our cook asked for the loan of one from the museum for use in the kitchen.

Questions:

1. What are grinding equipment or saddle querns? 1

2. How is the surface of these grinding equipments? What does it indicate? 2

3. What are its two kinds? 2

4. Which aspect of the Harappan Culture does these grinding equipments highlights? 2


पुरावस्तुओं की पहचान कैसे की जाती है?

भोजन तैयार करने की प्रक्रिया में अनाज पीसने के यंत्र तथा उन्हें आपस में मिलाने, मिश्रण करने तथा पकाने के लिए बर्तनों की आवश्कता थी. इं सभी पत्थर, धातु तथा मिट्टी से बनाया जाता था. यहाँ एक महत्वपूर्ण हडप्पा स्थल मोहनजोदड़ों में हुए उत्खननों पर सबसे पहले रिपोर्ट में से एक से कुछ उदाधार्ण दिए जा रहे है-

अवतल चक्कियां ............. बड़ी संख्या में मिली हैं ............... और ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि अनाज पीसने के लिए प्रयुक्त ये एकमात्र साधन थी. साधारण: ये चक्कियां स्थूलत: कठोर, कंकरीले, अग्निज अथवा बलुआ पत्थर से निर्मित थी और आम तौर पर इनसे अत्यधिक प्रयोग के संकेत मिलते है. चुकि इं चक्कियों के तल सामानतया उत्तल है. निश्चित रूप से इन्हें जमीन में अथवा मिट्टी में जमा कर रखा जाता होगा जिससे इन्हें हिलने से रोका जा सके.दो मुख्य प्रकार की चक्कियां मिली है. एक वे है जिन पर दूसरा छोटा दूसरा पत्थर आगे – पीछे हिलाने चलाया जाता था, जिससे निचला पत्थर खोखला हो गया था तथा दूसस्री वे हैं जिनका प्रयोग संभवत: कवल सालन या तरी बनाने के लिए जड़ी-बूटियों तथा मसालों को कूटने के लिए किया जाता था. इं दूसरे प्रकार के पत्थरों को हमारे श्रमिकों दवारा ‘सालन पत्थर’ का नाम दिया गया है तथा हमारे बावर्ची ने एक यही पत्थर रसोई में प्रयोग के लिए संग्राहलय से उधार माँगा है. अर्नेस्ट मैक, फर्दर एक्सकैवेशन एट मोहनजोदडो, १९३७ से उदधृत

1. अवतल चक्कियां क्या है?

2. इं चक्कियों का ताल कैसा है और इससे किस बात का संकेत मिलता है?

3. दो प्रकार की चक्किया कौन-कौन सी है?

4. ये चक्कियां हडप्पा संस्कृति के किस पहलू पर प्रकाश डालती है?

Lesson: 2

Kings, Farmers and Twons – Early States anbd Economies

(C. 600BCE – 600 CE)


Prabhavati Gupta and the village of Danguna

This is what Prabhavati Gupta states in her inscription:

Prabhvati Gupta commands the gramakutumbinas (householders /peasants living in the village). Bramanas and others living in the village of Danguna…

“Be it known to you that on the twelfth of the bright of Kartika, we have ,in order to increase our religious merit donated this village with the pouring out of water , to tne Acharya Chanalasvamin… you should obey all (his) commands …

We confer on the following exemptions of an agrahara… (This village is) not to be enter by soldiers and policemen; (it is) exempt from (the obligation to provide) grass, (animal) hides as seats. And charcoal (torturing royal officers); exempt from (the royal prerogative of purchasing fermenting liquors and digging; exempt from (the obligation to supply) flowers and milk ;( it is donated) together with (the right to) hidden treasures and deposits together with major and minor taxes…

The charter has been written in the thirteenth year. (It has been) engraved by Chakradasa.

Questions:

1. Who issued this inscription? (2)

2. What were the exemptions conferred on a typical agarahara land? (2)

3. State the significance of this source. Give any three points. (3)


प्रभावती गुप्ता और दंगुन का गाँव

izHkkorh xqIr us vius vfHkys[k esa ;g dgk gSA

izHkkorh xzke dqVqafcuksa (xkWo ds x`gLFk vkSj कृषक] czkg~e.kksa ] vkSj naxqu xkWao ds vU; okfl;ksa dks vkns’k nsrh gSA

vkidks Kkr gks fd dkfrZd शुDy i{k dh }kn’kh frfFk dks /kkfeZd iq.; izkfIr ds fy, bl xzke dks ty viZ.k ds lkFk vkpk;Z pukyLokeh dks nku fd;k x;k gSA vkidksa buds lHkh vkns’kks dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A

,d vxzgkj ds fy, ik;qDr fuEufyf[kr fj;k;rksa dk funsZ’k Hkh nsrh gwWaA bl xkWo esa iqfyl ;k lSfud izos’k ugha djsaxsA nkSjs ij vkus okys ‘शkldh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;g xkWao ?kkl nsus vkSj vklu esa iz;qDr gksus okyh tkuojksa dh [kky vkSj dks;yk nsus ds nkf;R; ls eqDr gSA lkFk gh os efnjk [kjhnus vkSj ued gsrq [kqnkbZ djus ds jktlh vf/kdkj dks dk;kZfUor fd, tkus ls eqDr gSa A bl xkWao dks [kfut & inkFkZ vkSj [kfnj o`{k ds mRikn nsus ls Hkh NwV gSA Qwy vkSj nw/k nsus ls Hkh NwV gSaA bl xkWo dk nku blds Hkhrj dh laifr vkSj cMs & NksVs lHkh djksa lfgr fd;k x;k gSaA

bl jkT;kns’k dks 13osa jkT; oषZ esa fy[kk x;k gS vkSj bls pdznkl us mRdh.kZ fd;k gSaA

1 ;g vfHkys[k fdlus tkjh fd;k gSA 2

2 fof’kष्ट vxzgkj Hkwfe ij D;k&D;k fj;k;rsa FkhA 2

3 bl lzks= dk egRo crkb;s A dksbZ rhu fcanq fyf[k,A 3


What the King’s Officials Did?

Here is an excerpt from the account of Megasthenes:

Of the great officers of state, some……superintend the rivers, measure the land, as is done in Egypt, and inspect the sluices by which water is led out from the main canals into their branches, so that everyone may have an equal supply of it. The same persons have charge also of the huntsmen, and are entrusted with the power of rewarding or punishing them according to their deeds. They collected the taxes, and superintend the occupations connected with land; as those of the woodcutters, the carpenters, the blacksmith, and the miners.

Questions

(i) Which empire is Megasthenes referring to? 1

(ii) What similarity does Megasthenes tell about the officials of Egypt and this empire? 2

(iii) Why was this work assigned to those officials who supervised the main gate of the canal water? What more work did they perform? 2

(iv) How many committees and sub-committees have been referred to by Megasthenes for the conduct of military activities? 2


सम्राट के अधिकारी क्या-क्या कार्य करते थे?

मेगस्थनीज़ के विवरण का एक अंश दिया गया है:

साम्राज्य के महान अधिकारियों में से कुछ नदियों की देख-रेख और भूमि मापन का काम करते हैं जैसा कि मिस्त्र में होता था। कुछ प्रमुख नहरों से उपनहरों के लिए छोड़े जाने वाले पानी के मुख द्वार का निरीक्षण करते हैं ताकि हर स्थान पर पानी की समान पूर्ति हो सके। यही अधिकारी शिकारियों का संचालन करते हैं और शिकारियों के क्रित्यों के आधार पर उन्हें इनाम या दंण्ड देते हैं। वे कर वसूली करते हैं और भूमि से जुड़े सभी व्यवसायों का निरीक्षण करते हैं। साथ ही लकड़हारों, बढ़ई, लोहारों, और खननकर्ताओं का भी निरीक्षण करते हैं।

प्रश्न :-

(1) मेगस्थनीज़ किस साम्राज्य का उल्लेख कर रहा हैं? 1

(2) मेगस्थनीज़ मिस्त्र के अधिकारियों और इस साम्राज्य के अधिकारियों के मध्य किन समानताओं का उल्लेख कर रहा हैं? 2

(3) यह कार्य उन अधिकारियों को क्यों सौंपा जाता था जो पानी के मुख द्वार का निरीक्षण करते थे? इसके अतिरिक्त वे अ्न्य क्या कार्य करते थे? 2

(4) मेगस्थनीज़ के अनुसार सैनिक गतिविधियों के संचालन के लिए कौन सी समितियाँ और उपसमितियाँ नियुक्त थीं? 2

Lesson: 3

Kinship, Caste and Class – Early Societies (C.600BCE – 600CE)

A Mother’s Advice

“Gandhari made one last appeal to her eldest son Duryodhana:

By making peace you honour your father and me, as well as your well-wishers…it is the wise man who is in control of his senses who guards his kingdom. Greed and anger drag a man away from his profits; by defeating these two enemies a king conquers the earth … You will happily enjoy the earth, my son, along with the wise and heroic Pandavas ….. There is no good in a war, no law (dharma) and profit (artha), let alone happiness; nor is there (necessarily) victory in the end--don’t set your mind on war.....”

माता की सलाह

“गांधारी ने अपने ज्येष्ठ पुत्र दुर्योधन से युद्ध न करने की विनती की:

शांती की संधि करके तुम अपने पिता, मेरे तथा अपने शुभेच्छुकों का सम्मान करोगे……विवेकी पुरुष जो अपनी इंद्रियों पर नियंत्रण रखता है वही अपने राज्य की रखवाली करता है। लालच और क्रोध आदमी को लाभ से दूर खदेड़कर ले जाते हैं; इन दोनों शत्रुओं को पराजित कर राजा समस्त धरती को जीत सकता है…….हे पुत्र तुम विवेकी और वीर पांडवों के साथ सानंद इस धरती का भोग करोगे.....युद्ध में कुछ भी शुभ नहीं होता, न धर्म और अर्थ की प्राप्ति होती है और न ही प्रसन्नता की; युद्ध के अंत में सफ़लता मिले यह भी ज़रूरी नहीं…….अपने मन को युद्ध में लिप्त मत करो….”

Answer the following questions:-

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए

1. Do you think that Gandhari’s “peacemaking” advice was appropriate? Give two reasons. 2

क्या आपको गांधारी की शांती संधि की सलाह उचित लगती है? दो कारण बताइये।

2. Why do you think that control of greed and anger are beneficial for human being and society? Give three reasons. 2

क्या आपको ऐसा लगता है कि लालच और क्रोध पर नियन्त्रण मानव एवं समाज के हित में हैं? तीन कारण दीजिए।

Q. Read the passage given below and answer the following question 7

The Bodhisatta as a chandala

Did Chandalas resist the attempts to push them to the bottom of the social order? Read this story, which is the part of the Matanga Jataka, a Pali text, where the Bodhisatta (the Buddha in a previous birth) is identified as a chandala.

Once, the Budhisatta was born outside the city of Banaras as a Chandalas’s son and named Matanga. One day, when he had gone to the city on some work, he encountered Dittha Mangalika, the daughter of a merchant. When she saw him, she exclaimed “I have seen something inauspicious” and washed her eyes. The angry hangers-on then beat him up. In protest, he went and lay down at the door of her father’s house. On the seventh day they brought out the girl and give her to him. She carried the starving Matanga back to the chandala settlement. Once he returned home, he decided to renounce the world. After attaining spiritual powers, he retured to Banaras and married her. A son named Mandavya kumara was born to them. He learnt the three Vedas as he grew up and began to provide food to 16,000 Brahmanas every day.

One day, Matanga, dressed in rags, with a clay alms bowl in his hand, arrived at his son’s doorstep and begged for food. Mandavya replied that he looked like an outcaste and was unworthy of alms; the food was meant for the Brahmanas. Matanga said: “Those who are proud of their birth and are ignorant do not deserve gifts. On the contrary, those who are free from vices are worhty of offerings. Mandavya lost his temper and asked his servant to throw the man out. Matanga rose in the air and disappeared. When Dittha Mangalika learnt about the incident, she followed Matanga and begged his forgiveness. He asked her to take a bit of the incident; she followed Matanga and begged his forgiveness. He asked her to take a bit of the leftover from his bowl and give it to Mandavya and the Brahmanas......

(a) Why was Matanga beaten?2

(b) What the duties of the chandalas were as laid down in the Manusmriti? 3

(c) Why did Dittha Mangalika ask for forgiveness?2


ckssf/klRo ,d pk.Mky के :i esa

D;k pk.Mkyksa us vius dks lekt dh lcls fupyh Js.kh esa j[ks tkus dk izfrjks/k fd;k\ ;g dgkuh if<+, tks ikfy esa fy[kh ekrax tkrd ls yh xbZ gSA bl dFkk esa ckssf/klRo Uk (iwoZtUe esa cq.) ,d pk.Mky osQ :i esa fpf=r gSaA

,d ckj ckssf/klRo us cukjl uxj ds ckgj ,d pk.Mky ds iq= ds :i esa tUe fy;k] mudk uke ekrax FkkA ,d fnu os fdlh dk;Zo'k uxj esa x, vkSj Rgk! mudh eqykdkr fnFFk ekaxfyd uked ,d O;kikjh dh iq=h ls gqbZA mUgsa ns[kdj og fpYykbZ eSaus dqN v'kqHk ns[k fy;k gSA， ;g dgdj mlus viuh vk[ksa /kAsbZA mlds dzksf/kr lsodksa us ekrax dh fiVkbZ dhA fojks/k esa ekrax O;kikjh ds ?kj ds njokts ds ckgj tkdj ysV x,A lkrosa jkst ?kj ds yksxksa us ckgj vkdj fnFFk dks mUgsa lkSai fn;kA fnFFk miokl ls {kh.k gq, ekrax dks ysdj pk.Mky cLrh esa vkbZA ?kj ykSVus ij ekrax us lalkj R;kxus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA vykSfdd 'kfDr gkfly djus ds mijkar og cukjl ykSVs vkSj mUgksaus fnFFk ls fookg dj fy;kA ek.MO;dqekj uked mudk ,d iq= gqvkA cM+s gksus ij mlus rhu osnksa dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk izR;sd fnu og 16000 czkgzea.kksa dks Hkkstu djkrk FkkA

,d fnu QVs oL= igus rFkk feVzVh dk fHk{kk ik= gkFk esa fy, ekrax vius iq= ds njokts ij vk, vkSj mUgksaus Hkkstu ekxkA ek.MO; us dgk fd os ,d ifrr vkneh izrhr gksrs gSa vr% fHk{kk ds ;ksX; ugha] Hkkstu czkgzea.kksa ds fy, gSA ekrax us mRrj fn;k] ftUgas vius tUe ij xoZ gS ij vKkuh gSa os HksaV ds ik= ugha gSaA blds foijhr tks yksx nks"keqDr gSa os HksaV ds ;ksX; gSaA， ek.MO; us dzksf/kr gksdj vius lsodksa ls ekrax dks ?kj ls ckgj fudkyus dks dgkA ekrax vkdk'k esa tkdj vn`'; gks x,A tc fnFFk ekaxfyd dks bl izlax ds ckjs esa irk pyk rks og muls ekQh ekxus ds fy, muds ihNs vkbZA ekrax us mlls dgk fd og muds fHk{kk ik= esa cps gq, Hkkstu dk dqN va'k ek.MO; rFkk czkgzea.kksa dks ns nsa---

(a) मातंग क्यो पीटा गया था

(b) मनुस्मृति मे चाण्डाल के क्या कर्तव्य बताए गये थे?

(c) दिथ्थ मांगलिक ने माफी क्यो मांगी?

Lesson: 4

Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings – Cultural Development

(C.600BCE – 600CE)

15. Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Why were stupas built?

This is an excerpt from the Mahaparinibbana Sutta, part of the Sutta Pitaka: As the Buddha lay dying, Ananda asked him: “What are we to do Lord, with the remains of the Tathagata (another name forthe Buddha)?” The Buddha replied: “Hinder not yourselves Ananda by honouring the zealous, be intent on your own good.”But when pressed further, the Buddha said:“At the four crossroads they should erect a thupa (Pali for stupa) to the Tathagata. And whosoever shall there place garlands or perfume … or make a salutation there, or become in its presence calm of heart, that shall long be to them for a profit and joy.”


Lrwi D;ksa cuk, tkrs Fks \

;g mn~/kj.k egkifjfuCcku lqRr ls fy;k x;k gS tks lqRr fiVd dk fgLlk gS A ifjfuokZ.k ls iwoZ vkaun us iwNk %& Hkxoku ge rFkkxr ¼cq} dk nwljk uke½ ds vo’ks"kksa dk D;k djsxs \

cqn~/k us dgk Þ rFkkxr ds vo’ks"kksa dks fo’ks"k vknj nsdj [kqn dks er jksdks A /keksZRlkgh cuksa] viuh

HkykbZ ds fy, iz;kl djksÞ ysfdu fo’ks"k vkxzg djus ij cqn~/k cksys &ßmUgsa rFkkxr ds fy, pkj egkiFkks ds pkSd ij Fkzwi ¼Liwr dk ikfy :i½Þ cukuk pkfg, A tks Hkh ogkW /kwi ;k ekyk p<+k,xk ----- ;k ogkW flj uok;sxk] ;k ogkW ij g`n; esa 'kkafr yk;sxk] mu lcds fy, og fpjdky rd lq[k vkSj vkaun dk dkj.k cusxk A

Answer the following Questions

1. Who advised the Ananda to build the Stupa?1

vkaun dks Lrwi cukus dh lykg fdlus nh Fkh \

2. Who was the Tathagata? What had he told about the importance of the stupa?1+2

rFkkxr dkSu Fks \ mUgksaus Lrwi dk D;k egRo crk;k Fkk \

3. Name any three places where the Stupas have been built. 3

fdUgha rhu LFkkuksa ds uke crkvksa tgkW Lrwi cuk, x;s A

Read the following extracts carefully and answer the questions that follow:

A prayer to Agni

Bring, O strong one, this sacrifice of ours to the Gods, O wise one, as a liberal giver. Bestow on us, O priest, and abundant food. Agni, obtain by sacrificing, mighty wealth for us.

Procure O Agni, forever to him whoprays to you (the gift of) nourishment, the wonderful cow. May a son be ours, offspring that continue our line…….Verses such as these were composed in a special kind of Sanskrit, known as Vedic Sanskrit? They were taught orally to men belonging to priestly families.

1. Mention the language in which prayers were made and why? (2)

2. How and when were the sacrifices made? (2)

3. List the objectives of sacrifices. (3)


अग्नि की प्रार्थना

हे शाकिशाली देव आप हमारी आहुती देवताओं तक ले जाये हे बुद्धिमत आप सब के दाता है हे पुरोहित, हमे खूब सारे खाद्य पदार्थ दे हे अग्नि, यज्ञ के द्वारा हमारे लिए हमारे लिए प्रचुर धन दे हे अग्नि, जो आपकीपरर्थना करता है उसके लिए आप सदा के लिए पुष्टिवर्धक अदभूत गाय ला दे हमे पुत्र मिले जो हमारे वंश को आगे बढ़ाए .... इस तरह के छन्द एक खास तरह के संस्कृत मे रचे हुए थे जिसे वैदिक संस्कृत कहा जाता था। ये स्रोत पुरोहित परिवार के लोगोके लिए मौखिक रूप से सिखाये जाते थे।

1. प्रार्थना किस भाषा मे और क्यों की जाती थी? 2

2. यज्ञ कैसे और कब किए जाते थे? 2

3. यज्ञ के उद्येश्यों की सूची बनाए । 3

Lesson 5

Through the Eyes of Travellers-Perceptions of Society

(C.Tenth to Seventeenth Centuries)

Q1. Read the following extracts carefully and answer the questions that follow:

DEHLI

Here is an excerpt from Ibn Batuta’s account of Delhi, often spelt as Dehli in texts, of the period:

The city of Delhi covers a wide area and has a large population….the rampart round the city is without parallel. The breadth of its wall is eleven cubits; and inside it are houses for the night sentry and gatekeepers. Inside the ramparts, there are store houses for storing edibles, magazines, ammunition, ballistas and siege machines. The grains that are stored can last for a long time, without rotting….In the interior of the rampart, horsemen as well as infantrymen move from one end of the city to another. The rampart is pierced through by windows which open on the side of the city, and it is through these windows that light enters inside. The lower part of the rampart is built of stone; the upper part of bricks. It has many towers close to one another. There are 28 gates of this city which are called darwaza, and of these, the Budaun Darwaza is the greatest; inside the Mandvi darwaza there is a grain market; adjacent to the Gul darwaza there is an orchard…….It has a fine cemetery in which graves have domes over them, and those that do not have a dome, have an arch, for sure. In the cemetery they sow flowers such as tuberose, jasmine, wild rose, etc.; and flowers blossom there in all seasons.

(i) How had Ibn-Batuta described the cities in the sub-continent? 2

(ii) What was his description of Delhi? 3

(iii) Mention any four changes in Delhi of today. 2

(iv) निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेदों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िये तथा उसके अंत मे दिये प्रश्नो के उत्तर लिखिए।

देहली

दिल्ली, जिसे तत्कालीन ग्रंथों में अक्सर देहली नाम से उद्धृत किया गया था, का वर्णन इब्न बतूता इस प्रकार करता है:

दिल्ली बड़े क्षेत्र में फैला घनी जनसंख्या वाला शहर है……शहर के चारों ओर बनी प्राचीर अतुलनीय है, दीवार की चौड़ाई ग्यारह हाथ (एक हाथ लगभग 20 इंच के बराबर) है; और इसके भीतर रात्रि के पहरेदार तथा द्वारपालों के कक्ष हैं। प्राचीरों के अंदर खाद्दसामग्री, हथियार, बारूद, प्रक्षेपास्त्र तथा घेरेबंदी में काम आने वाली मशीनें के संग्रह के लिए भंडारग्रह बने हुए थे……प्राचीर के भीतरी भाग में घुड़सवार तथा पैदल सैनिक शहर के एक से दूसरे छोर तक आते-जाते हैं। प्राचीर में खिड़कियाँ बनी हैं जो शहर की ओर खुलती हैं और इन्ही खिड़कीयों के माध्यम से प्रकाश अंदर आता है। प्राचीर का निचला भाग पत्थर से बना है जबकि ऊपरि भाग ईटों से। इसमें एक-दूसरे के पास-पास बनी कई मीनारें हैं। इस शहर के अठ्टाईस द्वार हैं जिन्हें दरवाज़ा कहा जाता है, और इनमें से बदायूँ दरवाज़ा सबसे विशाल है; मांडवी दरवाज़े के भीतर एक अनाज मंडी है; गुल दरवाज़े के बगल में एक फलों का बगीचा है.......इस में एक बेहतरीन कब्रगाह जिसमें बनी कब्रों के ऊपर गुबंद बनाई गयी है और जिन कब्रों पर गुबंद नहीं है उनमें निश्चित रूप से मेहराब है। कब्रगाह में कंदाकार चमेली तथा जंगली गुलाब जैसे फूल उगाए जाते हैं; और फूल सभी मौसमों में खिले रहते हैं।

(1) उप-महाद्वीप के नगरों का वर्णन इब्न बतूता ने किस प्रकार किया है? 2

(2) उसके द्वारा दिल्ली का दिया गया विवरण क्या था? 3

(3) आज की दिल्ली में आए किन्हीं चार परिवर्तनों का उल्लेख कीजिए। 2


ON HORSE AND ON FOOT

This is how Ibn Battuta described the postal system:

In India the postal system is of two kinds: The horse-post called ‘Uluq’ is run by royalhorses stationed at distance of every four miles. The foot-post has three stations permit. It iscalled ‘dawa’, that is, one third of a mile ….. Now, at every third of a mile there is wellpopulated village, outside which are three pavilions in which sit men with girded loins ready tostart. Each of them carries a rod, two cubits in length with copper bells at the top. When thecourier starts from the city, he holds the letter in one hand and the rod with its bells on theother; and he runs as fast as he can. When the men in the pavilion hear the ringing of bell they get ready. As soon as the courier reaches them one of them takes the letter from his and runs atthe top speed shaking the rod all the while until he reaches the next dawa. And the sameprocess continues till the letter reaches its destination. This foot-person is quicker than thehorse-post; and often it is used to transport the fruit of Khurasan which are much desired inIndia.

(i) Name the two kinds of postal System. 1

(ii) Explain how the foot post worked. 2

(iii) Why does Ibn-Battua think that the postal system in India was efficient? 2

(iv) How did the State encourage merchants in the 14th century? 2


अश्व पर और पैदल

भारत में दो प्रकार की डाक व्यवस्था है। अश्व डाक व्यवस्था जिसे उलुक कहा जाता है, हर चार मील की दूरी पर स्थापित राजकीय घोड़ों द्वारा संचालित होती है। पैदल डाक व्यवस्था के प्रति मील तीन अवस्थान होते हैं; इसे दावा कहा जाता है, और यह एक मील का एक-तिहाई होता है …..अब, हर तीन मील पर घनी आबादी वाला एक गाँव होता है जिसके बाहर तीन मंडप होते हैं जिसमें लोग कार्य आरंभ के लिए तैयार बैठे रहते हैं। उनमें से प्रत्येक के पास दो हाथ लंबी एक छड़ होती है जिसके ऊपर तांबे की घंटियाँ लगी होती है। जब संदेशवाहक शहर से यात्रा आरंभ करता है तो एक हाथ में पत्र तथा दूसरे हाथ में घंटियों सहित छड़ लिए वह क्षमतानुसार तेज़ भागता है। जब मंडप में बैठे लोग घंटियों की आवाज सुनते हैं तो वे तैयार हो जाते हैं। जैसे ही संदेशवाहक उनके पास पहुँचता है, उनमें से एक उससे पत्र लेता है और वह छड़ हिलाते हुए पूरी ताकत से दौड़ता है, जब तक वह अगले दावा तक नहीं पहुँच जाता। पत्र के अपने गंतव्य स्थान तक पहुँचने तक यही प्रक्रिया चलती रहती है। यह पैदल डाक व्यवस्था अश्व डाक व्यवस्था से अधिक तीव्र होती है; और इसका प्रयोग अकसर खुरासान के फलों के परिवहन के लिए होता है, जिन्हें भारत में बहुत पसंद किया जाता है।

(i) दो प्रकार की डाक व्यवस्था के नाम बताइये। 1

(ii) व्याख्या कीजिए कि पैदल डाक व्यवस्था कैसे कार्य करती है? 2

(iii) इब्न बतूता ऐसा क्यों सोचता है कि भारत में डाक व्यवस्था प्रभावकारी था? 2

(iv) 14वीं शताब्दी में राज्य ने व्यापारियों को कैसे प्रोत्साहित किया? 2


The child sati

This is perhaps one of the most poignant descriptions by Bernier:

At Lahore I saw a most beautiful young widow sacrified, who could not, I think have been more than 12 years of age. The poor little creature appeared more dead than alive when she approached the dreadful pit, the agony of her mind cannot be described, she trembled and wept bitterly nut three or fourof the Brahmans assisted by an old woman who held her under the arm, forced an unwilling victim towards the fatal spot seated her on the wood , tied her hands and feet, lest she should run away and in that situation the innocent creature was burnt alive.

1. Describe what Bernier saw at Lahore. (2)

2. How had the agony of the girl been described? (2)

3. How and why was the girl forced to the fatal spot? (3)


सती बालिका

यह संभवत बर्निएर के वृतांत से सबसे मार्मिक विवरणो मे से एक है:

लाहोर मे मैंने एक बहुत ही सुंदर अल्पव्यस्क विधवा जिसकी आयु मेरे विचार से 12 वर्षा से अधिक नहीं थी की बली होते देखा । उस भयानक नर्क की ओर जाते हुए वह असहाय छोटी बच्ची जीवित से अधिक मृत प्रतीत हो रही थी उसकी मस्तिष्क की व्यथा का वर्णन नहीं किया जा सकता था, वह काँपते हुए बुरी तरह से रो रही थी, लेकिन तीन या चार ब्राह्मण, एक बूढ़ी औरत , जिसने उसे अपनी आस्तीन के नीचे दबाया हुआ था, की सहता से अनिच्छुक पीड़िता को जबरन घटक स्थल की ओर ले गए थे उसे लकड़ियों पर बैठाया, उसके हाथ और पैर बांध दिये ताकि वो भाग न जाये और उस स्थ्ति मे उस मासुम प्राणी को जिंदा जला दिया गया।

1. लाहोर मे बर्निएर ने जो देखा उसका वर्णन करे।

2. लड़की की पीड़ा का वर्णन कैसे किया गया है?

3. कैसे और क्यों उस लड़की को बलपूर्वक घातक स्थान पर लाया गया?

SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 6

Q1.

Shastras or devotion?

This is a verse composed byAppar, a Nayanar saint:

O rogues who quote the lawbooks,Of what use are your gotra andkula?

Just bow to Marperu’s lord(Shiva who resides in Marperu,in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu) as

your sole refuge.

a) Name the saint who composed this verse. (1)

b) Who were Nayanars? (2)

c) Why did Alvars and Nayanars raise their voice against caste system and supremacy of Brahmans? (4)

Q2. Declining a royal gift

This excerpt from a sufi text describes the proceedings at ShaikhNizamuddinAuliya’s

hospice in 1313:

I (the author, Amir HasanSijzi) had the good fortune of kissing his (ShaikhNizamuddinAuliya’s) feet … At this time a local ruler had sent him the deed of ownership to two gardens and much land, along with the provisions and tools for their maintenance. The ruler had also made it clear that he was relinquishing all his rights to both the gardens and land. The master … had not accepted that gift. Instead, he had lamented: “What have I to do with gardens and fields and lands? … None of … our spiritual masters had engaged in such activity.”

Then he told an appropriate story: “… Sultan Ghiyasuddin, who at that time was still known as Ulugh Khan, came to visit ShaikhFariduddin (and) offered some money and ownership deeds for four villages to the Shaikh, the money being for the benefit of the dervishes (sufis), and the land for his use. Smiling, Shaikh al Islam (Fariduddin) said: ‘Give me

the money. I will dispense it to the dervishes. But as for those land deeds, keep them.

a) What did the local ruler send to Nizammuddinauliya and why? (2)

b) What did Ulugh khan offer to Sheikh Fariduddin when he visited him? (2)

c) Why did NizamuddinAuliya refuse to accept the offer and what did he say to him?(3)

Q3.The One Lord

Here is a composition attributed to Kabir:

Tell me, brother, how can there be No one lord of the world but two?

Who led you so astray? God is called by many names:

Names like Allah, Ram, Karim, Keshav, Hari, and Hazrat.

Gold may be shaped into rings and bangles. Isn’t it gold all the same?

Distinctions are only words we invent …

Kabir says they are both mistaken.

a) Name any two works in which the verses ascribed to Kabir have been compiled. (2)

b) How did Kabir describe the ultimate reality? (3)

c) Do you agree with Kabir? Why? (3)

Chapter 7

Q4 Colin Mackenzie

Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie became famous as anengineer, surveyor and cartographer. In 1815 he wasappointed the first Surveyor General of India, a posthe held till his death in 1821. He embarked on collectinglocal histories and surveying historic sites in order tobetter understand India’s past and make governance ofthe colony easier. He says that “it struggled long underthe miseries of bad management … before the Southcame under the benign influence of the Britishgovernment”. By studying Vijayanagara, Mackenziebelieved that the East India Company could gain “muchuseful information on many of these institutions, lawsand customs whose influence still prevails among thevarious Tribes of natives.

a)Write a brief life sketch of Colin Mackenzie. (2)

b) Give a short introduction of Vijayanagara empire. (2)

c) What type of duties were given by the British government to Colin Mackenzie? (3)

Q5 KINGS AND TRADERS

Krishnadeva Raya (ruled 1509-29), the most famous ruler of Vijayanagara, composed a work

on statecraft in Telugu known as the Amuktamalyada. About traders he wrote:

A king should improve the harbours of his country and so encourage its commerce that horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, pearls and other articles are freely imported … He should arrange that the foreign sailors who land in his country on account of storms, illness and exhaustion are looked after in a suitable manner … Make the merchants of

distant foreign countries who import elephants and good horses be attached to yourself by providing them with daily audience.

a) Who was raja Krishanadev Ray?( 2)

b) What were the duties of a king?( 3)

c) Why king increased trade? (2)

Q6 BAZAAR

Paes gives a vivid description of the bazaar:

Going forward, you have a broad and beautiful street… In this street live many merchants, and there you will find all sorts of rubies, and diamonds, and emeralds, and pearls, and seed-pearls, and cloths, and every other sort of thing there is on earth and that you may wish to

buy. Then you have there every evening a fair where they sell many common horses and nags, and also many citrons, and limes, and oranges, and grapes, and every

other kind of garden stuff, and wood; you have all in this street.

More generally, he described the city as being “the best provided city in the world” with the markets “stocked with provisions such as rice, wheat, grains, India corn and a

certain amount of barley and beans, moong, pulses and horse-gram” all of which were cheaply and abundantly available. According to FernaoNuniz, the Vijayanagara

markets were “overflowing with abundance of fruits, grapes and oranges, limes, pomegranates, jackfruit and mangoes and all very cheap”. Meat too was sold in abundance in the marketplaces.

a) What is the source of this passage?(2)

b)what were the main feature of bazaar?(3)

c)what kinds of goods were available in bazaar?(2)

CHAPTER 8

Q7IRRIGATING TREES AND FIELDS

This is an excerpt from the Babur Nama that describes the irrigation devices the emperor observed in northern India:

The greater part of Hindustan country is situated on level land. Many though its towns and cultivated lands are, it nowhere has running waters … For … water is not at all a necessity in

cultivating crops and orchards. Autumn crops grow by the downpour of the rains themselves; and strange it is that spring crops grow even when no rains fall. (However) to young trees

water is made to flow by means of buckets or wheels … In Lahore, Dipalpur (both in present-day Pakistan) and those other parts, people water by means of a wheel. They make two

circles of rope long enough to suit the depths of the well, fix strips of wood between them, and on these fasten pitchers. The ropes with the wood and attached pitchers are put over

the wheel-well. At one end of the wheel-axle a second wheel is fixed, and close to it another on an upright axle. The last wheel the bullock turns; its teeth catch in the teeth of the second

(wheel), and thus the wheel with the pitchers is turned…….


b) What were the differences between winter crops and summer

crops irrigation system?(2)

c) What were the technique of wheel irrigation system?(3)

Q8 CLAFFICATION OF LANDS UNDER AKBAR

The following is a listing of criteria of classification excerpted

from the Ain:

The Emperor Akbar in his profound sagacity classified the lands and fixed a different revenue to be paid by each. Polaj is land which is annually cultivated for each crop in succession and is never allowed to lie fallow. Parauti is land left out of cultivation for a time that it may recover its strength. Chachar is land that has lain fallow for three or four years. Banjar is land

uncultivated for five years and more. Of the first two kinds of land, there are three classes, good, middling, and bad. They add together the produce of each sort, and the third of this represents the medium produce, one-third part of which is exacted as the Royal dues.


b) What is polaj land?(2)

c) What are chacharand banjar lands ?(3)

CHAPTER 9

Q9. In praise of taswir

Abu’lFazl held the art of painting in high esteem:

Drawing the likeness of anything is called taswir. His Majesty from his earliest youth,

has shown a great predilection for this art, and gives it every encouragement, as he looks upon it as a means both of study and amusement. A very large number of painters have been

set to work. Each week, several supervisors and clerks of the imperial workshop submit

before the emperor the workdone by each artist, and HisMajesty gives a reward and increases the monthly salaries of the artists according to the excellence displayed. … Most

excellent painters are now to be found, and masterpieces, worthy of a Bihzad, may be

placed at the side of the wonderful works of the European painters who have attained worldwide fame. The minuteness in detail, the general finish and the boldness of execution now observed in pictures are incomparable; even inanimate objects look as if they have life. More than a hundred painters have become famous masters of the art. This is especially true of the Hindu artists. Their pictures surpass our conception of things. Few, indeed, in the whole world are found equal to them.

a) What were the views of AbulFazl about the paintings? Explain. (2)

b) Why and how did the status of artists improve under the Mughals? (2)

c) Why were the works of Mughal paintings were compared with those of the European painters? Give any two reasons. (3)

Q10.Darbar-i- Akbari

Abu’lFazl gives a vivid account of Akbar’s darbar:

Whenever His Majesty (Akbar) holds court (darbar) a large drum is beaten, the sounds of which are accompanied by Divine praise. In this manner, people of all classes receive notice. His Majesty’s sons and grandchildren, the grandees of the Court, and all other men who have admittance, attend to make the kornish, and remain standing in their proper places. Learned men of renown and skilful mechanics pay their respects; and the officers of justice present their reports. His Majesty, with his usual insights, gives orders, and settles everything in a satisfactory manner. During the whole time, skilful gladiators and wrestlers from all countries hold themselves in readiness, and singers, male and female, are in waiting. Clever jugglers and funny tumblers also are anxious to exhibit their dexterity and agility.

a) How do we know about the Akbar’s Darbar? (1)

b) How did the people of all classes use to notice the arrival of His Majesty? (2)

c) Explain how Akbar used to conduct his Darbar? (4)

CHAPTER 10

Q11From the fifth report

Referring to the condition of zamindars and the auction of lands, the Fifth Report stated:

The revenue was notrealised with punctuality, and lands to a considerable extent were periodically exposed to sale by auction. In the native year 1203, corresponding with 1796-97, the land advertised for sale comprehended a jumma or assessment of siccarupees 28,70,061, the extent of land actually sold bore a jumma or assessment of 14,18,756, and the amount

of purchase money sicca rupees 17,90,416. In 1204, corresponding with 1797-98, the land advertised was for sicca rupees 26,66,191, the quantity sold was for sicca rupees 22,74,076, and the purchase money sicca rupees 21,47,580. Among the defaulters were

some of the oldest families of the country. Such were the rajahs of Nuddea, Rajeshaye, Bishenpore(all districts of Bengal), … and others, the dismemberment of whose estates at the end of each succeeding year, threatened them with poverty and ruin, and in some instances presented difficulties to the revenue officers, in their efforts to preserve undiminished the amount of public assessment.

a) Explain the significance of the fifth report. (2)

b) Explain the condition of Zamindars in India. (2)

c) “The fifth report exaggerated the collapse of traditional zamindari system”. Support the statement with two arguments. (3)

Q12 Aryot petition

This is an example of a petition from a ryot of the village of Mirajgaon, TalukaKarjat, to the

Collector, Ahmednagar, Deccan Riots Commission:

The sowkars (sahukars ) … have of late begun to oppress us. As we cannot earn enough to defray our household expenses, we are actually forced to beg of them to provide us with

money, clothes and grain, which we obtain from them not without great difficulty, nor without their compelling us to enter into hard conditions in the bond.

Moreover the necessary clothes and grain are not sold to us at cash rates. The prices asked from us are generally twenty-five or fifty per cent more than demanded from customers

making ready money payments … The produce of our fields is also taken by the sowkars, who at the time of removing it assure us that it will be credited to our account, but they do not

actually make any mention of it in the accounts……

a) What kind of injustice was faced by the ryots? (2)

b) Why was the harvest taken by the moneylenders and why was it not credited into the peasants’ accounts? (2)

c) Give details of the commission that investigated petitions and grievances of the concerned people. (3)

Q13 On that day in Supa

On 16 May 1875, the District Magistrate of Poona wrote to the Police Commissioner:

On arrival at Supa on Saturday 15 May I learnt of the disturbance. One house of a

moneylender was burnt down; about a dozen were forcibly broken into and completely gutted of their content. Account papers, bonds, grains, country cloth were burnt in the street where heaps of ashes are still to be seen. The chief constable apprehended 50 persons. Stolen property worth Rs 2000 was recovered. The estimated loss is over Rs 25,000.

a) Why did the ryots attack the shop-keepers and moneylenders? (2)

b) How did the police react? (2)

c) Briefly describe this incident. (3)

SOURCE BASED UESTIONS

CHAPTER 11 – REBELS & THE RAJ

Source 1

Ordinary life in extraordinary times

What happened in the cities during the months of the revolt?How did people live through those months of tumult? Howwas normal life affected? Reports from different cities tell usabout the breakdown in routine activities. Read thesereports from the Delhi Urdu Akhbar, 14 June 1857:The same thing is true for vegetables and saag (spinach).People have been found to complain that even kaddu(pumpkin) and baingan (brinjal) cannot be found in thebazaars. Potatoes and arvi (yam) when available are ofstale and rotten variety, stored from before by farsightedkunjras (vegetable growers). From the gardens inside thecity some produce does reach a few places but the poorand the middle class can only lick their lips and watchthem (as they are earmarked for the select).

... There is something else that needs attention which iscausing a lot of damage to the people which is that the

water-carriers have stopped filling water. Poor Shurfas(gentility) are seen carrying water in pails on their shoulders

and only then the necessary household tasks such ascooking, etc. can take place. The halalkhors (righteous)

have become haramkhors (corrupt), many mohallas havenot been able to earn for several days and if this situation

continues then decay, death and disease will combinetogether to spoil the city’s air and an epidemic will spread

all over the city and even to areas adjacent and around.

vlkekU; le; esa lkekU; thou

fonzksg osQ eghuksa esa 'kgjksa esa D;k gqvk\ mFky&iqFky osQ mu fnuksa esa yksx viuh

f”kanxh oSQls th jgs Fks\ lkekU; thou fdl rjg izHkkfor gqvk\ fofHkUu 'kgjksa

dh fjiksVks} ls irk pyrk gS fd lkekU; xfrfofek;k! vLr&O;Lr gks xb} FkhaA

fnYyh mnwZ v[+kckj] 14 twu 1857 dh bu fjiksVks} dks if<+, %

;gh gkykr lfC”k;ksa vkSj lkx (ikyd) osQ Hkh gSaA yksx bl ckr ij

f'kdk;r dj jgs gSa fd ck”kkjksa esa diw vkSj cSaxu rd ugha feyrsA vkyw

vkSj vjch vxj feyrh Hkh gSa rks cklh] lM+h ftls oq!QtM+ksa (lC”kh

cspus okys) us jksd dj (tekdj) j[kk gqvk FkkA 'kgj esa fLFkr

ckX+k&cxhpksa ls oqQN eky pan bykdksa rd igq!p tkrk gS ysfdu X+kjhc

vkSj ee;oxZ okys mUgsa ns[kdj cl gksBksa ij thHk fiQjk dj jg tkrs

gSa (D;ksafd os ph”ksa [kkl yksxksa osQ fy, gh gSa)A

--- ;gk! ,d vkSj ph”k ij Hkh e;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls yksxksa dks

cM+k uqdlku gks jgk gSA ekeyk ;g gS fd ikuh Hkjus okyksa us ikuh Hkjuk

can dj fn;k gSA X+kjhc 'kqjI+kQk (oqQyhu yksx) [+kqn ?kM+ksa esa ikuh Hkjdj

ykrs gSa vkSj rc tkdj ?kj esa [kkuk curk gSA gyky[+kksj gjke[+kksj gks x,

gSaA dbZ fnuksa ls cgqr lkjs eksgYyksa esa dksbZ vkenuh ugha gqbZ gS vkSj ;gh

gkykr cus jgs rks xanxh] ekSr vkSj chekfj;k! 'kgj dh vkcks&gok [+kjkc

dj nsaxh vkSj 'kgj egkekjh dh fxj-Yr esa vk tk,xk] ;gk! rd fd

vkl&ikl osQ bykosQ Hkh mldh pisV esa vk tk,!xsA

Question

1 what is the source of this passage?

2what was the effect of the revolt on the price of goods?

3who boycotted to serve in this period?

4Howwas normal life affected??

Source 2

Sisten and the tahsildar

In the context of the communication of the message ofrevolt and mutiny, the experience of François Sisten, a

native Christian police inspector in Sitapur, is telling.He had gone to Saharanpur to pay his respects to the

magistrate. Sisten was dressed in Indian clothes andsitting cross-legged. A Muslim tahsildar from Bijnor

entered the room; upon learning that Sisten was fromAwadh, he enquired, “What news from Awadh? How

does the work progress, brother?” Playing safe, Sistenreplied, “If we have work in Awadh, your highness will

know it.” The tahsildar said, “Depend upon it, we willsucceed this time. The direction of the business is in

able hands.” The tahsildar was later identified as theprincipal rebel leader of Bijnor.

flLVu vkSj rglhynkj

fonzksg vkSj lSfud voKk osQ lanHkZ esa lhrkiqj osQ nslh bZlkbZ iqfyl

balisDVj izQkaLok! flLVu oQk vuqHko gesa cgqr oqQN crkrk gSA og

eftLVasV osQ ikl f'k"Vkpkjo'k feyus lgkjuiqj x;k gqvk FkkA flLVu

fganqLrkuh diM+s igus Fkk vkSj vkyFkh&ikyFkh ekjdj cSBk FkkA blh chp

fctukSj dk ,d eqfLye rglhynkj dejs esa nkf[ky gqvkA tc mls irk

pyk fd flLVu voek esa rSukr gS rks mlus iwNk] ¶D;k [+kcj gS voek

dh\ dke oSQlk py jgk gS\， flLVu us dgk] ¶vxj gesa voek esa dke

feyrk gS rks tukc&,&vkyh dks Hkh irk py tk,xkA， bl ij

rglhynkj us dgk] ¶Hkjkslk j[kks] bl ckj ge dke;kc gksaxsA ekeyk

dkfcy gkFkksa esa gSA， ckn esa irk pyk fd ;g rglhynkj fctukSj osQ

fonzksfg;ksa dk lcls cM+k usrk FkkA

Question

1Who was sisten/?

2 what was the role of tesildar?

3 Who was tehsildar

The Nawab has left

Another song mourned theplight of the ruler who had to

leave his motherland:Noble and peasant all wepttogether

and all the world wept andwailedAlas! The chief has bidden

adieu tohis country and goneabroad.

uokc lkgc tk pqosQ gSa

,d vkSj xhr esa ,sls 'kkld dh nqnZ'kk ij

foyki fd;k tk jgk gS ftls etcwju

viuh ekr`Hkwfe NksM+uh iM+h %

vfHktkr vkSj fdlku] lc jks jgs FksA

vkSj lkjk vkye jksrk&fpYYkkrk FkkA

gk;! tku&,&vkye nsl ls fonk ysdj

ijnsl pys x, gSaA

1why noble and peasent wept together?

2who was wajid ali shah?

3what was the affect of annexation of oudh?

Source 4

What taluqdars thought

The attitude of the taluqdars wasbest expressed by Hanwant

Singh, the Raja of Kalakankar,near Rae Bareli. During the

mutiny, Hanwant Singh hadgiven shelter to a British officer,

and conveyed him to safety.While taking leave of the officer,

Hanwant Singh told him:Sahib, your countrymencame into this country and

drove out our King. Yousent your officers round thedistricts to examine the

titles to the estates. At oneblow you took from melands which from time

immemorial had been inmy family. I submitted.Suddenly misfortune fell

upon you. The people ofthe land rose against you.You came to me whom you

had despoiled. I have savedyou. But now – now I marchat the head of my retainers

to Lucknow to try and driveyou from the country.

rkYyqO+kQnkjksa dh lksp

rkYyqO+kQnkjksa osQ joS;s dks jk;cjsyh osQ ikl

fLFkr dkykoaQdj osQ jktk guoUr flag us

lcls vPNh rjg O;Dr fd;k FkkA fonzksg

osQ nkSjku guoUr flag us ,d vaxzs”k vI+kQlj

dks iukg nh vkSj mls lqjf{kr LFkku

rd igq!pk;k FkkA ml vI+kQlj ls vkf[+kjh

eqykdkr esa guoUr flag us dgk fd μ

lkfgc] vkiosQ eqYd osQ yksx gekjs

ns'k esa vk, vkSj mUgksaus gekjs jktkvksa

dks [knsM+ fn;kA vki vI+kQljksa dks

Hkst dj ftys&ftys esa tkxhjksa osQ

ekfydkus dh tk!p djokrs gSaA ,d

gh>VosQ esa vkius esjs iqj[kksa dh

”kehu eq>ls Nhu yhA eSa pqi jgkA

fiQj vpkud vkidk cqjk o-Dr 'kq:

gk s x;kA ;gk ! oQs ykxs vkioQs f[k+ ykIk+ Q

mB [kM+s gq,A rc vki esjs ikl vk,]

ftls vkius cckZn fd;k FkkA eSaus vki

dh tku cpkbZ gSA ysfdu vc]μ

vc eSa vius flikfg;ksa dks ysdj

y[kuA tk jgk gw! rkfd vkidks ns'k

ls [knsM+ low!QA

1What does this excerpttell you about the attitudeof the taluqdars?

2Who didHanwant Singh mean bythe people of the land?

3What reason doesHanwant Singh give forthe anger of the people?

4 Explain the attitude of talukdar towards the british durin the revolt?

5 Why talukdar protested british?

6 Who werE talukadar?

Source 5

Villagers as rebels

An officer reporting from ruralAwadh (spelt as Oude in the

following account) noted:The Oude people aregradually pressing down on

the line of communicationfrom the North … the Oudepeople are villagers …

these villagers are nearlyintangible to Europeansmelting away before them

and collecting again. TheCivil Authorities reportthese villagers to amount

to a very large number ofmen, with a number of guns.

foæksgh xzkeh.k

xzkeh.k voek {ks=k ls fjiksVZ Hkstus okys

,d vI+kQlj us fy[kk %

voek osQ yksx mUkj ls tksM+us okyh

lapkj ykbu ij ”kksj cuk jgs gSa---A

voek osQ yksx xk!o okys gSa---A ;s xk!o

okys ;wjksfi;ksa dh idM+ ls fcyoqQy

ckgj gSaA iy esa fc[kj tkrs gSa] iy esa

fiQj tqV tkrs gSaA 'kkldh; vfekdkfj;ksa

dk dguk gS fd bu xk!o okyksa dh

la[;k cgqr cM+h gS vkSj muosQ ikl

ckdk;nk canwosaQ gSaA

1What, according tothis account, were theproblems faced by the

British in dealing withthese villagers?

1Why villagers created problem for British?

2what were the problem faced by the British?

CHAPTER – 12

COLONIAL CITIES

Source 1

Escaping to the

countryside

This is how the famous poetMirza Ghalib described

what the people of Delhi didwhen the British forces

occupied the city in 1857:Smiting the enemy and

driving him before themthe victors (i.e., the

British) overran the cityin all directions. Allwhom they found in the

street they cut down …For two to three daysevery road in the city,

from the Kashmiri Gateto Chandni Chowk, wasa battlefield. Three

gates – the Ajmeri, theTurcoman and theDelhi – were still held by

the rebels … At thenaked spectacle of thisvengeful wrath and

malevolent hatred thecolour fled frommen’s faces, and a vastÏksr 1

concourse of menand women … tookto precipitate flight

through these threegates. Seeking the littlevillages and shrines

outside the city, theydrew breath to wait untilsuch time as might

favour their return.

xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh vksj iyk;u

1857 esa fczfV'k lsuk }kjk 'kgj ij

vfekdkj djus osQ ckn fnYyh osQ

yksxksa us D;k fd;k] bldk o.kZu izfl.

'kk;j fe”kk Z Xk+ kfyc bl idz kj djr s g%aS

nq'eu dks ijkftr djus vkSj Hkxk

nsus osQ ckn] fotsrkvksa (fczfV'k)

us lHkh fn'kkvksa ls 'kgj dks

mtkM+ fn;kA tks lM+d ij feys

mUgsa dkV fn;k x;k---A nks ls rhu

fnuksa rd d'ehjh xsV ls pk!nuh

pkSd rd 'kgj dh gj lM+d

;q.Hkwfe cuh jghA rhu }kj μ

vtesjh] rqoZQeku rFkk fnYyh μ

vHkh Hkh fonzksfg;ksa osQ O+kQCts esa

Fks---A bl izfr'kksekh vkOks'k rFkk

?k`.kk osQ uaxs ukp ls yksxksa osQ

psgjksa dk jax mM+ x;k] vkSj cM+h

la[;k esa iq#"k vkSj efgyk,!--- bu

rhuksa }kjksa ls gM+cM+k dj iyk;u

djus yxsA 'kgj osQ ckgj NksVs

xk!oksa vkSj nsoLFkyksa esa 'kj.k ys

viuh okilh osQ vuqowQy le;

dk bar”kkj djrs jgsA

1.Name the three gate mention in this passage?

2Who was Mirga Galib?

3Why did the people flee to the country side?

A rural city?

Read this excerpt on Madras

from the Imperial Gazetteer,

1908:

… the better European

residences are built in the

midst of compounds which

almost attain the dignity of

parks; and rice-fields

frequently wind in and out

between these in almost

rural fashion. Even in the

most thickly peopled native

quarters such as Black Town

and Triplicane, there is little

of the crowding found in

many other towns

,d nsgkrh 'kgj\

enzkl osQ ckjs esa bEihfj;y x”ksfV;j]

1908 esa Nis bl va'k dks if<+, %

--- csgrj ;wjksih; vkokl ifjljksa osQ

chp cuk, tkrs gSa ftlls mudh Nfo

yxHkx ikoZQ tSlh cu tkrh gS % vkSj

buosQ chp rdjhcu xk!oksa dh rtZ ij

pkoy osQ [ksr vkrs&tkrs jgrs gSaA

;gk! rd fd CySd Vkmu vkSj

fVaIyhosQu tSlh lcls ?kuh vkcknh

okyh ns'kh cfLr;ksa esa Hkh oSlh

HkhM+&HkkM+ ugha fn[krh tSlh cgqr

lkjh nwljs 'kgjksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS---A

QUESTION

1…

Statements in reports

often express the ideas of

the reporter. What kind

of an urban space is the

reporter celebrating in

the statement and what

kind is he demeaning?

Would you agree with

these ideas

1 form where this text has been taken?

2where were better European houses situated?

“For the regulation of

nuisances of every

description”

By the early nineteenth centurythe British felt that permanent

and public rules had to beformulated for regulating all

aspects of social life. Even theconstruction of private buildings

and public roads ought toconform to standardised rules

that were clearly codified. Inhis Minute on Calcutta (1803)

Wellesley wrote:

It is a primary duty ofGovernment to provide

for the health, safety andconvenience of the

inhabitants of this greattown, by establishing a

comprehensive system forthe improvement of roads,

streets, public drains, andwater courses, and by

fixing permanent rules forthe construction and

distribution of the housesand public edifices, and forthe regulation of nuisancesof every description.

¶gj rjg dh xM+cfM+;ksa dks

fu;af=kr djus osQ fy,¸

mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa vaxzs”kksa

dks ;g eglwl gksus yxk fd lkekftd

thou osQ lHkh vk;keksa dks fu;af=kr

djus osQ fy, LFkk;h vkSj lkoZtfud

fu;e cukuk t:jh gSA ;gk! rd fd

futh bekjrksa vkSj lkoZtfud lM+dksa

dk fuekZ.k Hkh Li"V :i ls lafgrkc.

ekud fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj gksuk vko';d

FkkA osys”yh us dydUkk feuV~l

(1803) esa fy[kk Fkk %

;g ljdkj dh cqfu;knh f”kEesnkjh

gS fd og bl fo'kky 'kgj esa

lM+dksa] ukfy;ksa vkSj tyekxks} esa

lq/kj dh ,d lexz O;oLFkk

cukdj rFkk edkuksa o lkoZtfud

Hkouksa osQ fuekZ.k o izlkj osQ ckjs

esa LFkk;h fu;e cukdj vkSj gj

rjg dh xM+cfM+;ksa dks fu;af=kr

djus osQ LFkk;h fu;e cukdj

;gk! osQ fuokfl;ksa dks LokLF;]

lqj{kk vkSj lqfo/k miyC/ djk,A

1 Why British thoughtthat there should berule the control the building construction?

2what is the primary duty ofgovernment?

CHAPTER – 13

MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

Source 1 CHARAKHA

Mahatma Gandhi was profoundly critical of the modern age in which machines

enslaved humans and displaced labour. He saw the charkha as a symbol of a

human society that would not glorify machines and technology. The spinning

wheel, moreover, could provide the poor with supplementary income and

make them self-reliant.What I object to, is the craze for machinery as

such. The craze is for what they call laboursavingmachinery. Men go on “saving labour”,

till thousands are without work and thrownon the open streets to die of starvation. I want

to save time and labour, not for a fraction ofmankind, but for all; I want the concentration

of wealth, not in the hands of few, but inthe hands of all.YOUNG INDIA, I3 NOVEMBER 1924

Khaddar does not seek to destroy allmachinery but it does regulate its use and

check its weedy growth. It uses machineryfor the service of the poorest in their own

cottages. The wheel is itself an exquisitepiece of machinery.

egkRek xk!/h vk/qfud ;qx] ftlesa e'khuksa us ekuo dks xqyke cukdj Je dks gVk fn;k Fkk] osQ ?kksj vkykspd

FksA mUgksaus pj[kk dks ,d ,sls] ekuo lekt osQ izrhd :i esa ns[kk] ftlesa e'khuksa vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dks cgqr

efgekeafMr ugha fd;k tk,xkA blls Hkh vf/d pj[kk xjhcksa dks iwjd vkenuh iznku dj ldrk Fkk rFkk mUgsa

LokoyEch cuk ldrk FkkA

esjh vkifUk e'khu osQ izfr lud ls gSA ;g lud Je

cpkus okyh e'khujh osQ fy, gSA ;s rc rd ^Je cpkrs*

jgsaxs tc rd fd g”kkjksa yksx fcuk dke osQ vkSj Hkw[k ls

ejus osQ fy, lM+dksa ij u isaQd fn, tk,!A eSa ekuo

leqnk; osQ fdlh ,d fgLls osQ fy, ugha cfYd lHkh

osQ fy, le; vkSj Je cpkuk pkgrk gw! % eSa eku dk

osaQnzhdj.k oqQN gh yksxksa osQ gkFkksa esa ugha cfYd lHkh osQ

gkFkksa esa djuk pkgrk gw!A

;ax bafM;k] 13 uoacj 1924

[kn~nj e'khujh dks u"V ugha djuk pkgrk cfYd ;g blosQ

iz;ksx dks fu;fer djrk gS vkSj blosQ fodkl dks fu;af=kr

djrk gSA ;g e'khujh dk iz;ksx lokZf/d X+kjhc yksxksa osQ

fy, mudh viuh >ksifM+;ksa esa djrk gSA ifg;k vius vki

esa gh e'khujh dk ,d mRo`Q"V uewuk gSA

QUESTION

1Why was Gandhi critical of machine?

2whydid Gandhi give so much importence to charkha?

3according to Gandhi what was the negative impact of machine?

Why the Salt Satyagraha?

Why was salt the symbol of protest? This is what Mahatma Gandhi wrote:

The volume of information being gained daily shows how wickedly the salt tax

has been designed. In order to prevent the use of salt that has not paid the

tax which is at times even fourteen times its value, the Government destroys

the salt it cannot sell profitably. Thus it taxes the nation’s vital necessity;

it prevents the public from manufacturing it and destroys what nature

manufactures without effort. No adjective is strong enough for characterising

this wicked dog-in-the-manger policy. From various sources I hear tales of

such wanton destruction of the nation’s property in all parts of India. Maunds

if not tons of salt are said to be destroyed on the Konkan coast. The same tale

comes from Dandi. Wherever there is likelihood of natural salt being taken

away by the people living in the neighbourhood of such areas for their

personal use, salt officers are posted for the sole purpose of carrying on

destruction. Thus valuable national property is destroyed at national

expense and salt taken out of the mouths of the people.

The salt monopoly is thus a fourfold curse. It deprives the people of a

valuable easy village industry, involves wanton destruction of property that

nature produces in abundance, the destruction itself means more national

expenditure, and fourthly, to crown this folly, an unheard-of tax of more than

1,000 per cent is exacted from a starving people.

This tax has remained so long because of the apathy of the general public.

Now that it is sufficiently roused, the tax has to go. How soon it will be

abolished depends upon the strength the people.

THE COLLECTED WORKS OF MAHATMA GANDHI (CWMG), VOL. 49

ued lR;kxzg D;ksa\

ued fojks/ dk izrhd D;ksa Fkk\ blosQ ckjs esa egkRek xk!/h us fy[kk gS %

izfrfnu izkIr gksus okyh lwpukvksa ls irk pyrk gS fd oSQls vU;k;iw.kZ rjhosQ ls ued dj dks rS;kj fd;k

x;k gSA fcuk dj (tks dHkh&dHkh ued osQ ewY; dk pkSng xquk rd gksrk Fkk) vnk fd, x, ued osQ iz;ksx

dks jksdus osQ fy, ljdkj ml ued dks] ftlls og ykHk ij ugha csp ikrh Fkh] u"V dj nsrh FkhA vr% ;g

jk"Va dh vR;f/d egRoiw.kZ vko';drk ij dj yxkrh gS ;g turk dks blosQ mRiknu ls jksdrh gS vkSj izo`Qfr

us ftls fcuk fdlh Je osQ mRikfnr fd;k gS mls u"V dj nsrh gSA vr% fdlh Hkh otg ls fdlh ph”k dks

Lo;a iz;ksx u dj ikus rFkk vU; dks Hkh mldk iz;ksx u djus nsus rFkk ,sls esa ml ph”k dks u"V dj nsus dh

bl vU;k;iw.kZ uhfr dks fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k.k }kjk ugha crk;k tk ldrk gSA fofHkUu Iksrkas ls eSa Hkkjr osQ lHkh Hkkxksa

esa bl jk"Va laifr dks csyxke

dksad.k rV ij u"V dj fn;k x;k crk;k x;k gSA nk.Mh ls Hkh bl rjg dh ckrsa irk pyh gSaA tgk! dgha Hkh

,sls {ks=kksa osQ vkl&ikl jgus okys yksxksa }kjk vius O;fDRkxr iz;ksx gsrq izko`Qfrd ued mBk ys tkus dh laHkkouk

fn[krh gS ogk! rqjar vfekdkjh fu;qDr dj fn, tkrs gSa ftudk ,dek=k dk;Z fouk'k djuk gksrk gSA bl izdkj

cgqewY; jk"Vah; laink dks jk"Vah; [kpsZ ls gh u"V fd;k tkrk gS vkSj yksxksa osQ eq!g ls ued Nhu fy;k tkrk gSA

ued ,dkf/dkj ,d rjg ls pkSrjiQk vfHk'kki gSA ;g yksxksa dks cgqewY; lqyHk xzke m|ksx ls oafpr

djrk gS] izo`Qfr }kjk cgqrk;r esa mRikfnr laink dk ;g vfr'k; fouk'k djrk gSA bl fouk'k dk eryc gh

gS vkSj vfekd jk"Vah; [kpZA pkSFkk vkSj bl ew[kZrk dk pjeksRd"kZ Hkw[ks yksxksa ls g”kkj izfr'kr ls vf/d dh

mxkgh gSA

lkekU; tu dh mnklhurk dh otg ls gh yEcs le; ls ;g dj vfLrRo esa cuk jgk gSA vkt turk

i;kZIr :i ls tx pqdh gS vr% bl dj dks lekIr djuk gksxkA fdruh tYnh bls [kRe dj fn;k tk,xk ;g

yksxksa dh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

fn dysDVsM oDlZ vkWIkQ egkRek xk¡/h (lh- MCY;w- ,e- th-) [kaM 49

1 Why was salt destroyed by the colonial government?

Why did Mahatma Gandhi consider the salt tax more oppressive than other taxes?

3 Explain the impact of salt satyagraha?

1.

“Tomorrow we shall break the salt tax law”

On 5 April 1930, Mahatma Gandhi spoke at Dandi:

When I left Sabarmati with my companions for this seaside hamlet of

Dandi, I was not certain in my mind that we would be allowed to reach

this place. Even while I was at Sabarmati there was a rumour that I

might be arrested. I had thought that the Government might perhaps let

my party come as far as Dandi, but not me certainly. If someone says that

this betrays imperfect faith on my part, I shall not deny the charge.

That I have reached here is in no small measure due to the power of

peace and non-violence: that power is universally felt. The Government

may, if it wishes, congratulate itself on acting as it has done, for it

could have arrested every one of us. In saying that it did not have the

courage to arrest this army of peace, we praise it. It felt ashamed to

arrest such an army. He is a civilised man who feels ashamed to do

anything which his neighbours would disapprove. The Government deserves

to be congratulated on not arresting us, even if it desisted only from

fear of world opinion.

Tomorrow we shall break the salt tax law. Whether the Government will

tolerate that is a different question. It may not tolerate it, but it deserves

congratulations on the patience and forbearance it has displayed in regard

to this party. …

^dy ge ued dj O+kQkuwu rksM+saxs*

5 vizSy 1930 dks egkRek xk!ekh us nk.Mh esa dgk Fkk %

tc eSa vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk nk.Mh osQ bl leqnzrVh; Vksys dh rjiQ pyk Fkk rks eq>s ;dhu

ugha Fkk fd gesa ;gk! rd vkus fn;k tk,xkA tc eSa lkcjerh esa Fkk rc Hkh ;g vI+kQokg Fkh

fd eq>s fxjY+rkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA rc eSaus lkspk Fkk fd ljdkj esjs lkfFk;ksa dks rks nk.Mh

rd vkus nsxh ysfdu eq>s fu'p; gh ;g NwV ugha feysxhA ;fn dksbZ ;g dgrk fd blls esjs

an; esa viw.kZ vkLFkk dk laosQr feyrk gS rks eSa bl vkjksi dks udkjus okyk ugha gw!A eSa ;gk!

rd igq!pk gw!] blesa 'kkafr vkSj vfgalk dk de gkFk ugha gS bl lUkk dks lc eglwl djrs

gSaA vxj ljdkj pkgs rks og vius bl vkpj.k osQ fy, viuh ihB FkiFkik ldrh gS D;ksafd

ljdkj pkgrh rks ge esa ls gjsd dks fxj-Yrkj dj ldrh FkhA tc ljdkj ;g dgrh gS fd

mlosQ ikl 'kkafr dh lsuk dks fxj-Yrkj djus dk lkgl ugha Fkk rks ge mldh iz'kalk djrs gSaA

ljdkj dks ,slh lsuk dh fxj-Yrkjh esa 'keZ eglwl gksrh gSA vxj dksbZ O;fDRk ,slk dke djus

esa 'kfe}nk eglwl djrk gS tks mlosQ iM+ksfl;ksa dks Hkh jkl ugha vk ldrk] rks og ,d

f'k"V&lH; O;fDRk gSA ljdkj dks gesa fxj-Yrkj u djus osQ fy, cekkbZ nh tkuh pkfg, Hkys

gh mlus fo'o tuer dk [k;ky djosQ gh ;g iSQlyk D;ksa u fy;k gksA

dy ge ued dj dkuwu rksM+saxsA ljdkj bldks cnkZ'r djrh gS fd ugha] ;g loky vyx gSA

gks ldrk gS ljdkj gesa ,slk u djus ns ysfdu mlus gekjs tRFks osQ ckjs esa tks ekS;Z vkSj lfg".kqrk

fn[kk;h gS mlosQ fy, og vfHkuanu dh ik=k gS---A

;fn eq>s vkSj xqtjkr o ns'k Hkj osQ lkjs eq[; usrkvksa dks fxjY+rkj dj fy;k tkrk gS rks D;k gksxk\

;g vkanksyu bl fo'okl ij vkekkfjr gS fd tc ,d iwjk jk"Va mB [kM+k gksrk gS vkSj vkxs c<+us

yxrk gS rks mls usrk dh t:jr ugha jg tkrhA

dysDVsM oDlZ vkWiQ egkRek xk¡èkh] [kaM 49

1What does thespeech tell us about how Gandhi saw thecolonial state?

2Accordig to Gandhi on what principles was the salt movement based?

3When the salt movement was started?

The problem with

separate electorates

At the Round TableConference Mahatma Gandhi

stated his arguments againstseparate electorates for

the Depressed Classes:Separate electorates

to the “Untouchables”will ensure thembondage in perpetuity

… Do you want the“Untouchables” toremain “Untouchables”

for ever? Well, theseparate electorateswould perpetuatethe stigma. What is

needed is destructionof “Untouchability”and when you havedone it, the barsinister,

which hasbeen imposed by aninsolent “superior”class upon an “inferior”class will be destroyed.

When you havedestroyed the barsinisterto whom willyou give the separateelectorates?

i`Fkd fuokZfpdk osQ ckjs

esa leL;k

xksy est lEesyu osQ nkSjku egkRek

xk!ekh us nfer oxks} osQ fy, i`Fkd

fuokfZ pdk iLz rko oQs f[k+ykIk+ Q viuh

nyhy is'k djrs gq, dgk Fkk %

¶vLi`';ksa， osQ fy, i`Fkd

fuokZfpdk dk izkoekku djus

ls mudh nklrk LFkk;h :i ys

ysxh---A D;k vki pkgrs gSa fd

¶vLi`';， ges'kk ¶vLi`';，

gh cus jgsa\ i`Fkd fuokZfpdk

ls muosQ izfr dyad dk ;g

Hkko vkSj etcwr gks tk,xkA

t:jr bl ckr dh gS fd

¶vLi`';rk， dk fouk'k fd;k

tk, vkSj tc vki ;g y{;

izkIr dj ysa rks ,d vfM+;y

¶Js"B，oxZ }kjk ,d ¶derj，

oxZ ij Fkksi nh xbZ ;g voSek

O;oLFkk Hkh lekIr gks tk,xhA

tc vki bl voSek izFkk dks

u"V dj nsaxs rks fdlh dks

i`Fkd fuokZfpdk dh vko';drk

gh dgk! jg tk,xh\

1what was round table conference?

2What is saperate electorate?

3why Gandhi opposed saperate electorate?

Chapter – 14

UNDERSTANDING PARTITION

Source 3

“No, no! You can never be ours”

This is the third story the researcher related:

I still vividly remember a man I met in Lahore in 1992.

He mistook me to be a Pakistani studying abroad. For

some reason he liked me. He urged me to return home

after completing my studies to serve the qaum (nation).

I told him I shall do so but, at some stage in the

conversation, I added that my citizenship happens to

be Indian. All of a sudden his tone changed, and much

as he was restraining himself, he blurted out,

“Oh Indian! I had thought you were Pakistani.”

I tried my best to impress upon him that I always see

myself as South Asian. “No, no! You can never be ours.

Your people wiped out my entire village in 1947, we

are sworn enemies and shall always remain so.”

¶uk] ugha! rqe dHkh gekjs ugha gks ldrs，

'kksekdrkZ dh rhljh ?kVuk bl izdkj gS %

eq>s vHkh Hkh 1992 esa ykgkSj esa feys ,d vkneh dh cgqr vPNh rjg

;kn gSA og X+kyrh ls eq>s fons'k esa i<+us okyk ikfdLrkuh le> cSBk

FkkA tkus fdl otg ls og eq>s ilan djus yxk FkkA og eq>ls vuqjksek

dj jgk Fkk fd i<+kbZ iwjh djosQ eSa O+kQkSe dh f[+kner djus osQ fy,

okil ykSV vkmQ!A eSaus dgk fd eSa ykSVw!xk] ysfdu ckrphr osQ nkSj esa

eSaus tc crk;k fd eSa Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gw! rks ,dne ls mldk ygtk

cny x;k vkSj vius vkidks Hkjld jksdrs&jksdrs Hkh mlosQ eq!g ls

fudy x;k]

¶vksg] fganqLrkuh] eSa le>k Fkk vki ikfdLrkuh gSaA，eSaus mls

le>kus dh iwjh dksf'k'k dh fd eSa vius vkidks nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ

ekurk gw!] ij og vM+k jgk] ¶uk] ugha! rqe dHkh gekjs ugha gks ldrsA

rqEgkjs yksxksa us 1947 esa esjk iwjk xk!o&dk&xk!o lkI+kQ dj fn;k FkkA ge

dedj nq'eu gS] vkSj ges'kk jgsaxsA

1what is oral history?

2whosaid and why that you can never be ours?

3where is Lahore ?

The Muslim League

resolution of 1940

The League’s resolution of1940 demanded:

that geographically contiguous

units are demarcated into

regions, which should be

so constituted, with such

territorial readjustments as

may be necessary, that the

areas in which the Muslims are

numerically in a majority as

in the north-western and

eastern zones of India should

be grouped to constitute

“Independent States”, in which

the constituent units shall

be autonomous and sovereign

eqfLye yhx dk izLrko % 1940

eqfLye yhx osQ 1940 okys izLrko

dh ek!x Fkh μ

^fd HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls lVh gqbZ

bZdkb;ksa dks {ks=kksa osQ :i esa fpfEr

fd;k tk,] ftUgsa cukus esa ”k:jr

osQ fglkc ls bykO+kQksa dk fiQj ls

,slk lek;kstu fd;k tk, fd

fganqLrku osQ mUkj&if'pe vkSj iwohZ

{ks=kksa tSls ftu fgLlksa esa eqlyekuksa

dh la[;k T;knk gS] mUgsa bdeok

djosQ ^Lora=k jkT;* cuk fn;k tk,]

ftuesa 'kkfey bZdkb;k! Lokekhu vkSj

Lok;Uk gksaxhA*

.

1What was the Leaguedemanding? Was it

demanding Pakista aswe know it today?

2when muslim league was founded ?

What “recovering” women meant

Here is the experience of a couple, recounted by Prakash

Tandon in his Punjabi Century, an autobiographical social

history of colonial Punjab:

In one instance, a Sikh youth who had run amuck

during the Partition persuaded a massacring crowd

to let him take away a young, beautiful Muslim girl.

They got married, and slowly fell in love with each

other. Gradually memories of her parents, who had

been killed, and her former life faded. They were

happy together, and a little boy was born. Soon,

however, social workers and the police, labouring

assiduously to recover abducted women, began to

track down the couple. They made inquiries in the

Sikh’s home-district of Jalandhar; he got scent of it

and the family ran away to Calcutta. The social

workers reached Calcutta. Meanwhile, the couple’s

friends tried to obtain a stay-order from the court

but the law was taking its ponderous course. From

Calcutta the couple escaped to some obscure Punjab

village, hoping that the police would fail to shadow

them. But the police caught up with them and began

to question them. His wife was expecting again and

now nearing her time. The Sikh sent the little boy to

his mother and took his wife to a sugar-cane field. He

made her as comfortable as he could in a pit while he

lay with a gun, waiting for the police, determined not

to lose her while he was alive. In the pit he delivered

her with his own hands. The next day she ran high

fever, and in three days she was dead. He had not

dared to take her to the hospital. He was so afraid the

social workers and the police would take her away.

c!Vokjs esa vkSjrsa

5-1 vkSjrksa dh ¶cjkenxh，

fiNys rdjhcu Ms<+ n'kd ls bfrgkldkj c!Vokjs osQ nkSjku vke

yksxksa osQ vuqHkoksa dh iM+rky dj jgs gSaA dbZ fo}kuksa us ml fgald

dky esa vkSjrksa osQ Hk;kud vuqHkoksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kk gSA muosQ lkFk

cykRdkj gq,] mudks vX+kok fd;k x;k] ckj&ckj cspk&[+kjhnk x;k]

vutku gkykr esa vtufc;ksa osQ lkFk ,d u;h f”kanxh clj djus osQ

fy, etcwj fd;k x;kA vkSjrksa us tks oqQN Hkqxrk Fkk mlosQ xgjs ln

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ambrishgupta.files.wordpress.com€¦ · Web viewLesson: 1. Bricks, Beads abnd Bones – the Harappan Civilisation. Q1. Read the passage given below and answer the following question