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Page 1: jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com · Web viewKeywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius
Page 2: jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com · Web viewKeywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius
Page 3: jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com · Web viewKeywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius
Page 4: jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com · Web viewKeywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius
Page 5: jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com · Web viewKeywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius
Page 6: jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com · Web viewKeywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius
Page 7: jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com · Web viewKeywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius
Page 8: jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com · Web viewKeywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius
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Chapter 39. Miguel A. Alteri, Clara I. Nicholls. 1999. Classical biological control in Latin America. Pages 975-991. In: Thomas S. Bellows, T. W. Fisher, L. E. Caltagirone, D. L. Dahlsten, G. Gorth, C. B. Huffaker. 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control. San Francisco CA: Academic Press, 1046 pages.

Keywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius ventralis against white scale Pinnaspis strachani, Encarsia berlesi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, citrus blackfly Aleurocanthus woglumi, sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, Cuba, Peru, Caribbean, Eriosoma lanigerum, Saissetia oleae, pesticide usage in Latin America and implied environmental and health impacts, chemical control, insecticide, herbicide fungicide use in Brazil from 1985-1990, human poisoning from usage, resurgence of malaria as a result of insecticide overuse in agriculture, pesticide treadmill, secondary pest outbreak, cotton, banana, insecticide resistance, pesticide regulations, brief country profiles on classical biological control, Argentina introduced Encarsia berlesi against white peach scale Aphelinus mali and wool apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum, Rodolia cardinalis against cottony cushion scale, Brazil Aphelinus mali against wolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum, P. berlesi against white peach scale, Prorops nasuta, Tetrastichus giffardianus, coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hapei, Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata, Lixophaga diataeae, Metagonistylum minense, Paratheresia claripalpis against the sugarcane borer, Apanteles flavipes, a large biocontrol program against cereal aphids using Hippodamia quinquesignata and Coccinella septempuncata against Sitobium avenae as well as Aphidius uzbekistanicus, A. rhopalosiphi and on S. avenae and Metopolopium dirhodum by Praon volucre, Chile imported Aphelinus mali against Erisoma lanigerum, and R. cardinalis against Icerya purchasi as well as I. palmeri, Amitus spiniferus against whiteflies, Trichogramma spp., on alfalfa aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and by several species of Aphidius and of Pieris brassicae by Cotesia glomeratus, Biological control of Aonidiella sp., Lipidosaphes beckii, saved the citrus industry $900,000 per year, Colombia introduced Aphelinus mali for control of E. lanigerum and in Venezuela A. mali also was introduced against E. lanigerum and R. cardinalis was introduced against I. purchasi, attempts to control Diatraea saccharalis involved the introduction of the Peruvian biotype of Paratheresia claripalpis, Metagonistylum minense and Clavipes sp., are reared by sugar mills for use on their own plantations, Diglyphus begini for control of greenhouse leafminers on chrysanthemums, Cuba introduced Eretmocerus serius against the citrus

Page 15: jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com · Web viewKeywords: historical overview, classical biological control, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Hippodamia convergens and Rhizobius

blackfly, they produce biopesticides Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauvaria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Verticillium lecanii as well as Trichogramma against Mocis latipes on pastures, Mexico introduced Eretmocerus serius against the citrus blackfly, and later imported Amitus hesperidium, Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens was the target for Aceratoneuromyia indicum, Aphytis holxanthus was released against the Florida red scale Chrysomphalus aonidium, and Aphytis lepidosphes was released against the purple scale, Peru released Aphelinus mali for the wooly apple aphid and I. purchasi was controlled by R. cardinalis, Aphytis roseni and Cales noacki against Selenaspidus articulatus and Aleurothrixus floccosus, and later Aphidius smithi against Acrythosiphon pisum, Trichogramma reached 131 million wasps in 1976, Metaphycus helvolus and Coccophagus rusti were introduced against Saissetia oleae, Uruguay introduced natural enemies from neighboring countries for control of I. purchasi, Erisoma lanigerum and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, in Venezuela sugarcane borers have been successfully controlled with Metagonistylum minense and Cotesia flavipes, in Central America citrus blackfly was controlled by Eretmocerus serius in Costa Rica and Panama, biological control of cereal aphids in Chile and Brazil, aphids are Sitobium avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum on wheat to control barley yellow dwarf virus, five predators were introduced as well, the success in Chile prompted Brazil to expand its program and 3.8 million parasitoids were released in the wheat areas with Aphidius uzbekistanicus became established on S. avenae; Praon volcre attacked S. avenae, biological control of sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis and D. flavipennella by Apanteles flavipes, and the sugarcane planthopper Mahanarva posticata was controlled by the biopesticide from Metarhizium anisopliae, biological control of alfalfa aphids in Argentina, by introducing Aphidius smithi and A. ervi against Acyrthosiphon pisum, blue alfalfa aphid A. kondoi and five biotypes of aphidiids Ephedrus plagiator and Aphidius ervi, Centers of biological control in Latin America are INTA in Argentina, INIA in La Cruz, Chile, CICIU in Lima, EMBRAPA in Brazil, estimated costs of chemical control of seven important pests in South America, cases of partial, substantial and completely successful biological control in Latin America