Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Classical Greece
Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea
Geography Shapes Greek Life
· ______________ land, high ________________, deep ______________
· Difficult to move over this land
· Greeks living in different areas could not easily be ______________
· Good farmland covered only about ________ of Greece and could not support many people
· Easy access to the ___________
· Became excellent ______________, ______________ became important
· Climate is __________, which allowed Greek men to spend much time ___________
· Attended ______________ and were active in ______________
· Much ____________________________ was handled outside
Mycenaean Civilization Develops
· Invaded many areas around ______________
· Were ruled by powerful ______________ in their main city
· Other rulers lived ______________ around Greece
· ____________________________ came in contact with the Minoan culture of Crete & adopted many parts of the culture
· __________________________________________
· __________________________________________
· __________________________________________
· According to ancient legend, Mycenaeans also had a long war with the people of ______________
· ______________ —a gigantic, hollow wooden horse hiding Greek soldiers—is part of that legend
Greek Culture Declines under Dorians
· The Mycenaean culture fell around ________________________________
· Sea raiders destroyed their palaces
· For the next ________ years, Greece went into decline
· A decline so deep that ___________________________ exist from this period
· However, through spoken word, Greeks of this time continued to relate epic stories of the earlier age of heroes.
· Two long poems, __________________________________________, tell of the war with Troy and an otherworldly journey home by a Greek hero
· The Greeks also created a rich set of ______________
· Many of them tried to explain the world in terms of the actions of their ______________
Gods and Goddesses
Top Gods & Goddesses
Greek Name
Roman Name
Description
Zeus
Jupiter
Hera
Juno
Poseidon
Neptune
Hades
Pluto
Gods and Goddesses
Other Important Gods & Goddesses
Greek Name
Roman Name
Description
Aphrodite
Venus
Apollo
Apollo
Ares
Mars
Artemis
Diana
Athena
Minerva
Demeter
Ceres
Hephaestus
Vulcan
Hermes
Mercury
Hestia
Vesta
Dionysus
Bacchus
Warring City-States
Greek Political Structures
· Center of Greek life was the _________________, or ______________________
· Name was given to Greek cities and the countryside villages surrounding them
· Each city-state was ______________________
· The people who lived in them were ______________________ of their homes
· City-states had different kinds of ______________________
· A _____________________________ might rule some
· A _____________________________ might rule a few
· A _____________________________ might rule other
· A government made of _________________________ chosen by the people took hold in some city-states
A New Kind of Army Emerges
· Over the years, the Greeks developed the ability to make ______________________
· Because these cost less than weapons made of _____________, more people could afford them
· Soon each city-state had its own _____________
· The soldiers were from all walks of life—armed with iron weapons and ready to defend their homes
Sparta Builds a Military State
· One very strong city-state was _____________, in the south of Greece
· The leaders of Sparta made their city a military state
· Boys joined the army at age ______ and went through a long period of training as soldiers
· Spartan women ran the ___________________________________________, freeing their husbands to serve in the army
Athens Builds a Limited Government
· Wealthy _____________and the ______________________ clashed in a contest for power in _____________
· In _____________, the nobles gave a man named _____________ the power to change the government of Athens to end this fight
· He removed some of the _____________ that the poor had not liked
· He also made it possible for any citizen of Athens to join the _____________, which discussed and approved laws
· The conflict between the rich and the poor did not end
· New changes were needed to open the government even more
· Athens became a _________________________, or government by the people but was not a full __________________________
· All citizens were free to join in, but only ________ of Athenians were citizens
· _____________had no role in political life
· Many who lived in Athens were ___________ who had no rights either
The Persian Wars
· Persian Empire set its sights on conquering the _____________
· __________: Persian ships landed _____________ soldiers on the coast of Greece
· Battle of ______________: the Greeks won a tremendous victory that saved Athens
· The Persians returned ten years later
· Greeks lost a battle on land, despite the heroic efforts of a small band of _____________
· The Persians also burned _____________
· The ships of Athens won a great ________ battle
· The Spartans followed it with another victory on _____________
· The threat from Persia was over
Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
Pericles Three Goals for Athens
· Athens chose ________________ as its leader, and he served in that role for more than three decades
· He took many steps to make Athens better & had three main goals:
1. He wanted to make Athens more _____________
· So he created more positions in government that paid a _____________
· __________________________ could hold these jobs
2. He wanted to make Athens _____________
· The city was the head of a group of _______ Greek city-states called the Delian League
· Pericles used the league’s money to make sure that Athens had the strongest ____________________________________________________
3. He wanted to make Athens _____________
· So he again used __________________________ money to fund a great building program in his city
Greek Drama
· Athens also became home to a group of very skilled __________________________
· Some wrote _____________, plays about the pain and suffering of human life
· Others wrote _____________, which often included important ideas
· Some plays were critical of _____________, proof that Athens was a free and open society
Spartans and Athenians Go to War
· 431 B.C.E.: After being _______________ for many years, Sparta and Athens finally went to war
· The conflict ended badly for _______________
· 430 B.C.E.: A horrible _______________ killed a large portion of Athens’ people
· After several battles, the war dragged on until Athens finally gave up in __________ Athens had lost its empire
Philosophers Search for Truth
· After its defeat, Athens became home to several philosophers who tried to understand human life
· Socrates
· Believed deeply in ______________________________, but many people did not trust him
· He was convicted of treason and forced to _______________________
· Plato
· _______________ of Socrates
· Recorded many of his ideas and became an important thinker in his own right
· Aristotle
· Wrote books that _______________ all things known to the Greeks at the time
· Also invented a way of ______________________________
· His work was very influential for many _______________
Alexander – Empire Builder
Philip Builds Macedonia’s Power
· North of Greece was the kingdom of _________________________
· The Greeks looked down on the people there because they lacked the ____________________________________________________________
· Macedonians were tough fighters, though, and had a strong leader in _______________________
· He decided to use his army to invade _______________
· The Greek city-states _____________________________ to save themselves.
· The Macedonians won, and Greek independence was now over
· Philip did not enjoy his victory for long
· He died just two years later, and his son __________________ became king at age _______
Alexander Defeats Persia
· Alexander was a brilliant _______________, just like his father
· He had been taught well, and he prepared to carry out his father’s dream of world conquest
· 334 B.C.E.: He invaded _______________
· He won two stunning victories and then moved south to enter _______________
· He was crowned ______________ and founded the city of __________________________
· He then turned back to Persia and won another great battle, which ended all Persian resistance
Alexander’s Other Conquests
· The young king pushed east, taking his army as far as _______________
· After many years of marching and fighting, the soldiers wanted to return home
· Alexander agreed, and turned back
· On the way back, he began to make plans for how to govern his new empire
· Then he suddenly fell ill and died at age __________
· Three of Alexander’s generals divided his empire
· One ruled ______________________________
· Another took control of _______________
· The third became ruler of the lands that used to be in the ___________________________
· Alexander’s empire was not long-lasting, but it had important effects
· After Alexander, the people of Greece and Persia and all the lands between ________________________________________________________________
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria
· Hellenistic culture blended Greek with _______________, _______________, and _______________ influences
· Center of this culture was ______________________________
· Located in the delta of the ___________________, on the Mediterranean Sea, it had a ship harbor
· _______________ was lively and Alexandria had a large population from _____________________________________________
· Alexandria was also a beautiful city
· Its huge lighthouse towered over the harbor to show a light to incoming ships
· Its famous _______________ had rooms with works of ________, a ________, and a _______________
· Its magnificent _______________ held half a million scrolls of papyrus that contained everything known in the Hellenistic world
· It was the first true ______________________________, and scholars read through the scrolls
Science and Technology
· Scholars kept alive what was known about _______________
· Some used an _______________ to look at the ___________ and the ____________
· ______________________ was an astronomer who developed two important ideas
· Argued that the ____________was actually larger than the ____________, which no one had thought to be the case before
· Suggested that the earth and other planets __________ around the sun
· Other astronomers _______________ these ideas, though, and their views remained common for many centuries
· ___________________ tried to estimate the size of the earth
· He came extremely close, figuring the earth to be only _______________ smaller than it turned out to be
· The thinkers in Alexandria also made advances in _______________
· _______________ wrote a book with the basic ideas of _______________; his approach is still used today
· ___________________ was another important scientist and mathematician
· He invented the _______________ and the ___________________________ that could be used to bring water from a low level to a higher one
Philosophy and Art
· Two new schools of _______________ arose in these times
· _____________________ argued that people should live a moral life to keep them in harmony with natural laws
· Desire, power, and wealth, they thought, could hurt a person’s moral well-being
· _____________________ said that people could rely only on what they learned from their five senses
· They urged everyone to live moral lives
· People should try to do things in _______________ ways, rather than taking anything to an _______________
· The arts flourished in the Hellenistic age as well
· _______________, in particular, had several notable achievements
· The sculpture of this time differed from that of the earlier Greek style
· In the past, figures had been _______________, as sculptors tried to show a _______________ form
· In the Hellenistic age, figures were more ______________________________