engineeringdigest.orgengineeringdigest.org/.../uploads/2019/02/MECH-2-1.docx · Web viewExperimental work was developed using Corn Oil, Methanol and KOH as a catalyst. Experiments

ISSN 2455-7579

International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovations XVII (2018)7-14

OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE PERFORMANCE IN SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USING BIO-DIESEL BLENDED FUEL ADDITIVES

1RADHAKRISHNAN S and 2Mr.D.KARTHICK M.E.,

1PG Students, Dept. of Thermal Engineering, Muthayammal College of Engineering Rasipuram – 637408.

2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Muthayammal College of Engineering, Rasipuram – 637408.

Abstract

Biodiesel has been increasingly fueled for compression ignition engine instead of commercial diesel as renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel to study its effects on engine efficacy and emissions in the decades. Experimental work was developed using Corn Oil, Methanol and KOH as a catalyst. Experiments were made varying significant parameters to find the optimum reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst amount and molar ratio between Methanol and Corn Oil. The popularization and understanding of biodiesel is increased by the analysis done. So, Far From the reports, the effect of biodiesel on engine load, economy and emissions including regulated and non-regulated emissions and the corresponding effect factors are surveyed and analyzed in detail. The reports were obtained by Blending 20% of biodiesel prepared from Corn Oil by transesterification process with commercial diesel fuel. The emission characteristics with respect to NOX, CO, CO2, HC, O2, Smoke and engine performance were analyzed by varying engine load.

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1. INTRODUCTION

In the last few years, the world’s energy demand is increasing due to the needs from the global economic development and population growth. However, the most important part of this energy currently used is the fossil energy sources. The problem is fossil fuels are nonrenewable. They are limited in supply and will one day be depleted. There is an increased interest in alternative renewable fuels. As biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel, it is the best candidate to replace fossil-diesel, which has lower emissions than that of fossil-diesel; it is biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulphur and aromatics. However, only nitrogen oxides increase using biodiesel as fuels.Renewable feedstock’s such as vegetable oils and animal fats have been used as raw materials for biodiesel production The general way to produce biodiesel fuels is transesterification of fat or oil triacylglycerols with short-chain alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in presence of alkaline or acid catalysts.Vegetable oils are promising feedstocks for biodiesel production since they are renewable origin and can be produced on a large scale. More than 95% of biodiesel production feedstock’s come from edible oils since they are varying considerably with location according to climate and availability. In the United States, soybean oil is the most common biodiesel feedstock, whereas in Europe and in tropical countries, rapeseed oil and Corn seed oil are the most common source for biodiesel, respectively, However, some of these oil

sources are commodities whose prices are strongly influencing biodiesel cost, generally in the proportion of 70–80%. In order to reduce the biodiesel cost, many researchers are interested in waste edible oils and nonedible oils like karanja, mahua and jatropha.Another alternative comes into play when looking to other industries. That is the case of ethanol, whose primary feedstock is corn. Plants ethanol from corn gives the integrated biorefineries a hydrocarbon-based source of renewable carbon for the production of fuels and chemicals. Ethanol is formed when starch is subjected to hydrolysis, followed by glucose fermentation. During this process, also some by-products including corn gluten meal, gluten feed and corn oil are formed. Therefore, corn oil can be extracted as a by-product by using new technology that will make ethanol production more efficient. This corn oil can be converted into a biofuel, such as biodiesel

2. METHODCorn oil known as makka (Hindi name) is a weed found in India. It is introduced, naturalized and occur as wasteland weed in almost every part of India. Corn oil (maize oil) is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize). Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes refined corn oil valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarine. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other

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types of vegetable oils. One bushel of corn contains 1.55 pounds of corn oil (2.8% by weight). Corn agronomists have developed high-oil varieties; however, these varieties tend to show lower field yields, so they are not universally accepted by growers.

Corn oil is also a feedstock used for biodiesel. Other industrial uses for corn oil include soap, salve, and paint. Rust proofing for metal surfaces, inks, textiles, nitroglycerin and insecticides. It is sometimes used as a carrier for drug molecules in pharmaceutical preparations.

Biodiesel was produced in a laboratory using reaction vessel. The reactants used were ethanol and corn oil, with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst. The vessel was kept at reaction temperature (40˚C or 50˚C) in a water bath with good magnetic stirring during the entire reaction time (1h or 2h). First the catalyst was pulverized, thereafter the weight was measured and the catalyst was mixed with the ethanol in the reaction vessel. The catalyst was left to dissolve in the ethanol with good stirring in the water bath at the reaction temperature, and after that poured in to another vessel containing 200 mL of corn oil. The substances where left to react. After the reaction time the content was poured into a separating funnel and left for glycerol and biodiesel to separate. The lower darker phase containing glycerol was then poured out and the remaining biodiesel was once washed with 5 % w/w water solution of phosphoric acid to remove the alkaline from the biodiesel. The water phase was poured out and the volume, viscosity, weight and the refractive index were measured.

Transesterification of Oil

In this process, triglyceride present in oil react with an alcohol in the presence of strong acid or base, producing mixture of fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Transesterification has been done in single steps due to the low F.F.A. value. To start with the process about 2.3gm of Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is dissolve in 25ml methanol and stirred vigorously for 20 min in the covered container until the alkali is dissolve completely, forming Potassium methoxide. The mixture is protected from atmospheric CO2 and moisture, as both destroy the catalyst.100ml of Argemone Mexicana oil was preheated on hot plate up to 55°C and then alcohol - catalyst mixture is then transferred into it. The transesterification reaction employing methanol commences as two immiscible phase as a result of very low solubility of triglycerides in methanol. Basic catalyst dissolved in methanol does not come in contact with triglyceride unless sufficient agitation is introduced.

To achieve steering, the reactor is switched on with constant speed that causes triglyceride transport into methanol phase where it is rapidly converted into FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) and glycerol. Stirring of mixture is continued for 1 h at a temperature between 55°C and 60°C.

Figure 1 Transesterification

The mixture was turned into turbid orange brown color with in the first few minutes and then it was changed to a clear transparent brown color as there action is completed. The mixture again become somewhat turbid and orange due to the emulsified free glycerol formed during the reaction after lapse of1 hr. The mixture was taken out and poured into a separating funnel soon the glycerol component of the mixture started settling at the bottom.

Figure 2 Glycerol Sepration

Without disturbing the funnel the bottom layer was separated out, which is glycerol. The upper layer i.e. pure methyl ester was separated and washed minimum of 8 times with water.

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Figure 3 Washing

First Stage Washing and Final Stage Washing Washed and soap free methyl ester i.e. biodiesel was then heated over 100° C so as to remove water content from it and ASTM’s 27/3 Methanol test was carried out. For a highly converted batch of biodiesel the methanol will remain clear and no oil will settle down. A poorly converted batch of biodiesel will cause the methanol to cloud, and when it eventually settles down.

Figure 4

Heating of Oil to Remove Water and Passed Methanol Test In our work, the transesterification of corn oil was done in single step due to oil having low free fatty acid value. As stated above the oil reacts with an alcohol in the presence of strong acid or base, producing a mixture of fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. The factors that show its great influence on biodiesel production yield are catalyst and methanol amount. It is convenient to use methanol in excess so that the maximum conversion of the triglycerides into methyl esters is assured; however, an excess of methanol can be removed by heating above 60°C. However reaction temperature just below 60°C is

maintained and 1 hr of reaction time is set during transesterification process.

3. Experimental Set Up and Procedure3.1 Test Engine

A single cylinder 4-stroke water-cooled direct injection diesel engine with a displacement volume of 1670cc, compression ratio 18.5:1, developing 21 kW at 2000 rpm with a dynamometer was used for the present research work. The specifications of the engine are listed in Table 4.1 The engine is fitted with conventional fuel injection system, which has a 5 hole nozzle of 0.262mm separated at 146 degrees, inclined at an angle of 60 degrees to the cylinder axis.. The injector opening pressure recommended by the manufacturer was 250 bar. The Bosch fuel pump which is fitted on the engine enables the automatic regulation of the engine speed. The combustion chamber is hemispherical in shape with the overhead valve arrangement operated by push rods. The specifications of the test engine are given in Table 2.

MODEL S 217Capacity 21 kW (28 bhp @ 2000 rpm)Type / Configuration Vertical in-line Diesel EngineBore 91.44 mmStroke 127 mmNo. of Cylinders 2Displacement 1670 ccCompression ratio 18.5:1Cycle 4 StrokeRotation Clockwise (viewed from front)Aspiration NaturalCombustion System Direct InjectionFuel Pump MICO Bosch In-line PumpGoverning MechanicalEngine Starting System ElectricalCooling System WaterElectrical System 12 Volts (Dynamo/Alternator)Flywheel Housing SAE 1 or SAE 3Flywheel Can be made to suit applicationWeight (Bare Engine) 200 kgLength x Width x Height 489 x 536 x 756nmmFan Centre from Crank Centre

282.6 mm

Power Take-off From Crankshaft axially or radially. Gear driven PTO Training gears on LHS beneath Fuel Pump

Air-compressor OptionalTable 1Test Bed Engine Specification

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Figure 5 Engine Bed3.2 ENGINE INSTRUMENTATION 3.2.1 Dynamometer:

A dynamometer or “dyno” in short is a device for measuring force, moment of force (torque), or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (rpm).

A dynamometer can also be used to determine the torque and power required to operate a driven machine such as a pump. In that case, motoring or driving dynamometer is used. A dynamometer that is designed to be driven is called an absorption or passive dynamometer. A dynamometer that can either drive or absorb is called a universal or active dynamometer.

Figure 6Dynamometer

EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER

MODEL E 50

Maximum Power 100 bhp (75Kw) @ 3000 to 6000 rpm

Maximum Torque 234 Nm @ 1500 to 3000 rpm

Accuracy of Torque Indication

+ 0.25% of Max. Dyno Torque

Table 2 Eddy current Dynamometer 3.2.2 Pressure measurement

A piezoelectric pressure transducer (Kistler Instruments, Switcher land, model 6613CQ09-01) was installed in the engine cylinder head to acquire the combustion pressure-crank angle history. The sensitivity of the pressure transducer is 25 pC/bar. The pick up was water-cooled type. The piezoelectric transducer produces a charge output, which is proportional to the in-cylinder pressure. Machining for installation of the pressure transducer was carried out in the cylinder head and the engine main shaft was coupled to a precision shaft encoder with the resolution of 0.5o crank angle. A TDC marker was used to locate the TDC position in every cycle of the engine. The cylinder pressure data were acquired for 50 consecutive cycles and then averaged in order to eliminate the effect of cycle-to-cycle variations. The personal computer (PC), through an analog to digital converter (ADC) reads the output of the charge amplifier. There is a small drift in the voltage measured (-2mV/s) due to charge leakage in the pressure transducer.

3.2.3 TDC position sensor

The TDC position sensor was developed and used to indicate the position of TDC by providing a voltage pulse exactly when the TDC position was reached. This sensor consists of a matched pair of infra red diode and phototransistor so that infra red rays emitted from the diode fall on the phototransistor when it is not interrupted. A continuous disc with a small cut at the TDC position with respect to sensor point was made to get the signal when the piston reaches TDC exactly. At this point the output voltage from photo-transistor rises to 5 volts and at all the other points it is zero. Voltage signals from the optical sensor were fed to an analog to digital converter and then to the data acquisition system along with pressure signals for recording.

3.2.4 Analog to Digital ConverterEngine cylinder pressure and TDC signal are

acquired and stored on a high speed computer based digital data acquisition system. A 24 bit analog to digital (A/D) converter was used to convert analog signals to digital signals. The A/D card had external and internal trigger facility and with sixteen ended channels. 3.2.5 Fuel flow rate measurement

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Fuel flow rate was measured on the volume basis using a burette and stop watch. The fuel from the tank is sent to the engine through a graduated burette using a two way valve. When the valve is set at position 1 the fuel is sent to the engine directly and in position 2 the fuel contained in the burette is sent to the engine. For the measurement of fuel flow rate of the engine, the valve is set at position 2 and the time for a definite quantity of the fuel flow is noted. This gives The fuel flow rate for the engine.

Figure 6 Fuel pump

3.2.6 Temperature measurement Temperature of the exhaust gas was measured with

ChromelAlumel (K-Type) thermocouples. A digital indicator with an automatic room temperature compensation facility was used and it was calibrated periodically.

3.2.7 Exhaust Gas AnalyzerThe use of a five gas exhaust analyzer (AVL 444

DIGAS) can be used to measure the exhaust gas emissions such as CO, CO2, HC, O2 and NO in the exhaust. A photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer showing a sample result for the present research work is shown in Figure 4.3 and the photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer used is shown in Figure 4.4. The detailed specifications of the AVL five gas analyzer are presented in Appendix 3.

Figure 7 Photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer showing a sample result

Figure 8 Photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer

3.2.8 Smoke measurement The exhaust smoke level was measured by using a

standard AVL smoke measuring apparatus. This measuring instrument consists of a sampling pump that sucks a definite quantity (330cc) of exhaust sample through a white filter paper.

Figure 9Photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer4. Results& Discussion

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All the experiments were performed at different rpm at 2000,1800,1600,1500,1400,1200,1000 rpm which is the engine speed that produces the peak torque. Ultra-low sulfur No. 2 diesel fuel was used for all the engine experiments. The start of injection (SOI) is denoted in degrees after Top Dead Center (ATDC). Most of, but not all, the combinations were tested, as either combustion did not sustain at certain cases or it was not necessary to test certain conditions due to apparently high emissions. A fuel mass of 50 mg/injection was injected. The engine was controlled and monitored using EPA software.

DIESEL ENGINE TESTING DIESEL READING

Table 3 Diesel Reading

DIESEL ENGINE TESTING CORN SEED OIL READINGS.NO SPEED LOAD CO HC CO2 O2

11200 82.4 0.03 12 8.5 9.13

21200 50.8 0.03 2 4.9 14.11

31200 33.0 0.02 5 3.9 15.66

41200 14.2 0.02 5 2.5 17.52

Table 4 Corn Oil Reading

1200 1200 1200 12000

20

40

60

80

100

Torque vs Engine speed

torque diesel torque corn

Engine speed (rpm)

Torq

ue (N

m)

Figure10 Torque vs. Engine speedThere is slight 2 to 3 % increase in torque observed

due to increase in backpressure.The engine thermal efficiency increases due to reduced heat loss from engine through heat transfer to atmosphere. Corn biodiesel has higher laminar flame propagation speed, which may fasten engine combustion process and thus improve engine thermal efficiency. Corn biodiesel having higher brake thermal efficiency at constant engine speed.

1200 1200 1200 120002468

101214

HC Emission

HC dieselHC corn

Engine speed rpm

HC e

misi

on (p

pm)

Figure 11 HC Emission vs. Engine speed

This fig shows the variation of HC emission with increased load. The HC emission is increased at 100 loadcondition. The emission is slightly decreased due to proper combustion at 75%, 50%, 25% load condition.

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1200 1200 1200 12000

0.0050.01

0.0150.02

0.0250.03

0.035

CO Emission

CO diesel CO corn

Engine speed rpm

CO e

miss

ion

ppm

Figure 12 CO Emission vs. Engine speedThis fig shows the variation of NOx emission with increased load. The CO emission is decreased at 100% load condition. On decreasing the load the Co emission is stable increased due to incomplete combustion.

1200 1200 1200 12000

200400600800

10001200

Nox Emission

Nox dieselNox corn

Engine speed rpm

Nox

em

issio

n pp

m

Figure 13 Nox vs. Engine SpeedThis fig shows the variation of NOx emission with increased load. Overall the Nox emission is reduced at various load condition due proper combustion of biodiesel.

1200 1200 1200 12000

20406080

100120

Smoke vs engine speed

smoke dieselsmoke corn

Engine Speed rpm

Smok

e %

Figure 14 Smoke vs. Engine Speed

Figure 15 Exhaust temp vs. Engine speed

The above fig shows the variations of exhaust gas temperature for diesel & biodiesel at various loading condition. From the fig we can observe the increase of exhaust gas temperature in biodiesel as the biodiesel has more cetane number than diesel. The cetane number leads to decrease in ignition delay hence giving availability of more time for combustion process which leads to maximizes the exhaust gas temperature

CONCLUSIONThe work is about the method and material which are being followed for extraction of biodiesel from corn seed oil .The corn seed oil is mixed sodium hydroxide, methyl alcohol the Product we obtains glycerol and biodiesel. Further by downstream processing he biodiesel is separated from glycol. The obtained biodiesel is tested in the diesel engine perform reduction of emission testing is done.

REFERENCES[1] Guy Purcella, “Biodiesel: What it is and How to Make it at Home” Summit Enterprises, LLC First Edition, Revision 6a, (2006).[2] Syed Ameer Basha “A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 pp.1628–1634, (2009)[3] A.S. Ramadhas, C. Muraleedharan, S. Jayraj, “Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fuelled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil”, RenewableEnergy, 30, 1789–1800, (2005)

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[4] O. P. S. Verma, K. L. Patel “Emerging Perspectives for Biodiesel in India” .Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., pp.28-034 (2004).[5] Christopher Strong, Charlie Erickson and Deepak Shukla, Western Transportation Institute, January (2004)[6] L.C. Meher, D. Vidya Sagar, S.N. Naik, “Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xx(2004) 1–21.[7] Bozbas K. “Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 20, pp. 1-12,(2005)[8] Antolı´n, G., Tinaut, F.V., Bricenˇo, Y., Castanˇo, V., Pe´rez, C., Remı´rez, A.L. “Optimization of biodiesel production by sunflower oil transesterification”.Bioresour. Technol. Vol.83, pp.111–114, (2002).[9] National biodiesel board, http://www.nbb.org.(2005)[10] Report of the Committee on Development of Bio-Fuel, Planning Commission, Govt of India, (2003).[11] National Policy on Biofuels, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India.(2008).[12] M. Mohibbe Azam et.al. “Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some Non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India”. Biomass and Bioenergy [13] Meda Chandra Sekhar, Venkata Ramesh Mamilla, M.V. Mallikarjun and K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy, “Production of Biodiesel from Neem Oil”, International Journal of Engineering Studies ISSN 0975- 6469 Volume 1, Number 4 (2009), pp. 295–302.

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engineeringdigest.orgengineeringdigest.org/.../uploads/2019/02/MECH-2-1.docx · Web viewExperimental work was developed using Corn Oil, Methanol and KOH as a catalyst. Experiments