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Eukaryotic Cells Study GuideLatin and Greek RootsGive an example of a word from this chapter that contains each prefix or suffix.

VocabularyBriefly define each of the following in your own words.

1. Hydrophilic – “Water loving”. Water soluble; dissolves in water.

2. Hydrophobic – “Water fearing”. Not water soluble.

3. Concentration Gradient – The movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration.

4. Passive transport – Movement of particles along the concentration gradient. Does not require ATP.

5. Osmosis – The passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane.

6. Vesicle – A membranous sac inside of a cell. Used to store or move substances.

7. Endocytosis – The taking in of matter through a cell membrane.

8. Exocytosis – The release of matter through a cell membrane.

9. Cytosol – The inner fluid portion of the cell.

10. Mutation – A change in the normal sequence of a DNA molecule.

11. Somatic Cell – A non-reproductive cell.

12. Tumor – Body cells that are dividing out of control.

Membrane Dynamics

1. Besides size, what are the two anatomical differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?Only eukaryotes have their DNA enclosed in nucleus. Eukaryotes also have membrane-bound organelles.

a. Give an example of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic organism.Prokaryotic – bacteria. Eukaryotic – Any plant, animal, or fungal cell.

Latin/Greek Root

Meaning Example

Bi- Two Bilayer

Cyt- Cell Cytosol

Endo- Inside Endoplasmic

Eu- With Eukaryote

Exo- Outside Exocytosis

Latin/Greek Root

Meaning Example

Hyper- Above, over Hypertonic

Hypo- Under, less Hypotonic

Iso- Same Isotonic

-karyo Kernel (nucleus) Prokaryote/Eukaryote

Phago- Eating, devouring Phagocytosis

Pro- Before Prokaryote

2. What is the most important limiting factor of cell size?Surface area. Cells must have enough surface (cell membrane) to effectively transport all of their nutrients and waste.

3. Label a protein, carbohydrate, polar (hydrophilic) part of a phospholipid, and nonpolar (hydrophobic) part of a phospholipid on this diagram of a cell membrane.

c

4. Briefly give the function of each of these proteins:

a. Receptor – Attaches to signaling molecules, such as a hormone.

b. Carrier – Transports large molecules from one side of the membrane to the other.

c. Enzyme – Speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

d. Anchoring – Attaches the cell to a neighboring cell.

e. Recognition – Identifies the cell as non-foreign to the immune system.

5. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. In general, what types of molecules can pass through the cell membrane without a carrier protein?Small, hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules. Examples would be oxygen and carbon dioxide.

6. What direction do molecules move during diffusion?From high to low concentration.

7. How is osmosis different than diffusion?Osmosis is the movement of water, and it takes place across a membrane.

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8. Label each beaker as hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. Draw arrows to show what direction water will move in each in relation to the cells.

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

9. What will happen to a red blood cell placed in each of the following?

a. Distilled water – This is a hypotonic solution. The cell will burst.

b. Salty water – This is a hypertonic solution. The cell will shrivel.

10. What is facilitated diffusion? What kind of molecule would depend on facilitated diffusion to enter a cell?Facilitated diffusion requires a protein carrier or channel to allow diffusion to occur. This is needed with molecules that are too large and/or polar to pass through the phospholipid bilayer.

11. Describe two ways that active transport is different than passive transport processes like diffusion and osmosis.Active transport moves against the concentration gradient. In order to do this, energy in the form of ATP must be expended.

12. A white blood cell phagocytizes a bacterium. Is this an example of exocytosis or endocytosis?The bacterium is taken into the cell, so this is endocytosis.

Cell Anatomy

13. Label each of the organelles on this cell diagram. It should include a nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear pores, Golgi, rough ER, smooth ER, villi, mitochondria, centrioles and a vesicle.

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14. Briefly give the function of each of these parts of a cell:

a. Villi – Increases the surface area of the cell membrane.

b. Centriole – Used in mitosis to direct chromosomes.

c. Cilia – Movement.

d. Flagella – Movement.

e. Ribosome – Proteins are made here.

f. Smooth ER – Lipids and carbohydrates are made here.

g. Rough ER – Contains many ribosomes, which produce proteins.

h. Golgi – Packages material in vesicles for transport.

i. Secretory Vesicle – Contains material to be released outside of the cell.

j. Lysosome – A vesicle with digestive enzymes. Used to break down unwanted material.

k. Perioxisome – A vesicle that breaks down fatty acid, releasing hydrogen peroxide.

l. Mitochondria – Converts energy in glucose to ATP.

m. Nucleolus – Produces ribosomes.

n. Chromatin / Chromosomes – The DNA, or genetic material of the cell.

o. Nuclear Pores – Allows the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus.

Protein Synthesis

15. What is the monomer of DNA/RNA? What is the monomer of proteins?The monomer of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) is the nucleotide. The monomer of proteins is amino acids.

16. On this diagram of a DNA molecule, label the adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine along the bottom. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone and the nitrogenous bases along the top.

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17. What are the two main structural differences (besides the sugar) between the DNA and RNA molecules?DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is single-stranded. RNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil in place of thymine.

18. What is the difference between DNA, a gene, and a chromosome/chromatin?DNA is the type of molecule. A gene is a segment of DNA that encodes for a specific protein/trait. The chromosome/chromatin is a very large DNA strand that contains many genes.

19. Why is it important for DNA to direct the production of proteins, instead of some other macromolecule like carbohydrates or lipids?Most of the functions of the cell are performed by proteins. Carbohydrates and lipids primarily serve as energy storage molecules. By controlling protein production, DNA is able to direct the cell’s activities and structure.

20. What is produced during transcription? Where does transcription occur?Transcription is the production of mRNA from a segment of DNA (a gene). This occurs in the nucleus.

21. Two enzymes take part in transcription. Give the function of each.

a. DNA Helicase – This unzips the double-stranded DNA molecule, so the other enzymes can access one of the strands directly.

b. RNA Polymerase – Generates the mRNA molecule by using the parent DNA strand as a template.

22. What is produced during translation? Where does translation occur?Translation produces a polypeptide (string of attached amino acids). This occurs at a ribosome; either a free ribosome or one in the rough ER.

23. This diagram shows the translation aspect of protein synthesis. Label the numbered structures. Use the following terms: mRNA, anticodon, codon, ribosome, tRNA, amino acid

1. Ribosome

2. Amino Acid

3. tRNA

4. Anticodon

5. Active sites _

6. mRNA

7. Codon

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24. Given a single strand of DNA, be able to make the complementary strand.

A T C A A T G C A G C T T G GT A G T T A C G T C G A A C C

25. Transcribe this DNA strand into a strand of mRNA. Use your codon chart to translate the animo acid chain that would result from the mRNA strand. Remember to follow the start and stop codons.

DNA: AGA CGG TAC CTC CGG TGG GTG CTT GTC TGT ATC CTT CTC AGT ATC

mRNA: UCU GCC AUG GAG GCC ACC CUC GAA CAG ACA UAG GAA GAG UCA UAG

Protein: START-GLU-ALA-THR-LEU-GLU-GLN-THR-STOP

26. Explain how each of these mutations would affect a gene:

a. Silent substitution – Changes one of the bases, but the same amino acid is produced.

b. Missense substitution – Changes one of the bases, altering a single amino acid in the polypeptide.

c. Insertion – A new base is inserted into the gene.

d. Deletion – A base is removed from the gene.

27. Which of the mutations above would have the least effect on the protein end product? What would have the greatest effect? Silent mutation has the least effect – it doesn’t change the protein at all. Insertion and deletion both can potentially change the entire protein following the error.

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Cell Division28. Interphase is sometimes referred to as the “resting stage” for cells. Why is this inaccurate – what are

cells doing during interphase?Cells are still performing all of their regular functions during interphase. Additionally, they are physically growing – replicating their DNA and organelles.

29. Describe what specific changes take place in a cell in each of these parts of interphase:

a. G1 – Replication of organelles and cytosol.

b. S – DNA replication.

c. G2 – Centriole replication; any additional growth/protein synthesis.

30. This diagram shows the forms of chromosomes following the cell cycle and mitosis. Label the centromere on each chromosome. Label the sister chromatids in the duplicated chromosome. Label the duplicated daughter chromosomes.

31. List the four stages of mitosis in order. Briefly describe what occurs during each stage.Prophase – Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear. Centrioles begin producing the spindle apparatus.Metaphase – Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell by the spindle apparatus.Anaphase – Spindle apparatus pulls and separates the sister chromatids of each chromosome towards opposite sides of the cell.Telophase – Chromosomes begin to revert back to chromatin. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear.

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32. Identify each lettered cell as being in anaphase, interphase, metaphase, prophase, or telophase.

A – Interphase B – Prophase C – Metaphase D – Anaphase E – Telophase

33. What happens to a cell during cytokinesis?Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm. Two separate cells are present at the end of cytokinesis.

34. What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?Benign tumors are encapsulated and do not spread to other tissues. Malignant tumors will invade other tissues and organs. Malignant tumors are cancerous.

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