Natural Approaches To Brain Injury : References

Pathophyiology

Maroon JC, Lepere DB, Blaylock RL, Bost JW. Postconcussion syndrome: a review of pathophysiology and potential nonpharmacological approaches to treatment. Phys Sportsmed. 2012 Nov;40(4):73-87.

Blaylock RL, Maroon J. Immunoexcitotoxicity as a central mechanism in chronic traumatic encephalopathy-A unifying hypothesis. Surg Neurol Int. 2011;2:107. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.83391. Epub 2011 Jul 30

Sun et al. Traumatic brain injury causes a long-lasting calcium (Ca2+)-plateau of elevated intracellular Ca levels and altered Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms in hippocampal neurons surviving brain injury. Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Apr; 27(7):1659-72.

Surace MJ, Block ML. Targeting microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: the potential of NOX2 inhibitors. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2012 Jul;69(14):2409-27.

Morley WA, Seneff S. Diminished brain resilience syndrome: A modern day neurological pathology of increased susceptibility to mild brain trauma, concussion, and downstream neurodegeneration. Surg Neurol Int. 2014 Jun 18;5:97. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.134731. eCollection 2014.

Dadas and Janigro. The role and diagnostic significance of cellular barriers after concussive head trauma. Concussion. 2018 Jan 31;3(1):CNC53.

Kelly et al. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015 Oct 14;9:392.

Purkayastha, S., Stokes, M. & Bell, K. R. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury: a review of related pathophysiology and symptoms. Brain Inj 1–8 (2019). doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1631488

Pharmacological interventions

Blaylock R and Maroon J. Natural plant products and extracts that reduce immunoexcitotoxicity-associated neurodegeneration and promote repair within the central nervous system. Surg Neurol Int. 2012; 3: 19.

McConeghy KW, Hatton J, Hughes L, Cook AM A review of neuroprotection pharmacology and therapies in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. CNS Drugs. 2012 Jul 1;26(7):613-36.

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Patterson ZR, Holahan MR Understanding the neuroinflammatory response following concussion to develop treatment strategies. Front Cell Neurosci. 2012 Dec 12;6:58. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00058. eCollection 2012.

Browne, K. D., Iwata, A., Putt, M. E., and Smith, D. H. (2006). Chronic ibuprofen administration worsens cognitive outcome following trau- matic brain injury in rats. Exp. Neurol. 201, 301–307.

Roberts I, Sydenham E. Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD000033.

Kovesdi et al Acute minocycline treatment mitigates the symptoms of mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2012 Jul 16;3:111. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00111. eCollection 2012.

Kelso ML, Scheff NN, Scheff SW, Pauly JR. Melatonin and minocycline for combinatorial therapy to improve functional and histopathological deficits following traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett. 2011 Jan 13;488(1):60-4. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.003. Epub 2010 Nov 5.

Haber et al. Minocycline plus N-acetylcysteine synergize to modulate inflammation and prevent cognitive and memory deficits in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2013 Nov;249:169-77. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.002. Epub 2013 Sep 10.

Homsi et al. Blockade of acute microglial activation by minocycline promotes neuroprotection and reduces locomotor hyperactivity after closed head injury in mice: a twelve-week follow-up study. J Neurotrauma. 2010 May;27(5):911-21. doi: 10.1089/neu.2009.1223.

Robertson et al. Phase II Clinical Trial of Atorvastatin in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2017 Feb 27. PMID: 28006970

Omega 3 and fish oil

Barrett EC, McBurney MI, Ciappio ED. -3 Fatty Acid Supplementation as a Potentialω Therapeutic Aid for the Recovery from Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussion. Adv Nutr. 2014 May 14;5(3):268-277. doi: 10.3945/an.113.005280. Print 2014 May.

Calder PC. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Mar;75(3):645-62.

Mills JD, Bailes JE, Sedney CL, Hutchins H, Sears B. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and reduction of traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head injury model. J Neurosurg. 2011 Jan; 114(1):77-84.

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Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation restores mechanisms that maintain brain homeostasis in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007 Oct; 24(10):1587-95 Mills JD, Bailes JE, Sedney CL, Hutchins H, Sears B. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and reduction of traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head injury model. J Neurosurg. 2011 Jan; 114(1):77-84.

Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation restores mechanisms that maintain brain homeostasis in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007 Oct; 24(10):1587-95.

Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids normalize BDNF levels, reduce oxidative damage, and counteract learning disability after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 2004 Oct;21(10):1457-67. Bays HE Safety considerations with omega-3 fatty acid therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2007 Mar 19;99(6A):35C-43C. Epub 2006 Nov 28.

Park HJ, Park JS, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA, Chew BP. Dietary fish oil and flaxseed oil suppress inflammation and immunity in cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011 Jun 15;141(3-4):301-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.024. Epub 2011 Mar 6.

Schwerbrock NM, Karlsson EA, Shi Q, Sheridan PA, Beck MA. Fish oil-fed mice have impaired resistance to influenza infection. J Nutr. 2009 Aug;139(8):1588-94. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.108027. Epub 2009 Jun 23.

Barringer N, Conkright W. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ingestion as a TBI Prophylactic. J Spec Oper Med. 2012 Fall;12(3):5-7.

Yurko-Mauro et al. Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement. 2010 Nov;6(6):456-64.

Vitamin E

Usoro OB, Mousa SA. Vitamin E forms in Alzheimer's disease: A review of controversial and clinical experiences. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010;50:414–9

Wu A, Zhe Y, Gomez-Pinilla F. Vitamin E protects against oxidative damage and learning disability after mild traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24:290–8.

Conte V, Uryu K, Fujimoto S, Yao Y, Rokach J, Longhi L, et al. Vitamin E reduces amyloidosis and improves cognitive function in Tg2576 mice following repetitive concussive brain injury. J Neurochem. 2004;90:758–64.

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Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S. Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols. Life Sci. 2006 Mar 27;78(18):2088-98. Epub 2006 Feb 3.

Razmkon et al. Administration of vitamin C and vitamin E in severe head injury: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Clin Neurosurg. 2011;58:133-7

Khanna S, Roy S, Ryu H, Bahadduri P, Swaan PW, Ratan RR, Sen CK Molecular basis of vitamin E action: tocotrienol modulates 12-lipoxygenase, a key mediator of glutamate-induced neurodegeneration.J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 31; 278(44):43508-15.

Ishaq GM, Saidu Y, Bilbis LS, Muhammad SA, Jinjir N, Shehu BB. Effects of -αtocopherol and ascorbic acid in the severity and management of traumatic brain injury in albino rats. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2013 Jul;4(3):292-7. doi: 10.4103/0976-3147.118784.

Progesterone

Ma J, Huang S, Qin S, You C. Progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;10:CD008409.

Wright et al. ProTECT: a randomized clinical trial of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Apr;49(4):391-402, 402.e1-2. Epub 2006 Sep 29.

Shakeri et al. Effect of progesterone administration on prognosis of patients with diffuse axonal injury due to severe head trauma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Oct;115(10):2019-22.

Skolnick et al. A clinical trial of progesterone for severe traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 25;371(26):2467-76. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411090. Epub 2014 Dec 10.

Wright et al. Very early administration of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 25;371(26):2457-66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1404304. Epub 2014 Dec 10.

Vitamin D

Cekic M, Stein DG. Traumatic brain injury and aging: Is a combination of progesterone and vitamin D hormone a simple solution to a complex problem? Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7:81–90

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Cekic M, Cutler SM, VanLandingham JW, Stein DG Vitamin D deficiency reduces the benefits of progesterone treatment after brain injury in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging. 2011 May; 32(5):864-74.

Stein DG, Cekic MM. Progesterone and vitamin d hormone as a biologic treatment of traumatic brain injury in the aged. PM R. 2011 Jun;3(6 Suppl 1):S100-10. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.03.010.

Holick et al. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):1911-30. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):204-10.

Gordon CM, DePeter KC, Feldman HA, Grace E, Emans SJ. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004 Jun;158(6):531-7.

Creatine

Béard E, Braissant O Review Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: importance for cerebral functions. J Neurochem. 2010 Oct; 115(2):297-313.

Sullivan PG, Geiger JD, Mattson MP, Scheff SW Dietary supplement creatine protects against traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol. 2000 Nov; 48(5):723-9.

Genius J, Geiger J, Bender A, Möller HJ, Klopstock T, Rujescu D. Creatine protects against excitoxicity in an in vitro model of neurodegeneration. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e30554. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030554. Epub 2012 Feb 8.

Sakellaris et al. Prevention of complications related to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents with creatine administration: an open label randomized pilot study. J Trauma. 2006 Aug; 61(2):322-9.

Sakellaris G, Nasis G, Kotsiou M, Tamiolaki M, Charissis G, Evangeliou APrevention of traumatic headache, dizziness and fatigue with creatine administration. A pilot study. Acta Paediatr. 2008 Jan; 97(1):31-4.

George EO, Roys S, Sours C, Rosenberg J, Zhuo J, Shanmuganathan K, Gullapalli RP. Longitudinal and Prognostic Evaluation of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. J Neurotrauma. 2014 Jun 1;31(11):1018-28. doi: 10.1089/neu.2013.3224. Epub 2014 Apr 10.

Magnesium Copyright of Paul Hrkal ND - www.paulhrkalnd.com

Silva-Adaya D, et al Excitotoxic damage, disrupted energy metabolism, and oxidative stress in the rat brain: antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine.J Neurochem. 2008 May; 105(3):677-89.

Heath DL, Vink R. Traumatic brain axonal injury produces sustained decline in intracellular free magnesium concentration. Brain Res. 1996 Oct 28; 738(1):150-3.

Ghabriel MN, Thomas A, Vink R. Magnesium restores altered aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity following traumatic brain injury to a pre-injury state. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2006;96:402–6Fromm L, Heath DL, Vink R, Nimmo AJ. Magnesium attenuates post-traumatic depression/anxiety following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:529S–33

Sen AP, Gulati A. Use of magnesium in traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2010 Jan;7(1):91-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.10.014.

Nielsen FH, Lukaski HC Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise. Magnes Res. 2006 Sep; 19(3):180-9.

Curcumin

Bengmark S. Curcumin, an atoxic antioxidant and natural NFkappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, lipooxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a shield against acute and chronic diseases. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006 Jan-Feb; 30(1):45-51.

Baum et al. Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Feb; 28(1):110-3.

Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F Dietary curcumin counteracts the outcome of traumatic brain injury on oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. Exp Neurol. 2006 Feb;197(2):309-17. Epub 2005 Dec 20.

Laird et al. Curcumin attenuates cerebral edema following traumatic brain injury in mice: a possible role for aquaporin-4? J Neurochem. 2010 May;113(3):637-48.

Wu A, Ying Z, Schubert D, Gomez-Pinilla F Brain and spinal cord interaction: a dietary curcumin derivative counteracts locomotor and cognitive deficits after brain trauma. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011 May;25(4):332-42.

Sharma S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. A pyrazole curcumin derivative restores membrane homeostasis disrupted after brain trauma.Exp Neurol. 2010 Nov;226(1):191-9.

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Sharma S, Zhuang Y, Ying Z, Wu A, Gomez-Pinilla F. Dietary curcumin supplementation counteracts reduction in levels of molecules involved in energy homeostasis after brain trauma. Neuroscience. 2009 Jul 21;161(4):1037-44.

Begum et al .Curcumin structure-function, bioavailability, and efficacy in models of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Jul; 326(1):196-208.

Petraglia AL, Winkler EA, Bailes JE. Stuck at the bench: Potential natural neuroprotective compounds for concussion. Surg Neurol Int. 2011;2:146. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.85987. Epub 2011 Oct 12.

Wang R, Li YB, Li YH, Xu Y, Wu HL, Li XJ Curcumin protects against glutamate excitotoxicity in rat cerebral cortical neurons by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor level and activating TrkB. Brain Res. 2008 May 19; 1210():84-91

Zhu HT, Bian C, Yuan JC, Chu WH, Xiang X, Chen F, Wang CS, Feng H, Lin JK1. Curcumin attenuates acute inflammatory injury by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-

B signaling pathway in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation. κ2014 Mar 27;11:59. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-59.

DiSilvestro et al 2012. Diverse effects of a low dose supplement of lipidated curcumin in healthy middle aged people. Nutrition Journal 2012, 11:79

Cox KH, Pipingas A, Scholey AB. Investigation of the effects of solid lipid curcumin on cognition and mood in a healthy older population. J Psychopharmacol. 2014 Oct 2. pii: 0269881114552744. [Epub ahead of print]

Green Tea and Theanine

Kakuda T. Neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction. Pharmacol Res. 2011 Aug;64(2):162-8. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.03.010. Epub 2011 Apr 6.

Wei IH, Tu HC, Huang CC, Tsai MH, Tseng CY, Shieh JY. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates NADPH-d/nNOS expression in motor neurons of rats following peripheral nerve injury BMC Neurosci. 2011 Jun 1; 12():52.

Itoh et al. Neuroprotective effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in rats when administered pre- or post-traumatic brain injury. J Neural Transm. 2012 Nov 21.

Park SK, Jung IC, Lee WK, Lee YS, Park HK, Go HJ, Kim K, Lim NK, Hong JT, Ly SY, Rho SS. A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and

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attention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Med Food. 2011 Apr; 14(4):334-43.

Kakuda T. Neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction. Pharmacol Res. 2011 Aug;64(2):162-8.

Ng TP, Feng L, Niti M, Kua EH, Yap KB. Tea consumption and cognitive impairment and decline in older Chinese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul; 88(1):224-31

Resveratrol

Ates et al. Neuroprotection by resveratrol against traumatic brain injury in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Jan; 294(1-2):137-44.

Gatson JW, Liu MM, Abdelfattah K, Wigginton JG, Smith S, Wolf S, Minei JP. Resveratrol decreases inflammation in the brain of mice with mild traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013 Feb;74(2):470-4.

Sönmez U, Sönmez A, Erbil G, Tekmen I, Baykara B. Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol against traumatic brain injury in immature rats.Neurosci Lett. 2007;420(2):133–137.

Singleton RH, Yan HQ, Fellows-Mayle W, Dixon CE. Resveratrolattenuates behavioral impairments and reduces cortical and hippocampal loss in a rat controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(6):1091–1099.

Li C, Yan Z, Yang J, et al. Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol on ischemic injury mediated by modulating the release of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in rats. Neurochem Int. 2010;56(3):495–500

Melatonin

Ozdemir et al. Protective effect of melatonin against head trauma-induced hippocampal damage and spatial memory deficits in immature rats. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Sep 16;385(3):234-9.

Boone DR, Sell SL, Micci MA, Crookshanks JM, Parsley M, Uchida T, Prough DS, DeWitt DS, Hellmich HL. Traumatic brain injury-induced dysregulation of the circadian clock. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046204. Epub 2012 Oct 3.

Kelso ML, Scheff NN, Scheff SW, Pauly JR. Melatonin and minocycline for combinatorial therapy to improve functional and histopathological deficits following traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett. 2011 Jan 13;488(1):60-4. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.003. Epub 2010 Nov 5.

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Dehghan F, Khaksari Hadad M, Asadikram G, Najafipour H, Shahrokhi N Effect of melatonin on intracranial pressure and brain edema following traumatic brain injury: role of oxidative stresses. Arch Med Res. 2013 May;44(4):251-8. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.04.002. Epub 2013 Apr 19.

Senol N, Nazıroğlu M. Melatonin reduces traumatic brain injury-induced oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex and blood of rats. Neural Regen Res. 2014 Jun 1;9(11):1112-6.

Quercetin

Kosari-Nasab et al. Quercetin mitigates anxiety-like behavior and normalizes hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function in a mouse model of mild traumatic brain injury. Behav Pharmacol. 2019 Apr;30(2 and 3-Spec Issue):282-289.

Diet

Mychasiuk R, Hehar H, van Waes L, Esser MJ. Diet, age, and prior injury status differentially alter behavioral outcomes following concussion in rats. Neurobiol Dis. 2014 Sep 28. pii: S0969-9961(14)00275-7.

Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Aug;63(8):947-55. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.4. Epub 2009 Feb 11.

Witte AV, Fobker M, Gellner R, Knecht S, Flöel A. Caloric restriction improves memory in elderly humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jan 27;106(4):1255-60.

Maalouf,M.,Rho,J.M.& Mattson,M.P. The neuroprotective properties of calorie restriction, the ketogenic diet, and ketone bodies. Brain Res. Rev. 59, 293–315 (2009).

Vasquez A. Integrative Orthopedics: concepts. Algorithms, Perspectives and Therapeutics. The art of creating wellness while effectively managing acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders. 2nd edition. Forth Worth, Texas. Integrative and Biological medicine research and Consulting, LLC (www.optimalresearch .com): 2007.

Wu A, Molteni R, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. A saturated-fat diet aggravates the outcome of traumatic brain injury on hippocampal plasticity and cognitive function by reducing brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuroscience. 2003;119(2):365-75.

Aljada A, Mohanty P, Ghanim H, Abdo T, Tripathy D, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P Increase in intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and decrease in inhibitor kappaB in

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mononuclear cells after a mixed meal: evidence for a proinflammatory effect. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):682-90. Vasquez, A. Integrative Rheumatology. 2nd ed. Concepts, Perspectives, Algorithms and Therapeutics. The art of creating wellness while effectively managing acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Volume 1: Autoimmune disorders. Forth Worth, TX, Integrative and Biological Medicine Research and Consulting. LLC:2007

Lucke-Wold et al. Linking Traumatic Brain Injury to Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Identification of Potential Mechanisms Leading to Neurofibrillary Tangle Development. J Neurotrauma. 2014 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]

Clegg ME. Medium-chain triglycerides are advantageous in promoting weight loss although not beneficial to exercise performance. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010 Nov;61(7):653-79.

Sharma A, Bemis M, Desilets AR. Role of Medium Chain Triglycerides (Axona(R)) in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2014 Jan 9.

Henderson ST. Ketone bodies as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2008 Jul;5(3):470-80. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.05.004.

Appendix 1- Multi-faceted action of CurcuminFrom: Petraglia AL, Winkler EA, Bailes JE. Stuck at the bench: Potential natural neuroprotective compounds for concussion. Surg Neurol Int. 2011;2:146.

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Copyright of Paul Hrkal ND - www.paulhrkalnd.com