Case 21 Semester Exam study guide (Part A:1st 9 weeks)

Obj. L.8.2A ReproductionExtra Things to study:

Genetics vocabulary Foldable

DNA Foldable Asexual/Sexual Foldable

Mitosis Foldable Vocab dictionary Test Corrections

L.8.2A.1 Obtain and communicate information about the relationship of genes, chromosomes, and DNA, and construct explanations comparing their relationship to inherited characteristics.

1. Label all parts on the diagram to the right: A, B, C, D2. Circle the centromere in the diagram.3. Put the following in order from smallest to largest: genes, chromosomes, cells,

Nucleus, nitrogen base pairs/nucleotide4. Define each of the following:

a. Chromosomeb. Gene

5. Fill in the blank:a. The Chromosomes that an organism inherits are made of ___________ of _____________ that

are made of codes formed from _____________ base pairs that give information to produce ________________ that build certain traits that give the organism its characteristics.

SAMPLE ITEMS

1. Genetic information found in the nucleus of a cell contains important structures that help control how an organism will look and sometimes behave. Which of the following describes the relationship that exists among genetic material that leads to inheritance? Select all that apply.

A. Genes contain thousands of chromosomes that carry specific information about a traitB. The nucleus holds chromosomes in pairs, with half coming from each parentC. chromosomes are small sections of DNA that control how an organism looks and behavesD. Thousands of different types of nitrogen bases pair up to form codes that provide instructions for building

specific proteinsE. DNA is a chemical inside of a cell that is tightly coiled together to make up the chromosomes that

duplicate before reproduction

2. Which list is correctly put in order from smallest to biggest structure?A. gene, chromosome, nitrogen base pair, nucleusB. nitrogen base pair, gene, chromosome, nucleusC. nitrogen base pair, chromosome, gene, nucleusD. nucleus, chromosome, gene, nitrogen base pair

3. Several students were having a discussion about the role chromosomes have in inheriting traits. Which statement made by the students provide the MOST accurate description of chromosomes.

A. Chromosomes are the chemicals needed for mitosis to occur.B. Chromosomes are small sections of DNA that contain specific information about a trait that people inherit

and the thousands of different chromosomes we get from our parents allow for us to look uniquely different.

C. Chromosome come in homologous pairs because everyone inherits one from each parent allowing children to look like either parent.

D. Homologous chromosomes carry different gene sequences from each parent so children may inherit more genes from one parent than they do from another parent.

L.8.2A.2 Create a diagram of mitosis and explain its role in asexual reproduction, which results in offspring with identical genetic information.

C

A

D

B

1. Use the diagram above to Fill in the data chart for the phases of mitosisPhase Quick Description of what is happening

12 & 3

456

2. What is the role of mitosis for different organisms? List 3 & give and examplesA. Ex._______________________________B. Ex._______________________________C. Ex._______________________________

3. Match the picture to the type of asexual reproduction: budding, binary fission, regeneration/fragmentation

Type of reproduction Picture

4. Which example from above does not use the process of mitosis? Explain why?

5. Fill in the blank: Organism that reproduces asexually produce ________ offspring that are genetically ________________________ to each other and to the _____________________cell.

SAMPLE ITEMS1. Beginning with interphase, identify the correct order of events for mitosis:

A. interphase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophaseB. interphase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophaseC. interphase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophaseD. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

2. Identify the phases of Mitosis bases on the diagram. a. What phase of mitosis is telophase Figure 10-1?b. What phase of mitosis is metaphase in Figure 10-1?c. What phase of mitosis is anaphase in Figure 10-1?

Figure 10-1 3. What statement can be made about genetic variety in asexual reproduction?

A. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent but differ from each other.B. The resulting offspring will only have half the chromosomes of the parent.C. The offspring will inherit half the chromosomes from each parent, resulting in a full identical set.D. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent and each other.

4. This figure shows what type of asexual reproduction?

  A. budding B. vegetative reproduction  C.  Fragmentation/regeneration D. meiosis

L.8.2A.3 Construct explanations of how genetic information is transferred during meiosis.

4. Fill it the blank: The process of _________________ __________________ and ____________________ ________________ only occur when genetic information is trasferred during the process of ________________. These two process allow for each of the _______ daughter cells to be genetically _______________ from the parent cell as well as all of the other _________________ cells.

5. When chromosomes exchange information this way, it is…a. Crossing over b. mitosis c. anaphase d. metaphase

6. Answer the following by circling your answer. a. Does crossing over guarantee there will be a harmful change in the DNA of the offspring? (yes, no)b. Does crossing over guarantee there will be a beneficial change in the DNA of the offspring? (yes, no)c. Does crossing over recombine genetic information that will make the offspring’s DNA a little different from each

parent? (yes, no)d. Does crossing over make an exact copy of one parent’s DNA? (yes, no)e. Does crossing over help to create genetic diversity/differences in the offspring population of the species? (yes, no)

7. What type of cells does Meiosis start with? ____________ What type of cell does meiosis produce? __________

8. What is the differece between these two types of cells?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What is the main purpose for an organism to use mitosis? ___________________________________________________________________________________

SAMPLE ITEMS1. Mitosis and meiosis have many similarities that occur during the reproductive process, however each process has a

different purpose for the species that use them. Which of the following statements are unique only to the process of meiosis?

Select all that apply.A. A parent cell must duplicate the chromosomes to begin the reproductive processB. Centrioles extend spindle fibers that attach to the chromosomesC. The resulting daughter cells are haploidD. Homologous chromosomes cross over exchanging genetic informationE. Homologous chromosomes align near the center of the cell before being pulled apart

2. How many chromosomes would be in each cell of a cat that has 38 chromosomes I each cell after meiosis occurs?A.38 B. 19 C. 76 D. 23

L.8.2A.2 & L.8.2A.3 Compare & Contrast Mitosis & Meiosis for a deeper understanding

Match the description of how genetic information is transferred during meiosis to the correct section of the diagram for 1-3.

____1. Sister chromatids move to the center of the new cells and independently get assorted into separate daughter cells

____2. Homologous chromosomes wrap around each other & exchange genes and then get separated into new cells

____3. Duplicated Homologous chromosomes line up in center

1. What must happen to a cell before mitosis or meiosis occurs? ________________When does this take place? ____________

2. Fill in the data chart for following reproductive processesReproductive process Purpose ResultsMitosisMeiosis

3. Fill out the chart to show how many chromosomes wind up at the end of mitosis and meiosis.

Starting # of chromosomes Ending # chromosomes in each cell in MITOSIS

Ending # of chromosomes in MEIOSIS

14 14 73046

4. In the chart, read the characteristic then circle whether it is meiosis or mitosisProduces sex cells/gametes for reproduction (Mitosis, Meiosis)Ends with the same # of chromosomes it began with (Mitosis, Meiosis)Goes through PMAT twice (Mitosis, Meiosis)Ends with ½ the chromosomes it began with (Mitosis, Meiosis)Helps to heal cuts and makes you grow since you are not the same size you were at 3 years old

(Mitosis, Meiosis)

Some cancers are simply a person’s cells don’t stop going through this phase and continually make too many cells which become a tumor

(Mitosis, Meiosis)

Only goes through PMAT once (Mitosis, Meiosis)Crossing over & independent assortment (Mitosis, Meiosis)

(Mitosis, Meiosis)

(Mitosis, Meiosis)

Starts with one diploid cell; ends with two diploid cells (Mitosis, Meiosis)Starts with one diploid cell; ends with four haploid cells (Mitosis, Meiosis)

L.8.2A.4 Engage in discussion using models and evidence to explain that sexual reproduction produces offspring that have a new combination of genetic information different from either parent.

10. Fill in the blanks: ________________reproduction depends on the reproductive process of _______________ to produce unique _________ cells that combine during _______________________ to produce an offspring that is genetically _________________ from its parents.

11. The child in the diagram inherited _______ gene for every trait from each parent that paired up to create a set of ________ pairs of chromosomes.

12. Fill in the blanks for the processes that lead to offspring produced from sexual reproduction becoming genetically

diverse even if they come from the same parents.

a) _________ over during meiosisb) independent __________ during meiosisc) ______________ ferzilization

13. Offspring that come from sexual reproduction inherit _____________ of their genetic information/chromosomes from each parent creating a _________ set of chromosomes.

SAMPLE ITEMS1. Which of the following statements correctly describe sexual reproduction?

Select all that applyA. It results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parentB. It requires two parentsC. Requires fertilizationD. It is typically used by single-celled organisms, like amoebasE. It can result when a single organism splits into two identical organisms

2. What allows for genetic variations in offspring that result from sexual reproduction. Select all that apply.A. Telophase during MitosisB. Replication during interphaseC. Crossing over during Prophase 1D. Independent assortment during Anaphase 1E. Lining up different chromosomes during Metaphase 1

L.8.2A.5 Compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.

1. What are the results of the following types of reproduction?# of Parents Results

Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

2. What are the advantages & disadvantages the following types of reproduction?Advantages Disadvantages

Asexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction

Characteristic of Reproductive Process Answer Choices

3. Reproductive process happens faster with less energy involved4. Lack of genetic variety leads to a greater chance of extinction if

the environment changes5. Limiting factors in the environment can make it difficult to find a

mate6. Genetic variety in the offspring allow for a greater chance to pass

favorable traits on to the next generation

A. Advantage to sexual reproduction

B. Disadvantage to Sexual reproduction

C. Advantage to Asexual reproduction

D. Disadvantage to Asexual Reproduction

7. Some birds have inherited a variation that makes them immune to a certain virus that infects the bird species is an advantage of… a) asexual reproduction b) sexual reproduction

SAMPLE ITEMS1. What is the main difference between Asexual and Sexual reproduction?

Select all that applyA. Sexual reproduction only requires one parent and Asexual reproduction requires two parentsB. Sexual reproduction requires two parents and Asexual reproduction only requires one parentC. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that have different genetic information and Sexual reproduction

produces offspring with identical genetic informationD. Asexual reproduction uses meiosis to create new offspring and sexual reproduction uses mitosis to produce sex

cellsE. Sexual reproduction depends on meiosis to produce gametes that allow for genetic variation in offspring and

Asexual uses mitosis for identical offspring

2. Which of the following is a disadvantage for sexual reproduction? A. The offspring is genetically differentB. Offspring can be produced more quickly than by asexual means C. The genetic diversity makes organisms respond differently to environmental changes D. A lot of time and energy is required for making gametes and finding mates

3. What is a main disadvantage of asexual reproduction?A. It takes four times as long as sexual reproduction.B. There is a lack of genetic variety in the offspring.C. It makes it impossible for farmers to create stable cultures.D. It allows only for a single type of plant to grow correctly

Obj. L.8.2B&C Genetics & Heredity

L.8.2B.1 Construct an argument based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Identify each of the following situations as an environmental or a genetic factor that is influencing the growth of the organism.1. Due to global warming, polar bears, who hunt on the ice of the frozen ocean much of the year, are starting to

get stuck on icebergs as the ice melts. The bears who can swim to land or more ice the best will live. Those who don’t swim as well will drown. The best swimmers will be around to mate and these muscles may be passed to their offspring. ______________________________

A. Evidence: ______________________________________

2. Giraffes living in the jungle have darker spots to blend in with the shaded area than their relatives living in the grasslands. They have lighter coats and spots to blend in with the grass. The jungle giraffes with light coats and spots tend to get eaten when they are young by predators because they are more easily seen. So the ones that live to adulthood in the jungle tend to be the darker ones and pass their genes down to their offspring. ______________________________

A. Evidence: ______________________________________

3. A fire in the forest causes doves to fly away to a new area and start eating grass seeds rather than the tree seeds they were used to eating. ______________________________

A. Evidence: ______________________________________

4. Pandas feed only on bamboo. As the world has warmed in some areas, the bamboo has died out causing pandas in those areas to starve. ______________________________

A. Evidence: ______________________________________

L.8.2B.2 Use various scientific resources to research and support the historical findings of Gregor Mendel to explain the basic principles of heredity.

1. What are the 3 basic principals of heredity that Mendel discovered through his pea plant investigations? Mendel discovered Description of lawLaw of ___________________ • one factor (gene) in a pair may mask, or hide, the other factor/genes.

• Different forms of a gene are called allelesLaw of ___________________ o Offspring carry two alleles for each trait because they inherit one from each

parento The allele pair segregates (separates) during the formation of sex cells by

the process of meiosis. Each sperm or egg receives only one member of the allele pair.

Law of ___________________ • During meiosis the cell will donate one allele for each gene to each new sex cell allowing for two possible alleles to be inherited by the offspring for each gene. The donation of one allele from each pair of genes is independent of any

other pair

2. Answer the questions related to Mendel’s experiment that provided evidence for his discoveries(a) A true-breeding purple-flower plant crossed with a true-breeding white-flower plant

A. all white-flower plantsB. all purple-flower plantsC. mostly purple-flower plants

(b) A cross between two hybrid purple-flower plants (purple and white)A. all purple flower plantsB. mostly white-flower plantsC. mostly purple-flower plants

(c) A hybrid purple-flower plant (purple and white) crossed with a true-breedingwhite-flower plantA. all purple-flower plantsB. mostly purple-flower plantsC. half purple-flower plants and half white-flower plants

SAMPLE ITEM

L.8.2B.3 Use mathematical and computational thinking to analyze data and make predictions about the outcome of specific genetic crosses (monohybrid Punnett Squares) involving simple dominant /recessive traits.

1. Complete the data chart belowDefinition (key word) Example

GenotypePhenotype

Write whether the following are homozygous or heterozygous.2. Cc _____________________3. TT _________________________ 4. rr _____________________5. C = curly hair; c = straight hair. The genotype is Cc. What type of hair does this person have? (curly, straight)6. D = dark hair; d = blonde hair. The genotype is DD. What type of hair does this person have? (dark, blonde)7. D = dark hair; d = blonde hair. The genotype is dd. What type of hair does this person have? (dark, blonde)

8. A. If a cow breeder crossbreeds two different color cows, one black and one white, and the offspring were sometimes black and sometimes white, what can you infer about the genotype of the parent cows if the breeder knows that the black phenotype is dominant?

B. Draw a Punnett square that supports your answer.

SAMPLE ITEMS1. Bird A has the genotype ll for bill length, and Bird B is LL. The bills of their offspring would be:

a. long in 100% of the offspring. b. short in 100% of the offspring. c. long in 50% of the offspring. d. short in 75% of the offspring.

2. In the Punnett square shown, (T) are tall plants and (t) are short plants. What is the probability that the offspring from the cross will be short?

T t t

t

L.8.2B.4 Debate the ethics of artificial selection (selective breeding, genetic engineering) and the societal impacts of humans changing the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

1. Complete the data chartSelective breeding Genetic engineering

definition

Real world Ex

Ethical Advantages

Disadvantages/ethical concerns

2. Fill in the blank: Scientists find a trait they want in a particular species. They __________ the gene out of the ___ ___ ___ and ___________ it into the ___ ___ ___ of an organism they want to have that characteristic. For instance, scientists have cut out genes from bacteria that kill caterpillars and inserted the genes into corn plants so the caterpillars will die when they try to eat the corn.

3. What is this process called? a)natural selection b) genetic engineering c) selective breeding

4. Scientist taking pollen from a corn plant that is immune to disease and putting it in the ovule of a corn plant that is sweet is an example of a)natural selection b) genetic engineering c) selective breeding

tt

Tt tt

TtA. 0%B. 25%C. 50%D. 100%

5. Farmers keep selectively breeding potatoes to grow large potatoes that are ready to eat in two months. They are happy with these potatoes and keep breeding them over and over. The potato crops are almost all identical because of this. What will happen if a fungus gets on one potato plant if all the potato plants have been selectively bred to be similar?

a) The fungus will do nothing because the plants are separate potato plants.b) The fungus will likely spread because the plants have been bred to be similar and what infects one will likely infect the next one.

SAMPLE ITEMS1. Which of these is an example of the benefits of genetic engineering?

A. selective-breeding to create disease-resistant cropsB. creating human insulin from altered bacteria to treat people with diabetesC. studying DNA to identify the genetic disorders a person might inheritD. growing a new plant from a cutting of another plant

2.

3. Which of the following would be a logical argument defending further research for genetic engineering?A. Genetic engineering is useful in improving crops that can grow in abnormal conditions, curing genetic disorders, and

making medicationsB. Genetic engineering could be harmful to people it in the future that eat genetically modified foods or accept gene

therapy treatment.C. Genetic engineering is useful in selecting hybrid traits that allow an organism to inherit the best traits from each

parent to become resistance to diseasesD. Genetic engineering is useful is selecting traits in animals to make new breeds that are useful for specific purposes

L.8.2C.1 Communicate through diagrams that chromosomes contain many distinct genes and that each gene holds the instructions for the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual.

1. What are the 4 nitrogen base pairs and how do they match up

2. What is the purpose of the code made by the base pairs?

3. What causes the same gene to produce different alleles/proteins?

L.8.2C.2 Construct scientific arguments from evidence to support claims about the potentially harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects of genetic mutations on organisms.

Look at each set. Circle where the change occurred in the second set. Then tell whether the following have substitution, deletion, or insertion mutations1. AAC CAG GCT 2. TCT TGT AGT 3. TCT TGT AGT AAC CGG CTA TCT TAG TAG ACT TGT AGT (insertion, deletion, substitution) (insertion, deletion, substitution) (insertion, deletion, substitution)

1. Mutations cause disruption and changes in the production of______________ by altering the gene creating new traits or _________ in offspring that were ___________ directly inherited from the parents. Ex. Overproduction of a protein, a change to a different protein made, or a protein to ______ producing altogether.

2. What makes mutation beneficial?

3. What makes a mutation harmful?

4. What makes a mutation neutral?

E.8.10.1-4: Natural ResourcesChapter 13 in WORKBOOK

Beneficial Harmful Neutral

Renewable energy technologies include wind power, solar power, hydroelectricity, biomass energy, and biofuels (chiefly used for transportation). Nonrenewable energy comes from sources such as fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) and nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium. (E.8.10.3-DOK2)

A) Advantage: renewable resources are found on every place on Earth. Disadvantage: renewable resources are dangerous to produce.B) Advantage: the cost of using renewable resources is low.

Disadvantage: renewable resources are difficult to produce.C) Advantage: the supply of renewable energy sources is endless.

Disadvantage: renewable energy sources are cost prohibitive.D) Advantage: renewable resources provide more jobs than nonrenewable resources.

Disadvantage: renewable resources are not found in every country on Earth.

A student lists four energy resources along with their possible environmental impacts.Energy Resources Possible Environmental Impacts

coal decrease in soil erosionwind energy change in climatesolar energy decrease in rainfall

hydroelectricity loss of habitatWhich energy resource is matched correctly with its environmental impact? (E.8.10.3-DOK2)

A) coalB) hydroelectricityC) solar energyD) wind energy

What happens when glaciers melt do to global warming? (E.8.9A.7-DOK1)A) More heat energy from the Sun is reflected.B) Global temperature decrease.C) Sea level rises.D) The amount of sea ice increases.

Some of the reasons for deforestation globally include, clearing land for agriculture to grow crops and expansion for population growth explosions due to better health care. Which of the following negative environmental impacts does this human activity of deforestation cause on the environment? (E.8.10.2DOK 2)

A. An increases usage of nonrenewable resources due to the reduced amount of biomass fuel source from the trees.

B. An increase in the amount of chemical pollution by farmers to keep trees from growing back on farmland

C. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air which leads to global warming.D. A decrease in the amount of soil that is eroded and deposited on farmland during major storms

A student lists four energy resources along with their possible disadvantages impacts.

Energy Resources Possible Environmental Impacts

coal decrease in soil erosion

wind energy change in climate

solar energy decrease in rainfall

hydroelectricity loss of habitat

Which energy resource is matched correctly with its environmental disadvantage? (E.8.10.3 DOK 3)

A. coalB. hydroelectricityC. solar energyD. wind energy

-Nonrenewable energy resources such as coal and oil are present in fixed amount on Earth. These resources can only be replaced by processes that take millions of years.

Human Activity1. Replace coal with natural gas.2. Develop more coal mines and oil wells.3. Replace fossil fuels with renewable sources.4. Develop new technologies to locate more recoverable oil, natural gas, and coal.

Which human activity(ies) reduces(s) the dependence on nonrenewable energy resources? (E.8.10.3-DOK3)

A) Activity 3 onlyB) Activity 4 onlyC) Activities 1 and 3D) Activities 2 and 4

-In a city, home-heating from coal and local timber increased by 30% in a single year. As a result, which direct impact to the local environment will most likely happen? (E.8.10.3-DOK1)

A) Soil erosion in the area will decrease.B) Forests in the area will grow much faster.C) Lakes, rivers, and streams will become less polluted.D) Carbon dioxide concentrations in the air will increase.

.