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Complete report of Basic Biology experiment with title “Anatomy Of Vertebrate Animals”, that arranged by:

Name : HaslinarReg. Number :141 444 1009 Class : ICP A BiologyGroup :6 (six)

after checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was accepted.

Makassar, January 2nd

2015Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Djumarirmanto,S.Pd Muha mmad Nur Arsyad ID.091404158

Known by,Lecturer of Responsibility

Drs. H. Hamka L.MsID. 19621231 198702 1 005

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. BackgroundIn amphibians, has two breathing apparatus by using lungs while in the

land and using the skin on a wet state (when in water). Frog skin is permiabel to

water and gas, and rich supply of blood vessels. The existence of two breathing

apparatus is caused by environmental factors of his life.

To understand the structure and function of organs found in vertebrates in

this case is the frog, we conducted experiments to observe parts or organs that

exist in the frog's body. Observations frog anatomy needed surgery to facilitate

observing notch shape, and relation to other organs. That would be observed in

this experiment is the organ system in the body field frog (Rana cancarivora)

include the digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system (respiratory.

These observations may provide knowledge to the students about the shape,

color and location of the body's organs in vertebrates. Over time, the curiosity is

high, scientists finally managed to further examine the anatomy of living things,

how the structure and function of each. Humans made up of trillions of cells that

constitute the smallest part. These cells are then interconnected to form a tissue .

Tissue later form organs, and organs to form organ systems. Living things

consist of several organ systems that function in any activity.

Animal body consists of several organs. Organs work together to perform

the function of a higher form organ systems. Animals were divided into two

groups, namely vertebrates and invertebrate animals. One of the fields of

vertebrate animals are frogs (Rana cancarivora). By looking at the composition

of the body anatomy of frogs, may be given an overview of the major organs in

the frog. Frogs into the class Amhhibia. Amphibia comes from the word which

means duplicate amphibians and bios which means life. Frogs live in the form of

two lives, first in fresh water and then proceed to the ground. Amphibians in this

case is the frog has a simple structure was observed both for morphology and

structure of the interior.

In this experiments to observe the system organ class of vertebrate

animals are amphibians that Rana cancarivora. Class amphibious characteristics

that can live in water and on land. In the frog in the pulmonary to live on land,

slimy skin and webbed feet to facilitate swimming in the water, 2 nasal cavity

directly related to the oris used for breathing when frogs and toads in the water.

In the experiments conducted to observe the anatomy of vertebrates Rana

cancarivora in order to determine how the shape, color and also the organ

relationships with each other organs.

B. Purpose The purpose of this observation, apprentice can know about a shape,

color, organ position, and it relation with other organ in the organ system. C. Benefit

Based on this observation the benefit of this observation apprentice will

know about a shape, color, organ position, and it relation with other organ in t he

organ system.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

During the Devonian period, amphibians (class Amphibia) arose from an

ancestor they shared with lungfishes. In this lineage, stubby, jointed fins evolved into

walking legs. The basic design of these legs has remained largely unchanged

throughout the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates (Purves, 2008: 666).

About 4,500 species of amphibians live on Earth today, many fewer than the

number known only from fossils. Living amphibians belong to three orders: the

wormlike, limbless, tropical, burrowing caecilians (order Gymnophiona), the frogs

and toads (order Anura, which means “tailless”), and the salamanders (order Urodela,

which means “tailed”). Most species of frogs and toads live in tropical and warm

temperate regions, although a few are found at very high latitudes and altitudes. Some

toads have tough skins that enable them to live for long periods of time in dry places.

Amphibians are the focus of much attention today because populations of many

species are declining rapidly (Purves, 2008: 667).

Animal body consists of various organs. The organs that work together to

perform the function of a higher form organ systems. In this experiment will be

observed anatomical arrangement paddy frogs (Rana cancarivora). Frog anatomy can

provided an overview of the major organs in vertebrate animal. Anatomy of an

animal observations needed surgery to facilitate observing the shape, position nd

relationship with other organ. That would be observed in this experiment is the

digestive system, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive (Lecture Team,

2014).

According to Jasin, 1992 Amphibians are food for a wide range of other

Vertebrate. Special characteristics possessed amphibian:

1. Leather is always wet and has gland

2. Has two pairs of legs for walking or swimming, fingered 4-5, not finned.

3. There are two nares are connecting with cavum oris.

4. Skeleton mostly hard bone, the skull has two condyl.

5. Breathing with gills, lungs, skin or mouth fissure (rima oris).

6. The brain has 10 pairs of cranial nervi

7. Body temperature depends on the environment (poikilothermis)

8. Fertilization occurs inside or outside the body.

Amphibians are tetrapods or the low terrestrial vertebrates. Amphibian no

doubt derived from a common ancestor with fish, maybe it happened during the

Devonian Period. At the beginning of all larval salamanders Amphibians instance can

retain gills throughout life. After metamorphosis on salamander, bullfrog, and frogs

have some archus aorticus, but a pair of archus aorticus as the reptiles. Simple skull

with a piece of bone is less when compared to the fish, but the meat on the leg

muscles more complex when compared with the pina lateralis muscle meat

(Jasin,1992).

Respiration and circulation As larvae, most amphibians exchange gases

through their skin and gills. As adults, most breathe through lungs, their thin, moist

skin, and the lining of the mouth cavities. Frogs can breathe through their skin either

in or out of water. This ability enables them to spend the winter protected from the

cold in the mud at the bottom of a pond (McGraw, 2008: 836).

The circulatory system of amphibians is consists of a double loop instead of

the single loop you learned about in fishes. The first loop moves oxygen-poor blood

from the heart to pick up oxygen in the lungs and skin, and then moves the oxygen-

filled blood back to the heart. During circulation in the second loop, blood filled with

oxygen moves from the heart through vessels to the body, where the oxygen diffuses

into cells. Amphibians have three-chambered hearts. The atrium is completely

separated into two atria by tissue. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from

the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The

ventricle of amphibians remains undivided (McGraw, 2008: 836).

Amphibian (derived from amphibious, meaning ~both ways of life") refers to

the life stages of many frog species that live first in water and then on land. The larval

stage of a frog, called a tad pole, is usually an aquatic herbivore with gills, a lateral

line system resembling that of aquatic vertebrates, and a long, finned tail. The tadpole

initially lacks legs; it swims by undulating its tail. During the metamorphosis that

leads to the "second life;' the tadpole develops legs, lungs, a pair of external

eardrums, and a digestive system adapted to a carnivorous diet. At the same time, the

gills disappear; the lateral line system also disappears in most species. The young

frog crawls onto shore and becomes a terrestrial hunter. In spite of their name,

however, many amphibians do not live a dual-aquatic and terrestrial-life. There are

some strictly aquatic or strictly terrestrial frogs, salamanders, and caecilians.

Moreover, salamander and caecilian larvae look much like the adults, and typically

both the larvae and the adults are carnivorous. Many amphibians exhibit complex and

diverse social behaviors, especially during their breeding seasons (Campbell, 2008).

Frogs are usually quiet, but the males of many species vocalize to defend their

breeding territory or to attract females. In some species, migrations to specific

breeding sites may involve vocal communication, celestial navigation, or chemical

signaling. Adult frogs use their powerful hind legs to hop along the terrain. A frog

nabs insects and other prey by flicking out its long, sticky tongue, which is attached

to the front of the mouth. Frogs display a great variety of adaptations that help them

avoid being eaten by larger predators. Their skin glands secrete distasteful or even

poisonous mucus. Many poisonous species have bright coloration, which predators

apparently associate with danger. Other frogs have color patterns that camouflage

them (Campbell, 2008).

According to Jasin, 1992 On frog skin color assortment with different

patterns. The colors were caused by pigments contained in the pigment cells in the

dermis. Pigment cells are:

1. Melanophora, contains melanin which is black or brown

2. Lipophora, contains lipochrom the red or yellow, is located just below the

epidermis.

Changes in skin color is the result of the influence of external conditions and

conditions in the body. Low temperature produces a dark color while high

temperatures and dry conditions or increased light produces bright colors. The color

change is induced through the eye. This was evident when the eyes are blinded frog,

the ability to change the color to disappear. Pigments are controlled by hormones

produced by the pituitary gland and is closely related to the nervous system (Jasin,

1992).

CHAPTER IIIEXPERIMENT METHOD

A. Place and DateDay / date : Wednesday, December 31st 2014 Time : 04.00-06.00 pmPlace : floor 3 biology department of faculty mathematic

and natural scienceB. Tools and material

1. Tools

a. Murderer Bottle

b. Surgery board

c. Surgery tools

1) Scissors

2) Straw

3) Tweezers

4) Needle

5) Scalpel

2. Materials

a. Frog (Rana cancarivora)

b. Catton

c. Chloroform/ether (anesthesiologist)

C. Work procedure

1. Morphology observation

a. Anesthetized frog

Took a clump of cotton, and made it wet which chloroform/ether. Then

pun in into the murderer bottle. Put the frog into the bottle too, and

closed it tightly. Let it until the frog collapsed.

b. Took out the frog which was inaction and put it on the surgery board.

Let the cotton in the bottle.

c. Observed the morphology of frog

1) Eyes, eyelids, and sleep membrane

2) Outer nostril

3) Tympanum, hearing membrane

4) Cleft of mouth

5) Front Leg

a) Upper arm (branchium)

b) Lower arm (ante branchium)

c) Palm (manus)

d) Fingers

6) Back Leg

a) Thigh (femur)

b) Calf (crus)

c) Meld palm (pes)

d) Swim filmy fingers

e) Cloacae (found the site)

f) Touched the skin surface and observed its color.

d. Drew from the back bearing and gave name of each part above.

2. Surgery

a. Put the frog with its back on surgery board. Nailed its four legs with

needles on base wax, so it’s not easy to shaken.

b. By used tweezers, pinched the skin near tight, cut the skin so there were

cleft in stomach skin.

c. From the cleft, put inside scissors, cut skin to head direction, Then back

to the cleft again and cut to one direction.

d. Cut skin to left and right direction, so the stomach skin could disclose.

Cheeked the affixing of skin in muscle tissue. There were only certain

places the skin stick to muscle, so shaped a kind of pouch (saccus).

e. Noticed also in center part of stomach tendon. There was a white line

stretch out along of stomach tendon (called linea alba)

f. Pinched the stomach tendon beside of linea alba and cut stretch until

cleft shaped. Put inside the scissors into cleft and cut to heat direction

until lower of jaw. Continue cut until collided.

g. Opened muscle tissue to left and right side so stomach cavity opened

and bowels shown.

3. Disgestion system

a. Opened the mouth cleft with scalpel and tweezers, so the mouth cavity

opened. Observed the shape of teeth, touched by fingers teeth on upper

jaw bone and former teeth on palate.

b. By used tweezers pulled its tongue out, observed the shape and its

adhering (noted).

c. Continue the stomach cavity that contained of bowels.

Observed the shape and color;

1) Lifer on right side, how many lobus, seek for gall pouch, how its

color.

2) Gastric on left side of liver, raised it and there will seem the

duodenum and pancreas.

3) Directly tracked the smooth intestines until thick intestines, watched

its gartering.

4) Recnum that turn to cloacae.

4. Blood circulation system’s observation

a. Head direction from liver, seem heart inside of membrane

b. Stabbed the membrane that warp heart with needle or capel point until it

break, observed the shape and the part :

1) Ventricle

2) Antrium, left anf right

3) Prime artery (truncus arteriousus) that leave form ventricle then

branch out to be two aorta (left ang right)

4) Drew the part of heart and gave name for the part.

5. Respiration systen observation

a. Concerned the right side of liver and left side of gastric, appeared the

parts of lung

b. By used straw that its point put inside the throat sourece, blew its source

slowly, so the lung puff up. Observed the shape and color of lung blood

vassel in lung.

c. Let off the heart by scissors, so seem the throat sources (trachea)

d. Made a picture of respiration system of this frog.

6. Excretion and urogenitalia system’s observation

a. Let of the digestion organs, start form gastric until recnum and

masentrium (connective tissue) that hold it.

b. Seemed a pair of kidney that stick to behind of stomach cavity. Then

observed.

1) Kidney with adrenal gland 9 (white line)

2) Fat (corpus adiposum) yellowness overhang

3) Kidney gutter (ureter) from kidney to urine pouch

c. In male frog, ureter is also called ductus urospermaticus. Testicle

located baside of kidney, round and smaller connected with kidney fas

efferensia.

d. In female frog, there was a pair of ovarium on the left and right. Raised

ovarium, there will seemed oviduct in form of white curved gutter,

estuary in cloacae while its end point in form odf spout (ostium) in near

heart.

e. Made a picture of urogenetalia of frog. Gave name of each part

CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

1. observation morphology of frog (dorsal)

Explanation:

2. morphology of mouth (cavum oris)

Explanation:

3. observation of heart room

Explanation:

4. frog digestive system

Explanation:

5. respiratory system of frog

Explanation:

6. urogenitalia system of male frog

Explanation:

B. Discussion1. Morphology observation

a. Dorsal

Based on dorsal view, we found that frog compose of hind limb,

webbed foot, we, digiti, forelimb, lower eyelid, mouth, nostril, snout,

eyeball, tympanum, upper eyelid, and trunk.

Hind lim is long powerfull articulated member attached to the terminal

and of the trunk; it has five webbed toes used for walking, jumping and

swimming. Webbed foot is each of the digiti of the foot. Connected by

membranes; when spread, they make swimming easier. Fine membrane of

skin connecting the digits of the foot called web; it stretches when the frog

swims. Terminal end of the limbs formed of various articulated bones called

digit; it has neither nails nur claws. Forelimb is short articulated member

located behind the head; it has four digits and used for walking. Thin

muscular membrane that is translucent and movable is called lower eyelid; it

rises from the lower edge of the eye to protect and cleanse it. Anterior cavity

of the digestive tract located on the ventral surface that allows food to be

ingested is mouth. Nostril is external orifice of the nasal cavity located above

the mouth and having olfactory and respiratory functions. Anterior round

protruding portion of the head the forms the mouth and the nostrils is called

snout. The eyeball is protruding organ os sight contained in the bony cavity

at the top of the head used o perceive light intensity, motion and shapes

tympanum is thin strong elastic membrane connected to the inner ear to

capture acoustic vibrations. Upper eyelid is a thick fixed membrane. Trunk is

bony portion of the body to which the head and limbs are attached. Dorsal

color seem dark because it needs camouflage. The dorsal of the frog absorbs

heat energy.

2. Mouth

Based on our observation, we could see that there is a border around a

frog mouth, but it isn’t plump red lips like ours. It opens so wide because

there are no cheeks and inside is very different to ours too. Starting at the top

there are nostrils inside the mouth as well as outside. These are to help the

frog breathe. Frog use their lungs when they are out of the water, but they

can also dissolve oxygen in a thin layer of water on their skin and absorb it

straight into their blood. There are two types of teeth in the top jaw-there are

small teeth around the edge and two larger teeth called the vomerine teeth

just inside the nostrils. But there are no teeth on the bottom jaw. This means

frogs can’t chew their food, the tiny teeth are only use for holding it before

they swallow. Moving are down are two big round things that are actually

the bottom of the eyes the top of your mouth has a layer of bone, but frog

just have skin an there large eyes are right on top of their mouth. In fact,

frogs use their eyes to swallow their food. They pus their eyes down and it

pushes their food back into their throat. Right at the back are the openings of

the Eustachian tubes, these drain the ears and ours go into our noses. In the

middle is the throat. Then on either side are the openings of the vocal sac,

which is how male frogs sing.

3. Digestive system

The digestive organ or frog are :

a. Fat Bodies

Spaghetti shaped structures that have a bright orange or yellow

color, if you have particularly fat frog called fat bodies, these fat bodies

may need to be removed to see the other structures. Usually they are

located just on the inside of the abdominal wall.

b. Mesentery (peritoneum)

Mesentery is spider web like membrane that covers many of the organs.

c. Liver

Liver is he largest structure of the body cavity. This brown colored

organ is composed of three parts, or lobes. The right lobe, the left anterior

lobe, and the left posterior lobe. The liver is not primarily an organ of

digestion, it does secreate a digestive juice called bile. Nile is needed for

the proper digestion of fats.

d. Gall bladder

Lift the lobes of the liver, there will be a small green sac under the

liver. This is the gall bladder, which sores bile.

e. Stomach

Curving from underneath the liver is the stomach. The stomach is

the first majors site of chemical digestion. Frogs swallow their meals

whole. Follow the stomach to where it turns into the small intestine. The

pyloric sphincter valve regulates the exit of digested food from the

stomach to the small intestine.

f. Small Intenstine

Small intenstine is leading from the stomach. The first straight

portion of the small intenstine is called the duodenum, the curled portion

is the ileum. The ileum is held together by a membrane called the

mesentery. Note the blood vessels running through the mesentery, they

will carry absorbed nutrients away from the intestine. Absorption of

digested nutrient s occurs in the small intestine.

g. Large intenstine

As we follow the small intenstine down, it will widen into the large

intenstine. The large intenstine is also known as the cloaca in the frog.

The cloaca is the last stop before wastes, sperm, or urine exit the frog’s

body. (the world “cloaca” means sewer).

h. Esophagus

Return to the stomach and follow it upward, where it gets smaller is

the e esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that lead from the frog mouth

to the stomach. Open the frogs mouth and find the esophagus , poke your

probe into it and see where it leads.

The whole process of digestion, food is captured by the bilobed

tongue. Digestion of food take place by the action of HCl and gastric

juices secreted from the walls of the stomach. Partially digested food

called chime is passed from stomach to the first part of the intenstine, the

duodenum. The duodenum receive bile from gall bladder and pancreatic

juice from the pancreas through a common bile duct. Bile emulsifies fat

and pancreatic juices digest carbohydrates and proteins. Final digestion

takes place in the intensitine. Digested food is absoerved by the numerous

finger-like folds in the inner wall of intenstine, the water is reabsorbed

and wastes are routed to the cloaca. All wastes exit the body through the

cloaca and the cloaca vent. The undigested solid waste moves into the

rectum and passes out through cloaca.

4. Respiratory system

Frog can do respiration using mouth, skin and lung.

a. Cutaneous Respiration-skin

The gaseous exchange between the skin of the frog and the external

environment-water and air. The skin of the frog is supplied with blood

caplillaries. The skin contains glands called the cutaneous glands, which

secrete mucous. This keeps the skin always moist and retains a thin film

of water underneath the surface of the skin. This condition enables the

exchange of air between the blood vessels and the outside environment.

They also resort to cutaneous respiration when they undergo either

hibernation or aestivation.

b. Buccal Respiration-mouth

When the frog floats on the surface of water or while resting on

land they respire through the bucaleavity. Atmospheric air is sucked in

through the nasal openings when the floorof buccal cavity is lowered. In

the same manner the air is send out when the cavity rises. The alternate

lowering and rising of the bucal cavity, bucal respiration is bought about.

The buccal respiratory system of the frog accounts for 5% of the oxygen

intake.

c. Pulmonary respiration-lungs

This type of respiration comprises of: the nasala cavity, buccal

cavity, larynx, trachea, a pair of lungs ana the alveoli inside them. The

adult frog has very simple, pinkish, sac like organs called lungs. They are

not well developed and are placed in the anterior of the frog’s body. The

numerous sac like structures inside the lung called the alveloli are richly

supplied with blood capillaries. Pulmonary respiration accounts for 65%

of total oxygen intake.

5. Circulatory system

The circulatory system consist of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

The heart two receiving chambers, or atria, and one sending chmber, or

ventricle. Blood is carried to the heart in vessels called veins. Veins from

different parts of the body enter the right and left atria. Blood from both atria

goes into ventricle and then is purmped into the arteries, which are blood

vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The heart is contained in a

protective sac called the pericardium.

The heart is made of cardiac muscle, and the arteries, the efferent

vessels, contain smooth muscle, but the veins, the efferent vessel with less

muscle, have internal valves. Capillaries are thin-walled tubes that form a

large tissue connecting arteries and veins blood circulates in this closed

system, returning to the heart. Lympahatic fluid, collected by a set pf

lymphatic vessels with “one-way” flow form the spaces between cells, enters

into the subclavian veins through lymph ducts.

The heart is the circulatory pump that maintains the flow of blood by

maintaining blood pressure in the arteries. The veins to the kungs carry

deoxygenated blood for absorbing oxygen, and the pulmonary arteries return

oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart for entry into the left

ventricle. This muscle pushes the blood into aorta for distribution through

the arteries to the capillaries in the head and other body regions. The

pumping action of the heart and the muscles of the arteries, keep a pressure

in the circulation that couses blood to flow forward. The capillary vessels ,

where the flow is slow, are the site of gas and nutrients exchange with the

tissues. Because there a little blood pressure in the veins, backflow is

prevented by valves. Because the blood vessels leak fluid to the cells an the

loose connective tissues around them, the lymphatic system collects fluids to

maintains the proper balance of fluids, and nutrients incluiding digested

proteins and fats.

6. Urogenitalia system (Reproductive system and excretory system)

a. Reproductive system

The male’s reproductive system consist of three organs. The are

testes (where sperm is produced), the urine ducts (the carry urine and

sperm to the cloaca), and the cloaca (where sperm and urine sexist the

body). The female’s reproductive system has teo organs. They are the

ovaries (where the eggs are produced and the storied) and the oviducts ( a

tube through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus or the

outside).

The way the frogs reproduce, or in the words mate, is in a process

called amplexus. This position is when the male collapes on top of the

female and wraps it arms around the female’s abdomen. The male lets the

sperm out. Also at the same time the female lets the aggs out as well. This

process takes place in these areas: under water, on trees and maybe a dry

land. Once, the eggs are the female frog leaves, but the males stays to

make more eggs with females.

Once the tadpole’s parents leave, it takes about six to nine days for

it hatch. During birth the newborn tadpole is very week and tired, with

very tiny gills. Seven to ten it starts to get stronger and batter gills are

starting to come along. After six to nine weeks it will start to grow front

and rear legs. At this point the tadpole starts to eat dead insect and plants.

In twelve weeks (a month) it will turn into a forget, eith al little tail and is

now to walk on dry land. By twelve to sixteen mounts is now a full grown

frog.

Sometimes when the mating season just is starting (early spring)

there is almost all the time a small supply of female frogs. This can now

turn into a dangerous fight between two male frogs over over the

females. When get carried away the female the female might drown

under all the man frogs. Once they see it is dead they move on to mate

others. It is a dangerous love life. When the eggs are laid there is a really

vague chance that the father will look after the eggs until they are ready to

hatch and are ready to take care of themselves. On type of frog, while

mating does not give all the sperm ay once. It has provide sperm everyday

for the young. One other species has a pouch on his own back so that he

could carry the eggs around with. The frogs reproductive system tires out

because when it is close to mating season, the frog might travel hundred

thousand miles to go to its birthplace to mate with other females that were

born there. Also frogs might mate with the is own siblings because there

is only a small percentile of female frogs.

Another interesting fact about the frog’s reproductive system is it

causes physical changes. For example, the female frogs gets fatter and

fatter because egg re stored in her abdomen area. also it becomes very wet

and slippery during mating. Luckily, the male develop bumps on its

thumb, se when he gets into the amplexus position it is easier grasp the

female better. Those are the physical change that happen because of its

reproductive system that is information on the frog’s reproductive system

and its accomplishment. You may not think that this is important, but It

keeps our food chain well and fit. That is dangerous, beauty of the

reproductive.

b. Excretory system

The main organ of excretion is a pair of kidneys. These are

compact. Dark red and bean like structure situated little posteriorly in the

body cavityon both sides vertebral column. The frog excretes urea thus, is

aureaotelic animal. It is carried by blood into the kidney where it

separated and excerated.

Each kidney is composed of several structural and functional units

called uriniferous tubules or nephrons. Ureter emerges from the kidney

urinogenital duct in the male. A common ureter opens into the cloaca. A

thin walled urinary bladder in present ventral rectum, which also opend

into the cloaca.A thin walled urinary bladder in present ventral to rectum,

which also open in the clocoa.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on observations on the anatomy vertebrate animals can be

concluded that Rana cancarivora has a surface morphology drip and slimy skin.

In Rana cancarivora there are two pairs of extremities tools (tool movement) the

front legs are shorter than the back legs. In addition, the rear legs are lining the

sections digiti pool. Rana cancarivora anatomical parts found esophagus, a pair

of lungs, and the heart that bears three (two porches and one ventricle).

On the anatomy of the digestive tract are composed of the esophagus,

stomach, intestines, and empties into the cloaca. While the respiratory system

consists of Nares recognize shapes, colors, and layout of the organ and its

relationship with other organs in an organ system.

B. Suggestion

expected for the next practice more careful when doing surgery. and

should use gloves when doing surgery

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Campbell, Neil.A., Recee, Jane B., & Mitchell, Lewrencee G. 2000 .Biology. Jakarta: Erlangga

Jasin, Maskoeri. 1992. Zoologi Vertebrata. Surabaya : Sinar Wijaya.

Lecture Team, 2014. Penuntun praktikum biologi umum. Makassar: Biology Departement Faculty Of Mathematic and Science State University Of Makassar.

McGraw, Glencoe. 2008. Biology. United State Amerika : National Geographic.

Purves, at all. 2008. Life-the science of biology

ENCLOSURE

1. Why are frogs classified into class amphibious?

Frog was classified into class amphibious because frog can life in two habitat,

in land and in water. The word “amphibian” from latin that mean two life.

2. Why color frog volatile? What factors usually change it?

The color of frog is volateli because it’s influenced by temperature from the

environment, because the skin color also formed to adapt to the around. The

factor that can change it is pigment of the skin.

3. Where frog attached to the base of the tongue? What are the benefits to the

frogs whit embedding tongue like that?

The base of frogs tongue adhere to the anterior near of the under jaw. And it

can made it easy to catch the prey.

4. Liver and pancreas no digestive tarct, but in the digestive system. Why is that?

Liver and pancreas were not the digestive tract because they are the digestive

of food, food did not through by liver and pancreas. They only include of the

digestive system because both of them can produce enzyme that can help the

digestive process.

5. Why frogs can not to do abdominal breathing? How to attract frogs and

exhale?

Frog can not do belly respiratory because frog has not hollow in body and

skeleton:

a. Inspiration phase: the entering process of free air through the nostril to the

hollow of mouth go to the lungs.

b. Expiration phase: muscle of the under jaw slack and it will be followed by

sterno hioideus and the billar muscle.

6. Explain why it is said the blood clean and dirty blood mixed in the heart of the

frog when it leaves the heart?

The clean blood and dirty blood of frog was mixed when it leaved the heart,

because in heart of frog is not located clep or patition in auricle and heart only

has one chamber.

7. In frog internal or external fertilization? Explain why this is so!

In frog is happen fertilization external, it is because the fertilization done from

the outer of body. Where the female of frog out the ovum in water, then the

male frog will fertilized it and will be happen process of fertilization in water.