Name€¦ · Web view5/7/2014 · For Questions 11–16, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words. 11. The light- reactions occur in thylakoid membranes. 12

Biology Exam ReviewThe Final Exam is 20% of the semester grade. It covers Units 3, 4 & 5—Chapters 8-13&16-19. Use old tests, the textbook, extra packets, and learning guides to prepare. Students are expected to make a good faith effort to earn (at least) a 65% final exam grade. Teacher discretion applies. Work early; work often; and celebrate your knowledge!Chapter 8: PhotosynthesisUse the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in theblanks. You may use a word once or not at all.

1. molecule that carries high-energy electrons

2. light-absorbing molecule

3. enzyme that converts ADP into ATP

Answer the following questions.

4. What is the source of energy for plants?

5. What compound is broken down during photosynthesis to produce oxygen?

A. ATPB. carbon dioxideC. glucoseD. water

6. Which term is used for the series of electron carrier proteins that move high-energyelectrons during ATP-generating reactions? Circle the correct answer.

electron transport chain food chain hydrogen ion movement

7. What causes the gradient across the thylakoid membrane?

A. chargeB. H+ ion concentrationC. charge and H+ ion concentrationD. None of the above.

Use the diagrams of the ADP and ATP molecules to answer question 8.

8. Circle the compound that shows a cell’s stored energy.

9. The chart below compares ADP and ATP to a battery. Place check marks under thecategory that best describes each molecule.

Partially Charged Battery Fully Charged Battery

ADP

ATP

ATP synthase NADP+ photosynthesis pigment

18. Complete the table comparing two types of organisms.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Type Description ExamplesAutotrophs

Heterotrophs

Chapter 8 Vocabulary ReviewCrossword Puzzle Complete the puzzle by entering the term that matches the description.

Across4. energy carrier cells use to transport high-energy electrons

6. cluster of pigments and proteins that absorbs light

7. a saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts

8. energy carrier made as a result of photosystem II

9. process of using the sun’s energy to make food

10. man who worked out the light-independent reactions

Down1. liquid part of the inside of a chloroplast

2. chemical that absorbs light for photosynthesis

3. light-absorbing chemical

5. organism that makes its own food

For Questions 11–16, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

11. The light- reactions occur in thylakoid membranes.

12. Carbon dioxide is used to make sugars in the light- reactions.

13. The light-independent reactions are also called the .

14. spins to provide the energy for adding a phosphate group to ADP.

15. Electron move high-energy electrons between photosystems.

16. An animal that obtains food by eating other organisms is called a(n) .

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks. You may use a word once or not at all.

1. aerobic step in cellular respiration

2. an energy molecule with three phosphate groups

3. anaerobic step of cellular respiration in which glucose is split


4. Alcoholic fermentation produces both ethyl alcohol and .

5. Which process releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen?

A. alcoholic fermentation C. lactic acid fermentation

B. cellular respiration D. photosynthesis

6. The three major steps of cellular respiration are shown below. Put the steps in order by writing the numeral 1, 2, or 3 in the space before each step.

Krebs cycle

electron transport

glycolysis

7. Draw a Venn diagram to compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Chapter 9 Vocabulary ReviewFor Questions 1–7, match the term with its definition.

Term 1. anaerobic

2. glycolysis

3. Krebs cycle

4. calorie

5. matrix

6. aerobic

ATP calorie glycolysis Krebs cycle

7. fermentation DefinitionA. Innermost compartment of a mitochondrion

B. Process that forms either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol when no oxygen is present

C. Stage of cellular respiration that starts with pyruvic acid and produces carbon dioxide

D. Process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid

E. “In air”

F. “Without air”

G. Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1°C

For Questions 8–10, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.

8. Which is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen?A. cellular respiration C. glycolysisB. electron transport D. photosynthesis

9. Which is the electron carrier that accepts electrons during glycolysis?A. ADP C. NAD+

B. ATP D. NADP+

10. When comparing cellular respiration and photosynthesis, these two processes are best described asA. energy-releasing processes. C. opposite processes.B. energy-storing processes. D. similar processes.

11. Complete the illustration by adding the words “aerobic” or “anaerobic” on the lines provided.

Chapter 10: Cell Growth and DivisionUse the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks.

1. Division of the cell nucleus ___ _______

2. Division of the cytoplasm of a cell ___ _______

3. Condition in which cells grow uncontrollably ___ _______

Complete the linear concept maps using the terms below. All the terms will not be used.

4.

5.

Answer the questions.

6. The ratio of surface area to volume limits

A. the amount of food a cell needs. C. the type of cell.

B. the number of times a cell can divide. D. the size of the cell.

7. Why are most cells small?

8. Which of the following is a form of asexual reproduction?

A. binary fission C. fusion

B. fertilization D. meiosis

9. “As organisms develop, their cells differentiate into specialized cells.” In this sentence, differentiate means

A. to see a difference. C. to develop for specific jobs.

B. to divide more quickly. D. to become less specific.

Use the diagrams below to answer questions 10 and 11.

10. What is the name for the process shown here? ___

11. Write the name of each phase on the line below the diagram.

cancer mitosis interphase cytokinesis

cancer cell cycle cytokinesis

cell grows, prepares for division, and divides.aDuring the

uncontrollably.to dividecellscauses

A. B. C. D.

Chapter 10 Vocabulary Review1. Describe how the following terms are related to one another.

asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction: chromosome, centrioles: centromere, chromatid: binary fission, mitosis:

For Questions 2–9, match the event with the phase of the cell cycle in which it takes place. A phase may be used more than once.

Event Phase of the Cell Cycle 2. A nuclear envelope forms around

chromosomes.

3. The cell grows and replicates DNA.

4. A spindle forms.

5. Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

6. The genetic material condenses and Chromosomes become visible.

7. Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.

8. The cytoplasm divides.

9. Sister chromatids separate.

A. anaphase

B. cytokinesis

C. interphase

D. metaphase

E. prophase

F. telophase


10. and growth factors are examples of regulatory proteins that control the cell cycle.

11. is the controlled series of steps that lead to cell death.

12. The first few cells that form a(n) are said to be because they can become any type of cell.

13. The hollow ball of cells that forms in early embryonic development is called the

.

UNIT 4: GeneticsChapter 11: Introduction to Genetics


allele genetics probabilitygene heterozygous

1. the study of heredity ___ _______

2. form of a gene ___ _______

3. factor that is passed from parent to offspring ___ _______

4. the likelihood that a particular event will occur ___ _______


5. A male hamster has the genotype Dd and has straight fur. A female hamster has the genotype dd and has curly fur. Complete the Punnett square to show the possible offspring of these hamsters.

D d

d

d

Use the Punnett square to answer questions 6 and 7. Circle the correct answer.

6. What is the probability that the hamsters’ offspring will have straight fur?25% 50% 75% 100%

7. The owner of the female hamster wants offspring with curly fur. What genotype will a male hamster need to have in order to produce only offspring with curly fur?dd Dd DD

8. Explain the principle of dominance.

9. Draw a flowchart showing the phases of meiosis I. Use the terms: telophase I, anaphase I, prophase I, cytokinesis, metaphase I.

Chapter 11 Vocabulary ReviewCrossword Puzzle Complete the puzzle by entering the term that matches each numbered description

Across1. a specific characteristic

4. physical traits

6. the separation of alleles during formation of sex cells

9. containing two identical alleles for a trait

11. the likelihood of an event occurring

12. scientific study of heredity

13. the union of male and female sex cells

Down2. one form of a gene

3. the offspring of a cross between parents with different, true-breeding traits

4. word that describes a trait controlled by two or more genes

5. containing two different alleles for a trait

7. genetic makeup

8. a phenotype in which both alleles are expressed

10. reproductive cell, egg or sperm

Chapter 12: DNA


1. tip of a chromosome ___ _______

2. enzyme that joins nucleotides to make a new strand of DNA ___ _______

3. virus that infects bacteria ___ _______

4. process of making a copy of DNA ___ _______

Answer the following questions. Use the diagram to answer Questions 5 and 6.

5. What is the structure shown above?A. replication fork C. enzymeB. nucleotide D. hydrogen bond

6. What is the molecule labeled A?A. sugar C. nitrogen baseB. phosphate group D. deoxyribose

7. Use the terms below to indicate the composition of a nucleotide and Chargaff’s rules.

bacteriophage DNA polymerase telomerebase pairing replication

adenine cytosine guanine5 Carbon Sugar phosphate groups thymine

Chapter 12 Vocabulary Review

For Questions 1–6, match the term with its definition.

Definition 1. In DNA, the fit between thymine

and adenine and the fit between cytosine and guanine.

2. An enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA

3. The process that can change a harmless bacterial strain into a disease-causing strain

4. The tip of a chromosome

5. The process that copies a DNA molecule

6. A kind of virus that infects bacteria

TermA. transformation

B. bacteriophage

C. base pairing

D. replication

E. DNA polymerase

F. telomere

For Questions 7–15, complete each statement by writing in the correct word or words.

7. Each time a chromosome is replicated, some DNA may be lost from the tip of the chromosome, or .

8. Griffith’s experiments showed that some chemical compound in cells must be responsible for bacterial .

9. Hershey and Chase studied a that was composed of a DNA core and a protein coat.

10. The center of the DNA strand exhibits .

11. The enzyme that “proofreads” each new DNA strand so that each molecule is a near- perfect copy of the original is .

12. In eukaryotic cells, can begin at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule.

13. The double-helix model explains Chargaff’s rule of .

14. The DNA molecule separates into two strands during .

15. The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication is .

Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis

Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks. You may use a word once, more than once, or not at all.

1. a change in genetic material

2. region of DNA where RNA polymerase can bind

3. group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA


4. What causes cell differentiation during an organism’s development?

5. Which of the following is a type of point mutation?A. duplication C. insertionB. inversion D. translocation

6. Use these phrases to complete the Venn diagram: requires RNA polymerase; part of gene expression; proteins are made; RNA is made; protein synthesis.

7. Complete the sentence about the diagram below.

In the diagram, one part of the chromosome breaks off and to another.This is called .

codon anticodon mutation promoter

Chapter 13 Vocabulary ReviewFor Questions 1–7, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.

1. DNA contains the sugar ribose.

2. Messenger RNA carries copies of the instructions for making proteins from DNA to other parts of the cell.

3. RNA polymerase transfers amino acids to ribosomes.

4. The process of transcription produces a complementary strand of RNA on a DNA template.

5. The enzyme that assembles a complementary strand of RNA on a DNA template is RNA polymerase.

6. The region of DNA where the production of an RNA strand begins is called the intron.

7. Exons are spliced together in forming messenger RNA.

For Questions 8–16, match the term with its definition.

8. The sequence of bases that serves as the “language” of life

9. A sequence of three bases on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a sequence of bases on an mRNA molecule

10. How genetic information is put into action in a living cell

11. Having extra sets of chromosomes

12. The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

13. A heritable change in genetic information

14. A chain of amino acids

15. The three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

16. A chemical or physical agent that causes a change in a gene

TermA. polypeptide

B. genetic code

C. codon

D. translation

E. anticodon

F. gene expression

G. mutation

H. mutagen

I. polyploidy


17. A group of genes that are regulated together is called a(n) .

18. A region of DNA where a repressor can bind is a(n) .

19. Master control genes, called genes, regulate organs that develop in specific parts of the body.

UNIT 4: EvolutionChapter 16: Darwin’s Theory of EvolutionUse the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks. You may use a word once, more than once, or not at all.

1. is the study of how living things change over time.

2. is when nature determines the variety of traits, but humans pick which traits are desirable.

3. An inheritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce is called a(n) .

4. The eyes of a blind cavefish are an example of a .


5. Who developed the theory of evolution that includes natural selection? .

6. Whose book Principles of Geography helped shape Darwin’s ideas about evolution?A. James Hutton C. Charles LyellB. Jean Baptiste Lamarck D. Thomas Malthus

7. Use the Venn diagram to compare artificial selection and natural selection.

8. Complete the concept map.

artificial selection adaptation natural selectionvestigial structure evolution homologous structure

includes

Evidence for Evolution

tests of natural selection in

natureThe geographic distribution of living species

Chapter 16 Vocabulary ReviewMatch the term with its definition.

Term 1. evolution

2. fossil

3. fitness

4. adaptation

5. natural selection

6. homologous structures

7. vestigial structures

DefinitionA. Change over time

B. Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

C. Preserved remains of an ancient organism

D. The process by which organisms with variations most suited to their environment survive and leave more offspring than others

E. Small structures with little or no function

F. Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues but have different mature forms

G. Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

For Questions 8–10, write a definition for the vocabulary term.

8. biogeography

9. artificial selection

10. analogous structures

11. Does the illustration below show analogous or homologous structures? Explain.

Chapter 17: Evolution of Populations

Use the clues and words to help you write vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks. You may use a word once, more than once, or not at all.

1. inbreeding members of a population

2. the formation of a new species

4. a common group of genes, and all their alleles, shared by a population


6. Natural selection acts on an organism’s .

7. Complete the graphic organizer below.

Use the graph to answer question 8.

8. The graph below shows which type of natural selection?A. directional selectionB. stabilizing selectionC. disruptive selection

gene pool species speciation

meanswhich

meanswhich

bycan occur

meanswhich

individuals develop different courtship rituals

Geographic Isolation

Reproductive Isolation

Chapter 17 Vocabulary ReviewFor Questions 1–8, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

2. When birds cannot interbreed because they have different mating songs, they are separated by isolation.

4. Two related species that live in the same area but mate during different seasons are separated by isolation.

For Questions 8–16, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.

8. All of the genes in a population make up the allele frequency of the population.

9. Traits controlled by two or more genes are polygenic traits.

10. Reproductive isolation occurs when members of two populations do not interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

11. The separation of two populations by barriers such as rivers or mountains results in temporal isolation.

13. Genetic drift is the formation of new species.

15. When individuals near the center of the bell curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end, disruptive selection takes place.

Chapter 18: Classification

Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks.

1. is the largest taxon in the Linnaean classification system.2. is used to show how different species are related to a common ancestor.3. is made up of similar classes.

Answer the following questions.5. In binomial nomenclature, part of an organism’s scientific name is

A. the name of its phylum. C. the name of its family.B. the name of its order. D. the name of its genus.

6. Draw and label a pyramid to show the order of the different classification groups. Use these words: species, domain, phylum, order, class, kingdom, family, genus.

phylum kingdom cladogram

7. According to the cladogram below, which two clades include animals that have specialized shearing teeth? ____________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 18 Vocabulary ReviewMatch the term with its definition.

Term 1. phylogeny

2. Bacteria

3. order

4. phylum 5. clade 6. class 7. Eukarya 8. domain

DefinitionA. The domain containing all

organisms that have a nucleus

B. The domain containing organisms that are prokaryotic and unicellular

C. A group of classesD. A group of ordersE. A group of familiesF. A group of species that includes

a single common ancestor and all descendents of that ancestor

G. A larger, more inclusive category than a kingdom

H. The study of how living and extinct organisms are related to one another


9. Members of the domain live in some of the most extreme environments on Earth.

10. A(n) is a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage, and was passed along to its descendants.

11. Multicellular organisms that move about are placed in the Animalia.

14. The science of naming and grouping organisms is called .

15. A(n) shows relative degrees of relatedness among lineages.

17. A(n) is a group of similar species.

18. A clade is made up of a(n) .

Retractable clawsSpecialized

shearing teethHairAmniotic egg (egg with membranes)Four

limbs

CatsDogs and relativesMarsupialsReptilesAmphibians

Clade FelidaeClade CarnivoraClade MammaliaClade AmniotaClade Tetrapoda

Chapter 19: History of LifeDraw lines to match the vocabulary terms from the chapter with their definitions.

1. extinct pattern in which evolution occurs slowly and steadily over timesomeone who studies fossils and ancient life the theory that eukaryotic cells developed from prokaryotic cells in a symbiotic relationshipterm used to describe a species that has died outa pattern of evolution in which two species evolve in response to changes in each other

2. paleontologist

3. gradualism

4. coevolution

5. endosymbiotic theory


6. Scientists learn more about ancient life from the .

7. What do scientists use to determine the age of fossils?

A. relative dating C. geologic time scale

B. radiometric dating D. both A and B

8. Which of the following organelles is not a part of the endosymbiotic theory?

Chloroplast mitochondrion vacuole

9. Make a flowchart to show the steps Miller and Urey used to show how the first organic molecules were formed. Use the sentences from the box.

Cold water cools the chamber, causing droplets to form.Circulating gases are jolted with electricity.Water is heated, and water vapor forms.A mixture of gases found in early Earth’s atmosphere is added to the water vapor.Liquid containing amino acids is collected.

Chapter 19 Vocabulary ReviewCrossword Puzzle Complete the puzzle by entering the term that matches the description.

Across1. time span shorter than an era

2. fossil used to compare the relative ages of fossils and rock layers

7. theory that eukaryotic cells arose from communities of several prokaryotes

9. measures evolutionary time: geologic time

10. span of geologic time that is subdivided into periods

11. the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

12. a species dying out because of the slow but steady process of natural selection: background

Down1. scientist who studies fossils

3. describes a species that no longer exists

4. method used to place rock layers and their fossils in a time sequence (2 words)

5. the process by which a species or group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways: radiation

6. process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time

8. disappearance of many species at the same time: extinction

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Name€¦ · Web view5/7/2014 · For Questions 11–16, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words. 11. The light- reactions occur in thylakoid membranes. 12