AQA GCSE Case Study Revision

Booklet Paper 2Windsor Girls’ School Geography

Department

Paper 1: Living with the physical environment Paper 2: Challenges in the human environment

Natural hazards- Tectonic hazards- Weather hazards- Climate change

Urban issues and challenges

The living world- Ecosystems- Tropical rainforests- Cold Environments (DO NOT choose Hot

deserts)

The changing economic world

Physical landscapes in the UK- UK physical landscapes- Coastal landscapes- River landscapes (DO NOT choose Glaciers)

The challenge of resource management- Resource Management- Water (DO NOT choose Energy or Food)

GCSE Geography Case Studies and Key Examples by Topic

Living with the Physical Environment(Paper 1 Physical)

Challenges in the Human Environment (Paper 2 Human)

The Challenge of Natural HazardsNatural HazardsTectonic HazardsWeather HazardsClimate Change

Urban ChallengesThe global pattern of urban change

Urban Growth in RioUrban challenges in the UK

Sustainable development of urban areasNatural Hazards/Tectonic Hazards

Nepal (2015) - Earthquake in LIC (Hodder pp. 14-15) L’Aquila (2009) – Earthquake in HIC (Hodder pp. 12-13)

Weather Hazards Typhoon Haiyan (2013) (Hodder pp. 32-33) Somerset Levels

Climate ChangeNo case studies needed.

London (regeneration, Shoreditch, Crossrail) (Hodder pp. 218-229)o London Urban Greening (Hodder pp. 230-231)

Urban inequalities, environmental problems, impact of urban sprawl (Hodder pp. 232-237)

o London Urban Regeneration: The Olympic Plan (Hodder pp. 238-241)

Rio de Janeiro (social challenges, economic challenges, improving Rio’s environment) (Oxford pp. 152-159)o Rochinha, Brazil (Self-Help; solutions) (Oxford pp.

160-161)o Favela Bairro Project (Oxford pp. 162-163)

Urban Sustainability BedZed Sustainable Homes London Sustainable Transport (e.g. congestion charging,

Santander bikes, super highways)

The Living WorldEcosystems

Tropical RainforestsOption chosen - Cold Environments

The Changing Economic WorldEconomic development and quality of life

Reducing the global development gapEconomic development in Nigeria

Economic change in the UKTropical rainforests

Epping forest ecosystem, UK (Hodder pp. 60-61) Changes affecting ecosystem balance – Yellowstone

National Park, Grey Wolf (Hodder pp. 62 – 63) Malaysian Rainforest (deforestation has economic and

environmental impacts, causes of deforestation, subsistence and commercial farming, logging etc; impacts of deforestation, economic development, loss of biodiversity etc)

Management of tropical rainforests (protection, governments, conservation groups etc). Sustainable management. (Hodder pp. 78-81)

CITES, National Parks (conservation)

Cold Environments Svalbard (opportunities and challenges for development)

(Oxford pp. 80 – 83) Managing cold environments (The use of technology,

Action by governments, International agreements, Conservation groups) (Oxford pp. 86 – 87)

Reducing the global development gap Tourism in Jamaica

Economic development in Nigeria Nigeria (experiencing rapid economic development

leads to significant social, environmental and cultural change) (Hodder pp 268 – 281)

Economic change in the UK Cambridge: hi tech hub (Hodder pp 288-289) Making industry more sustainable (Hodder pp 298-299) Torr Quarry, Somerset

Physical Landscapes in the UKThe physical diversity of the UK

Coastal landscapesOption chosen – River landscapes

Challenge of Resource ManagementGlobal resource management

Resources in the UKOption chosen – Water

Coastal Landscapes Geology and rock structure on the Dorset coast (Hodder

pp. 124-125) Coastal realignment in Medmerry (Hodder pp. 146-147;

Oxford pp. 110)River landscapes

River Tees (source to mouth, key landform features) (Oxford pp. 122-123)

Jubilee River Flood-relief channel (Hodder pp. 176-177)

Water Large scale water transfer scheme – Lesotho. Local scheme in an LIC (sustainable supplies of water) –

Hitosa, Ethiopia. (Hodder pp. 354-355)

Key General Knowledge and Advice

For all your units you should know:

The key geographical terminology Case studies Facts and figures to back up points especially in the case study section The names of all the continents The difference between developing countries and developed countries Examples of developed and developing countries Understand ‘exam language’. For example ‘costs’ and ‘benefits’ is just another way of saying ‘negatives’ and

‘positives’ or ‘advantages’ and ‘disadvantages’

Tips for your exam

Use PEEL (State your point, Explain it, back it up with evidence (this could be from the resource paper, an example and fact and figures, Link back to the original question (have you actually answered the questions).

Answer/attempt all questions you are supposed to answer Read the question twice Underline the key words in the question – you could BUG your answer (box the command word, underline the key

word, glance back over your answer) Make sure you can describe, explain, contrast Keep an eye on your timing – there are more marks at the end of sections. It’s a mark a minute! Don’t spend long on 1 or 2 mark questions (a sentence or even just a word is probably enough) Refer to examples when you know them and back up with facts and figures Know your case studies in detail Use key terms in your answers – write in ‘geographical’ language e.g. intercept rather than soaks Link back to the question Develop your points for further marks (make connections) Keep your answers focused on the question – E.g. if you have been asked about earthquake responses don’t waste

time including the impacts Be specific – generalisation is the enemy of us all!

Paper 2: Challenges in the human environment

Section A - Urban issues and challenges

A case study of a major city in an LIC or NEE to illustrate: • the location and importance of the city, regionally, nationally and internationally • causes of growth: natural increase and migration • how urban growth has created opportunities:

• social: access to services – health and education; access to resources – water supply, energy • economic: how urban industrial areas can be a stimulus for economic development

• how urban growth has created challenges: • managing urban growth – slums, squatter settlements • providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy • providing access to services – health and education • reducing unemployment and crime • managing environmental issues – waste disposal, air and water pollution, traffic congestion.

Case study: Rio de Janeiro

Location and importance of the city, regionally, nationally and internationally• Last year Rio received $7.3 billion in foreign direct investment—seven times more than the year before, and

more than twice as much as São Paulo.• It is the second most populated city in Brazil, but the city’s market is much larger because it includes visitors

from around the globe.• Over 1.6 million tourists arrive through five harbours and three airports in a normal year, with no major events

such as the World Cup or the Olympic Games.• 56% of Brazil’s GDP is concentrated within a 500 km radius around the city.• The unemployment rate is on decline. In Rio, you work and consume more every year.• The city is the largest producer of oil in Brazil & home to Petrobas. Information and Communication Technology

(ICT).• Films produced in Rio correspond to 85% of the national film industry’s box office.

Causes of growth: natural increase and migration 2nd largest city in Brazil with 6.5 million people in the city itself and 12.5 million people in the surrounding area Grown rapidly in the last 50 years to become a major industrial, administrative, commercial and tourist centre. These activities have attracted many migrants from Brazil and other countries who have contributed to the

economic development. Migrants come to Rio from:- Other parts of Brazil e.g. Amazon basin- Other countries in South America e.g. Argentina and Bolivia- South Korea and China- The common language still attracts people from Portugal- Skilled workers attracted from the USA and UK

How urban growth has created opportunities• Rural to urban migration accounts for 65% of all population growth in Rio de Janeiro. Urban growth creates urban

opportunities. An increasing work force means and increase in taxes being paid that can be spent on improving local infrastructure.• In Brazil around 25% of the poorest children do not attend school. In Rio the illiteracy rate is 4% while in some states

such as Alagoas the illiteracy rate is 22%. In Rio there are 1000 primary schools and 400 secondary schools. Rio contains 19 of the top 50 schools in the country. The city also has 6 major universities.• Healthcare in Rio de Janeiro has improved rapidly in comparison to other areas in Brazil. There are 105 hospitals in

Rio however only 34% of these are public. As a result of these improvements life expectancy in Rio is 77 years in comparison to a 73-year average for Brazil. Infant mortality rates are also lower, 6.2 babies die in Rio per 1000 live births compared to an average of 18 per 1000 live births for the whole of Brazil.• 95% of the population has mains water supply in Rio de Janeiro compared with only 65% of the rural population.• In rural northern Brazil 1 in 4 homes do not have access to an electricity supply. The lowering of energy costs and

building of hydroelectric power plants in Rio now means that 99% of the city has access to the power grid. The

Simplicio hydroelectric complex built in 2013 supplies the city with 30% more energy.• More jobs are available in Rio than there are in the North and North East of Brazil. It is the 2nd most important

industrial centre after Sao Paulo. The city provides 6% of all employment in Brazil. You can work in the formal or informal sector.• Rio is the top visitor destination in South America and tourism is the city’s biggest industry.• Rio’s main manufacturing industries include chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods.• Service industries are also very important and Rio is a major centre for banking, finance and insurance.• Land Rover has recently opened a £240 million car-manufacturing factory in Rio employing 300 people.• More recently the construction industry has become a large employer due to the FIFA world cup in 2014 and the

2016 Olympic games.How has urban growth created challenges• The problem with such rapid urbanisation, though, is that the cities do not have the time or resources to

accommodate and employ these people. Therefore, the migrants arrive to find themselves living in poor conditions and fighting for a degree of quality of life.• This has led to informal settlements, called shanty towns or favelas, being established around the urban centres. In

fact, in Rio de Janeiro alone, there are approximately 2 million favela inhabitants.• In fact, the geographical split of the wealthy and the poor within one area is a common characteristic of urbanisation.• Unemployment and poverty are major issues of urbanisation. Another enormous problem for those living in the

favelas of Brazil is the rapid spread of diseases and the distinct lack of adequate health care. These issues have to be addressed for the progress and development of a country like Brazil.• It is estimated that 37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access.• There is a shortage of electricity with frequent blackouts.• Air pollution is estimated to cause 5000 deaths per year in Rio.• Many children drop out of school at 14.

An example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor.

Case study: Favela Bairro

Problems• Infant mortality rates are as high as 50/1000.• Unemployment rates are as high as 20%• Many houses are illegally connected to electricity pylons.• Sewers are often open drains.• The slopes are very steep so there is limited road access.• There is a high murder rate of 20/1000 people .• Waste cannot be disposed off and builds up in the street spreading diseases.• Much employment is poorly paid and is irregular.• Many people work in the informal sector.• Drug gangs dominate the favelas.• Burning rubbish often sets fire to the wooden houses. Smoke harms peoples health.

Urban planning strategies in RioSelf Help Schemes

• Residents of Rocinha transformed the favela into a small city; Buildings have been upgraded to brick and tile; People have set up own shops and small industries - the 'informal sector.‘; Authorities have now accepted the existence of favelas and added electricity, paved and lit some streets and added water pipes.

Site and Service Schemes• City authorities set aside £200 million to improve 60 of the 600 favelas.• The plan include - replacing wood buildings and those built on dangerous slopes with larger (5x4m) brick

houses, widening streets, laying pavements, laying water pipes and electricity cables, improving sanitation, providing health and sports facilities, using local residents as labour.

Favela Bairro Project• Wealthy residents of Rio looked for a safer place to live with more space. Nearest flat land was 20km along

coast.1970: 4 lane motorway cut through mountains and on stilts over sea.1995: New town of Barra had population of 130,000.

• It has 5km of shops, schools, hospitals and offices.• There is an efficient local bus service linking the apartments, shops and leisure amenities.

PacificationAuthorities are attempting to transform favelas through a city-wide policy called ‘pacification’.Stage one - Armed police units, backed by soldiers and marines, go into favelas to drive out criminal gangs. Permanent police presences are established in what had often been no-go areas for security officials.Stage two - With the shanty town secured, staff from Rio's municipal authority can start to provide social services such as schools, healthcare centres, and rubbish collection.

Complexo do Alemao- With a population of 100,000 people, stretching for more than two miles, the Complexo do Alemao favela is

one of the largest favelas in Brazil.- Opened in 2011, the Teleferico do Alemao cable car system is the most obvious outward example of how the

lives of people in Complexo do Alemao have been transformed. The cable cars enable residents to get from one end of the favela to the other in just sixteen minutes. To walk it would take two hours, and each local person gets a free return ticket every day.

- The system also connects to Rio's railway network, enabling the people of Complexo do Alemao to get quickly into the city centre, opening up the opportunity of better paid work than is locally available.

Exam Style QuestionsTo what extent do urban areas in lower income countries (LICs) or newly emerging economies (NEEs) provide social and economic opportunities for people? [6 marks]

Using a case study of a city in a LIC/NEE assess the challenge of providing services to the city’s population. [6 marks]Introduce your location and the services required.Outline a challenge to providing services to the city’s population. Support with evidence.

Outline another challenge to providing services to the city’s population. Support with evidence.

State your opinion. Introduce your location.

Outline the social opportunities in urban areas. Support with evidence.

S&C – counteract your point

Outline the economic opportunities in urban areas. Support with evidence.

S&C – counteract your point

Make a conclusive statement of the ‘extent’

Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban planning strategy in helping to improve the quality of life for the urban poor. Use an example of a city in a lower income country (LIC) or newly emerging economy (NEE). [9 marks] [+ 3 SPaG marks]

IntroductionOutlinean urban planning strategy that aims to improve the quality of live for the urban poor.Paragraph 1 – Outline the advantages of the strategy.

Paragraph 2 –

Outline the disadvantages of the strategy.

ConclusionGive a conclusive statement that assesses the effectiveness of the strategy

A case study of a major city in the UK to illustrate: • the location and importance of the city in the UK and the wider world

• impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of the city • how urban change has created opportunities:

• social and economic: cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, employment, integrated transport systems • environmental: urban greening

• how urban change has created challenges: • social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment • environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield and greenfield sites, waste disposal • the impact of urban sprawl on the rural–urban fringe, and the growth of commuter settlements.

Case study: London

The location and importance of London in the UK and the wider world- London is in the South East England on the River Thames- Site chosen by the Romans- Settlement called Londinium

Two factors important in London’s success as a city:1) Thames is a tidal river. High tide ships were able to come up the river to London and city became a port2) London was built at the lowest bridging point on the Thames – the widest point on the river where it was

possible to build a bridge

Why did London grow?- 18th cent onwards new docks built along the river increased number of ships using London- Importance as a centre for trade and commerce- Role as a port declined towards end of 20th cent HOWEVER remains the main hub for the UK transport network- UK’s road and rail networks focus on London- Two busiest airport – Heathrow and Gatwick – maintain global connections, importance as a tourist destination

Impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of the city- UK’s largest and wealthiest city- Gap between London and rest of UK widening- House prices risen faster in London than anywhere else- Status as a world city- Along with New York, London is one of the two most important financial centres in the world

o Londoners earn 23% more than the UK averageo Londoners spend 24% more than the averageo Avg London house price went above £500,000 in 2013 compared to a national avg of £249,000o London generates 22% of the UK’s GDP

- Headquarters of many large companies- Media and communication networks- Education including renowned universities and research

o London has 40 higher education institutions including some of the World’s top universitieso London represents 1/3 of higher education institutions nationallyo Represents 1/5 of the UK’s student populationo Over half of Londoners have a degree

- Legal and medical facilities- Culture, entertainment and tourism- Shard – owned by foreign investors (not to mention lots of football teams)- Many migrants come to London to work in high paid as well as low paid jobs- London has several major airports including Heathrow, Gatwick, City and London Stansted

o Heathrow carried 69.4 million passengers in 2011, more than all the other airports put together- Tourism

o London is one of the most visited cities in the worldo London has the highest tourist spend in the world with $21.1 billion in 2011

How urban change has created opportunitiesSocial and economic:

Cultural mix- Shoreditch

o Only 30 years ago Shoreditch was a run down inner city area, with many old factories and warehouseso People started to move out of the areao In their place newcomers were moving in, particularly Bangladeshi immigrants around Brick Laneo Shoreditch today is almost unrecognisableo Old industrial buildings have been converted into flats and officeso Jobs in new creative industries e.g. web design, film-making, arto Focus for employment around Old Street roundabout – hi-tech companies, nicknamed ‘Silicon

roundabout’ after Silicon Valley (California where companies like Microsoft and Apple grew)o Population changed – older residents and Bangladeshi families moving out as rents and property prices

rise -> in their place young professional workers – many in finance and creative industrieso Process of rising property prices and changing population is called gentrificationo Shoreditch is now one of the most vibrant parts of the city

- Over 2 million Londoners do not speak English at home- 1/3 of Londoners were born abroad, the top 3 countries are India, Poland and Bangladesh

Recreation and entertainment- Huge number of cultural attractions such as the British Museum, the National Gallery and the Natural History

Museum- West End – huge number of shows- Buckingham Palace- Houses of Parliament- Concert and cinema venues and lots of sporting events such as the Oxford-Cambridge Boat race, the

Wimbledon Tennis Open, Olympics 2012

Employment- Large number of high-tech businesses- 800,000 people commute to London for work every day- There were 5 million jobs in London at the start of 2012- Population swells by 1.3 million every day because of people going to London to work and tourism- London residents (aged 16 to 64 and working) are more likely to be employed in managerial, professional or

associate professional and technical occupations, compared with the UK

Integrated transport systems- Integrated transport means that all of the different forms of transport can link to one another- Public transport accounts for 24% of London’s journeys- Many UK motorways converge on London’s orbital ring road the M25- Demand for public transport in London is predicted to grow by 60% by 2050- 2014 roughly 75 million passengers used underground trains and buses in London each week- Red London Buses, the Docklands Light Railway, the London Overground- London commuters can also travel using the Oyster Card – can be used cheaply and topped up in stations or on

line- Congestion charging to reduce air pollution, aim to reduce number of people driving into London – operating

7am – 6pm Mon to Fri = £11.50 standard chargeCycle superhighways

- Should encourage people to cycle and reduce traffic and harmful emissions from vehicles- Cyclists have increased from 1% to 15% of road users in London in the past 50 years- Half a million bike journeys are made every day in the capital

Crossrail- One of the largest infrastructure projects London has ever seen- Due to open in 2018- Crossrail 2 is already being planned for 2030- Benefits:

o Reduce journey timeo Increase number of rail passengers by 10%, or an extra 200 million passengers a yearo Bring an extra 1.5 million people within a 45 min journey of central Londono Improve integrated transport system in London by providing more interchanges with the underground

networko Raise property values by 25% around stations along Crossrail routeo Encourage further regeneration across London, providing access to thousands more jobso Improve access for disabled people to new stations, with no steps from platform to street level

EnvironmentalUrban greening

- 47% of London is green.- Urban greening means to increase the amount of green spaces within a city- Quality of life- London is one of the world’s greenest cities.- 65% of London’s land is either gardens, public green space or water- 223 of London’s parks and green spaces hold green flag awards- London has 8 Royal Parks- Rooftop green spaces – there are over 700 green roofs in central London alone (around 25 football pitches)- 8.1 million trees in London (almost one per person)- Trees and green open spaces reduce the danger of flooding by slowing down the rate at which rainwater drains

from the land- Garden bridge in London – project got cancelled as seen as too expensive by new London Mayor

How urban change has created challengesSocial and Economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment

Kensington and Chelsea NewhamHealth Male life exp 83.7

Female life exp 87.8Male life exp 75.7Female life exp 79.8

Low life expectancy linked to poor diet, housing and education as well as lack of employment.

Education – pupils achieving five + good GCSE grades

80% 62%

Employment

Unemployment

26% of households have joint incomes over £60,000

3.9%

26% of households have a joint income of less than £15,000

9.4%

- Social deprivation is a major problem in London – degree to which a person or community lacks the things that are essential for decent life, including work, money, housing and services

- London is divided into 33 boroughs- Life expectancy on the underground from Knightsbridge to West Ham falls on average for those living there by

one year for every station along the route- London is incredibly unequal- Billionaires live in very close proximity to people who survive on less than a living wage- 16% of Londoners are in the poorest tenth nationally, whilst 17% are in the richest tenth of people in the

country

EnvironmentalDereliction – figures recently published said there were some 250 hectares of brownfield sites that are not in line for development of any sort. The Olympic Park (2012 Olympics) is a good example of how derelict land can be brought back into use.

Building on brownfield and greenfield sites- London’s population is growing by about 100,000 people every year, yet only 20,000 homes a year are being built. Severe housing shortage. House prices are rising faster in London than anywhere else in the country. Rising faster in inner London than outer London.

Greenfield sites- Public transport is worse in rural areas – need for more cars- Increased urban sprawl- Once land is built on it is unlikely to be turned back to countryside

- Land is cheaper is rural areas- No demolition or decontamination is needed- Valuable farmland or land for recreation may be lost- Natural habitats may be destroyed

Brownfield sites- Sites are available since industry declined- Reduces the need for urban sprawl- Public transport is better in urban areas, so less need for cars- Old buildings may need to be demolished first- Ground may need to be decontaminated- New development can improve the urban environment- Land is more expensive in urban areas

Waste disposal Air pollution

o Main problem is emissions from road vehicles and modern heating systemso Made worse by dense road networks in Londono London has worst air pollution record than most other European cities (not as bad as many cities in

Asia though)o London regularly breaks European Union regulations on air pollutiono Over 4,000 premature deaths a year in London due to long-term exposure to air pollution

Wasteo ¼ goes to landfill sites outside Londono ‘out of sight, out of mind’ attitude BUT realisation that landfill waste contributes to wider

environmental problems e.g. methane (adds to greenhouse gases)o Also a ‘waste’ of potentially valuable resourceso NOW more of waste is recycled or incinerated (burnt to generate electricity)o Target = zero waste to go to landfill by 2030

The impact of urban sprawl on the rural–urban fringe, and the growth of commuter settlements- Green belt established in 1947 to prevent further urban sprawl- Helped to preserve farmland, woodland and parkland around London- People now questioning whether we can keep the green belt land as there is a need for more housing- Less valuable areas of greenbelt land could be lost- More people moving to commuter settlements- Prices in London and South East rising- Cities like Reading and Chelmsford within a half hour train journey to London, are growing rapidly- Urban development – new housing estates, encroaches into surrounding countryside- Impact on social lives – people in sprawling communities can often live further from their neighbours, this

can cause isolation- Environmental issues – sprawling cities consume land, and this displaces animals from their habitat

Features of sustainable urban living:

- Water and energy consumption - Waste recycling - Creating green space

Mini Case Study: BedZed – Beddington Zero Energy Development

- if everyone in the world lived as an average UK resident, we would need 3 planets to support us - BedZED was built as a remedy for our current unsustainable lifestyle - Greener lifestyle choices ie travel, food and waste can bring the largest environmental gains

Overview - 100 homes, office space, a college and community facilities - Completed in 2002 - Eco-village in south London

Features- Carbon neutral development- Water recycling- Renewable energy- Waste recycling- Created by natural or

recycled materials

Location- Beddington Zero Energy

Development- Beddington, Surrey- Community of 82 houses

Sustainable- Reduced carbon emissions- Green transport- Affordable homes- Green technology

Social- Green transport plan –

includes a car club, promotes walking, cycling and the use of good local public transport has given an 11% reduction of CO2

- Local food links help residents reduce their CO2 by 4%

Economic- First project of its kind did

suffer from cost over-run- BioRegional are working with

construction companies to reduce cost

Environmental- Solar panels used to charge

electric cars- Sewage treatment systems:

waste water filtered through reed beds but not currently used

- Wind driven ventilation: fresh air drawn from outside to ventilate homes

- Rainwater collection: used to flush toilets

- Triple-glazed south facing conservatory: acts as a sun trap and centrally heats house

- Waste recycling reduces carbon impact by a further 3%

To what extent has urban change created opportunities in a UK city you have studied?

[9 marks][+ 3 SPaG marks]IntroductionIntroduce your location. Outline the urban change that has taken place.

Paragraph 1 – Describe and explain any opportunities that have resulted from urban change. Support with FSS from your case study

Paragraph 2 –Counterpoint

Outline any challenges that have arisen from urban change.

ConclusionGive a conclusive statement that assesses the extend to which opportunities have been created.

Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban transport scheme(s) you have studied. [9 marks] [+ 3 SPaG marks]

IntroductionOutline and explain an urban transport scheme

Paragraph 1 –Outline the advantages of the transport scheme

Paragraph 2 –Outline the disadvantages of the transport scheme

ConclusionGive a conclusive statement that assesses the effectiveness of the scheme

An example of an urban regeneration project to show: • reasons why the area needed regeneration • the main features of the project.

Case study: Urban Regeneration: the Olympic plan and legacy

Why was regeneration needed?- Lower Lea Valley in East London was the site for

2012 Olympics- River Lea tributary of the Thames- Lea Valley was one of the main industrial areas in

London- Surrounding areas e.g. Newham – one of the most

deprived parts of London- 2007 work began to create Olympic Park

Site of the Olympic Park in East LondonOpen space – playing fields, nature reserveIndustry – two industrial estates still working, 250 businesses on the site employing over 5,000 workersDerelict land – plenty of unused, overgrown land on previous industrial sites, land was badly contaminated by chemicalsHousing – community with 500 homes in one part of the siteTransport – Stratford international station was already built on the land, by 2007 most of the land was brownfield siteWater – The River Lea and Lee Navigation Canal go through the site

Main features of regeneration

What obstacles had to be overcome?- Constructed in 5 years (2007 to 2012) was an

impressive achievement- Meant to lead to regeneration of East London

Obstacles had to be overcome:- Land brought together under one new owner –

the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA)- Existing landowners and users had to leave the

site by 2007- Protesting to leave site- Land bought from them by ODA- Land pollution by industry – decontamination had

to happen- Electricity pylons removed- Waterways and railways crisscrossed site –

bridges built

Why was the London 2012 bid successful?- Large area of available land- East London has very good transport connections- Stratford station- London’s diverse population- Newham most diverse borough in London- The Olympic bid promised to leave a lasting legacy

that would help to regenerate east London

The Olympic Legacy

Environment- new sports venues, including

Social- big promise was a lasting

Economic- London spent £9.3 billion of

the Aquatics centre- a landscapes park with

tourist attractions and natural habitats

- the Athletes Village now converted into a residential community

- clean soil and waterways- the London Legacy

Development Corporation (LLDC) (taken over from the ODA)

legacy to help regenerate one of the most deprived parts of London

- 2012 the LLDC was set up to plan regeneration after the Games

- Regeneration likely to take until 2030 so too early to see full effects

- Athletes Village been converted into new homes

- Queen Elizabeth park turned into a new part of London

- Olympic stadium: the new home of West Ham United FC but still an athletics stadium in the summer

- Aquatics Centre and Velopark: a new commercial development of high rise offices which will employ 25,000 people

- More than 46,000 people worked on the Olympic Park and Olympic Village, 10% of whom were previously unemployed

East Village, E20- 2,800 new homes- ½ private- ½ affordable rent- Occupies 27 hectares- 35 small independent shops,

cafes, bars and restaurants- New school for 1,800

students (ages 3 to 18)- Close to bus routes

public money on the games so people expected to see long term social and economic benefits

- Tourism: Olympics attracts many international visitors and businesses

- Investment: incentive to invest in long-term infrastructure such as better transport links

- Sporting facilities: development of world class facilities for post-games

- 75p of every £1 spent on the Olympics went towards providing a lasting legacy to East London residents

Using an example explain how urban regeneration projects can reduce levels of urban deprivation. [6 marks]Introduce your location. Outline the project.

Describe and explain one way the project has reduced urban deprivation.

Describe and explain a second way the project has reduced urban deprivation.

Section B - The changing economic world

An example of how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE helps to reduce the development gap.Case study: Jamaica

Economy- 2014 tourism = 24% of GDP- 2024 set to rise to 32%- Income from tourism is US$2 billion each year – with extra taxes this helps the government to reduce the

development gap- 1.1 million cruise passengers spend on average US$70 per day- Other 2.5 million visitors average US$120 per day

Employment- Tourism 200,000 people employed either directly in hotels, transport and attractions or indirectly in shops and

manufacturing. These are mainly around tourist towns.- Employment from tourism helps to boost the local economy.- Employed people learn new skills that can help them in getting better paid jobs in the future.

Infrastructure- High levels of investment in the north of the island- New port ad cruise-liner facilities built at Trelawny with new hotel accommodation- However, road and airport improvements have been slower

Quality of life- Northern areas such as Montego Bay have wealthy Jamaicans and high-quality housing with a high standard of

living. These areas have benefited from tourism.- Large numbers of people live nearby in poor housing with limited food supply and lack of access to healthcare,

fresh water and educationEnvironment

- Montego Bay improved by landscaping and a new water treatment plant at Logwood has reduced pollution from hotels

- The Negril Marine Nature Park attracts many tourists and brings income- Community tourism and sustainable ecotourism is expanding in more isolated regions with people running

small-scale guesthouses or acting as guides

Using an example, evaluate the effectiveness of tourism in reducing the development gap. [9 marks]

IntroductionIntroduce the location and the problem (development gap)

Paragraph 1 –Outline advantages of the tourism to your chosen location

Paragraph 2 –Outline the disadvantages of tourism to your location (if relevant) or further develop the advantages

ConclusionGive a conclusive statement that assesses the effectiveness of the tourism in reducing the development gap

A case study of one LIC or NEE to illustrate: • the location and importance of the country, regionally and globally • the wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the country is placed • the changing industrial structure. The balance between different sectors of the economy. How manufacturing industry can stimulate economic development

• the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in relation to industrial development. Advantages and disadvantages of TNC(s) to the host country • the changing political and trading relationships with the wider world • international aid: types of aid, impacts of aid on the receiving country • the environmental impacts of economic development • the effects of economic development on quality of life for the population.

Case study: Nigeria

The location and importance of the country, regionally and globally• Nigeria is a country in West Africa that is over three times larger than the UK.• It lies just North of the Equator, with its south coast on the Gulf of Guinea, which is part of the Atlantic Ocean.• It has a population of 184 million people, which is much larger than any other African country.• Nigeria has graduated from being an LIC to an NEE.• It overtook South Africa as the largest economy in Africa in 2014.

The wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the country is placed• It has more than 500 different ethnic groups, each with its own language. Three ethnic groups dominate – Igbo,

Yoruba and the Hausa.• Moving north from the Equator, the climate becomes drier and this determines the type of vegetation in the

area.• Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has progressed from civil war (67-70), through several military

dictatorships when the army ruled the country (until 1998), to a stable democracy today. Political improvements have allowed Nigeria to develop more rapidly as businesses now have confidence at investing in the region.

• However, there is still conflict. In the north of the country, Boko Haram (an extremist organisation) wants to abolish democracy and set up its own government under its version of Islamic law. At least 17000 people have been killed in the conflict since 202 and over 500,000 people have fled the region.

The changing industrial structure• Nigeria is changing from a mainly agricultural economy into an industrial economy. Over 50% of the GDP comes

from manufacturing and service industries. This reflects the change from a mainly rural to urban population. Some of the fastest growing industries are:

• Telecommunications , Retail and wholesale, The film industry – Nollywood .• Importance of Oil and Manufacturing• Oil was discovered in Nigeria in the 1950s and is a vital part of the country’s economy.• Oil and gas account for 14% of Nigeria’s GDP and 95% of its export earnings.• Income from oil has helped Nigeria move from a LIC to an NEE. However, the country’s dependence on oil

makes it vulnerable to changes in the global oil prices.• When the prices fell in 2015, it damaged the economy.

Advantages and disadvantages of TNC(s) to the host country

Benefits Problems

- Shell companies in Nigeria employ 6,000 direct employees and contractors (90% Nigerian).

- As of year-end 2010, Shell companies in Nigeria had trained some 1,900 service providers in general contracting, developed 8 local dredging companies, awarded 10 UK scholarships and trained more than 3,000 people in entrepreneurship, scaffolding, project management, welding, catering, and other vocations.

- Shell paid some $31 billion in taxes to the Nigerian government between 2006 and 2010.

- In the past, Shell has also been heavily involved in the provision of infrastructure in the communities. They were building roads, schools, clinics and providing portable water. They have also been a major supporter of education of young children,

- The Delta region contains important wetland and coastal ecosystem. Most people depend on the natural environment for their livelihood, either through farming or fishing. Oil pollution kills fish in the sea.

- Oil spills from leaking pipelines damage farmland so crops no longer grow.

- Oil heated by the sun becomes highly flammable and can burn out of control. Gas flares are used to burn off gas from the oil. Apart from being wasteful, the fumes affect people’s health and contribute to global warming.

- Tensions arose between the native Ogoni people of the Niger Delta and Shell. The concerns of the locals were that very little of the money earned from oil on their land was getting to the people

with over 17,000 children on Shell scholarship at any point in time.

who live there, and the environmental damages caused by the recurring sabotage of pipelines operated by Shell. Shell also forced the Ogoni people to live in poverty and poor health while the company made millions.

The changing political and trading relationships with the wider world• Britain has had a trading relationship with West Africa for over 300 years. From 1650, the British traded

enslaved African people and took them to America and the Caribbean. When slavery was made illegal in 1807, trade with West Africa turned to palm oil, used in Britain to make soap.

• In the late 19th century, Nigeria became part of the British Empire. The country was ruled by Britain until it gained independence in 1960. By then, a pattern of trade was established where Nigeria exported natural commodities to Britain in exchange for importing manufactured goods.

• Nigeria still trades with the UK but more of its trade is now with some of the world’s largest economies, which include the USA, China, India and other countries in the European Union.

• Since independence, oil has replaced other natural commodities as Nigeria’s main export, but the country still imports manufactured goods like machinery, chemicals and transport equipment.

• Nigeria’s main import partner for manufactured goods is now China. China’s influence on Nigeria’s economy goes beyond the goods it sells. There is also growing investment in Nigeria.

- Nigeria needs huge investment in infrastructure, particularly its transport network and power supply. China is now able to bring that expertise to Nigeria. In 2014, the China Railway Construction Corporation won a US$12 billion contract to build a new 1400km railway along the coast of Nigeria.

- China’s fast growing economy needs more resources than the country can provide for itself. It can find these resources in Nigeria. In 2014, another Chinese corporation agreed to invest $10billion in exploration and drilling in a new oilfield in Nigeria.

International aid: types of aid, impacts of aid on the receiving countryWhy is aid needed?

• 60% of population living in poverty (less than $1/day)• Birth rates high• Infant mortality rates high• Life expectancy low• Nigeria has one of the highest death rates from Malaria in the world – the diseases cause long term health

problems.How does aid benefit Nigeria?

• In 2014, the World Bank approved $500million to fund development projects and provide long term loans and businesses. This helps to reduce the over-dependence on oil exports.

• Aid from the USA helps to educate and protect people against the spread of AIDS/HIV.• The USAID-funded Community Care in Nigeria project provides support packages for orphans.• The UK Department for International Development has funded a health and HIV programme, providing health

education in rural areas.• The NGO Nets for Life provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets to many

households.BUT:

• Donors may have political influence over what happens to aid• Money may be used to promote the commercial self interest of the donor• Corruption in the government and by individuals means some aid doesn’t reach those intended.

The environmental impacts of economic development• 70-80% of forests have been destroyed through logging, farming, urbanisation etc.• Nigeria’s energy consumption has increased. Fossil fuels like oil release lots of pollution and greenhouse gasses.

Lagos is one of the world’s most polluted cities. Demand for oil leads to destruction of the area around the Niger Delta and destroys habitats.

• Waste disposal is a big issue- there are too many people for the system to cope with all of their rubbish!!• Desertification (the drying out of ground) is now a big problem due to dams being created and

stopping/changing the natural flow of water.• There have been many oil spills in the Niger delta, polluting water systems and harming the environment.

The effects of economic development on quality of life for the population• Squatter settlements are common. Living conditions are cramped and access to services and essentials eg:

schools, clean water, hospitals is limited.• New developments in some areas have causes violent conflicts between locals as there is competition for

success in these areas.• There are more jobs and daily wages have increased. This means people have more money to improve their

life, for example by securing access to clean water, a higher quality home and medical care.

Using a case study of a LIC/NEE country, explain how manufacturing industry can encourage economic development. [6 marks]Introduce your location and the industryDescribe and explain one way the growth of manufacturing has encouraged economic development

Describe and explain a second way the growth of manufacturing has encouraged economic development

‘Transnational corporations (TNCs) only bring advantages to the host country.’ Do you agree with this statement? Explain you answer [6 marks]

State your opinion, do you agree or disagree.

Give one reason for your opinion, explain it and support with evidence.

Give another reason for your opinion, explain it and support with evidence.

Economic futures in the UK:• causes of economic change: de-industrialisation and decline of traditional industrial base, globalisation and government policies• moving towards a post-industrial economy: development of information technology, service industries, finance, research,science and business parks• impacts of industry on the physical environment. An example of how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable• social and economic changes in the rural landscape in one area of population growth and one area of population decline• improvements and new developments in road and rail infrastructure, port and airport capacity• the north–south divide. Strategies used in an attempt to resolve regional differences• the place of the UK in the wider world. Links through trade, culture, transport, and electronic communication. Economic and political links: the European Union (EU) and Commonwealth.

Case Study: UK

Causes of economic change• De-industrialisation and the decline of the UK’s industry – fewer jobs are available in manufacturing.• Globalisation – a lot of manufacturing has moved oversea, where labour costs are lower, though HQ of

manufacturing companies have remained in the UK. Trade with other countries is an important part of UK GDP.• Government policies – decisions on investment in infrastructure and technology and support for businesses

(e.g. tax breaks) affect how well the economy grows. Membership in groups like the World Trade Organisation make it easier for companies to operate across the world.

Moving towards a post-industrial economy• Tertiary and quaternary industries are growing. In 2011, they employed 81% of the UK’s workforce.• Services – e.g. retail (employs 4.4 million people), entertainment and personal services (hairdressers).• IT – Over 60,000 people are employed in IT by companies like Microsoft or IBM.• Finance – London, especially, is home to many global financial institutions. Some, like HSBC, have their HQ in

the UK.• Research – Research and development is increasing, making use of university graduates. In 2013, nearly £30

billion was spent on R&D in the UK.Science and Business Parks: Quaternary industries are found here.

1) On the outskirts of cities near to good transport links e.g. motorways.2) Close to housing to accommodate workforce.3) New universities that research businesses in science parks can have access to, allowing them to develop

cutting edge technology. They have grown because:

1) large, growing demand for high-tech products.2) The UK has a large number of strong research universities for businesses on science parks to for links

with.3) Clusters of related businesses in one place can boost each other.

Cambridge Science ParkBackground information

• The Cambridge Science Park, founded by Trinity College in 1970 is the oldest Science Park in the United Kingdom.

• It is a concentration of science and technology related businesses, and has strong links with the nearby city of Cambridge.

• Cambridge Science park is home to more than 100 businesses which are involved in lots of areas of expertise such as medical , IT and environmental.

• There is a large range of services on site to help the people who work in the Park. Some of the environmentally friendly services include recycling facilities and landscaping to attract more wildlife to the areaLocation

• It is close to Cambridge University for educated graduates.• Can attract a good workforce as it is an attractive place to live with

open spaces and excellent shopping.• Close to major transport links e.g. airports and M25.

Impacts• Hi-technology provides jobs – they employ ¼ of workers in Cambridge.• Other companies have developed to supply the hi-technology with equipment, services etc. These companies

also create employment: multiplier effect.• The city has become overcrowded making it difficult to drive or park• House prices are high and still rising

Impacts of industry on the physical environment. An example of how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable: Torr QuarryImpacts of industry

• Manufacturing plants can look very dull and can have negative visual effect on the landscape• Industrial processes can cause air and water pollution, as well as degrading the soil• Waste products are often taken to landfill and when in the ground can pollute the air, water and soil• Transport of raw materials is often by road increasing air pollution and damage to the environment when

roads need to be widened or new ones built• Destroy natural habitats• Scar the landscape

How to make industrial development more sustainable?• Technology can be used to reduce harmful emissions from power stations and heavy industry• Desulphurisation can remove harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide from power station chimneys• Heavy fines imposed when industrial pollution incidents occur

Example: Torr Quarry, Somerset• Quarry is being restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply• Characteristic limestone features will be created to make the landscape look natural• 200 acres landscaped to blend in with the surrounding environment, including planting grass and trees• Rail transport minimises the impact of local roads and villages

Improvements and new developments in road and rail infrastructure, port and airport capacity• Airports are important to the economy of the modern UK.• Airport simply over 300,000 people and 3.6% of GDP.• Over 2 million tonnes of freight pass through the UK’s airports each yr.• More than 750,000 international flights depart from the UK annually to 400 airports in 114 countries around

the world!• There are also over 420,000 domestic flights to over 60 airports within the UK.• The UK port industry is the largest in Europe, due to the long coastline and trading history.• Some ports specialise in passenger ferries others in cargo transporters.• Most are all purpose with a range of goods and services.• Dover is the UK’s main port for freight (lorries, cars etc).• Felixstowe is the largest container port.

e.g Heathrow Expansion• It is already by far the largest airport in the UK. By 2030, it could expand further. A new runway will be built at

an estimated cost of £18.6 billion. Heathrow currently operates at almost full capacity, with 480000 flights a year.

• It will help London to compete with rivals like New York and Paris.• It is already the largest emitter of CO2 in the UK. This would increase with expansion.• One village will be demolished and 2 others would be threatened.• The airport employs 76000 people and supports a similar number of jobs in London – this would increase.• Expansion would boost the UK’s economy by £200 billion.• Noise pollution will get worse for 1 million people who live below the flight path.• Some people think it is further evidence of development being prominent in the south and suggest the runway

should be built at Manchester to speed up development in the North. Social and economic changes in the rural landscape in one area of population growth and one area of population decline

An area of population increase• South Cambridgeshire is the mostly rural area surrounding the city of Cambridge. The population of 150,000 is

increasing due to migration into the area.

• The proportion of people aged 65 or over is expected to reach 29% of population by 2031 which means an increased demand on health and housing and the total population is estimated to reach 182,000 by 2031, an increase of 32,000 people in 15 years.

Impacts• Commuters who still work in Cambridge using services there rather than local ones, which has a negative effect

on the local rural economy.• 80% car ownership on narrow rural roads is leading to congestion and pollution,• Gentrification means young people are being priced out of the housing market.• Reduction in the primary industry as farmers sell their land to housing developers who are offering attractive

prices.• Lack of affordable housing.

An area of population decline• The Outer Hebrides has a population of 27,400 people, about 5 times less than South Cambridgeshire. It is

made up of a chain of 65 different small Islands in close proximity, with most living on the Isle of Lewis.• There has been an overall decline of 50% of it’s population since 1901 due to outward migration. With limited

opportunities, younger people are choosing to live elsewhere.Impacts

• School closures are likely due to the falling number of school aged children• Fewer people of working age resulting in less taxes being paid• Number of fishing boats has declined from 900 in 1948 to just a few now, due to reduced fish stocks and loss of

jobs to overseas areas.• Ageing population leading to issues with health care and housing provision

The north–south divide. Strategies used in an attempt to resolve regional differencesIssues

• The decline of heavy industry has been worse for the North of the UK but the growth of a post-industrial economy has benefitted the south.

• Wages are generally lower in the north. In 2014, average weekly wage was 40% lower in Huddersfield than in London.

• Health is generally worse in the north. Life expectancy is much higher in the south.• Education – GCSE results are generally better in the south.

Solutions• 1. Devolving more powers – Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and this allows

them to use money on schemes they feel will benefit the community e.g. regeneration projects.• 2. Creating Enterprise Zones – These offer a range of benefits for locating in enterprise zones: reduced taxes,

simpler planning rules, financial benefits, improved infrastructure.• 3. The Northern Powerhouse is the government’s plan to reduce the inequality by attracting investment to the

north and improving transport links between northern cities e.g. via HS2.• Roads – capacity on motorways in being increased by upgrading to smart motorways with extra lanes.• Rail – HS2 will link London, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester. It will allow faster journeys between major

English cities.• Airports – a new runway is needed at Heathrow.• Ports – London Gateway is able to handle to world’s largest container ships.

The place of the UK in the wider world. Links through trade, culture, transport, and electronic communication. Economic and political links: the European Union (EU) and Commonwealth

• Trade – the UK trades globally, with links to the USA, Europe and Asia. Overseas exports are worth over £250 billion per year.

• Culture – the UK’s strong creative industries mean that the UK culture is exported worldwide e.g. Shaun the Sheep.

• Transport – the Channel Tunnel links the UK to France by rail.• IT – most of the trans-Atlantic cables (for phone and internet connections) linking Europe with the USA are

routed via the UK.• EU – This gives EU citizens access to a large market without trade barriers. Over £130 billion trade exports were

to the EU in 2015.• Commonwealth – this makes up 53 independent states and exists to improve the wellbeing of everyone in it.

Explain how modern industrial developments can be made more environmentally sustainable. [4 marks]Introduce your example

Outline one way of making industrial developments more sustainable, explain why it is sustainable.

Outline another way of making industrial developments more sustainable, explain why it is sustainable.

Section C - The challenge of resource management

An example of a large scale water transfer scheme to show how its development has both advantages and disadvantages

Case Study: The Lesotho Highland Water Project (LARGE SCALE)

What is the Lesotho Highland Water Project? Huge water transfer scheme aimed to help solve the water shortage in South Africa. 40% of the water from the Segu (Orange) River in Lesotho will be transferred to the River Vaal in South Africa. Massive scheme. Will take 30 years to complete.

Main features of the scheme: Katse and Mohale Dams (compelted in 1998 and 2002) store water that is transferred through a tunnel to the

Mohale Reservoir. Water transferred to South Africa via a 32km tunnel enabling HEP to be produced at the Muela plant. By 2020 there will be 200km of tunnels and 2000 million m3 of water will be transferred to South Africa each

year.

Advantages for Lesotho Provides 75% of its GDP. Income from the scheme helps development and

to improve standard of living. Supplies the country with all its hydro-electric

power requirements. Water supply will reach 90% of the population of

the capital, Maseru. Sanitation coverage will increase from 15 to 20%.

Advantages for South Africa Provides water to an area with an uneven rainfall

pattern and regular droughts. Provides safe water for the 10% of the pop

without access to a safe water supply. Fresh water reduces the acidity of the Vaal River

Reservoir.

Disadvantages for Lesotho Building of the first two dams meant 30 000

Disadvantages for South Africa Costs are likely to reach US$4billion.

people had to move from their land. Destruction of a unique wetland ecosystem due to

control of regular flooding downstream of the dams.

Corruption has prevented money and investment reaching those affected by the construction.

40% of water is lost through leakages. Increased water tariffs to pay for the scheme are

too high for the poorest people. Corruption has plagued the whole project.

An example of a local scheme in an LIC or NEE to increase sustainable supplies of water

Case Study: Hitosa, Ethiopia: a local scheme in an LIC (LOCAL SCHEME)

Why is water so important to LICs? Roughly 1/6 of the world’s population does not have access to safe water. Nearly 2 million children die every year as a result of diseases caused. By unclean water and poor sanitation. Need for sustainable supplies of water has increased in many LICs. Modern technology is not available to help them to overcome the water deficit.

What strategies are LICs using? Most small scale, local. Make use of appropriate technology – this is small scale. A lot of the money comes from international aid organisations, such as Water Aid and Oxfam. Promote local WASH – Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.

What lessons have been learned from the Hitosa project in Ethiopia? Hitosa largely rural area located 160km south of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Ethiopia – one of the poorest countries in the world. Prior to the water scheme, the people collected their water from a few shallow, largely seasonal rivers and one

spring. Gravity fed water scheme began in the 1990s. Involves taking water from the permanent springs high on the slopes of Mount Bada, a mountain reaching to

over 4,000 metres above sea level.

Successes Construction completed on time and in cost. Water Aid provided over half od the funding and largely designed and supervised the project. 20 years on – continues to provide a reliable supply of water to Hitosa. Over 65,000 people are supplied with 25 litres of water a day. Project managed by local communities. People are charged a small amount for the water. Money is used to maintain physical infrastructure.

Problems Pipeline, supplied from the UK, may be too costly to replace after its expected lifetime of 30 years. The scheme did not include any accompanying education about hygiene and sanitation. Hygiene around the tap stands has been neglected, so the risk of disease has increased. It has been argued that agriculture is using too much of the water. The availability of water has encouraged migration, which means that the scheme is now expected to meet the

water needs of well over 65,000 people, threatening the sustainability of the project.

Conclusion Showed community management of a project is possible. Availability of water has had direct economic benefits. Cattle fattening has become one of a number of new businesses in the area. Time spent collecting water has been vastly reduced.

Examine the advantages and disadvantages of a large scale water transfer scheme that you have studied. [6 marks]Introduce your example

Outline the advantages of large scale water transfer

Outline the disadvantages of large scale water transfer

Use an example from a LIC/NEE to explain how local strategies are being used toincrease sustainable supplies of water. [6 marks]Introduce your example

Explain one way the example increases the supply of water, use evidence to support your

explanation.

Explain another strategy for increase water supply on a local scale.

Explain how water security can be improved. [6 marks]Briefly outline what water security is.Describe one way of increasing water supply, support with evidence if possible. Explain how it improves water security.

Describe a second way of increasing water supply, support with evidence if possible. Explain how it improves water security.