Supplementary Reference: Full citations of included studies

1. Horiuchi Y, Kusama K, Kanha S, Yoshiike N, team Fr. Urban-Rural Differences in Nutritional

Status and Dietary Intakes of School-Aged Children in Cambodia. Nutrients. 2018;11(1).

2. Kang Y, Aguayo VM, Campbell RK, Dzed L, Joshi V, Waid JL, et al. Nutritional status and risk

factors for stunting in preschool children in Bhutan. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14 Suppl 4:e12653.

3. Chaudhury AR, Reddy TV, Divyaveer SS, Patil K, Bennikal M, Karmakar K, et al. A Cross-

sectional Prospective Study of Asymptomatic Urinary Abnormalities, Blood Pressure, and Body Mass

Index in Healthy School Children. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;2(6):1169-75.

4. Partap U, Young EH, Allotey P, Sandhu MS, Reidpath DD. The Use of Different International

References to Assess Child Anthropometric Status in a Malaysian Population. J Pediatr. 2017;190:63-

8 e1.

5. Zhang N, Becares L, Chandola T. Patterns and Determinants of Double-Burden of

Malnutrition among Rural Children: Evidence from China. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158119.

6. Greffeuille V, Sophonneary P, Laillou A, Gauthier L, Hong R, Hong R, et al. Persistent

Inequalities in Child Undernutrition in Cambodia from 2000 until Today. Nutrients. 2016;8(5).

7. Zhang YX, Lin M, Sun GZ. The double burden of overweight and thinness among children and

adolescents in Shandong China. Int J Cardiol. 2015;184:380-1.

8. Piernas C, Wang D, Du S, Zhang B, Wang Z, Su C, et al. The double burden of under- and

overnutrition and nutrient adequacy among Chinese preschool and school-aged children in 2009-

2011. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2015;69(12):1323-9.

9. Sandjaja S, Budiman B, Harahap H, Ernawati F, Soekatri M, Widodo Y, et al. Food

consumption and nutritional and biochemical status of 0.5-12-year-old Indonesian children: the

SEANUTS study. Br J Nutr. 2013;110 Suppl 3:S11-20.

10. Khan I, Ul-Haq Z, Taj AS, Iqbal AZ, Basharat S, Shah BH. Prevalence and Association of Obesity

with Self-Reported Comorbidity: A Cross-Sectional Study of 1321 Adult Participants in Lasbela,

Balochistan. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:1076923.

11. Pell C, Allotey P, Evans N, Hardon A, Imelda JD, Soyiri I, et al. Coming of age, becoming

obese: a cross-sectional analysis of obesity among adolescents and young adults in Malaysia. BMC

Public Health. 2016;16(1):1082.

12. Subhaluksuksakorn P, Sinjariyanon W, Pimsaran R. Gender Difference in Underweight,

Overweight and Obesity among First-Year Students of Suranaree University of Technology in 2015. J

Med Assoc Thai. 2016;99 Suppl 7:S24-9.

13. Greffeuille V, Sophonneary P, Laillou A, Gauthier L, Hong R, Hong R, et al. Inequalities in

Nutrition between Cambodian Women over the Last 15 Years (2000-2014). Nutrients. 2016;8(4):224.

14. Seo WJ, Lee GM, Hwang JH, Lee MN, Kang HC. Association between Body Mass Index, Waist

Circumference and Prevalence of Microalbuminuria in Korean Adults of Age 30 Years and Older

without Diabetes, Hypertension, Renal Failure, or Overt Proteinuria: The 2013 Korean National

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Fam Med. 2016;37(1):57-63.

15. Xu Y, Zhou Z, Li Y, Yang J, Guo X, Gao J, et al. Exploring the nonlinear relationship between

body mass index and health-related quality of life among adults: a cross-sectional study in Shaanxi

Province, China. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:153.

16. Sengupta A, Angeli F, Syamala TS, Dagnelie PC, van Schayck CP. Overweight and obesity

prevalence among Indian women by place of residence and socio-economic status: Contrasting

patterns from 'underweight states' and 'overweight states' of India. Soc Sci Med. 2015;138:161-9.

17. Kamal SM, Hassan CH, Alam GM. Dual burden of underweight and overweight among

women in Bangladesh: patterns, prevalence, and sociodemographic correlates. J Health Popul Nutr.

2015;33(1):92-105.

18. Gaur K, Keshri K, Joe W. Does living in slums or non-slums influence women's nutritional

status? Evidence from Indian mega-cities. Soc Sci Med. 2013;77:137-46.

19. Banks E, Lim L, Seubsman SA, Bain C, Sleigh A. Relationship of obesity to physical activity,

domestic activities, and sedentary behaviours: cross-sectional findings from a national cohort of over

70,000 Thai adults. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:762.

20. Khang YH, Yun SC. Trends in general and abdominal obesity among Korean adults: findings

from 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J Korean

Med Sci. 2010;25(11):1582-8.

21. Lim J, Park HS. Trends in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and

their related lifestyle factors in Korean young adults, 1998-2012. Obes Res Clin Pract.

2018;12(4):358-64.

22. Agho KE, Osuagwu UL, Ezeh OK, Ghimire PR, Chitekwe S, Ogbo FA. Gender differences in

factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension in Nepal: A nationwide survey. PLoS One.

2018;13(9):e0203278.

23. Wu JS, Lu FH, Yang YC, Lin TS, Huang YH, Wu CH, et al. Epidemiological evidence of altered

cardiac autonomic function in overweight but not underweight subjects. International journal of

obesity. 2008;32(5):788-94.

24. Ostbye T, Malhotra R, Chan A. Variation in and correlates of body mass status of older

singaporean men and women: results from a national survey. Asia Pac J Public Health.

2013;25(1):48-62.

25. Vaezghasemi M, Ohman A, Eriksson M, Hakimi M, Weinehall L, Kusnanto H, et al. The effect

of gender and social capital on the dual burden of malnutrition: a multilevel study in Indonesia. PLoS

One. 2014;9(8):e103849.

26. Stewart CP, Christian P, Wu LS, LeClerq SC, Khatry SK, West KP, Jr. Prevalence and risk factors

of elevated blood pressure, overweight, and dyslipidemia in adolescent and young adults in rural

Nepal. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2013;11(5):319-28.

27. Abraham D, Cash HL, Durand AM, Denholm J, Moadsiri A, Gopalani SV, et al. High Prevalence

of Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors among Adolescents in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Hawaii J

Med Public Health. 2018;77(11):283-8.

28. Tubert-Jeannin S, Pichot H, Rouchon B, Pereira B, Hennequin M. Common risk indicators for

oral diseases and obesity in 12-year-olds: a South Pacific cross sectional study. BMC Public Health.

2018;18(1):112.

29. O'Dea JA, Dibley MJ. Prevalence of obesity, overweight and thinness in Australian children

and adolescents by socioeconomic status and ethnic/cultural group in 2006 and 2012. Int J Public

Health. 2014;59(5):819-28.

30. Wate JT, Snowdon W, Millar L, Nichols M, Mavoa H, Goundar R, et al. Adolescent dietary

patterns in Fiji and their relationships with standardized body mass index. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.

2013;10:45.

31. Achat HM, Stubbs JM. Socio-economic and ethnic differences in the prevalence of

overweight and obesity among school children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50(10):E77-84.

32. Utter J, Denny S, Crengle S, Ameratunga S, Robinson E, Clark T, et al. Overweight among New

Zealand adolescents: associations with ethnicity and deprivation. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5(6):461-6.

33. Watson BM, Chiang C, Ikerdeu E, Yatsuya H, Honjo K, Mita T, et al. Profile of non-

communicable disease risk factors among adults in the Republic of Palau: findings of a national

STEPS survey. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2015;77(4):609-19.

Supplementary Table 1 Evaluation results of the 33 included studies using the risk of bias tool for prevalence studies.

Item No. of studies evaluated positive

% of studies evaluated positive

Comments

External validity1 Was the study’s target population

a close representation of the national population in relation to relevant variables?

14 42.4%

-

2 Was the sampling frame a true or close representation of the target population?

26 78.8%-

3 Was some form of random selection used to select the sample, OR was a census undertaken?

30 90.9%

4 Was the likelihood of nonresponse bias minimal? 14 42.4%

Internal validity5 Were data collected directly from

the subjects (as opposed to a proxy)? 33 100.0%

Variables for primary outcome (bodyweight, height, etc.) were directly collected from the subjects.

6 Was an acceptable case definition used in the study? 33 100.0% A definition of the outcome

was defined in all studies.7 Was the study instrument that

measured the parameter of interest shown to have validity and reliability?

32 97.0%

The only study losing the point used self-reported data on BMI.

8 Was the same mode of data collection used for all subjects? 33 100.0%

32 studies used measurement, and 1 study used self-report.

9 Was the length of the shortest prevalence period for the parameter of interest appropriate?

33 100.0%

Not applicable for the included studies. Every study was appointed 1 point.

10 Were the numerator(s) and denominator(s) for the parameter of interest appropriate?

33 100.0%Correctly used in all the studies.

Supplementary Table 2 Cross-tab information for included studies according to subgroupstab:

Age<5

Area Sex Year of publicationNumber of publications Year of data

Total number of population

Asia Male 2016, 2018 2 2014, 2015 9,224

Female 2016, 2018 2 2014, 2015 9,010

Mix/Both 2016, 2018 2 2014, 2015 18,234

Pacific Male - 0 - -

Female - 0 - -

Mix/Both - 0 - -

Age 5-18

Area Sex Year of publicationNumber of publications Year of data

Total number of population

Asia Male 2015, 2017, 2018 3 2011, 2013/14 11,273

Female 2015, 2017, 2018 3 2011, 2013/14 11,273

Mix/ 2015,2017,2017,2018 4 2011,2013/14, 20,579

Both 2014/15,2016

Pacific Male 2010,2013,2014,2018 4

2005/06, 2007, 2012, 2015/16 30,922

Female 2010,2013, 2014,2018 4

2005/06, 2007, 2012, 2015/16 30,922

Mix/Both

2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2018 5

2005/06, 2007, 2011/12, 2012, 2015/16 32,077

Age 18+

Area Sex Year of publicationNumber of publications Year of data

Total number of population

Asia Male2013,2015,2016, 2017, 2018 6

2016,2015,2013/14,2013,2012,2009 70,802

Female2008,2010,2011,2013,2015,2016,2017,2018 9

2005/06, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2013/14, 2014, 2015, 2016 143,186

Mix/Both

2008,2010,2011,2013,2015,2016,2017,2018 9

2005/06, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2013/14, 2014, 2015, 2016 52,289

Pacific Male 2015 1 2011 2184

Female 2015 2 2011 18,457

Mix/Both 2015 2 2011 18,457

Age all and unspecified

Area Sex Year of publicationNumber of publications Year of data

Total number of population

Asia Male 2008,2010,2011,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018

22 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2013/14,

378,241

2014, 2014/15, 2015, 2016

Female

2008,2010,2011,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018 25

2007/08, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2013/14, 2014, 2014/15, 2015, 2016, 2017 633,548

Mix/Both

2008,2010,2011,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018 25

2007/08, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2013/14, 2014, 2014/15, 2015, 2016, 2017 633,548

Pacific Male

2010, 2012,2013,2014,2015,2018 8

2005/06, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2014/15, 2015/16 45,407

Female

2010, 2012,2013,2014,2015,2018 8

2005/06, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2014/15, 2015/16 45,407

Mix/Both

2010, 2012,2013,2014,2015,2018 8

2005/06, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2014/15, 2015/16 45,407

Supplementary Figure 1. Meta-analysis forest plot of overnutrition/undernutrition ratio