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Embracing Embracing Web 2.0Web 2.0

in an Education 1.0 Universein an Education 1.0 Universehttp://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/6228http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/6228

www.andycarvin.com/buffalo.pptwww.andycarvin.com/buffalo.ppt

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A Quick OverviewA Quick Overview

Internet historyInternet history Internet in educationInternet in education Web 1.0 and Web 2.0Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 Blogs, Blogs, Podcasts, Podcasts, VlogsVlogs Content producersContent producers Online Social NetworksOnline Social Networks

WikipediaWikipedia Web 3.0Web 3.0 Are schools ready?Are schools ready? PBS learning.nowPBS learning.now

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A Quick History of the InternetA Quick History of the Internet

Late 60s : first TCP/IP NetworkLate 60s : first TCP/IP Network Decentralized - to survive nuclear holocaustDecentralized - to survive nuclear holocaust 70s-80s : Utilized for research, academia70s-80s : Utilized for research, academia Early communities : e-lists, USENETEarly communities : e-lists, USENET Late 80s : Web inventedLate 80s : Web invented Early 90s : Networks privatizedEarly 90s : Networks privatized 1995 : AOL opens Web gateway1995 : AOL opens Web gateway

……and the rest is history…. and the rest is history….

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The Internet Goes to SchoolThe Internet Goes to School

Late 80s : First schools gain Net accessLate 80s : First schools gain Net access 1994 : Just 4% of classrooms online1994 : Just 4% of classrooms online NetDay ’96 : Volunteers wire schoolsNetDay ’96 : Volunteers wire schools E-Rate : Federal subsidies for Internet accessE-Rate : Federal subsidies for Internet access Today : Nearly 100% of schools online, Today : Nearly 100% of schools online,

90%+ of classrooms, 70%+ of students at 90%+ of classrooms, 70%+ of students at homehome

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Who’s Producing the Content?Who’s Producing the Content?

Until recently, to produce content for a large Until recently, to produce content for a large

audience you needed to be a...audience you needed to be a...

• PublisherPublisher

• BroadcasterBroadcaster

• Billboard ownerBillboard owner

• Pilot flying a sign-dragging airplanePilot flying a sign-dragging airplane

• Guy holding up signs at televised football gameGuy holding up signs at televised football game

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Enter stage left : Web 1.0Enter stage left : Web 1.0

Most people read the Net instead of producing Most people read the Net instead of producing

for it, because producers needed:for it, because producers needed:

• HTML coding skillsHTML coding skills

• Programming skillsProgramming skills

• Graphic design skillsGraphic design skills

• Hosting abilityHosting ability

• Promotion mechanismsPromotion mechanisms

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New services and software – Collectively known as New services and software – Collectively known as

Web 2.0Web 2.0

Transforming the web 1.0 from a predominately Transforming the web 1.0 from a predominately

““READ ONLYREAD ONLY” medium to one where ” medium to one where anyone can anyone can

publish and share content and easily collaboratepublish and share content and easily collaborate

with otherswith others

What is Web 2.0?What is Web 2.0?

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A Quick OverviewA Quick Overview

The forces of web 2.0 such as:The forces of web 2.0 such as:• wikis, wikis, • blogs, blogs, • Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds, Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds, • podcasts, podcasts, • social networking sitessocial networking sites, , • the always-on culture of the internetthe always-on culture of the internet• are impacting teachers' and students' lives both inside are impacting teachers' and students' lives both inside

and outside of school, and outside of school,

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Ajax, Mashup, Tagging, PermalinkAjax, Mashup, Tagging, Permalink

Myspace, Youtube, flicker, digg, dli.cio.us, Myspace, Youtube, flicker, digg, dli.cio.us,

meebomeebo

Technorati, Wiki, wikipediaTechnorati, Wiki, wikipedia

RSS, blogging, podcastRSS, blogging, podcast

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

is about is about creating a content-friendly, people friendly creating a content-friendly, people friendly InternetInternet

Late 1990s : New classes of online software to Late 1990s : New classes of online software to simplify content creationsimplify content creation

Allowed people to focus on ideas and creativity rather Allowed people to focus on ideas and creativity rather than technical know-howthan technical know-how

““The Read-Write Web”The Read-Write Web”

AKA “AKA “Web 2.0Web 2.0””

AKA “We Media”AKA “We Media”

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The more explicit synonym "The more explicit synonym "Participatory WebParticipatory Web", ", emphasizing tools and platforms that enable the user emphasizing tools and platforms that enable the user to:to:

tag, tag, blog, blog, comment, comment, modify, modify, augment, augment, select from, select from, rank, and rank, and generally talk back to the contributions of other users and generally talk back to the contributions of other users and

the general world communitythe general world community

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

What was it that made us identify one What was it that made us identify one

application or approach as "application or approach as "Web 1.0Web 1.0" and " and

another as "another as "Web 2.0Web 2.0"? "?

• You can visualize Web 2.0 as You can visualize Web 2.0 as a set of principles a set of principles

and practices that tie together a veritable solar and practices that tie together a veritable solar

system of sitessystem of sites that demonstrate some or all of that demonstrate some or all of

those principles, at a varying distance from that those principles, at a varying distance from that

core.core.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

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Membership at social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace is exploding. In June, 2 out of every 3 people online visited a social networking site.Since January 2004, the number of people visiting or taking part in one of the top online social networks has grown by over 109% (primarily driven by MySpace). Social networking sites are now close to eclipsing traffic to the giants - Google and Yahoo.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

The bursting of the dot-com bubble in the fall of 2001 The bursting of the dot-com bubble in the fall of 2001

marked a turning point for the web marked a turning point for the web

2004 - The concept of "2004 - The concept of "Web 2.0Web 2.0" began with a " began with a

conference brainstorming session between conference brainstorming session between O'ReillyO'Reilly

and and MediaLive InternationalMediaLive International

Some commentators regard reputation-based public Some commentators regard reputation-based public

wikiswikis, such as , such as WikipediaWikipedia, as pioneering examples of , as pioneering examples of

Web 2.0/Participatory Web technologyWeb 2.0/Participatory Web technology. .

Web 2.0Web 2.0 2020

Web 2.0Web 2.0 The phrase The phrase Web 2.0Web 2.0 in 2004 to refer to a supposed in 2004 to refer to a supposed

second-generationsecond-generation of Internet-based servicesof Internet-based services that that let people let people collaborate (participatory)collaborate (participatory) and and share share information onlineinformation online in perceived new ways — such in perceived new ways — such as:-as:-• social networking sites, social networking sites, • wikis, wikis, • communication tools,communication tools,• folksonomies folksonomies

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 Example:Example:

• Web 1.0 Web 1.0  Web 2.0Web 2.0• DoubleClickDoubleClick -->--> Google AdSense Google AdSense • OfotoOfoto -->--> FlickrFlickr• AkamaiAkamai -->--> BitTorrentBitTorrent• mp3.commp3.com -->--> NapsterNapster• Britannica OnlineBritannica Online -->--> WikipediaWikipedia• personal websitespersonal websites -->--> bloggingblogging• EviteEvite -->--> upcoming.org and EVDBupcoming.org and EVDB• domain name speculationdomain name speculation -->--> search engine search engine

optimization page viewsoptimization page views -->--> cost per clickcost per click• screen scrapingscreen scraping -->--> web servicesweb services• PublishingPublishing -->--> participationparticipation• content management systemscontent management systems -->--> wikiswikis• directories (taxonomy)directories (taxonomy) -->--> tagging ("folksonomy")tagging ("folksonomy")• StickinessStickiness -->--> syndicationsyndication

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What was it that made us identify one application or What was it that made us identify one application or

approach as "approach as "Web 1.0Web 1.0" and another as "" and another as "Web 2.0Web 2.0"? "?

Web 2.0 - The Web As PlatformWeb 2.0 - The Web As Platform

• doesn't have a hard boundary, but rather, doesn't have a hard boundary, but rather, a gravitational a gravitational

corecore. .

• a set of principles and practices that tie together a a set of principles and practices that tie together a

veritable solar system of sitesveritable solar system of sites that demonstrate some or that demonstrate some or

all of those principles, at a varying distance from that core.all of those principles, at a varying distance from that core.

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Netscape vs. GoogleNetscape vs. Google

NetscapeNetscape - the standard bearer for - the standard bearer for Web 1.0Web 1.0, ,

GoogleGoogle - the standard bearer for - the standard bearer for Web 2.0, Web 2.0,

NetscapeNetscape : :

the web as platformthe web as platform" in terms of the old software " in terms of the old software paradigm: paradigm: • Netscape navigator-Netscape navigator- web browserweb browser, a , a desktop application.desktop application.

• use their dominance in the browser market to establish a use their dominance in the browser market to establish a market for market for high-priced server products.high-priced server products.

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Netscape vs. GoogleNetscape vs. Google In the end, both In the end, both web browsers and web servers web browsers and web servers

turned out to be commoditiesturned out to be commodities,, and value moved "up and value moved "up

the stack" to services delivered over the web platform.the stack" to services delivered over the web platform. At bottom, Google - At bottom, Google - database managementdatabase management. . GoogleGoogle isn't just a collection of software tools, isn't just a collection of software tools, it's a it's a

specialized database.specialized database.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

The Web 2.0 lesson: The Web 2.0 lesson: leverage leverage customer-self servicecustomer-self service and and algorithmic algorithmic

data managementdata management to reach out to the entire to reach out to the entire web, web, to the edgesto the edges and and not just the centernot just the center, to , to the the long taillong tail and and not just the headnot just the head..

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Other web 2.0 success stories demonstrate this same Other web 2.0 success stories demonstrate this same behavior. behavior.

eBay eBay enables occasional transactions of only a few enables occasional transactions of only a few dollars between single individuals, acting as an dollars between single individuals, acting as an automated intermediaryautomated intermediary. .

NapsterNapster (though shut down for legal reasons) built its (though shut down for legal reasons) built its network network not by building a centralized song databasenot by building a centralized song database, , but by architecting a system in such a way that but by architecting a system in such a way that every every downloader also became a serverdownloader also became a server, and thus grew the , and thus grew the network.network.

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2. Harnessing Collective Intelligence2. Harnessing Collective Intelligence Akamai vs. BitTorrentAkamai vs. BitTorrent

• Akamai is optimized to do business with the head/center (big Akamai is optimized to do business with the head/center (big

servers)servers), not the , not the tail/edges (PC)tail/edges (PC). .

• While it serves the While it serves the benefit of the individualsbenefit of the individuals at the edge of at the edge of

the web by smoothing their access to the high-demand sites the web by smoothing their access to the high-demand sites

at the center, at the center, it collects its revenue from those central sitesit collects its revenue from those central sites..

• Akamai Akamai must add serversmust add servers to improve service to improve service

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

BitTorrentBitTorrent P2P, takes a radical approach to P2P, takes a radical approach to Internet decentralizationInternet decentralization..

• Every client is also a server,Every client is also a server,

• Files are broken up into fragments that can be served from Files are broken up into fragments that can be served from multiple locationsmultiple locations, ,

• The network of downloaders to provide both The network of downloaders to provide both bandwidth and bandwidth and datadata to other users. to other users.

• The more The more popular the filepopular the file, in fact, , in fact, the faster it can be servedthe faster it can be served, , as there are more users providing bandwidth and fragments as there are more users providing bandwidth and fragments of the completeof the complete file. file.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

BitTorrent thus demonstratesBitTorrent thus demonstrates• a key Web 2.0 principle: a key Web 2.0 principle: the service automatically gets better the service automatically gets better

the more people use itthe more people use it.. • Every BitTorrent consumer brings his own resources to the Every BitTorrent consumer brings his own resources to the

party. party. • ""architecture of participationarchitecture of participation", ", • a built-in ethic of a built-in ethic of cooperationcooperation, in which the service acts , in which the service acts

primarily as an intelligent broker, connecting the edges to primarily as an intelligent broker, connecting the edges to each other and harnessing the power of the users each other and harnessing the power of the users themselves. themselves.

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The central principle behind the success of the giants born in The central principle behind the success of the giants born in the the Web 1.0Web 1.0 era who have survived to lead the era who have survived to lead the Web 2.0Web 2.0 era era appears to be this,appears to be this,• that they have embraced the power of the web to harness that they have embraced the power of the web to harness

collective intelligencecollective intelligence::

Yahoo!,Yahoo!, Web 1.0Web 1.0 success story, was born as a success story, was born as a catalog/directoryof linkscatalog/directoryof links, an aggregation of the best work of , an aggregation of the best work of thousands, then millions of web users. thousands, then millions of web users.

Yahoo!Yahoo! Web 2.0Web 2.0 - business of creating many types of content, a - business of creating many types of content, a portal to the collective work of the net's users remains the core portal to the collective work of the net's users remains the core of its value. of its value.

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AmazonAmazon and and Barnesandnoble.comBarnesandnoble.com sell :- sell :-

• the same products the same products

• they receive the same product descriptions, cover images, they receive the same product descriptions, cover images,

and editorial content from their vendors. and editorial content from their vendors.

But But AmazonAmazon has made a science of user engagement. has made a science of user engagement.

• more user reviews, more user reviews,

• invitations to participate in varied ways on virtually every invitations to participate in varied ways on virtually every

page.page.

• use user activity to produce better search results. use user activity to produce better search results.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Barnesandnoble.com:-Barnesandnoble.com:-

• search is likely to lead with the company's own search is likely to lead with the company's own

products, or sponsored results. products, or sponsored results.

With an order of magnitude With an order of magnitude more user participationmore user participation, ,

it's no surprise that Amazon's sales also outpace it's no surprise that Amazon's sales also outpace

competitors. competitors.

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Now, innovative companies that pick up on this insight Now, innovative companies that pick up on this insight and perhaps extend it even further, are making their and perhaps extend it even further, are making their mark on the web:mark on the web:

WikipediaWikipedia, an online encyclopedia based on the , an online encyclopedia based on the unlikely notion that unlikely notion that an entry can be added by any web an entry can be added by any web user, and edited by any otheruser, and edited by any other, , is a radical experiment is a radical experiment in trust, in trust,

This is a profound change in the dynamics of content This is a profound change in the dynamics of content creationcreation! – ! – Information is transitionalInformation is transitional

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 Sites like Sites like del.icio.usdel.icio.us and and Flickr Flickr, two companies that have , two companies that have

received a great deal of attention of late, have pioneered a received a great deal of attention of late, have pioneered a concept that some people call - concept that some people call - folksonomyfolksonomy • Classifying Web sites by the Classifying Web sites by the user communityuser community rather than by rather than by taxonomy taxonomy

professionals. professionals.

• provide a provide a democratic tagging systemdemocratic tagging system that reflects the opinions of the that reflects the opinions of the general publicgeneral public

• a style of a style of collaborative categorizationcollaborative categorization of sites using of sites using freely chosen freely chosen keywords – Bully, Malaysia, studentskeywords – Bully, Malaysia, students, often referred to , often referred to as tagsas tags. .

a a taxonomy (controlled vocabularytaxonomy (controlled vocabulary ) in that the authors of the ) in that the authors of the labeling system are often the main users (and sometimes labeling system are often the main users (and sometimes originators) of the content to which the labels are applied. originators) of the content to which the labels are applied.

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Photoblog from www.flickr.com

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Photoblog from www.flickr.com

Comments rt44man    says:Happy Anniversary to you. By the time I came along you were already putting great photos on flickr. I love your shots, they are full of color, spunk, and feeling. I can tell you are having fun, cause it shows in your photos. Hope you have another super year. Congratualtions.Posted 5 days ago. ( permalink )

jazza5629    says:Stunning shot, i found this on the four aces page, read your comment on it and fell in love with it, what a superb capture! make that 1983 people who count you as a contact now!Instant fav, love the colours.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 FolksonomyFolksonomy- a style of collaborative categorization of - a style of collaborative categorization of

sites using sites using freely chosen keywordsfreely chosen keywords, often referred to , often referred to as tagsas tags. .

Tagging allows for the kind of multiple, overlapping Tagging allows for the kind of multiple, overlapping associations that the brain itself uses, rather than rigid associations that the brain itself uses, rather than rigid categories. categories.

In the canonical example, In the canonical example, a Flickr photo of a puppya Flickr photo of a puppy might be tagged might be tagged both "puppy" and "cuteboth "puppy" and "cute"--allowing for "--allowing for retrieval along natural axes generated user activity retrieval along natural axes generated user activity

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 What are tags?What are tags?

You can give your photos a "tag", which is like a You can give your photos a "tag", which is like a keyword. keyword.

Tags help you find photos which have something in Tags help you find photos which have something in common. common.

You can assign as many tags as you wish to each You can assign as many tags as you wish to each photo.photo.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Tags : Wild, Dolphins, Pico, South Pico

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Blogging and the Wisdom of Crowds Blogging and the Wisdom of Crowds

A A weblogweblog, which is usually shortened to , which is usually shortened to blogblog, is a , is a

type of website where entries are made (such as in a type of website where entries are made (such as in a

journal or diaryjournal or diary), ), displayed in a reverse chronological displayed in a reverse chronological

order.order.

Blogs often provide Blogs often provide commentary or news and commentary or news and

informationinformation on a on a particular subjectparticular subject, such as food, , such as food,

politics, or local news; some function as more politics, or local news; some function as more

personal online diaries. personal online diaries.

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A typical A typical blogblog combines combines text, images, and links to text, images, and links to

other blogs, web pagesother blogs, web pages, and other media related to its , and other media related to its

topic. topic.

Most blogs are primarily textual although some focus Most blogs are primarily textual although some focus

on:-on:-

• photographs (photographs (photoblogphotoblog), ),

• videos (videos (vlogvlog), ),

• audio (audio (podcastingpodcasting).- ).-

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Web 2.0Web 2.0http://www.technorati.com/pop/

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Social Software and theSocial Software and theDemocratization of ContentDemocratization of Content

classblogmeister.comclassblogmeister.com: edublogging tool: edublogging tool flickr.com: photo blogging communityflickr.com: photo blogging community epnweb.orgepnweb.org: education podcast network: education podcast network blip.tvblip.tv: make your own video blog: make your own video blog youtube.comyoutube.com: 100 m videos downloaded : 100 m videos downloaded dailydaily

Common thread: Common thread: Online communities where peopleOnline communities where peopleare are actively encouraged to use actively encouraged to use

and share each other’s original contentand share each other’s original content

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Content Production:Content Production:Everybody’s Doin’ ItEverybody’s Doin’ It

48 mil48 mil Americans have posted content online Americans have posted content online One in 12 Internet users publish a blogOne in 12 Internet users publish a blog One in four have shared original contentOne in four have shared original content Young people more likely to post contentYoung people more likely to post content Race, income, education less of a factorRace, income, education less of a factor Latinos, African Americans slightly Latinos, African Americans slightly more likelymore likely to to

post online content than whitespost online content than whitesSource: Pew Internet & American Life Project, Source: Pew Internet & American Life Project,

Home Broadband Adoption 2006Home Broadband Adoption 2006

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Online Social NetworksOnline Social Networks

Websites that focus on communityWebsites that focus on community

Encourage interaction, discussion, debateEncourage interaction, discussion, debate

Public member profilesPublic member profiles

User-generated contentUser-generated content

Often target specific audiencesOften target specific audiences

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We’ve All Heard of This….We’ve All Heard of This….

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But What About This?But What About This?

Web 2.0Web 2.0 5353

Or This?Or This?

Web 2.0Web 2.0 5454

Or This?Or This?

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Web 2.0Web 2.01.http://www.mycen.com.my/search/blog.html

2.http://educationmalaysia.blogspot.com/

3.http://www.shahrir-umno.blogspot.com/

4.http://medicine.com.my/wp/

5.http://classblogmeister.com/

6.http://www.jeffooi.com/

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 Personal home pages, personal diary and daily Personal home pages, personal diary and daily

opinion column opinion column have been around since the early days have been around since the early days of the web of the web

One of the things that has made a difference is a One of the things that has made a difference is a technology called technology called RSSRSS. .

RSSRSS allows someone to link not just to a page, but to allows someone to link not just to a page, but to subscribesubscribe to it, with to it, with notificationnotification every time that page every time that page

changes.changes.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 File extensionFile extension :: .rss, .xml.rss, .xml

MIME type MIME type :: application/rss+xmlapplication/rss+xml

Type of formatType of format :: SyndicationSyndication

Extended fromExtended from :: XMLXML

Skrenta calls this "Skrenta calls this "the incremental webthe incremental web." Others call it ." Others call it the "the "live weblive web". ". • Today: 60-100 million+ blogs onlineToday: 60-100 million+ blogs online

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

On Web pages, web feeds (RSS or Atom) are On Web pages, web feeds (RSS or Atom) are typically linked with the word "Subscribe", an typically linked with the word "Subscribe", an orange rectangleorange rectangle or with the letters or with the letters or . or .

Many news aggregators such as My Yahoo! publish Many news aggregators such as My Yahoo! publish subscription buttons subscription buttons for use on Web for use on Web

pages to simplify the process of adding news feedspages to simplify the process of adding news feeds

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 Podcasting & VloggingPodcasting & Vlogging

Vlogging: blogs with video contentVlogging: blogs with video content

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

vblog from www.flickr.com

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 RSSRSS is a type of is a type of web feedweb feed. .

RSS delivers its information as an RSS delivers its information as an XML fileXML file called an called an "RSS feed", "webfeed", "RSS stream", or "RSS "RSS feed", "webfeed", "RSS stream", or "RSS channel". channel".

These RSS feeds provide a way for These RSS feeds provide a way for users to passively users to passively receive newly released contentreceive newly released content (such as (such as texttext, , web web pagespages, , sound filessound files, or , or other mediaother media); this might be the ); this might be the full content itself or just a link to it, possibly with a full content itself or just a link to it, possibly with a summary or other metadata (data describing the summary or other metadata (data describing the content). content).

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 RSS is now being used RSS is now being used to push not just notices of new to push not just notices of new

blog entries, but also all kinds of data updates, blog entries, but also all kinds of data updates, including stock quotes, weather data, and photo including stock quotes, weather data, and photo availabilityavailability. .

RSS was born in 1997 out of the confluence of Dave RSS was born in 1997 out of the confluence of Dave Winer's "Winer's "Really Simple SyndicationReally Simple Syndication" technology, used " technology, used to push out blog updates.to push out blog updates.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 An An RSSRSS feed is thus a much stronger link than, say a feed is thus a much stronger link than, say a

bookmark or a link to a single page bookmark or a link to a single page

RSS also means that the RSS also means that the web browser (My Yahoo!)web browser (My Yahoo!) is is not the only means of viewing a web page. not the only means of viewing a web page.

While some While some RSS aggregatorsRSS aggregators, such as :, such as :

BloglinesBloglines, , are web-based,are web-based,

others are desktop clients, others are desktop clients,

Yahoo! MobileYahoo! Mobile - portable devices allows - portable devices allows to subscribe to subscribe to constantly updated content.to constantly updated content.

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The syndicated content an aggregator will The syndicated content an aggregator will retrieve and interpret is usually supplied in the retrieve and interpret is usually supplied in the form of form of RSSRSS or other or other XML-formatted dataXML-formatted data

http://www.newsonfeeds.com/faq/aggregatorshttp://www.newsonfeeds.com/faq/aggregators

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 Dynamic websitesDynamic websites (i.e., database-backed sites with (i.e., database-backed sites with

dynamically generated content) replaced static web dynamically generated content) replaced static web pages well over ten years ago.pages well over ten years ago.

What's dynamic about the What's dynamic about the live weblive web are not just the are not just the pages, pages, but the linksbut the links. .

A link to a weblog is expected to point to a A link to a weblog is expected to point to a perennially changing pageperennially changing page,, with " with "permalinkspermalinks" for any " for any individual entry,individual entry, and and notification for each changenotification for each change. .

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 Tom Coates remarks on Tom Coates remarks on the significance of the the significance of the

permalinkpermalink:: It may seem like a trivial piece of functionality now, but It may seem like a trivial piece of functionality now, but

it was effectively the device that turned it was effectively the device that turned weblogsweblogs from from an ease-of-publishing phenomenon into a an ease-of-publishing phenomenon into a conversational mess of overlapping communitiesconversational mess of overlapping communities. .

For the first time it became For the first time it became relatively easyrelatively easy to to gesture gesture directly at a highly specific post on someone else's directly at a highly specific post on someone else's site and talk about it. site and talk about it.

Discussion emerged. Chat emergedDiscussion emerged. Chat emerged. And - as a result . And - as a result - friendships emerged or became more entrenched. - friendships emerged or became more entrenched.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 The permalink was the first - and most successful - The permalink was the first - and most successful -

attempt to build bridges between weblogs.attempt to build bridges between weblogs.

Permalink example.pngPermalink example.png - # - #

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Permalink example.pngPermalink example.png - # - # permanent URLspermanent URLs to your individual weblog posts, as to your individual weblog posts, as

well as categories and other lists of weblog postings. well as categories and other lists of weblog postings.

is what another weblogger will use to refer to your is what another weblogger will use to refer to your article (or section), or how you might send a link to article (or section), or how you might send a link to your story in an e-mail messageyour story in an e-mail message

once a story is posted, the URL to it should be once a story is posted, the URL to it should be permanentpermanent, and never change. Hence the "perma" in , and never change. Hence the "perma" in

the name. .the name. .

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 Permalink is made by contracting the phrase Permalink is made by contracting the phrase

""permapermanent nent linklink".".

A A permalinkpermalink is a term used in the world of is a term used in the world of blogging to blogging to indicate a URL which points to a specific blog entryindicate a URL which points to a specific blog entry. .

A permalink is accessible even after the entry has A permalink is accessible even after the entry has passed from the passed from the front pagefront page and into the and into the blog archivesblog archives. .

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 The permanent The permanent URLs createdURLs created are often simple and human- are often simple and human-

readable to ease the process of linking to a particular entry and readable to ease the process of linking to a particular entry and

are designed within blogging software are designed within blogging software to remain unchanged to remain unchanged

indefinitelyindefinitely so as to help prevent link rot. so as to help prevent link rot.

The practice is utilized by mainstream news and other types of The practice is utilized by mainstream news and other types of

websites as well, although the term permalink is most common websites as well, although the term permalink is most common

within the blogosphere. within the blogosphere.

Permalinks are supported in most modern Permalinks are supported in most modern weblogging and weblogging and

content syndication software systemscontent syndication software systems, including , including Movable Type, Movable Type,

LiveJournal, and Blogger LiveJournal, and Blogger

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 Not only can people subscribe to each others' sites, Not only can people subscribe to each others' sites,

and easily link to individual comments on a page, but and easily link to individual comments on a page, but also, via a mechanism known asalso, via a mechanism known as trackbacks trackbacks, they can , they can see when anyone else links to their pages, and can see when anyone else links to their pages, and can respond, either with reciprocal links, or by adding respond, either with reciprocal links, or by adding

commentscomments http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Web 2.0Web 2.0 8484

Web 2.0Web 2.0 3. Data is the Next Intel Inside3. Data is the Next Intel Inside

Every significant internet application to date has been backed Every significant internet application to date has been backed by a by a specialized databasespecialized database: :

Google's Google's web crawlweb crawl, ,

Yahoo!'s directory (and Yahoo!'s directory (and web crawlweb crawl), ),

Amazon's Amazon's database of productsdatabase of products,,

eBay's eBay's database of products and sellersdatabase of products and sellers, ,

MapQuest's MapQuest's map databases,map databases,

Napster's Napster's distributed song databasedistributed song database. .

Database management is a core competency of Web 2.0 Database management is a core competency of Web 2.0 companies.companies.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 This fact leads to a key question: This fact leads to a key question:

Who owns the data?Who owns the data?• In the internet era, one can already see a number of cases In the internet era, one can already see a number of cases

where where control over the databasecontrol over the database has led to market control has led to market control and outsized financial returnsand outsized financial returns. .

• The monopoly on The monopoly on domain name registrydomain name registry initially granted by initially granted by government fiat to Network Solutions (later purchased by government fiat to Network Solutions (later purchased by Verisign) was one of the first great moneymakers of the Verisign) was one of the first great moneymakers of the internet.internet.

• www.durian.com.mywww.durian.com.my

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 NAVTEQNAVTEQ (NYSE: (NYSE: NVTNVT )provides )provides data of Geographic data of Geographic

Information Systems (GIS)Information Systems (GIS) data used in a wide data used in a wide range of applications, including automotive navigation range of applications, including automotive navigation systems and web-based applications, such as systems and web-based applications, such as • Google Maps, Google Maps, • Yahoo! Maps and Yahoo! Maps and • MapQuest. MapQuest.

• Its main rival is the Dutch company Its main rival is the Dutch company Tele AtlasTele Atlas..

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 The now hotly contested The now hotly contested web mappingweb mapping arena arena

demonstrates how a failure to understand the demonstrates how a failure to understand the importance of owning an importance of owning an application's core dataapplication's core data will will eventually undercut its competitive position. eventually undercut its competitive position.

MapQuest MapQuest pioneered the web mapping categorypioneered the web mapping category

1995, yet when Yahoo!, and then Microsoft, and most 1995, yet when Yahoo!, and then Microsoft, and most recently Google, decided to enter the market, they recently Google, decided to enter the market, they were easily able to offer a competing application were easily able to offer a competing application simply by simply by licensing the same datalicensing the same data..

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 The recent introduction of Google Maps provides a living The recent introduction of Google Maps provides a living

laboratory for the competition between laboratory for the competition between application vendorsapplication vendors and and

their data supplierstheir data suppliers. .

Google's lightweight programming model has led to the creation Google's lightweight programming model has led to the creation

of numerous value-added services in the form of of numerous value-added services in the form of mashupsmashups that that

link Google Maps with other internet-accessible data sources.link Google Maps with other internet-accessible data sources.

Paul Rademacher's Paul Rademacher's housingmaps.comhousingmaps.com, which combines , which combines

Google Maps with Google Maps with Craigslist Craigslist apartment rental and home apartment rental and home

purchase data to create an interactive housing search tool, is purchase data to create an interactive housing search tool, is

the pre-eminent example of such a the pre-eminent example of such a mashupmashup. .

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

A A mashupmashup is a website or is a website or Web 2.0 applicationWeb 2.0 application that that

uses content from more than one source to create a uses content from more than one source to create a

completely new service. completely new service.

This is akin to This is akin to transclusiontransclusion - In computer science, is - In computer science, is

the inclusion of part of a document into another the inclusion of part of a document into another

document by reference document by reference

Content used in mashups is typically sourced from a Content used in mashups is typically sourced from a

third party via a public interface or API. third party via a public interface or API.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Other methods of Other methods of sourcing contentsourcing content for for mashups mashups

include Web feeds (e.g. include Web feeds (e.g. RSSRSS or Atom) and or Atom) and

JavaScriptJavaScript..

An example is An example is Diggdot.usDiggdot.us, combines feeds from the , combines feeds from the

techie-oriented news sources techie-oriented news sources

• Digg.comDigg.com, ,

• Slashdot.org,Slashdot.org, and and

• Del.icio.usDel.icio.us, , reddig.comreddig.com..

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Digg.comDigg.com What is Digg?What is Digg? User driven social content websiteUser driven social content website. . Everything on digg is submitted by the digg user Everything on digg is submitted by the digg user

community (that would be you). community (that would be you). Other digg users read your submission and digg what Other digg users read your submission and digg what

they like best. they like best. If your story rocks and receives enough diggs, it is If your story rocks and receives enough diggs, it is

promoted to the front page for the millions of digg promoted to the front page for the millions of digg visitors to see.visitors to see.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 What can you do as a digg user? What can you do as a digg user? Every digg user can Every digg user can diggdigg (help promote), (help promote), burybury (help (help

remove spam), and remove spam), and comment on storiescomment on stories... you ... you can can even digg and bury comments you like or dislikeeven digg and bury comments you like or dislike. .

Digg also allows you to track your friends' activity Digg also allows you to track your friends' activity throughout the site — want to share a video or news throughout the site — want to share a video or news story with a friend? story with a friend?

Digg it!Digg it!

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

4. End of the Software Release Cycle4. End of the Software Release Cycle The main characteristics of The main characteristics of Internet era softwareInternet era software is is

that it is delivered as athat it is delivered as a serviceservice, , not as a productnot as a product. .

This fact leads to a number of fundamental changes in This fact leads to a number of fundamental changes in the business model of such a company:the business model of such a company:

Operations must become a core competencyOperations must become a core competency..

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Google's or Yahoo!'s expertise in product Google's or Yahoo!'s expertise in product development must be matched by an expertise development must be matched by an expertise in daily operations. in daily operations.

So fundamental is the shift from software as So fundamental is the shift from software as artifact to artifact to software as servicesoftware as service that that the the software will cease to perform unless it is software will cease to perform unless it is maintained on a daily basismaintained on a daily basis. .

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Google must continuously:Google must continuously:• crawl the web andcrawl the web and update its indicesupdate its indices,,

• filter out link spamfilter out link spam and other attempts to influence and other attempts to influence its results, its results,

• and dynamically respond to and dynamically respond to hundreds of millions of hundreds of millions of asynchronous user queriesasynchronous user queries, , simultaneously simultaneously matching them with context-appropriate matching them with context-appropriate advertisementsadvertisements. .

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

It's no accident that:It's no accident that:• Google's system administration, Google's system administration,

• Networking,Networking,

• load balancing techniques are perhaps even more load balancing techniques are perhaps even more closely guarded secrets than their search closely guarded secrets than their search algorithms. algorithms.

• Google's Google's success at automating these processessuccess at automating these processes is is a key part of their a key part of their cost advantage over competitors. cost advantage over competitors.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 It's also no accident that It's also no accident that scripting languagesscripting languages such as: such as:

• Perl, Perl,

• Python, Python,

• PHP, and now PHP, and now

• Ruby, play such a largeRuby, play such a large role at web 2.0 companiesrole at web 2.0 companies. .

Dynamic languages (often called scripting languages and Dynamic languages (often called scripting languages and

looked down on by the software engineers of the era of looked down on by the software engineers of the era of

software artifacts) are the tool of choice for system and network software artifacts) are the tool of choice for system and network

administrators, as well as application developers building administrators, as well as application developers building

dynamic systems that require constant changedynamic systems that require constant change..

Web 2.0Web 2.0 100100

Web 2.0Web 2.0 Users must be treated as co-developersUsers must be treated as co-developers, ,

Software - "release early and release often" in fact has Software - "release early and release often" in fact has morphed into an even more radical position, "the morphed into an even more radical position, "the perpetual beta," in which the product is developed in perpetual beta," in which the product is developed in the open, with the open, with new featuresnew features slip streamed in on slip streamed in on a a monthly, weekly, or even daily basis. monthly, weekly, or even daily basis.

It's no accident that services such as Gmail, Google It's no accident that services such as Gmail, Google Maps, Flickr, del.icio.us, and the like may be expected Maps, Flickr, del.icio.us, and the like may be expected to bear a "to bear a "BetaBeta" logo for years at a time. " logo for years at a time.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0 Real time monitoring of user behaviorReal time monitoring of user behavior to see just to see just

which new features are used, and how they are used, which new features are used, and how they are used, thus becomes another required core competency. thus becomes another required core competency.

A web developer at a major online service remarked: A web developer at a major online service remarked: "We "We put up two or three new features on some part put up two or three new features on some part of the site every dayof the site every day, and if users don't adopt them, , and if users don't adopt them, we take them down. we take them down.

If they like them, we roll them out to the entire site."If they like them, we roll them out to the entire site."

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

ZDnet editorial concluded that ZDnet editorial concluded that Microsoft won't Microsoft won't be able to beat Googlebe able to beat Google: : • "Microsoft's business model depends on everyone "Microsoft's business model depends on everyone

upgrading their computing environment upgrading their computing environment every two to every two to three yearsthree years. .

• Google's depends on everyone exploring what's Google's depends on everyone exploring what's new in their computing environment new in their computing environment every dayevery day." ."

Web 2.0Web 2.0 103103

Web 2.0Web 2.0

A A wikiwiki is a type of website that allows visitors to is a type of website that allows visitors to • easily add, easily add,

• remove, remove,

• or otherwise edit and change some available or otherwise edit and change some available content, content,

• sometimes without the need for registration. sometimes without the need for registration.

This ease of interaction and operation makes a This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for collaborative authoring. wiki an effective tool for collaborative authoring.

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

The term wiki can also refer toThe term wiki can also refer to• the the collaborative software itselfcollaborative software itself ( (wiki enginewiki engine) that ) that

facilitates the operation of such a website (facilitates the operation of such a website (see wiki see wiki softwaresoftware), ),

• or to certain or to certain specific wiki sitesspecific wiki sites, including the , including the computer science site (and original wiki), computer science site (and original wiki), WikiWikiWeb, and WikiWikiWeb, and

• the the online encyclopediasonline encyclopedias such as Wikipedia. such as Wikipedia.

Web 2.0Web 2.0 105105

Web 2.0Web 2.0 The first wiki, The first wiki, WikiWikiWebWikiWikiWeb, is named after the "Wiki , is named after the "Wiki

Wiki" line of Wiki" line of ChanceChance RT-52 busesRT-52 buses in Honolulu in Honolulu International Airport,International Airport,

Hawaii. ("Wiki wiki" means "Hawaii. ("Wiki wiki" means "quickquick" or "" or "hurryhurry" in " in Hawai'ian, a type of fish native to the islands). Hawai'ian, a type of fish native to the islands).

It was created in 1994 and installed on the web in It was created in 1994 and installed on the web in 1995 by 1995 by Ward CunninghamWard Cunningham, who also created the , who also created the

Portland Pattern RepositoryPortland Pattern Repository..

Web 2.0Web 2.0 106106

The Wiki RevolutionThe Wiki Revolution

Online workspaces where anyone can Online workspaces where anyone can read, read, write, edit documentswrite, edit documents

Previous edits Previous edits trackabletrackable; virtual “paper trail”; virtual “paper trail” Encourages Encourages group collaborationgroup collaboration Wiki = Hawaiian for “Wiki = Hawaiian for “quickquick”” Wiki Wiki People MoverWiki Wiki People Mover Examples: Examples: PBWiki.comPBWiki.com, , MediaWikiMediaWiki

Web 2.0Web 2.0 107107

The Wild World of WikipediaThe Wild World of Wikipedia

The world’s largest The world’s largest encyclopediaencyclopedia

Launched in 2001Launched in 2001 1,000,000+ entries in 1,000,000+ entries in

200+ languages200+ languages A magnet for A magnet for

controversycontroversy

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The Central IssueThe Central Issue

ProPro: : • Anyone can create or edit Wikipedia Anyone can create or edit Wikipedia

entriesentries

ConCon: : • Anyone can create or edit Wikipedia Anyone can create or edit Wikipedia

entriesentries

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Wikis and Free Speech:Wikipedia and ChinaWikis and Free Speech:Wikipedia and China

Chinese Wikipedia Chinese Wikipedia grows rapidlygrows rapidly

Chinese Chinese government keeps government keeps blocking itblocking it

Officials upset Officials upset Wikipedia doesn’t Wikipedia doesn’t reflect official linereflect official line

Web 2.0Web 2.0 110110

A Threat to One-Party Rule?A Threat to One-Party Rule?

““Foreign media reports suggest that as many as Foreign media reports suggest that as many as 1,000 protestors were killed.”1,000 protestors were killed.”

Neutral statement of fact - Neutral statement of fact - or disseminating subversive propaganda?or disseminating subversive propaganda?

Web 2.0Web 2.0 111111

Give-it-away, Give-it-away,Give-it-away, Give-it-away,Give-it-away NowGive-it-away Now

Wikipedia allows anyone to copy, edit, Wikipedia allows anyone to copy, edit, disseminate content for any purposedisseminate content for any purpose

Content copied by other sites, eg Content copied by other sites, eg answers.comanswers.com

When Wikipedia is When Wikipedia is updatedupdated, , other copies other copies not necessarily updated promptlynot necessarily updated promptly

Concern: You could cite three separate Concern: You could cite three separate online sources - all originating from online sources - all originating from WikipediaWikipedia

Web 2.0Web 2.0 112112

Potential Solutions?Potential Solutions?

Requiring multiple citations for Requiring multiple citations for everythingeverything

Discouraging anonymous Wikipedians Discouraging anonymous Wikipedians

(but what about wiki dissidents?)(but what about wiki dissidents?)

Highlighting entries vetted by expertsHighlighting entries vetted by experts

The eBay model: allowing users to rank entries, The eBay model: allowing users to rank entries,

Wikipedians according to trust, accuracyWikipedians according to trust, accuracy

Web 2.0Web 2.0 113113

If You Can’t Beat ‘em....If You Can’t Beat ‘em....

Wikipedia as research exerciseWikipedia as research exercise

Assign Wikipedia entries to studentsAssign Wikipedia entries to students

Students examine entries’ accuracyStudents examine entries’ accuracy

Use multiple sources to correct entriesUse multiple sources to correct entries

““Final” version given seal of approvalFinal” version given seal of approval

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More Pedias Than You Can Shake a Stick AtMore Pedias Than You Can Shake a Stick At

Wiki software often Wiki software often free or open sourcefree or open source Thousands of wikis now onlineThousands of wikis now online

• BuffalopediaBuffalopedia• TurkopediaTurkopedia• GolfopediaGolfopedia• EthiopediaEthiopedia• Jazzopedia...Jazzopedia...

Supportblogging.com: Wiki on edubloggingSupportblogging.com: Wiki on edublogging

Content created for the community, Content created for the community,

by the communityby the community

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Whom Do You Trust in a Whom Do You Trust in a World of Open Content?World of Open Content?

Recent wiki controversies make educators Recent wiki controversies make educators

nervousnervous

Many users don’t know wikis are a work-in-Many users don’t know wikis are a work-in-

progressprogress

Delaware Supreme Court: blogs, online forums Delaware Supreme Court: blogs, online forums

inherently “untrustworthy”inherently “untrustworthy”

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What’s More Reliable?What’s More Reliable?

Is offline content “better” than Is offline content “better” than online content?online content?

Are lines blurring?Are lines blurring?

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What’s Next? What’s Next? Web 3.0, of course!Web 3.0, of course!

The read/write/execute WebThe read/write/execute Web

Users executing their own scriptsUsers executing their own scripts

Tools that let you build online, create softwareTools that let you build online, create software

Immersive virtual environments, user controlledImmersive virtual environments, user controlled

Example: Example: Second LifeSecond Life

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Web 2.0Web 2.0

Web 2.0Web 2.0 119119

Web 2.0Web 2.0

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Are Schools Ready?Are Schools Ready?The Jury’s Still OutThe Jury’s Still Out

Many schoolsMany schools just getting comfy with just getting comfy with Web 1.0Web 1.0 Blogs sometimes get bad pressBlogs sometimes get bad press Congress: ForceCongress: Force schools to filter Web 2.0 sitesschools to filter Web 2.0 sites Districts blocking Blogger.com, MySpace, WikipediaDistricts blocking Blogger.com, MySpace, Wikipedia Wikipedia now blocking school districts!Wikipedia now blocking school districts! Established Web 2.0 education projects popular Established Web 2.0 education projects popular

overseas, not here (overseas, not here (CyberfairCyberfair, , IEARNIEARN, , ThinkQuestThinkQuest)) Web 2.0 projects are inherently constructivistWeb 2.0 projects are inherently constructivist But does NCLB (But does NCLB (NoNo Child Left BehindChild Left Behind)) Act Act make make

them irrelevant?them irrelevant?

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PBS learning.now www.pbs.org/learningnow PBS learning.now www.pbs.org/learningnow The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)

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Thanks!Thanks!

Andy CarvinAndy Carvinandycarvin@yahoo.comandycarvin@yahoo.com

www.pbs.org/learningnowwww.pbs.org/learningnowwww.andycarvin.comwww.andycarvin.comebook.telecentre.orgebook.telecentre.org

Presentation:Presentation:www.andycarvin.com/buffalo.pptwww.andycarvin.com/buffalo.ppt