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Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Wearable Computing Wearable Computing

Wearable Computing

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Wearable Computing

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Chapter 1:Chapter 1:Wearable ComputingWearable Computing

Wearable ComputingWearable Computing IntroductionIntroductionOperational modes of wearable computingOperational modes of wearable computingSix attributes of wearable computingSix attributes of wearable computingFundamental issuesFundamental issuesAspects of wearable computing and Aspects of wearable computing and

personal empowermentpersonal empowerment

IntroductionIntroduction Wearable computer:Wearable computer:

a computer, worn and controlled by a user, that is a computer, worn and controlled by a user, that is always onalways on and and always accessiblealways accessible..

user can always enter and execute commands, even user can always enter and execute commands, even while walking around or doing other activities.while walking around or doing other activities.

reconfigurable as the familiar desktop reconfigurable as the familiar desktop intertwined with its wearer – human & computer intertwined with its wearer – human & computer

synergy.synergy. has has threethree basic modes of operation and basic modes of operation and sixsix

fundamental attributes.fundamental attributes.

Operational modes of wearable Operational modes of wearable computingcomputing

Three basic modes of operations:Three basic modes of operations:ConstancyConstancyAugmentationAugmentationMediationMediation

Operational modes of wearable Operational modes of wearable computingcomputing

Constancy:Constancy: the computer runs continuously, and is the computer runs continuously, and is

always readyalways ready to interact with the user. to interact with the user. it doesn’t need to be opened up and turned on it doesn’t need to be opened up and turned on

prior to use like laptop. prior to use like laptop. the signal flow from human to computer, and the signal flow from human to computer, and

computer to human, runs continuously to computer to human, runs continuously to provide a constant user interface (provide a constant user interface (figure 1). ).

Figure 1Figure 1

Operational modes of wearable Operational modes of wearable computingcomputing

Augmentation:Augmentation:wearable computing is based on the notion wearable computing is based on the notion

that computing is that computing is NOTNOT the primary task. the primary task. assumption: assumption:

the user will be doing something else at the same the user will be doing something else at the same time as doing the computing and the computer time as doing the computing and the computer should serve to augment the intellect, or augment should serve to augment the intellect, or augment the senses (the senses (figure 2). ).

Figure 2Figure 2

Operational modes of wearable Operational modes of wearable computingcomputing

Mediation (Agreement):Mediation (Agreement): the wearable computer can encapsulate us (the wearable computer can encapsulate us (

figure 3). ). need not to completely enclose us but greater need not to completely enclose us but greater

than portable computer.than portable computer. two aspects to this encapsulation:two aspects to this encapsulation:

solitudesolitudeprivacyprivacy

Figure 3Figure 3

Operational modes of wearable Operational modes of wearable computingcomputing

Solitude (lonely):Solitude (lonely): function as an information filter, and allow us function as an information filter, and allow us

to block out material we might not wish to to block out material we might not wish to experience.experience.

Privacy:Privacy:block or modify information leaving our block or modify information leaving our

encapsulated space. encapsulated space.

Operational modes of wearable Operational modes of wearable computingcomputing

Mediation (cont…):Mediation (cont…):To make the signal flow more explicit, the To make the signal flow more explicit, the

computer and human are depicted as two computer and human are depicted as two separate entities within an optional protective separate entities within an optional protective shell, which may be removed or partially shell, which may be removed or partially removed if a mixture of augmented and removed if a mixture of augmented and mediated interaction is desired (mediated interaction is desired (figure 4). ).

Figure 4Figure 4

Operational modes of wearable Operational modes of wearable computingcomputing

Wearable computing is a framework for enabling Wearable computing is a framework for enabling various degrees of each of these three various degrees of each of these three fundamental modes of operation.fundamental modes of operation.

The space of possible signal flows giving rise to The space of possible signal flows giving rise to this entire space of possibilities (this entire space of possibilities (figure 5).).

The signal paths typically each, in fact, include The signal paths typically each, in fact, include multiple signals, hence multiple parallel signal multiple signals, hence multiple parallel signal paths are depicted in paths are depicted in figure 5 to make this to make this plurality of signals explicit. plurality of signals explicit.

Figure 5Figure 5

Six attributes of wearable computingSix attributes of wearable computing

Attributes = Signal Paths.Attributes = Signal Paths.Six of them from human's point of view:Six of them from human's point of view:

Unmonopolizing Unmonopolizing Unrestrictive Unrestrictive Observable Observable Controllable Controllable Attentive Attentive Communicative Communicative

Unmonopolizing Unmonopolizing of the user's attention of the user's attention

Doesn’t cut you off from the outside world Doesn’t cut you off from the outside world like a virtual reality game.like a virtual reality game.

Do other things while using the apparatus.Do other things while using the apparatus.Computing is secondary activity, not the Computing is secondary activity, not the

main focus.main focus.Provide mediation to sensory capabilities Provide mediation to sensory capabilities

(augment, alter, diminish).(augment, alter, diminish).

UnrestrictiveUnrestrictive to the user to the user

Ambulatory, mobile, roving.Ambulatory, mobile, roving.Can do other things while using it.Can do other things while using it.

E.g.: typing while jogging E.g.: typing while jogging

ObservableObservable by the user by the user

Can get your attention continuously if Can get your attention continuously if necessary (constantly perceptible).necessary (constantly perceptible).

Within reasonable limits.Within reasonable limits.E.g.: Might not see the screen while blink or E.g.: Might not see the screen while blink or

look away momentarily. look away momentarily.

ControllableControllable by the user by the user

Responsive: Responsive: can grab control of it at any time. can grab control of it at any time. can manually override automatic process and can manually override automatic process and

take control.take control.E.g.: a big HALT button, for use when an E.g.: a big HALT button, for use when an

application mindlessly opens all 50 documents that application mindlessly opens all 50 documents that were highlighted when you accidentally pressed were highlighted when you accidentally pressed Enter, would make a computer more Enter, would make a computer more controllablecontrollable

ControllableControllable by the userby the user

Infinitely-often-controllable: Infinitely-often-controllable: there is always a potential for manual override there is always a potential for manual override

which need not be always exercised.which need not be always exercised.

AttentiveAttentive to the environment to the environment

Environmentally aware, multimodal, multi-Environmentally aware, multimodal, multi-sensory. (this ultimately increases the sensory. (this ultimately increases the user's situational awareness). user's situational awareness).

CommunicativeCommunicative to others to others

Can be used as a communications Can be used as a communications medium whenever necessary.medium whenever necessary.

Expressive: Expressive: allows the wearer to be expressive through allows the wearer to be expressive through

the medium.the medium.Either a Either a direct communications mediumdirect communications medium to to

others, or as means of assisting the others, or as means of assisting the production of production of expressive mediaexpressive media (artistic or (artistic or otherwise) otherwise)

Six attributes of wearable computingSix attributes of wearable computing

Implied by the stated six properties is that Implied by the stated six properties is that it must also be: it must also be: ConstantConstantPersonalPersonal

ConstantConstantAlways on, running, and ready.Always on, running, and ready.May have "sleep modes" but is never May have "sleep modes" but is never

"dead” "dead”

PersonalPersonal Human and computer are easily intertwinedHuman and computer are easily intertwined Prosthetic: Prosthetic:

a device, either external or implanted, that substitutes for a device, either external or implanted, that substitutes for or supplements a missing or defective part of the body.or supplements a missing or defective part of the body.

can adapt to it so that it acts as a true extension of mind can adapt to it so that it acts as a true extension of mind and body.and body.

after time you forget that you are wearing it. after time you forget that you are wearing it. Assertive: Assertive:

resists, if you wish, prohibition or requests by others for resists, if you wish, prohibition or requests by others for removal.removal.

PersonalPersonalPrivate: Private:

others can't observe or control it unless you others can't observe or control it unless you let them. let them.

others can't determine system status unless others can't determine system status unless you want them to.you want them to.E.g.: e.g. the clerk at the refund counter in a E.g.: e.g. the clerk at the refund counter in a

department store where photography is prohibited department store where photography is prohibited can't tell whether or not you are transmitting can't tell whether or not you are transmitting wireless video to a spouse for remote advice. wireless video to a spouse for remote advice.

Fundamental issuesFundamental issuesWearable computing fundamental Wearable computing fundamental

paradigm shift is about personal paradigm shift is about personal empowerment.empowerment.

Historical context:Historical context:Horses in military Horses in military difficult to fight while on difficult to fight while on

horse.horse. Invent stirrup Invent stirrup easy to fight but ordinary easy to fight but ordinary

people mastered the art of fighting on people mastered the art of fighting on horsebackhorseback

Invent guns Invent guns ordinary people powerless ordinary people powerless against militaryagainst military

Fundamental issuesFundamental issuesHistorical context (cont..):Historical context (cont..):

Guns became cheap Guns became cheap everyone can afford everyone can afford it.it.

The shift from guns to cameras and The shift from guns to cameras and computers :computers :Wars are fought with information (surveillance Wars are fought with information (surveillance

and mass media).and mass media).Department stores are protected with security Department stores are protected with security

cameras (see less guns and more surveillance cameras (see less guns and more surveillance cameras cameras

Fundamental issuesFundamental issuesThe shift from draconian punishment to The shift from draconian punishment to

micro management:micro management:punishments were extremely severe punishments were extremely severe

crucified, whipped and etc.crucified, whipped and etc.evolve to less severe evolve to less severe locked in a cell, locked in a cell,

prison lecturers and etc.prison lecturers and etc.arrive at a system of social control arrive at a system of social control

characterized by total surveillance and micro--characterized by total surveillance and micro--punishments punishments too weak to call punishment too weak to call punishment

Fundamental issuesFundamental issuesFundamental issues of wearable Fundamental issues of wearable

computing:computing:personal empowerment personal empowerment through its ability through its ability

to equip the individual with a personalized, to equip the individual with a personalized, customizable information space, owned, customizable information space, owned, operated, and controlled by the wearer.operated, and controlled by the wearer.

Aspects of wearable computing and Aspects of wearable computing and personal empowermentpersonal empowerment

Photographic memory:Photographic memory: Perfect recall of collected information

Shared memory: Individuals may share their recorded experiences so so

that one may have a recall of information that one that one may have a recall of information that one need not have experienced personallyneed not have experienced personally.

Connected collective humanistic intelligence:Connected collective humanistic intelligence: Facilitate collaboration between two or more two or more

individuals while doing other primary tasks.individuals while doing other primary tasks.

Aspects of wearable computing and Aspects of wearable computing and personal empowermentpersonal empowerment

Personal safety:Personal safety: In contrast to a centralized surveillance network built In contrast to a centralized surveillance network built

into the architecture of the city, a personal safety into the architecture of the city, a personal safety system is built into the architecture (clothing) of the system is built into the architecture (clothing) of the individual.individual.

Can allow for distributed protection from danger. Tetherless operation:Tetherless operation:

Affords and requires mobility. Provide freedom from the need to be connected by from the need to be connected by

wire to an electrical outlet, or communications line. wire to an electrical outlet, or communications line.

Aspects of wearable computing and Aspects of wearable computing and personal empowermentpersonal empowerment

Quality of life:Quality of life:capable of enhancing day-to-day experiences, capable of enhancing day-to-day experiences,

not just in the workplace, but in all facets of not just in the workplace, but in all facets of daily life. daily life.

it has the capability to enhance the quality of it has the capability to enhance the quality of life for many people.life for many people.

Aspects of wearable computing and Aspects of wearable computing and personal empowermentpersonal empowerment

Synergy:Synergy:produce a synergistic combination of human produce a synergistic combination of human

and machine .and machine .often called Humanistic Intelligence (HI). often called Humanistic Intelligence (HI). Human and computer no longer feels as if it is Human and computer no longer feels as if it is

a separate entity. a separate entity.