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Weapons Armor andCastles of the Orient
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PJ\l.l.JU>lUM BOOKS PRESEXTS.
For use with any game system
By Mattbew Baleot
For use with any game system
Copyright 1984 & 2002 by Palladium Books Inc. & Kevin Siembieda All rights reserved, worldwide under the
Universal Copyright Convention.
No part of this book may be scanned, OCRed or reproduced, whole or in part. in any way for electronic publication
or distribution on the web/internet or for any other medium or publication without the expressed, written pcnnission ofthe publisher. The only exception is brief quotes and snippets of artwork for usc in reviews.
Palladium Books«l, Rif\s@, The Rifter®. Megaverse®, After the Bomt4l, RECON®, The Mechanoidsil), and The
Palladium Fantasy Role-Playing Garne«l are all Registered Trademarks owned and licensed by Palladium Books Inc.
Weapons & Assassins and other names and titles are also trademarks ofPalladiurn Books Inc.
Weapons, Armor & Castles of the Oricnt is published by Palladium Books Inc., 124jS Universal Drive, Taylor,MI 48180. Printed in the USA.
WU?OXS, ARMOR ~ CASTl~S Of'T~
Researched & Compiled by: Matthew Balent
Editor: Alex Marciniszyn
Illustrators: Michael Kucharski
Ed Kwiatkowski
Kevin Siembieda
Back Cover & Maps: Michael Kucharski
Cover Painting: Scott Johnson
Keylining: Matthew Balent
Art Direction: Kevin Siembieda
ContentsForward '•....... 2Notable Weapons of the Orient· ••.... 2Bo Staff 4Jitte and Tjabang . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Kusarigama & Whipping Chain . . . . . 3Masakari, Kama & Sickle Weapons . . 4Malaysian Tiger Claw Blade' . . . . . . 5Pendang Sword . 5Malaysian Knives & Swords' 6Katana & Wakizashi Swords ....•.... 7Spean & Pole Arms . • • . . . . 8Kawang Grapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Yari Spears' ............••.... 8Naginata {curved} Spears 9Malaysian Spears - .. 9Japanese Arrows & Manriki-Gusari 10Iron Smoking Pipes & War Fans' - .. 10JapaDese Armor' •............. IIDetails of a ~Maru . . . - .. - 12Mempo(Face Masks)' 13Japanese War Helmets ......••... 14Jingasa Helmets· . .. . .••••••... ISArmor Table, by Type .••... 16Samwai in Full Armor 17
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www.palladiumbooks.com
Steps in Donning Japanese Annor 18Do Maru Lamellar combined Annor . . . .. 20Examples of Kote (armored sleeves) ..... 21Haramaki-Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22Foot Soldier Annor . . . . . . . .. 23Warrior in Jimbaori & No-Dachi 24Warrior in Surcoat & Field Commander . . . 25Chinese & Malayan Armor' •....... 26Palace Guard & Light Annor' ... 27Castles of Japan . . . . • • . • . . . . . 30Major Components of Japanese Castles . 31Nagoya Castle . 31Donjon Okayama Castle . . . . . . . .. . 32Donjon Maruoka Castle ......•.. . 33Donjon Matsumoto Castle .. . • • • . . . . 34Osaka Castle ..........••..... 35Matsue Castle' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Himeji Castle & Town 37Castles of China . . . . . • • • • . . 40Great Wall ofChina _. - . . . . . . . . .. 41Cross Set:tion of the Great Wan .. . . . . . 42Plan of Ancient Peking' " . . .. . 44Map of Eastern Asia . 46Bibliography . . . . .. ..• • • . . 47
ForwardThis book II des<cned 10 be .... ,n,tOduc..on '0 I~
varIOUS "~apoRS, .....our• .,.j dier.,rul~ ...ort.. Iou"" ,norlen,al cul,ure. ""_'" ..mIen with ,be rIOII., I .... .,.II .. I..... Anyone ....110 11 "Il"'~ll!d In ,hue 'opicI shouldfind .be book useful. Camerl ...I10..... ,n,,,resued inInco<pon,,"1 an ;"lMal ~ cuhur!! In ,he" "ampail'"w,lI l,rJd pIe 1 '0 Ie< ,be ~ The ~"*
pte_If:<! In .111. book ate _ew",", 01 an ou'Crow,"01 .1Iose con,alned '" The Pall_.... Bool 01' We..,.,...... Ar_. All_", _roet&/l.p of Ihac book Is no' r~.."ed,,,..!Ier In'orlll''ion II p<Dwided 11le.", for ,how: In.etes.~
Code Key
The followl.., II • $110<, deocrlp,lon of • lew ofthe ......ponl llsed by Un"", oriental cul.u'es, This ••by 110 lIIeanl 10 compo-ehenslve lill. "'''''her eumplesean be found In The PaUadl..", BooIr. of W",lponI ................t::.ch of '1Ml ..".pons is liven • se, of "....erte•• values.. ht<:/l ,re "optaoned belo...
SwOO"dsM_o....
Self EAplana.OI'Y.The ..........., ....""1' '0 which tbe WI"....,., belonBs.The IV"""" are ""hed (II). "' .... weII (1(1. M,"""Ih,.-s (MI. Pole A••• Wl. Spear. ISpI. andS......ds IS..I-The lenti'" of .be weapon in """,en..TIle ",ass of ,be weapon In k'los,arn...'" '~3"Ve ,nd,calKNl of how "qul<;k· a wu_lS biased on bala.rlC<', mlOU, e,e. The .owe.lhis "''''be' ,be ~"e•.
Parry '" ,elallve Indication 01 how ea.lly ,lie weaponcan p.rry 0' ....' Quack.. The h,&"". ,henu"'~' ,"" ~\1er.
"'uack Types. Ntl .11 weapon. we.e de~lfted lor ,hesame pu,pose. The lou. b••Ic Illack 'ypes••e cu', chop, lhl'\lSl, and impacl. The maindifferences be,ween a cu, and a chop a,elhe sharpness and c........,ure 01 .he blade•
Symmetry' Bel"l .hal .ny we..,..... can be ,hrown, ,h••'s • ",ta"ve ,nd,ca,1on 01 how eff""'l;ve,he .rm would be as • miSS' Ie, ,he lowe..he ...."'be. ,he bet.er.
O'...e '" .el.,lve Indica""" of how ..toell OI.."&&e.h,. we.pon would c ....1e '0 an ........-aa...•...Ie'.
Other Nota of ,n,,,,,,", about .he wupon, ......Uy,be leocrapllical area of oril'I\. '" rn ,".h,. colum.. ,nd,ea'N ,be ....apoll 's p..manlyused w,.11 .wo 1I&Dds.
On all ,lh...,a,I""" of NIN wea_", I'"'''' ,ndi"a, ...wlllell por,1On of .he blade is sha.p.
Notable Weapons of the Orient
N..me TypeM
Starr If!
0,,, ..arry, "'ud Types Srm•, Oamye,The ule 01 wOO<len I.av,," 00" clubs In comt>.o, is a"",em indee<l, fOO" ,hey ~",""n, a I<a...",on from una'lnN
'0 ..,m~ ......",111<;... The Jap.;oneoe e",p1oy~ a number 01 ..avel of v..,"..... liz,," and eons,ruclion; man, ..e.enI.ode almQSl ",n".ely III ,ft'" tlI' ..eel. Belnl ,,,la"""11 .....mlels, fOO" ..a,n,"I P"'p<>$Il$, 'he .""'....iqueo of SllfffiOmbal we'" II.u!':"1 on .1""",. eyery .word .nd ope", school as • prelUde 10 .he uie 01 .be m(We deadly we/l(JOnLIn lIIany In.. :one"", II '. ,m(lOf,$,ble .0 dbllnl...... between suff and .word .echn,ques.
@i Ii
2
, ( fl ,
Name , Len th ",. "".. Parr Att&<:k T , m. Dama •Jltte " .'m 1.4kg "
, Thrust impact , ,Japa""se Parrying Weapon
Tjabang: " .'m I.lkg ", Thrust/lmpa<:1 , ,
Malaysian Parrying Weapon
The origin of Ihese weapons Is a malter of debate but they are certainly designed to deprive an opponentof his sword. The techniques used range<! from parries agaln.t sword strike. lO blows directed again.. t~ opponent's eyes, throat a"ll abdomen. Mastery of these weapons depende<! heavily on being able to evade the enemy'ssword. which In turn lead to parrl"" ",hlch In ,urn lead to counterstrlkes.
• 'OK.U PRONCCO :TITrE
£X!W1PLES OF ;T{TTES TJABANG"_""'ON Ttl "'''LAS'''AAIO THE I"WLlPPrNU•
Name Type length . "= "".. Parry Attack Types !\'m. Damag.,Kau Sin K., " Lim .61<g , , Impact , ,Chinese Whipping Chain '"Kusari,ama " 2.2m I.~kll , , Chop , ,Japa""s., Chain Weapon '"Chain weapons of whlcb the Kusarlgarna Is but 0"", were not.,d for their effectiveness In neuualilln,an opponent'S sword'or spear. These weapons could al$o be used to entangle an opponent's Ie,s to help unbalancehim. Once the enemy had been neutraliled by the chain. the weapon attached to It could be used to finish thejob. Obviously, ,hese weapons required a cettaln amount of space around the wielder and wwld be nearly uselessIn a confine<! area.
K/J$ARIGAMA
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3
KAUSIN K£WH/PPtHG CHAJN
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"'" ,,1$£ MIO C()/iSTR<JCriOllro rHC ""'.. SIAl 1<£.
1\
IiUTTL£ AxE
NameIda.aurlJaparoe... Bailie ......
Type
"Lengeh
1.9kgDo,. "Hack Types
Chop5ym., Damage,
The Japanese tended 10 use weapon. which were de.igne<l \0 cut and thruSt.smashing weallOns were generally no, use<!. ..... with many Other weapon. a chain w8.In an effort 10 give the wleldet an adnnlage o,er sword or spear a,mOO fOOl•.
Bailie axes and o.her heavy(>ften a<lached 10 the handle
MAlA YSIAN SICKU - TYPE lNEN'ON'$
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NameKamaJapane.e Rice SiCkle
Type
"Lel\Jllh
I.Okg , Sym., Damale,Because of ,he r8ther $lrlCk rules which existed during the Feudal Perood In Japan concerning sword., spears,
and other obvlou$ weapons many comba, art. were Invented which cemered around the use of talher sImple tOOls.The Kama was one luch 1001 which wS$ used .5 8 weapon.
4
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SABlT'TYPE~... r-"L 7DOL.S/-....-
MALAY$f.4V ~TIGEJ( CLAW'" W!APONJ
2
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,N,.;m".;__"T~",,~c..__""""~·~'C' ''''''Peda", SW .6m .lkSMalaYllaA.II
~ fiSh.lns a". of lite Mally.lan arod Phlllipinoe a.ell we.e oflen I' well advar><:ed as lhOSll employed InJapan Ind China. They employed .wo.ds 100 s.aves, knives arod .pears, IS well IS more elolle a.m' luch ISwhlpplns chains In addlllon '0 .heit ba.lc unatmed combal Slylel. As Ihete wBS 8 cen.in amOUn, 01 In,e.mlnsllnsof all of .he otlenll" cultute.. wnpon. lrod ma"lal .to. f.om dlffetent ateas of.en Wete found belns used Incounttles o.he. lhan lhelt orlslnal.
~ ~.,',77,',-;-,-,:-:,C,-;-,:,-; ,:.. - ', , , ''. ., , .'
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TWO TTPCAl 5TnfS OF TI£ PEPANC JWORP
IN COMPARISOf/ IS A CHJNE.SE .sWORD
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SAJ<JN NIl) SUEATH
_""" ........,1' ..4""-""""''''- ~
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G6nl\MmlQIVU~
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OTHER MAtAyflAN'SWORDS
IWWI6 -TYPC SWORD
'5 ~ .... , .. , 7,-(; -11
SIKIM CALA AND SHEATH
5
Pendang style of swords
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K£LEWANG
THIN/AI I , , M£lVTAWA
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MALAYSIAN KA'JVEJ
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efr ,K~L.£WANG
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KATANA
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WAK/ZASHISHOI?T 5WOR()
THo PAIR OF SWOROSARE CAlLED OA/SHO
Name T Len th "~ "" p" Attack T , m. Dama •Katana ,. I.lm 1.4kg , 3 Cu' ThruSt , 3JapaneseWaklz,w,; ,. .'m .8kg , , Cut/Th,u,t , ,Japanese
The.., 'wo weapons made up a warrior's Dal$ho. Or "The long and ,he 'lIOn," A. with other Japane.e weapo"there were a number of varia' Ion. of 'hese ....ord.. The quality of 'he workman.hlp of the.e we.pon. I. legend.ryand mO" ol,en a warrior'••word. were family heirloom. handed do n Irom genera' Ions pas'.
There was a rather formal etiquette centered around Ihe s ord. The manner In which ,hey were worn.handled. 'he <:olor of 'he $Cabba,d. and numerous o,her Ihlngs all had sPKlfIc meaning. As with ,he olher weapon.,here "'ere (nnumer.ble styles 01 ken/UIIU. Ihe an of the .word, Varl.tlons orten employed both sword. al on<:e(nl,o-ken'utlul. An OlJlgro.. th of balic .word flghllng W31 lal/uI"" which was an all based on the Initial draWingof Ihe sword 10 thai an oflen fatal blow could be delivered In one motion In con/urlCllon wHh the dra.... Thisart was particularly suited '0 an everyday armed cncoun'er. as opposed to one on the b.Hle field In ...hlch ...eapon;were .lready dr .... n.
Llke the J.panese. 'he Chine... also developed a variety of s...ord fighting ..yles. U.ually the training which...eOl 1010 learning to u.e ,he.e weapon. "'a. based upon Idea. learned from unarmed fighting ..yle•.
•
SHORT SWOROI I I , I' , , •
~=====:::'~.
A/KIJCCHI O'II:NLR loVIT"HOIIT HILT
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7
TANTO ~tR ~ Hll T
~."."'.""",
Name Trpe
•Crappie iT)
Length "'., Party, "nack TypesImpact
Sym., I)amag"
On .1Ie b.ulefl"ld, 'h" Japanese warrior usually carried a ra.her ....ide varle.)' of e<juipmem. One of ,hesewas ,he Kawanaga. "'hiell was a"ached '0 lib bell. It could be u$<ld '0 .ether a horse, secure 8 boa•. Itt.. ,,,p,l50neu. climb walls, or evell 8. a weapon. The multi pointed grapnel on the end of Ihe rope could be .. sedto p<lll • foe orr D horse or to pull 81 lib legs when on foo. '0 make him stumble.
Name T Len .11 ••• ""0 Parr Attack ,mo Olma •..I " 2,Im 1.9kg , , Thrust , ,
Japanese Spear IT)Nqina•• • 2.2m 2.2kg , c .. ,rrhrull , ,Japanese Bladed Starr IT)
The Japanese employed a number of spoears aM s,aff weapons In .helr baulel- LIke all o.her Japanese blades,the buslrn!SI ends of the ... weaponl were 01 the hlghes. quall.y. The urnI' care In fo.glng which was given '0sword blade. also wen, ima spear polnu. The shaft wu generally reinforced at poln,a whlcb were p<Jl ~nder
preuure or were uaed In parries.Tbere were 'wo major me'boda of ~aing lhese weapons: Yarlj"tsu, lhe an of ,he a"algb, spear. and
Nagina,aj","". lbe an of 'he curved .pear. Each me,hod wu employed ualng Innumerable o<ylea. and speclahled..ylea cen'ered aro~nd ,he .peclflc varia,lon of ,he weapon ,he flgh,er was using.
YARI STW./~"T SPeNOS
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MA(AYSIAN SPEARS
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I-AA/O{/J M.o1LAYSfNVs.sPEAR HEAOS
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ARROWS"'N'lWlJe
"'"''''''O''S t:_~ WEIlPON.JA.#D M.Z4PON IITTAc.wA£NTJ WERE"st/> ay THl .7Q,w£1l.
KlseruIron Japanese
Name Type Length Do••,Thi. weap<>n i. another example of a ra,her .imple Implemen, which when In 'h" hands of a train"" per..,n
could b<! de.a$la,lng. Thi. weapon could parry sword strikes as well as deliver effec'iv., counterattacks agalns,a foe's head, neck. Or abdomen due to In I.on con$l.uction.
~==.=~-
"1W_g••,,",~_ ". "" ..-DamaseSym.
ImpactAttack Type!,.Skg
Length
"TypeName
CURSenlapa""se War fan.
Th., Japanese used a nun,ber of ·war fans" which could b<! ei,her of the foldlllg o. Mit-folding type. Thesefans we.e originally used On the ba\'le field to signal trOOps and '0 keep Cool. When they began to be used asweapons and we.e constructed of metal, they became .e.y p<>pula.. Becau.e weapons we•., forbidden when onewas called '0 ,he .esideoce of one'. maste. 0. a high noble, the.e Item. we.e often hfe-save•• If the noble plann""on your dea'h, an lICcurreoce which was not \00 uocommon.
,RON WAJI' FAN!
10
Japanese Body ArmorUnnke in Europe, the billie lor... of JIPI_ """""
,,,...ined ewemi,lly 1M "me ove, lhe COlI'''' 01 ..... ,..,.ra.'The buk "'odel used by tile Japanese alrtSis.ed of • """'be<of pieotU ...-1Ii<;" pr<>le<:ted tile l>ead, .-ok. $houlders, ,'ms,chftt. abdomen. and the Iq,lo. TIle COIIIplelt! unll letlOed10 be wom by .hose Ind'vldual, 01 "lp rank. whl~ tile~......Ior. M'<Iled for parll" protection-
T1'Ie basic "'odel of hlHl_ ••mOll' P'-.eed elllphasUon Il,hllteu and "'oblllry. The he,.., 'ypes of ••mOUr de'veloped by the E...Oj>e.... were cooWOe.ed • Itep back....dIn Ihn they Ilowed dow.. thel. _eire., T1'Ie Japanese .....II.edth., • direct h;, by In lr'O'" Or ," ..010;", WII wovld """",ra,,,any rusOll.~le armour wOrn. The jolnu atld lJI.ces betweenpillU were the normal points 01 attack in any fillh' an<!teel", .hl the ... were pruent 'n h""1 II well .1 lI,h'armour. It I. only 1011"11 ,ho, Ihe Japanese opted 10 wearIrmour which did not Impede a .... rrlor'. ablilly 10 "".,:le_trike. •
PARTS Of JAPANESE ARMOUR
When ."ltdlnl .bou, J,p'nese ••mou. It b .n too "uyto heeom" lost In the mu" of .echnic.1 '".m5 which _."used. TIlt·"" .r" li,,,••lIy ltulld'oed' of u.,.IiORt In ••"""'.
MAJl:)R PIECCS OF A.7APNV£Sl sur OF
""""""R
11
whif;h the J.p.nese hltd n.m"l for. E~.y m",hod of taclnl_.y ~n".n of ....ll••11 hltd ellHer"nl n."'~ The foflowlnlb • shorl deIo:.lpdon of the m.jor ~.u of • ",II of J-.._,,_, IIltf'<! .. they "ilhl be put on wr-. pr~rlnl for• I>Iollle.
The w.rrlor first Irq.n wilh • loincloth (".n.*.II.A Illiu (Illltll&ll resembll"l an ...ell.... ,. kimono WQ puton nut .1Id secured wllh • bell (obll. A palt of If""'"'"(kohk ....)wu put on nut. A p.lr of lOeb 1I....). 111_of le.the. 0' conon. ""t II • ellvltlon for the bll tDe we.eput on nUt. Ove. lhe lOeb were w...n lell'nl (ky.tllnlof f;Ollon 0. linen. SllIdlt. l"'I"11l we.e put on ove. tMIIbl .nd eljleCI.l1y In th" e.se of lowe. ..nkinl w.rrlors.we." m.do of coli"" fibe., 0' p.lm flbe.. Ollk"'1 oft"nhid Ifnd.I, mad" of ;.on 0. h••d luth". plat'" Iinhd to&"'h". by m.ll.
Th" low". 1,,&, VI"'" p.o'ooc'''d by • pal. of ,IIln IUltd'caH"d IUne·a'''. These we." &"",,nlly made 01 metal 0'hard lu,he. se ....n ontO • p.ddod found..lon. Some ....00.00of me,.1 only••tId '0'00'00 connected 'Oletlle. by m.ll. Elthe.• pille ~.Inl the kneeclp ....., Ittached to the IUme·.." 0' lhe centr.1 vertlc.l 5"'~ ....ere "".ended over thll",,'1 of .he lei.
_ 500C ",HCCtlU'SHDV£OCR r;III'RD
SCNOAN-NQ-ITAK'~T _ ...rG......O
HATO-O-fI!O-,rALcTr AA-.T allloll&'
___\-__HA/OAT£"4J1t7 SHleLO"n'I(;H Gt/MfDS
SlINE"ATESHIN lUM-"O..r
" ,a,menl re.emblln, an apron '011$ pilI on nell •.eaut'<! a haldate•• 1I~s prOtKIt'<! .be front of lhe uppe, Ie,sand waa Ih. up .1Ie middle. 1l>e haldilC <:ould be madeof heavy <:lo.h, lelll>er. or me..l: IIIe lowe, ed,el ..ere,cnerally rl!Lnforct'<! with ""Ial or ..hale bone. 1......Leda,ound tile ..ailt by COlds ..hich W",e Sl!<:U,ed In IIIe front.
NUl • ~, of ~'IIIe, ,Iovei 1)'UIlkyl "'e,e P'o't On,OVff tlteM: ,loves w",e worn • ,armenl c.lled • tOl"In ,ene'a1 lhe tOil! c:onsls.al of • c*" fiul", sl«.... ofpaddJn, to ...lLlch w"re .llacbl!d • numb« of armou, p1llel.This slHve covered lhe Ihouldoe,. arm .nd bKt of IIIe hand.1l>e ..et.1 plllU ..-ere .ttached to,e.oo by ..all. Thei....doe of ,he 'r. ..... nll..'ally less prOlec.ed than .beoullidoe. ahd II fell .0 .he skill of IIIe warrlor .0 protectIhls ...ut 'f'DI f,om _ar tllrulll 0< I ..ord CU.1.
1l>e a,mpi.. ..ere prOlKIt'<! by .he ...lkibltl witioch....1 con.ruc:.ed of p..sded ",all relnforct'<! by ..e••1 opIm.1.
No... .1Ie c.......1 ele ......., of 'M lUll of 'r"'OUr w.sP'o" OA. TIle do or clles. prmKI'" WU Ihe mOl. ImportanIp'ec<I: ,n 'M wllole ...Ir, The,,, il ,n endleu va,i".y of,hell! eMil protKIOrs wllich ..ere ..sed at va,ioul .imesin J.p.n. The,. were ,enerally made of plates Iact'<! or'IVe.ed .0,e,Mr '0 <:over tile four .idel of ,he body f,om'M ne<t 'Ollie upper 'hi&lI1. The en, Ire I"men, hun&on .M body fro ... p.dded shoulder Ill.PI c.lled ta..~a.,,The IWO m.jor 'ype. of do were ,lIose whlcll opened in,he back h.ramakl-do and ,hose which opened a' ,lie sidetIo-matu. The beller sulll of armour hod a number of speclal-
lzt'<! pia,,,, which protK'ed tile armpl" 1$ well .1 ,lie open_1"3 In ,he bact If .ny.
TIle ...."Ior 'hen pIl' on an ou,e, belt. um.-obl ..hLchalllO Mned '0 SI!<:",e hb ...or....
TIle charac.eri.tic sl'loulder ,,,artls were 11"1 on ""'",C.lIed .....1teM: piKe. "Cre ,,,ner.lIy made of .....11 scalesbotmd li,hlly 10,e'Mr .."h solk cor.... U...r....tll ,he scales..... four>tlatlon of 1""Iler. The I ....ral Ill.pe .... ehher'''''I\I..11t or Jqw'e.
Nu••he war,ior would secure hi. daIabo or -,lie Ion&and ,be Mort-, The dalsllo con.b'ed of • Ion& I"ord, ka._0< l.:hl, and a """I Iword ...aUzashl.. In u,ly ,lmu •lar," ord, called nodadIi mi,h••110 h.ve beea worn.Thi lIy IUappal 10 .M badt.
To protec, h.. "",cI. .1Ie ...rrior would .lIen 11'" ona 'OI",el or nodo.... T1Iese "'er" ,,,,,,,,.lIy made of sc.le.or plat'" laced 'OlelM, ov", • U sh.ped plll"-
The head of a ....'ior .... prG,ecled by .n elaboralehelm"l which COIlII.,ed of • numb« of d,U",enl el"m"nll.The cemral cIome, hacloi, followed ,he ,,,,,,,,ral conlour of1M head. Upon ,he helme. .here was u....lly • Crell orlOme o.he, identlfyln, Iymbol. Allached.O ,he t>.lic helme,was • rather ltrle _lei of plat'" desllned '0 P'OIK' 'Mnect .nd side of ,be hud. C.llt'<! ,he .oIIltoro. ,hll ple~
co....l..ed of a number of me,al 0' lea,h". plate. IKed ,o,e,h"r, which hunl down from ,II" hachl. As with .he olherparts of Ihe J.panese armou., ,here are hundred, 01 differentdesl,n. tnd variation. of ,h" basic helmet.
It/tSAZlfRJ· TM6H" .,••_--
REAR__ rrA LOWfsT PI..A7I:
12
N\UO'Il't:I ARC ..-- IN' 111011I, ~Tlct,
OR £"~QurAIO LrUHQf,
finally, 10 prO'I!<:' h,~ IKe hll;h rank,ng warriors usuallywOre 8 mask of iron, Ilccl, or lacquered lcalhe'. Thesemaskl tmempol coold prn,ecI f,om forehead 10 chin or only8 partie"l" pan Ion of Ike feee. They were generally faslened 10 • Imall neck s"ard whieh huns over t .... nodowa. Themasks were generally 1l8"erned to represent men, demOtls,Or animall, They we,e se""..Uy Ilad<:le<l 0tI the inlide 10give a me81ure of com forI .0 lhe wearer.
KOlcrz__Jc¥IfI _ .oo:.oavm
"""" /tAu,a> I1HWT WfT'"STNoIPW6 "fIVCT.r
elfllT
J'f'KWIO___, HL'MEr AlKK&_
TJI( MAJ'"M C~~ OF A kASVTO_DIlCHO./; .7~HE~T
"
OTI1ER ,,"ORMS 0,," ARMOUR
Lower w"rlo... u....lly could no' afford an elabora,e,ul.of a.mOUr al doelCrlbed e.rfler. They were lI,ually con'enl 10 ou.rlc IIIemseJ>'u with al much .rmour as they couldafford, In.n effore 10 p.e.-enl lhem,sel>'u f.om beinl .Iaulh,ered by the more hea>,lIy "mou.ed watrlora.
One piece of armOUr 1I1U.lly worn by ,he lower ..nked.....10... W.I the jlns.... Thll wal • flal, conical helmermaoe of Iteel. Iron, or coppe1". It w&ll s~ally lied underthe chin.
Beca..se of Ihe modul.r n.ture of J.parte$O! ••mou.,It wu rallle. easy 10 "ea' only parr of the co,",ple,e wil.Often warrior. Went lnlO ball~ with only lhe cheat protector.or course If one wal >'lclorious In bailie, there were ampleoppor ...nl.les '0 100< ••m....r from lhe dead 10 Inc:reaoe one'.own P'OIec11(Mt.
In a4d111on 10 1!Ie r.,!le. lIea.y .rm....r described earHer.llIere were .110 will of II"', mall which were worn uncle.normal elothes. this would enable a w...1or '0 10 abou'with aome decree of prOlCC1lon ."hou••1"OtlI1"I IUsptCiQn..1M Ninja and warrior monkl favored Ihi. IlSh, armour.
eXAMPLES OF ;rwGASA REtNICTJ
15
ARMOUR TYPE 9!!....!!!: CHOP RI'" THRUST RI'" IMPACT " DEX MASS
TlIln ClollI , , , , , 1.3~1
Medillm CIOlh , , , , ,2·~~1
HelYY Clo.h 2 , , , , 3.7k1Soft lea.he, , , , , , 3.7klHar4 Lea'her 2 , 2 , , ">Qull. 2 , , , ,
'"...... • , , 2 ,'"Wcwen Cord • , 2 , ,'"Hea..,. Ciotti R'''IlIIaJJ , 2 2 , ,
7.~~1
Soh lea.ber Rl"l.all • 2 2 , , 7.~kl
Har4 leather R'''I'''ln , • , , ,''''Quilt Rlnlm.,1 , 2 • , ,''''Slvdded Hea..,. Ckll" 2 , , , ,'"S1vdc1ood Soh lealher 2 , , , , '"Sludded Hard leall.er • , , , ,
7.~4:
Har4 lealher Jueralnl , • • , ,''''Hard WOOl! Janra'n. • , • , ,''''Horn/Bone jlferaln, • , • , ,''''Me,al jazerll... , • • , , ''''Mall , • , , ,''''Combined Ma,1 • , , , , 22kl
Melal Bri,and,ne , , • , 2 22kllamilla'ed , , , , ,
''''Melal lamellar • • • , 2 I!klPlele " " "
, , 25kl
ARMOUR TYPE I)ESCRiPTJONS
L11111 Clo'h II eqlllyalenl 10 linell.
Med,um Clo.h I. eqllinlell' '0 dellim.
He&Yy Clo,h ,. eqlllYalell' 10 'womedillm clod,.
Of lhU<! thicknesses of
GENER... l OESCRIPTiON 01'" ...RMOUR TYPES
In or4e' '0 live. bette' ....de's'andi ..1 of 'he "."OUI,ypel of "mou, lise<! I" ,he o"e"l. ll>e follo""nl II • briefdesc"puo.. of each baSIC .ype. Each ""'OUr Iype IS I,Ye..I "'" of YlrlOUI ...merlcal nille.. Tbey .,e ".pl.,ne<! IIfollows:
W~n Cord """011' resembles m<><lern d.y m-e...me.
Hard lellher IS eqllil '0 IpprOillllltely (lye ",iIIimele..of lea'her.
... rltl.lIye lnclle.uOfl called: !!esluance I'"aclorof /low ... ltll the armOUr P,Otects al.'ns.CUI I .. ack..... rel.tlye lndicat..... of how '~I..". Ibis
'}1M! of ar"'OIIr IS 10 ehop IUacks.... ,ellt;ye ind>ea.."'" or how '",UI.n••hl.Iype of Ir""", is 10 I........"acks,... ,el.llye IncI>e.'1oa of /low ,e"Slan••h"
.ype of armOUr is '0 ImllK' .uac...."'n ,ncllCl'''''' of ho.... .">eh I lUll of .hlSIrmour would slow • eharac'e< dow... Tbehlille' Ihis number d.e Ilo...er the chlracter....ould m""e ..... 10 reluieled fluabdlly.hilh'" "' "tc.The m of a SIIi' of 'hIS Iype of 1'l:Iourbased on Ih" .ea,,,. bei"l l&Oem (5'lll"j1.11 .nd gCl'.~ 11151~1 In m.....
CUt Rf
DEX
conoiSU of CO"OfI or lO",e other soft ma,erl.1which Is ...nd....lChed be' ....een IWO I.yers ofdoth.
Is .,mply me.al rllll' wh,ch .re lewn on.o I
•,,,,abl,, backinl ma.erlal nell her, clo,h, e'c.l.Ri.., Ua,1
Padded ...r .....r sener.lIy consi." of f"l. or som" o'her.hd clo.h llbOIl' .h.ee '0 ei"'. cell"mele..'" ,1I,ck-.
Soft Lea,he. is eq..iyalen••0 ,he OII,er C(lyert"l of a moderlldaly lealher Jacke'.
Sclldded Mill cons;s" of m"lal Stlld!! .".ched '0 I back'''1clo,h or leath"r.
Combined Uall consists of small plec"s of m",al In,erspace<!.I.h sec.ion. of norm.l mall.
The m.l .. dlff,,'ences be,,,,',,e.... CII••ttack .nd a chop."ack "e lhe .h..pn.... and CU,Ya,"r" of ,he ...eapon'.blad". If one .eM,,1 "mou, "ciaOl;" is del""d, 'he "chop"ra.lnl may he used:.
,.
cons,s",IY"led
10lelher
""t.1 ...lps .hich .....rtlt:lIl.te IIjlO<1 each
s"'.ll...• 100 knowlI as SpI'"" COMlS"
of sm.ll pleces of ar_' h>eh Ir"laced 10Sether. The .he of lhe piecesclo:pend oa the por.1on of lhe body .heyare 10 protecl.
consis.. ofoY~lapped
otlle,•
alsO knowlI e. Seal" "',mOllr,of scal"s of yanoll, Ill'" ..,WII 0'on,o a slI,.abl" backing.
consiStS of Oy",law,nl m"..1 scale. ",ndwiched: he.wee.. '.0 laY"" of lea' ....'.Tbe 011"'" IppeareftCe of 'hiS .,mou,rnoembles studded !either.
"',mour
conslsll of small m",al rillil ill,e,conMcled'0 fo,m • sort of fab"c of m"lal.
La_Har ..............
l .."ralll'
Brl,andlne ArmOll'
Pl.11t Ar_, WR$lSU of I.'llt p,eces of mit'" whle" .rlteilhe, worn oYIt, OtM' armour or I"ache<!'0 one .rlO(her by I senlt> of '''Ipl. buckle••or lac,"&-
WARRIOR IN FIILL AAMOl/R (YOROI)
,
1"pec:1Rf,
•....."'""'"•
"
0.,.f"•
Co.
"'"
ARMOUR VALUES
Plale
ARMOUR VAl.UES
T,..
L....ell••O.e. Combined 17M311 !arms!
"""'"' 2OIl&-
~
"''''rt M[''''l IoIflMI:T_.~'llJ.A
1:__,,,,, MIl>
_'IJ.IJ.MJ.ITI' '"'"'''T~,
_."ro M(T'II' Ht:1Mfr___ wrrH (;~T
S<lNE·JlTIl'M(l"l puTe
Thrun Impat:l.f Rf
",
• ,"
,,"
C"""Rf
",Co<Rf
"
m<~""""'~TCO ~Vl:R
C,..,., ....."
T,,,,l.amlnatedl.amlnatedover Combined 17Mall larms!Masa: 2lkg.
ARMOUR VALUES
for (urther l"formauOJl on these Iypes of a,mour please refer to The P311adtum 8oolt. o(Weapon! and A...our.
17
STEPS IN OONNIN6 JAPAN£$£ AAMOVIf
o00... ... . ... ..... ....::..::..:.. ...
o 0 •... ...\(
SHORT FIINfJ05HI SHITAGI Mf) 08/ TABI Sf'l.ft Tor 8l>Qr
18
00
KOTE -.I SU(YE$
UWi\-OBI MLT
WAKIBIKI
MXCWA _" fiVUOANtI HACHIMAKI
19
M[Mft' FAa ....«'
OW k'ABtJTO "CLMer
WARRIOR IN OO-MARIJ
LAMCLLAR COMB/NEO ARMOUR
ARMOUR VALUES
T,.. C., """ TII"'51 ImpaclRF RF RF RF
Melal , , • ,tamella.L.mln'led , , ,Combmed • , ,MallRIbbed Plale " " "
REAR VICW
ARMOUR VAI.UES
T,.. C., """ ....... ImpactRF RF RF RF
L...II ...ledDVl!' Cono-b;nNI Moo;1 " " .. ,M3ss 1St!.
20
ANOTHER TYPE OFLAMEllAR. COM.B/NElJ ARM/JIIR
REAR VIEW
The Same Armour Valuf!s as LamellarComblnf!d.
SIAIIC'ATrMiT... UMllLA/t
£XANIPl.fJ OF KaTE ARNtt:MJR.tD .ncevu
These pieces con.ist of malllnlerlp-<;ed ,.ith metal pl,les(combined maill. ne maUII all.che<! to a fabrIc backingto prevent chafing. ne elboW,elbo,. joint, "rl.I, haM!, .M!shouldf!r ..ere Iypkal ..enof relnforcemenl.
2'
ARMOUR VALUES
T,,. Co, ""'" Th~, 1"1*=1W Rf Rf Rf......, , , • ,
LamellarC(;f;b1ned • , ,Ma'iMelal " " "
,Jareralnl o~rCombined Ma,1Mau, IOks.
ARMOUR VAI.UES
T". C" C'" -- hnpac::1Rf Rf Rf Rf
"", , , ,
LeatherCooablne<l Mall I , , ,La.. lnate<l , , • ,(breul plalelLamlnaled " " "
,our combined1.1811Mau: Ilq!"
WA/l'R.r;lR IN HARANAKI-OO
22
FOOTMAN fN LIGHTMAIL AIrMDVR ,
Ma5l: 9k5.,Thll armour could be worn undet ordinaryclothl fot prOlecllon ..hen on secret milIlona or ..hen the impression of belnl unarmoured wal Important.
ARMOUR VALUES
ImpactRF,J
ThrtlltRF7,
ChopRF6j
C"'RF7
•MallCombined Mall
T,,,.
.1S~AlTO
CIAfVCO BIU;,Af) 8UOIJ£OS~
ARMOUR VAtUES
T,,,. C", C"", Thrull ImpactRF RF R,' RF
l.omellllr 9 9 • JMass: ~kS.
~INGIU'" _HE~T_()I'
J,lErN. 5r111f'.J
WAJIAoJI~
23
WARRIOR WCAR./N6 JIMSAORI
WARNOR WITH NO-04CHI
ImlOKl.,,,Thrusl.,,,
Ov>o
",,
~"._, ~,
VARMOUR VALUES
T". C., """" n.... Im,.,1~
" ., " "'-,~PI.." " " "
,~tu...
Melal , , • ,l.am.. lIlI<l.am,nale<! , , , ,Comblnt:<l • , , ,Mall
Type CUI.,Lall"nale<! 9Comb'nt:<l Mall a
ARMOUR VALUES
24
•,
WARRIOR IN SVPLtJAT (iTIIVIBAtJR/)
FI£LO ct:W\MANO{R
25
£NTUlC suIT IS Dr$TUOQEO >4VW1 ClOTH.O/IILY SHDut..Q£R _D mCKIIfINFr:;IR£CO WITH MI6NIr>/NC.
,
The Irmour of lhe Chinese remained relilively unchln,ed IhrouShoul lhe course or d10e Iges. The ehlnew. employednrlow forml or paOded rIng. aclle, lod brl,lodlne Irmour.Their besl sulll Ire of brlglndine, Ylhkh Consisll of tYlOplecea or cloth Yllih Imlll metll plltea belYleen them.Importlnt polnll 011 the body, such IS the cllest Ind Itnees.were rreq\lf!ntly reinforced by metll pillet.
01_ helmetl Ylere mlde or neel Ind hM! brl,lndlneneck ,ulrdl IltlCheO 10 lhem.
In some iMuncea IrmOUr consisted OIIly or p~ina
which was fitu,d Wllh I number or ,Ill rlvell.. In thb rormthe sull resembled brlgllndlne bul ..IS ICllIllly much leuencumberln, In ..sdltlon to belnS leu protecllve.
The Chinese Ilso used armour which Ippeared to beIn ordinary ,arment, such as I shirt or Jacket, b<.It Ictuallyh~ overllppln, metal plltes Illached to the Inside.
lIlte most ellhures, the Chinese hid I number of piecesof armour which eOlild be added or deleted depen<lln, uponthe degree or protection wanU!d. Large shoulder guardsof melal and leather Could be worn. Shirts of brisandlnecould be added when fighting on fool. forearm guards oflaminated metal were pl$O used.
CHINesE 8KI~ANDWE ARMOUR
Chinese & Asian Armor
,II>
Ch.... ThNSt ImpIC!
",- --'1"['-- "'-,--, ,Cut",, .
ThrUKIlit-"·'OiI- .,
'-'9 -', ---,-
"IIi" '·'-16--'
("~.llo
Su..kk-d •Urlr."".IJ ... ·"y"r S"..~.~l 11("1,,110M;;_~~, i,kll'
9_
"
Cui~',
IUMNNOCR. OF THI,j .iVI'If MAOE OF tyll()ANOfNE
AHUOUH VAI.UES
AHMOUH. VAI.IJf-:S
~_Q£1t li~
DCOA8I..r LA nit--.~'-
2.
PALACE GtlAROCHIIllEt:E
ARMOUR VALUES
ENTIRE .sillY II OF
~--
CHINeSe LIGHT AJ(MDVR
FOI.OED POItT~
SI«»'IIING wnIVOI" OF_rAL Sf:NF&.
1.Rf
•~,
Rf,Chop
Rf
T,po C., Chop Th~' Im~1
Rf Rf Rf RfMetal , , • 2INlundlneMesa: fill&.
e",Rf,
ARMOUR VALUES
27
ARMOUR VALUES
CHINiS! ll6UT JlRMOUR
METAL HHMf"T" WITHPADDED E,o,R GIHIRPS
PNHXO AAlW:ll/R TIA'''
T,,,.PaddedPlateMass: ~kg.
•
Co,R'•" "
ThruStR',"
ImpactR',"
KOREAN ARMOUR
Korean armour '0'8$ generally .;milar In con.. ruclion'0 ,ha' 01 lhe Cltinese. Weallhy warriors often were adornedin .uiu which were very elaooralely decorated. The lo ....ercla..es often wore heavily padded body armOur up '0 r""rcen,lme,e.. ,h":k, whiclt left ,lte arms and legs bare. Hardened lealher jalerain, COa'$ were also wOrn.
In periods of conflict ....i'h Japan. a number of Japanesearm""r$ were also worn.
ARMOUR VALUES
T,,,. Co, CO"" ThruSt Impact
R' R' R' R'Meta! 9 9 • ,lazeralmS, udde<l , ,Hard LeatlterPlate " " "Ma..: 9kg.
2.
KOREAN ARMO(lR
HILMET
.$Tl/OPED a.ltTHER (HAlfD)u.R ~U'PS
Mf:~ Jtl.ZERtl.INT"CHF.rr PlAIT I'WP
S~TR Gl/t'.RO.
LC.ltTHCR TVN"
MALAYAN ARMOUR
In le_nl, the$e _Ie .....e lillie or NI ... fItOU••Some "ore ",,,,pie hides h...,lnl do..n In I.orn Ind bid;IS prorectlon lrom blowpipe dlrts. n.e Mon:ls of the Phllhppinn ......e ...mou. mlde of hides, WOWe1l c...d. or ..oodensc....... A,mou, made of brass or horn pl.tes connectedt\>K."het by brass m.n .....1... used, bIn these -ere rife.nd eApenslwe.
ARMOUR VALUES
ImPllCt
0'•Thrus<
0',C"""0',C..
".."Juer.lntMUI: 4kS'
M4LAYAN BARK ARMiWR
MALAYAN AJ(MWR
AOMOUR VALUES
T". "" "'" Th~ ImPKt0' 0' 0' 0'
Hide , , , ,(Ilard Leather),- • , ,M• .., Zk"
29
c~srLES
Castles of Japan
~PANESE fORTIFICATIONS
Japa""lle forcrflues were llen",..lIy bull. on ,op 01mountains. The ca"le was ","lle. pUl .,op a ft., loppedmoun.aln Or a leveled area roea' ,he 'op of ,he m""maln.The ca.lIe Ine "'at 'Ilen protected by I",,,, UOM ....1I ..To....rds ,lie end of 'be sixteen,h century 'owen, or clem,.,...,Wete ~ded I' well. These mOUnla,n tUlles, or yln,ajlro,were ",sHemely dIUl<:"h '0 Itlack. •
ee<:auK .he only errec.rve mea... of .altin•• cas,l..of lhll .on .u by liele, 'here ..ere .0<1,,'_1 bulldinpfor .Ile Mor"e of ..eapons ..... food In .be eVell, of anIUKlt. Oflen 'Ile doll"", had • well 'Of "a'e' nd a l<hebe..for prefl&rl", food.
I, "as not: .00 common for .lIere '0 be • la"e enouill.lown near .hese "'OUnlaln cas,'es '0 ...ppor. .IIe , ••lKIA.For lhll reason I••" 10.... spranl lip at .he fOOl of ,hecastle', _nta.... These ,owns were inhabi.ed by ,he "OOPSand tile" f•• ,hes, as well as ,he n._. _chanll. aI>oj>.ltHptrs, ele., whICh ca.ere<! '0 .IM:'... T10ae caRie .o~.-ns
were callecl johallladli.The I'OU&h ,errl,n bocb "'1lI lood 'Of' clefeRlive purpo$e1l
"'1lI le""'rallr IlOl able for .1Ie <kvelopmeIM 01 'OWR$howe.-er. f"or .h•• reason cu,les belan '0 be 1I.... 'e<! 011b,lI. ,n ,1M:' middle 0' .he ...atlord·. ''''1''101 .ermory.There "'ere nile<! bl"r"ufiro.
la,er, when w.,. bec.me less and Ie.. freq\lll!n., .1>cca••1e became Ino<e a pol",cal cen'er '.om ...h.eb '0 rule.h.n I mlillarr blloe. The clll.le ... now a .ymbol 0'... 'horlly and power. CIlI,les were now bu,1I In o-pen ••ns,w1>c,ever ,be poll'lc.1 .nd economic life of ,he provinceWi' concen"a.ed, These f1a,land calfles we,e c.alle<! hl ••jlra.
In lenerll, .he J.plneloe wa.. lo< did nol pl.n .0 IIlh''rom wlthml the confines of ,he clllle; he .hough, 'ha'IIlhllnl from oU'&Ide <he calole .0 be .he be~' defense,MallY dllmyO£ wer.. even ~n",lIl1nll '0 flgh' ",I,hln ,he callieI'selr. If .helr comJlOllndS were s..ccessfully en,ered bya'tackinl HOOPS, ,lIey ..... llIy chose .0 die hooorably by,be" own hind.. TIle doRlon wlS lIWaUy .be ."e of ",.. II.JUici<le If ,he defense will IInwccell'"I.
The bulldl"IS (WI I ca.,le .I.e were Irral"ge<! 10 Iha,I. ,",ould be dimc"l. fo< In I"&eke. 10 SlOrm .M .l.e.A, .he hell. of ,he wloole ."..c....e wlS .he mlln COmJlOllndl,he Mlllmaru compound! ... hoch conlained ,he don"", and,be dil,m1O'. reS;deftK. SIIbsid,ary compOttnds were addedon llOUnd IIIe lIl ..n compound. Soone .IUS and mOlln wereplaced "OUnd thelle compounds ei.lIe. in I cor-:enlrlc 0<
spl.11 paner. 10 ,ba, ,lie wbole area wil procec.ed. T..rreu.ere buill <:- .he ""alls .IIb .1Ie lariefl be•.., on .be corneoThe "I'0OI& for.I'1ed ou'''' ...all. Wele bull. of SIOCIeS ","ha sleep ,lope.
l_~ lbe COI'pound, ,be pa.b...aya .0 .be '*""_ olle"loot 011 a mue-ilke appe~.IICe. Ulle~pec.ed I"''''' deada. and ,atft would ""pedoe .he alllCk wblle .be defe1>de,.could fore "rOW. or drop Rona do." 'r_ .be ... all..
Ohe" .be .0"''' OUts,de .he callie "'" Ilso I..d ou,10 'kI' ,here ...... no clear-c.., pa,h .0 .he g"u. BI"'"alley, ......."",.peeled obs'n.lCllons ...ould ,..pede IJ>y advance.I" lene.ll lbe .0"'''' around ,be Clstles were ,""ablte<! bymanr of .he dilm1O's w"rrlor..
30
JAFAN
GATE TYPES
TI-IC MAJORCOMPONENTSOFJAPANESECASTLES
INSET GATE.
KORAl GATE
....~. ZD.-o 7 ....7lJU
31
TYPES OF STONE WALLS
COMPA(:T
JTON£. VRDPPINGPROoJCCTION
32
OONiTONO""'''......A CASTa:
PATCHY
PARTS OF A DONJONCAJTLt TOWCIt
GI({XIN() PLA/I! OFPONJON OF AIIAR{)OKA
<:. ~,..
•
•
••
•
•
eLEVATION a:OON070N OFMARIJOKA CASTLe
33
NCf1T: THE ENTRANCEIfffO ~ (>{IN.JON 'i!fN?c.r ON THCMNN F/OOA.
(}1?OIlNO PLAN OFOON;;rON COMPLEXMAYSt/MOlD CASTLE
• • •I'ILuH r(}RIW'EA ....4LL I
• • ••
/VOIfTH W£,ST rxJN.701J
~-;
1'T~",j
Cl
•
c.., 'S"
ELEVATiON OFflONJON OFMATSVMCffOCASTLE
• •
•
•
••
•
••
"
"• SOI/TH·CMr TllRAET
34
OSAKA CASTLE PIAN
OI/ffCRw••a
_GATl
O~ CASTLE AS OCl'ICTEO IN THE nN, CEN7tJRY
ll"""I>" HOII.JNG
35
f
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39
VlCW OF T1<C GIt~T "'...LL 0'" CHIIIIA
CHJNESE f"ORTlFJCATIONSIn ChIna 'he ..,alori,y of ,he major cl,le. were heavily
foruned by wall. and lOwe... some of which make the large"European ca"le, seem InsignifICant. Although many ofthese foruflca,lon. have been da,ed 10 the Ming Dyn."y(1368-16441 they were cerlamly only a renewal "r priorCOnslruc,lons. In gener~l, the wall. are buill of brick whicbIS laid down In many course,. The base of the wall wa.frequently slrengthened by a plilh of Slone. Ohen largetOwers are placed along the w.lI. to .id m defense.
The base of the'e wall. were ollen from 15 10 25meters thick. They rose to grea' helghlS. up '0 2S meters,and were ,opped by crenellated rampartS. Ga,eway. ,hroughthe w.ll. are u.ually made of heavy umbelS. In COntriS'10 the Immense wall' these doors seem .ery weak. Tocou",er thiS large gatehouses were butl< which U MarcoPolo relaled In ,he end of lhe ,hlneenth cenlury, COllldhold up '0 one-,lIou.and men.TIlE GREAT WALL Of" CHINA
Perhaps Ihe mOst famous example of delensl.e fOrlifkatlon Is whal IS known as The Great Wall of CMna. I< can.alely ~ ...d tlla, this mU.,ve piece of archnectme ou'shme. almost every other single s,ructure built by humanhand•.
The Crea, Wall was nOt Simply PUI up overnight.When 'he coumry wa. unlled at ,he onset of the ChllinDyna"y (22J-207 B.C.l, emperor Shih Huang TI wa. lnlenlupon ,tablll'ing the ,errltory by keeping the nomad'c hun.OUI. AClual construclion began .round 217 B,C. and ullilled
40
to a large eXt en'. earlier existing ramparts which had beenbuill in the earlier prO.inces. As Ihe wall e"slS IOday.h is eslimated '0 CoOer 3930 miles 16325 kilomelersl wi,hall of 'he Yarlou. .ide-branche. figured in. Many of Iheya"ou' loops and offshoolS were constructed In sub.equentcenturies after the orlglnal line was bUilt.
The wall achieoed I.. purpose of ke"plng ou, the nomadsby reStrIcting ,he number which could pass this oorder.By elimInating 'he 'DC,ic of large numbers of horsemensweeping down Out of tile steppes and socilng chles andtown•. the nomadic tribesmen were ellmlna,ed as a majorthreal. If a large concenlta,ed auack was ml\,de '0 capturea section of the wall or knock a breach In It. enough timecould be bough, by lhe defende" 10 enable reinforcemen"10 arrl~e. The wall "'" much like a breakwater aga", ..which wayeS of nomads "'ere broken and contained. It IsIheorl'ed 'ha' the ",all "channelled" the nomadic trlbe.men10 'he well and Into Europe.
Naturally the wall had lis ups and down,. Aher 'heChh, n and Han Dynasties (3rd. cemury B.C. '0 3rd centuryA.D.l, there was lillie ~pkeep and malrl'enanCe, DUringthe Wei. Chhl, and Sui Periods there was a malor renovalionand reconstruction (6,h. and 71h. centude. A.D.l. Howeyer.af,er 'hiS, again numerO<l. centurIes passed with no upkeep.
In general ,he wail wa. bullt upon a granl'e blockbaoe. The walls ,hemselye. were cOnstructed of brIck 0'SlOne with COres of rubble. There are usually e;gh, '0,we)oe lowe.. per mile an~where from 100 '0 200 yardsapall.
MAP OF NORTHERN CHINA .sHOWIAG THE arENT OF THE GREAT WALL
AP~~D)('MIlTI
LIM: OF OIr""""Lw"U or e",,,,,,
41
IN SoME Sllrll:"/J
1,1. AUTUU
CROSS SECTION OF THE GI?£AT WAll
I£2 IMCTrJff
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WALLS OF THECIT Y OF TSINAN
..u.:1'IT ,.,.mDlfll'lATlL YIIJ MCTCIU {u ....l
42
Inner view of chy walls
of Slan .-howl"g the
rampt the defePdetJ
uoed to clImb '0 the
.amp• .,.. Total he'lh,
9 me.e....
43
Gate along thl'! InlH!' line
of defensive ...all. In Nortl>ern
Chin•.
PLAN OF PEKING
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CHINESE CITyTO TARTAR ern
44
THC ~C,,".Al. " • ., "" norWUT wALL 0' T"'- ~"VW TA6T_
welt wall of ,be c;i'Y.
Total beiC11t or wan appro.ima'ely
10 metn'a.
Barbie." 20 mete'",
n. OOR PLAN OFTHE. ABOVE BARBJC.AN
•
TOwell!
4.
MAP OFEASTERN ASIA
SUMATI\ ...
,,~, ...
GkEAT WALL
China
:.
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PHILIPPINEISLANOS
•
BIBLIOGRAPIIY
Aroderson. L.J.: J.p."".., ArmllUr.A,"I, Haku..,kl: The A,mour 8Qot; In Ho<:hO - Gunkiko.DlBe8er, Donn R.: Wupon••nd f"i!\h,ln!\ Ans of ,he In<lone.lan Arehillf!l'8Cl.Needham, Joseph: S'-;ern:~ and CI.lllli,l,," In China, Vol, I&~.
Ratti, O..,a, and Westbrook.. Adele: Secren of the Samu..l.Robinson, H. Russel: Orlen'.1 Armour.S,one, George C.: A GIO",,,ry of the eonstrue.lon, Deeo..lIon, and U.e of Arms and Armour.Tar"nuk. Leomd and Ol"lr, Ch.ude, The Complete Ern:yclopedl. of Arm. & We"pon ...Toy, Sidllf!y: A llistory of fOrtIficatIon rrom 3000 o.C. Through 1700 A.D.•Vollmer, John E.: In ,he Prelence of The Dragon TIlron"'.
47
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Beyond the Supernatural" 2nd Ed.Pallldi"",'1 popuJu oupemot",al. bo<ror R.PG i.I~"& III ov.maw
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