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We routinely observe the Tropical Pacific to forecast El Niño/La Niña and their influence on climate
Courtesy of: Rosanna M. Sumagaysay, NASA/JPL Physical Oceanography DAC
Sea Surface Height and Temperature Anomalies: Dec 96 - Feb 99
•We established an operational in situ ENSO Observing System in 1997
•We have an ongoing operational satellite surface temperature capability
•We will have continuing observations of sea surface topography from the Jason-1 altimeter mission in 2000
The El Niño/Southern Oscillation
Mid-Nov Forecast
(top)
Observations (bottom)
Courtesy: NOAA’s Climate Forecast
Center
PRECIPITATION Dec98/Feb99
Global Precipitation
Anomalies
Forecast (above) &Observed (below) for the 1997/98
El Nino
Courtesy ofDavid Anderson
ECMWF
But phenomena in addition to ENSO influence our climate:
-- Pacific Decadal Oscillation -- Arctic Oscillation -- Indian Ocean Dipole -- Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
which we need to observe, understand and forecast
and the observations must include the subsurface
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation
1947-1976
1977-1997
Courtesy of the National Geographic Magazine
Courtesy of the National Geographic Magazine
North Atlantic Oscillation(or the North Atlantic expression of the Arctic Oscillation)
Tropical Atlantic Variability
Courtesy of the
National Geographic Magazine
The Arctic Oscillation
Potential Wintertime
Predictability for
Temperature
Courtesy of NOAA
Climate Prediction
Center
Courtesy of: Howard Freland, IOS
Surface Temperature for Jan/Feb, 1998 Anomaly
Sea Surface Temperature and
Sea Level PressureAnomalies
Courtesy of Warren White, Scripps
Correlation of dominant modes of variability
of SST and Precipitation in & around Australia
(Based on the analysis of a 40-year record)
Courtesy of Warren White, Scripps
Courtesy of Toshio Yamagata, U of Tokyo
Correlation between Rainfall and the Indian Ocean Dipole Index
Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
Courtesy of Frank Wentz and Chelle Gentemann, RSS
Hurricane Gert and Tropical Storms Harvey & Hilary Threaten North America
Observations from NASA’s Quikscat on Sept 20, 1999Courtesy of Liu, Xie & Tang, JPL
Courtesy of : Dudley Chelton, OSU
Quikscat-derived surface vector windsJuly 21 to Oct 21, 1999
We are at a point in time where we can consider putting it all together for the global oceans:
-- satellite and in situ observations-- observations and models-- research and operations
Courtesy ofLakshmi Kantha
Colorado U
Nowcasts (11/25 - 12/25, 1998) Forecasts (thru 1/24/99)
Warming of the World Ocean
Courtesy of: Sydney Levitus,
National Oceanographic
Data Center, NOAA
Courtesy of NOAA/NCDC
Courtesy of NOAA/NCDC
For the global oceans, we have:
-- satellite coverage of the surface -- communications -- computers and models
all capable of operating in near real time
However, we lack a complementary in-situ system to observe the subsurface
WOCE Stations and a typical monthly XBT coverage
Argo is the next step in global ocean observations
It will complement our existing global satellite capability -- surface temperature -- topography -- vector winds
Video courtesy of Webb Research
Indian OceanFloat
Trajectories
@ 1000-m depth
25-day steps
Jan 95 - Dec 98
Courtesy ofBreck Owens,
WHOI &Russ Davis,
SIO
LabradorSea
Float Trajectories
600 & 1400 m
10-day steps
Jan 97 - Dec 98
Courtesy ofBreck Owens,
WHOI &Russ Davis,
SIO
Mixed Layer Depth
Deepest Blue 1,000 m or
more
10-day steps
Jan 97 - Dec 98
Courtesy ofBreck Owens,
WHOI &Russ Davis,
SIO
Typical global coverage with 3,000 Argo floats
International Commitments for Argo Floats
3/24/01
Number of Argo Float Argo Float Argo Float Proposed Prop FloatFloats by Country Funded Equiv's Funded Equiv's Funded Equiv's over next Equiv's
FY99 FY99 FY00 FY00 FY01 FY01 3 years over 3 yrsAustralia 10 10 90Canada 10 42 90China 10 80Denmark 5European Commission 80France 8 70 65 200Germany 18 22 100 35India 6 150Japan 20 90 300New Zealand 2 10Republic of Korea 20 90Spain 24United Kingdom 13 50 5 150 40U.S.A. 55 132 51 150 40 825 60TOTALS 55 8 255 69 525 72 2109 135
TOTALS BY YEAR FY99 = 63 FY00 = 324 FY01 = 597 Ave/Yr = 748
International Implementation Planning Meetings for Argo
(Sponsored by the WMO and IOC)
-- Pacific Ocean -- Tokyo, April 13-14, 2000
-- Atlantic Ocean -- Paris, July 10-11, 2000
-- Indian Ocean -- TBD time & location, 2001
(planning trip March 14-15)
Initial U.S. Argo Float Deployments
Target Regions for Deployment of the International Argo Floats Already Funded
12/3/00
The first regions to be fully covered will be the Atlantic and Tropical Pacific
Exclusive Economic Zones for the Pacific Ocean
60N
30N
Eq
30S
60S120W120E 180
Proposed Deployment of Argo Floats in 2001
compared with EEZ coverage in the western Pacific
The WMO & IOC have endorsed/accepted Argo:
-- as an important component of the operational observing system of GOOS and GCOS
-- as a major contribution to CLIVAR and other research programs
-- with the data and derived products from Argo floats being “freely available in real-time and delayed mode”
The IOC Resolution on Argo states that:
-- “as with existing surface drifting buoys, some…[floats]...may drift into waters under national jurisdiction…”
-- “…concerned coastal states must be informed in advance...of all deployments of...floats which might drift into [their] waters…”
Argo Information Centre
• Full-time Technical Coordinator hired to provide services for Argo as are provided for DBCP & SOOP
• To be managed under the new Joint Technical Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology
• To provide notification for float deployments• http://argo-forum.jcommops.org
Adequate coverage of the western tropical Pacific—a priority area—
will of necessity involve float deployment within the EEZs of Pacific Island Nations
Consequently, we have approached these Nations via SOPAC and, working through its Council,
have secured an understanding with the Pacific Island Forum
The IOC Resolution was silent concerning the issue of deployment
of Argo floats within EEZs
The next step in implementation requires planning
for the deployment of floatsfrom ships or aircraft of opportunity
If there is to be adequate coverage of the western tropical Pacific
—a priority area—this will involve float deployment
within the EEZs of Pacific Island nations
Planned U.S. Argo float
deployments during 2001
Black = volunteer ships
Colors = research vessels
12/3/00
We are seeking national commitments to operational observing systems
for the global oceans, just as we have for the atmosphere
An essential element is building national consensus, bridging between different agencies in each nation
-- research and operational -- oceanic and atmospheric -- civilian and Naval -- weather and climate
Why develop political consensus?
We are seeking national commitments to operational observing systems
for the global oceans, just as we have for the atmosphere
We routinely collect satellite observations
of the surface of the global oceans, but we are not able to collect
complementary subsurface observations
Given an understanding of Argo, there is strong initial support
But continuing support will depend on countries being able to derive benefit from the data
Countries with well developed oceanographic and climate forecasting capabilities will be able to do so,
with the ‘free & open’ data policy
But other countries will need access to such capabilities if they, too, are to be able
to derive full benefit from the data
The U.S. contribution to Argo is managed by the National Oceanographic Partnership Program, with funding from ONR and NOAA.
Argo international activities are coordinated by the World Meteorological Organization and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
Argo float technology was developed over the past decade by the World Ocean Circulation Experiment with funding from NSF and ONR.
Argo is one element of a comprehensive international system
for observing the global oceans
-- Global Eulerian Observatories-- GODAE (2003-2005)
-- CLIVAR: ACVE & PBECS-- GOOS/GCOS
Proposed Global Eulerian Observations
Courtesy of Uwe Send, IfM, Kiel
Why a Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment ?Why a Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment ?
Opportunities: Opportunities:
• maturity of satellite and in-situ observing systems make real-time global observations feasible
• advances in scientific knowledge (e.g. TOGA, WOCE) and our ability to model the global ocean and assimilate data
2003-2005 a good time to mount 2003-2005 a good time to mount
a demonstration of feasibility and practicalitya demonstration of feasibility and practicality
Needs:Needs:
• user demand for global ocean products for a variety of applications--including scientific research
• building a permanent, well-supported ocean observing system requires convincing demonstrations
The ocean observing system for climate - St Raphael, October 1999
GODAEGODAE
Objective:Objective: Provide a practical demonstration of real-time, global ocean data assimilation for operationaloperational oceanography
The ocean observing system for climate - St Raphael, October 1999
To apply state-of-the-art ocean models & assimilation methods for:
-- short-range open-ocean forecasts
-- boundary conditions for coastal forecasts
-- initial conditions for climate forecast models
To provide global ocean analyses and re-analyses to improve our:
-- understanding of the oceans
-- assessments of the predictability of ocean systems
-- the design & effectiveness of the global ocean observing system
GODAE Requirements - in-situGODAE Requirements - in-situ
The existing global, in-situ observing system is clearly inadequate for
GODAE. The development of an appropriate network must take into
account the complementarity of satellites and in-situ systems:
-- vertical structure from in-situ data
-- broad surface coverage from satellites
-- different sampling and measurement schemes
-- calibration/validation of satellites with in-situ data
Argo was designed to meet this need. It will provide the primary global data for GODAE, complementing existing operational and experimental systems.
Argo: a GODAE/CLIVAR project
The ocean observing system for climate - St Raphael, October 1999
From From Mark TrailMark Trail, , September 26, 1999September 26, 1999
For further information, contact:
Dr. Stan Wilson, Deputy Chief Scientist U.S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
202-482-3385; [email protected]