we need new priests

8/4/2019 we need new priests

1/61

[imd | 9

Zhd Inraoic tljiy as oiumht `dtwddc i pist s/hd oicclt rdoiee, i prdsdct s/hd as aee-dquappdj

tl ucjdrsticj icj i nuturd s/hd oicclt olctdgpeitd. Ohas Lbdohubwu Trlh.

`rivd cdw wlrej2agimacd thdrds cl oluctry6

wd cddj cdw pradsts.lc utlpai, olsglpleaticasg icj thd oaty.lc thd irtast-pradst, nrddjlg, thd oaty icj thd lèamitalc lnsioraod.lc thd nrimgdctdj sden, plstolelcaie ajdctaty, orasas, hy`rajatyicj guetaoueturie triugi, iesl thd aciàeaty tl glurc.

iggi àrimlolsglpleatic as thd cdw acjamdclus

icj utlpai i oiee tl glurcacm.

Olsglpleaticasg as, ac ajdctaty tdrgs, `dtwaxt icj `dtwddc wathlut `dacm eagacie.

t as shantacm, pirtaoapitacm ac gicy wlrejs wathlut `dolgacm pirt ln thdg. - Nradjgic


2/61

[imd | 0



! prlxagaty tl thd olelcaie ijgacastritalc--glrd thic icy citurie prdjasplsatalc

tl acsicaty - iooluctdj nlr thd sloaie gi"dup ln isyeug plpueitalcs, !Gijcdss icj Olelcazitalc6

[syohaitry ac thd @ratash icj Nrdcoh Dgpards, !""#$%&,

'aohirj (deedr

Zhd clrgie rled nlr thd gljdg ordita#d wratdr as tl `d ic dxaed... $drioacitalc his `dolgd ieglst

i prdrdquasatd ln actdeedotuie jastacotalc% &p. '(). ! % icj summdstdj thit thd traped uprlltacm nrlg hlgd, eicmuimd

icj oueturd rdsuetdj ac thd aggamricts icj thd aggamrict wratdrs hi#acm %gljdrcasg nlrodj uplc% thdg.%)*c Lr+uc

Gubhdrdd icj 'ushjad ac -hrlu+h -rideedj Dyds

thd actdrprdtitalc l/ triugi icj sldrda+cty ac thd plstolelcaie dri

... hadrirohads ln jd#delpgdct, d#leutalc, prlmrdss - thit ird acdxtraoièd olelcaie jlgacitalc ln guoh ln thd mel`dac thd narst hien ln thd odctury icj thd edmioads ln thit jlgacitalc ac thd sdolcj hien.

Tcolcsoalus ;lgacalcs6

[syohlicieysas, Olelcaie -riugi, icj )el9ie 0ldrda+ctads.

Gitthdw G. ?ditlc

$asolctacuaty wath i olelcaie pist as agplssaèd, glst sl ac thd psyohao icj inndota#d rdieg whdrd arlcaoieey, atsdrisurd as iesl glst slumht. ts rdsajuds eacmdr ac thd ucolcsoalus gdglry, whaoh as thd olcstatuta#d `djrlo" ln

olcsoalus dxastdcod* &+). t acnedots thd d#dryjiy gucjicd dxastdcod wathlut cdodssiraey racmacm ittdctalc tl atsden.

t orditds ic acdxpeaoièd elcmacm, i pueacm oaroueitalc ln jdsard irlucj thd triugitao sodcd ln lpprdssalc* .Lc -hd Olelcaie:[lst#Olelcaie 0u9dot.

[lstolelcaie ajdctaty ac i +el9ieazac+ 4cjai.

0ic+ddt (ugir

thit thd dxpdradctaie spiod ln thd acja#ajuie cl elcmdr olacoajds wath citalcie spiod,

ùt as `dacm su tey ietdrdj `y thd lpdcacm tl olsglpleaticasitalc shluej clt jdoda#dicylcd actl `dead#acm wd ird iee mlacm tl `dolgd olsglpleatics.

Teraoh @dob

c thd pleataoie ed#de, thd pirtaie rdedisd nrlg trijatalcie `lcjs icj

thd prltdota#d nrigd ln thd citalc-stitd giy `d pdroda#dj is i elss ln iooluctiàeaty

ma#dc thit thdrd ird clt ydt dqua#iedcts tl thd #icashacm plwdr glclpley

ln thd stitd lc thd tricscitalcie lr melìe ed#de.Olsglpleatic ittatujds thrlu+h tricscitalcie sloaie priotaods>

0td//dc Giu, =ic Gdwds icj 8cc 1aggdrgicc




3/61

[imd | ?



ut is ac eicjedsscdss ielcd rdsajds thd hamhdst truth, shlrdedss,acjdnacatd is ;lj - sl `dttdr as at tl pdrash ac thit hlweacm acnacatd,

thic `d acmelralusey jishdj uplc thd edd, d#dc an thit wdrd sindty9Gl9y ;aob 9y ?drgic Gdeaeed

Zhd rd#a#ie ln olsglpleaticasg tl whaoh 0irthi ?ussìug, iglcm lthdrs, his gijd samcanaoict olctraùtalcs iesl

rdnedots ic urmd tl ml `dylcj thd plstgljdrc icj guetaoueturie agpraslcgdct ac janndrdcod icj rdiead lur olgglc

hugicaty. ut thd plactdr tl lur olgglc hugicaty `y thd prd#iedct jasolursds jlds clt sunnaoadctey dg`ljy thd

piac icj sunndracm ln oryacm hugicaty is at his `ddc icj as dacm su`:dotdj tl i sdrads ln #aleitalcs icj olelcaie#aledcod.

Olsglpleaticasg icj @dylcj6 -lwirjs i Guetadrsd l/ -rics/lrgitalcs

8cicti (ugir )ara

Lc 8shas icjy2s Ttlpai. 8//dotad Olsglpleaticasg

[riglj (. iyir

4Zhus, cl utlpai oic `d wathlut ic agpeaoat lr dxpeaoat thdlry ln sunndracm. Zhas as dspdoaieey sl ac thd pdraphdrads ln

thd wlrej, duphdgastaoieey oieedj thd tharj wlrej &>'). ?icjy mlds lc tl siy thit 4tl hi#d i gdicacmnue eand ac thd

gacjs ln gdc, suoh i utlpai gust stirt wath thd assud ln gic-gijd sunndracm, whaoh his ma#dc thd tharj wlrej `lthats cigd icj ucaqudcdss4 &Zrijatalcs >').

Olsglpleaticasg icj @dylcj6 -lwirjs i Guetadrsd l/ -rics/lrgitalcs

8cicti (ugir )ara

=thaoie olsglpleaticasg rdndrs tl lur `delcmacm tl thd wlrej ac tdrgs ln slgd jutads icj lèamitalcs. 8lr thd 1tlaoswd ird clt :ust gdg`drs ln lur oaty stitds ùt oatadcs ln thd wlrej. 6lwd#dr, thas jlds clt gdic ùaejacm i wlrej

stitd. Is ?ussìug hdeps us ucjdrsticj2 5Zhd plact as glrd rijaoie staee2 thit wd shluej ma#d lur narst glrie

ieedmaicod tl cl gdrd nlrg ln ml#drcgdct, cl tdgplrie plwdr. 7d shluej ma#d at acstdij tl glrie olggucaty gijd

up `y thd hugicaty ln iee `dacms &?uss iug, '++32


4/61

[imd | :



nlr dxigped tl is" whdthdr at as pragiraey dpastdgao, dthclodctrao, icthrlplodctrao icj agpdraie.

c thas olctdxt ! thd gueta#drsd ln tricsnlrgitalcs thit olctdgplriry jasolursds ln olsglpleaticasg ird olcnrlctdj

wath. t su`gats thit olsglpleaticaitalc' is ic lcmlacm prlodss ln orataqud, ordita#aty icj lrjdr-orlssacm ac#le#ds

tricsnlrgitalcs ac sden, oueturd, sloadty, dolclgy icj pleaty. Olsglpleaticaitalc ac#le#ds gueta-jagdcsalcieprlodssds ln sden-jd#delpgdct, acoeusalc ln thd lthdr, icj peicdtiry rdieaitalcs &;ara, >KKi). c thd nadej ln sden-

jd#delpgdct, olsglpleaticaitalc ac#le#ds jd#delpgdct ln i tricsodcjdctie sden, tricscitalcie oatadcshap, icj

oueta#italc ln lur olsgao hugicaty.Olsglpleaticasg icj @dylcj6 -lwirjs i Guetadrsd l/ -rics/lrgitalcs

8cicti (ugir )ara

4Zhd wlrej as is at wdrd thd olgglc hlgdln thd mljs icj hugics, thd oaty thit `delcms tl `lth.4

-hd 0tlao @ie9us

Icj thd gacj thit his olcoda#dj i peic ln ea#acm gust cd#dr

elsd samht ln thd ohils imiacst whaoh thit pittdrc wis olcoda#dj.

Zhit mlds nlr sloadtads is wdee is nlr acja#ajuies.*

4casa9ed Gic. 'ieph Deeaslc.

5dwas Gug/lrj. Ttlpai, -hd Oaty icj -hd Giohacd

! c rdturc, d#dry gdg`dr ln thd olggucaty wis lèamdj tl pdrnlrg sioranaods

icj tl jd#ltd it edist pirt ln thd ydir tl ei`lracm nlr thd oaty%s mlj. y su`statutacm olcsoraptalcicj olggucasg nlr thd eitdr acstatutalcs ln thd gir"dt, wimd ei`lr,

pra#itd prlpdrty, icj glcdy, !

Zhd wasd phaelslphdr `dolgds i oatadc ac i olsgao oaty lr wlrej-stitd

ruedj `y thd mljsJ hd thdrd`y tricsodcjs ac ic agplrtict gdisurd thd tiwjry jdga-glcjd

ln thd gicy pirlohaie 1tlaos !0loritao Olsglpleaticasg6 Oaodrl7s Orata3ud icj -rics/lrgitalc l/ thd 0tlao 4jdie

Zhlgis Dicmed.

c olctrist, thd eand ln thd wasd, `doiusd at as i eand odctrdj lc jd#ltalc tl glrie #artud is thd dcj ac atsden, as i eandspdct ohadney ac pdrnlrgicod ln thd 4pdrndot jutads.4 y thus ea#acm ac l`djadcod tl thd eiw ln citurd lr rdislc, thd

wasd gic `dolgds thd trud nradcj ln thd mljs, icj thdar lcey trud pradst, thd "clwdr ln thd prlpdr sioranaods, tl

whlg thd mljs olggucaoitd ja#acitalcs ln thd nuturd thrlumh jrdigs icj soadctanao iumurads, icj whlsd slue thdy

giy prdsdr#d intdr jdith, it edist uctae thd cdxt olsgao olcneimritalc. Zhd wasd phaelslphdr `dolgds i oatadc ac iolsgao oaty lr wlrej-stitd ruedj `y thd mljsJ hd thdrd`y tricsodcjs ac ic agplrtict gdisurd thd tiwjry jdga-glcjd

ln thd gicy pirlohaie 1tlaos !

0loritao Olsglpleaticasg6

Oaodrl7s Orata3ud icj -rics/lrgitalc l/ thd 0tlao 4jdie

Zhlgis Dicmed.

Olelcaie 4ctdrsdotalcs icj thd 4jdlel+y l/ Olsglpleaticasg

Zhd stitus ln olsglpleaticasg is i hdmdglcao, ajdlelmaoie ispdot ln thd melìe gir"dtpeiod as actdmrieey rdeitdj tl

thas olelcaieast edmioy icj ats hastlraoieey shantacm olcstruotalcs ln thd jdstacitalcs nlr oueturieey dcraohacm tri#de.Zhrlumhlut thd sd#dctddcth icj damhtddcth odcturads, =urlpdic oueturie deatds rdmirjdj tri#de &lntdc wath dxpdrt

muajds) tl thd satds ln oeissaoie ictaquatads icj thd irtastao icj irohatdoturie iohad#dgdcts ln thd Ndciassicod is

dssdctaie tl thd prdpiritalc ln ylucm gdc nlr thd rdsplcsaàeatads ln dgpard &Ijedr '+


5/61

[imd | 4



cacdtddcth odctury, thd syg`leao issloaitalcs iglcm tri#de, sden-jd#delpgdct, icj thd oueta#italc ln wlrejeacdss hij

`dolgd wdee dsti`eashdj ac thd oeiss olcsoaluscdss ln =urlpdic deatds.

Olsglpleaticasg.


6/61

[imd | >




Zhd stitus ln olsglpleaticasg is i hdmdglcao, ajdlelmaoie ispdot ln thd mel`ie gir"dtpeiod as actdmrieey rdeitdj tlthas olelcaieast edmioy icj ats hastlraoieey shantacm olcstruotalcs ln thd jdstacitalcs nlr oueturieey dcraohacm tri#de.

Zhrlumhlut thd sd#dctddcth icj damhtddcth odcturads, =urlpdic oueturie deatds rdmirjdj tri#de &lntdc wath dxpdrt

muajds) tl thd satds ln oeissaoie ictaquatads icj thd irtastao icj irohatdoturie iohad#dgdcts ln thd Ndciassicod isdssdctaie tl thd prdpiritalc ln ylucm gdc nlr thd rdsplcsa`aeatads ln dgpard &Ijedr '+


7/61

[imd | =



dolgacm i oatadc ln thd wlrej as lntdc i elcdey ùsacdss.

t as, ac dnndot, i "acj ln dxaed nrlg thd olgnlrt ln eloie truths, nrlg thd wirg cdsteacm nddeacms ln pitraltasg,

nrlg thd i`slràcm prajd ac lcdsden icj lcds lwc. ! Olsglpleaticasg lnndrs cl suoh rdnumdJ

at lnndrs lcey rdislc icj thd el#d ln hugicaty.*Girthi uss9iug

$asolctacuaty wath i olelcaie pist as agplssaèd, glst sl ac thd psyohao icj inndota#d rdieg whdrd arlcaoieey, atsdrisurd as iesl glst slumht. ts rdsajuds eacmdr ac thd ucolcsoalus gdglry, whaoh as thd olcstatuta#d `djrlo" ln

olcsoalus dxastdcod* &+). t acnedots thd d#dryjiy gucjicd dxastdcod wathlut cdodssiraey racmacm ittdctalc tl atsden.

t orditds ic acdxpeaoièd elcmacm, i pueacm oaroueitalc ln jdsard irlucj thd triugitao sodcd ln lpprdssalc* &'').Lc -hd Olelcaie:[lst#Olelcaie 0u9dot. [lstolelcaie ajdctaty ac i +el9ieazac+ 4cjai 9y 0ic+ddt (ugir lc

8e9drt Gdgga

I7d ?italcs ln =urlpd, thlumht, whl jl clt ndir tl nelljeamht lur lwc acglst gdohicasgs, ird hdrd turcacm thd

èiacm eamhts ln lur oa#aeaitalc actl jir" dyds, dssdctaieey janndrdct tl lurs. n nlr i elcm dclumh tagd wd olctacud ac

thas wiy tl jied icj èacj thd Inraoics, wd giy ac thd dcj `racm uplc thdg i elcmacm nlr jir"cdss, whaoh waee

jra#d thdg actl thd mlrmds ln thdar lwc, uc"clwc gluctiacs icj thdar lwc, uc"clwc gacjs.*

4sib ;acdsdc. Lut l/ 8/raoi.

Inraoi as pragata#d `doiusd at as thd eicj ln mdcuacd `dacms, ucsplaedj, lramacie, ucijuetdritdj icj

oelsd tl eand. ut thd lthdr ispdot ln thd gdicacm ln pragata#asg as jdgdicacm icj sden jdnditacm2 thlsd hdej tl `dmdcuacd ird sl `doiusd thdy ird stir"ey ucjdrjd#delpdj.

[lst#Olelcaieasg, Gdglry icj thd 'dgibac+ l/ 8/raoic 4jdctaty

4jlwu


8/61

[imd | 8



Zhd Zriugi ln i $agacashdj =xastdcod*2 Ohacui Iohd`d Nd#asatdj

Icmdei Gigis Nljramuds

$drioacitalc his dolgd ieglst i prdrdquasatd ln actdeedotuie jastacotalc% &p. '(). ! Nushjad, whl prlplsdj

gamritalc is i %gdtiphlr nlr iee hugicaty, % icj summdstdj thit thd traped uprlltacm nrlg hlgd, eicmuimd icj oueturd

rdsuetdj ac thd aggamricts icj thd aggamrict wratdrs hi#acm %gljdrcasg nlrodj uplc% thdg.

agga+rict dFpdradcod ac thd olctdgplriry wlrej, icj ats olcsd3udct eacb wath thd jlgacict gljds l/

thlu+ht icj wratac+ l/ thd jiy, whaoh 'ushjad jdsora9ds is gljdrcasg

Zhas as ic dxtriot nrlg 5gimaciry 6lgdeicjs,% thd irtaoed ac whaoh Nushjad dei`lritds lc thd ajdi ln thd

uca#drsieaty icj rded#icod ln thd aggamrict dxpdradcod ac thd olctdgplriry wlrej, icj ats olcsdqudct eac" wath thd

jlgacict gljds ln thlumht icj wratacm ln thd jiy, whaoh Nushjad jdsora`ds is gljdrcasg.

)*c Lr+uc lc Gubhdrdd icj 'ushjad ac -hrlu+h -rideedj Dyds

Intdr jdsora`acm thd psyohlsloaie agpeaoitalcs ln gamritacm nrlg thd olelcy tl thd gdtrlpleas, hd stitds thit %ac

#iryacm jdmrdds, thd clrgie rled nlr thd gljdg ordita#d wratdr as tl `d ic dxaed... $drioacitalc his `dolgd ieglst iprdrdquasatd ln actdeedotuie jastacotalc% &p. '(). Zhas as i olgglc dclumh l`sdr#italc, gijd l#dr icj l#dr imiac `y

ic dxaedj wratdr ea"d Nushjad, whl prlplsdj gamritalc is i %gdtiphlr nlr iee hugicaty, % icj summdstdj thit thd traped

uprlltacm nrlg hlgd, eicmuimd icj oueturd rdsuetdj ac thd aggamricts icj thd aggamrict wratdrs hi#acm %gljdrcasg

nlrodj uplc% thdg.


4jlwu


9/61

[imd | 1



psyohlicieytao actdrprdtitalc l/ triugi icj sldrda+cty ac thd plstolelcaie dri

... hadrirohads ln jd#delpgdct, d#leutalc, prlmrdss - thit ird acdxtraoièd

nrlg thd olctdxt ln =urlpdic olelcaie jlgacitalc ln guoh ln thd mel`d ac thd narst hien ln thd odctury

icj thd edmioads ln thit jlgacitalc ac thd sdolcj hien.

! twl actdrtwacdj mlies2 thd narst as tl aeeustritd thit ac hastlraoie tdrgs thd oitdmlraitalc ln hugic sloadtads

ucjdr olelcaieasg icj thd nlrgitalc ln thd gljdrc psyohlicieytao su`:dot ird acsdpirièd* &p. ). 1dolcjey, thd

#leugd iags tl ucol#dr thd dxtdct tl whaoh thd olelcaieast jasolursds lc psyohlicieytao su`:dota#aty hi#dacneudcodj tricsoueturie actdriotalcs wdee actl thd dri ln melìeaitalc* &p. M). 1d#drie dssiys ac thas #leugd

thdrdnlrd sdd" tl rdol#dr i spdoanao pleataoie pltdctaie ac psyohlicieytao actdrprdtitalc ln triugi icj sl#drdamcty,*

ac thd plstolelcaie dri &p. ().



icj tl jd#ltd it edist pirt ln thd ydir tl ei`lracm nlr thd oaty%s mlj. y su`statutacm olcsoraptalc

icj olggucasg nlr thd eitdr acstatutalcs ln thd gir"dt, wimd ei`lr,

pra#itd prlpdrty, icj glcdy, !

Zhd narst utlpais wd "clw wdrd ni`raoitdj ac ;rddodJ icj ac spatd ln thdar rdpditdj dnnlrts it olcndjdritalc, thd;rdd"s wdrd cd#dr ièd tl olcoda#d ln i hugic olgglcwdieth dxodpt ac thd olcordtd nlrg ln i oaty. =#dc

Iedxicjdr hij edircdj thas edsslc sl wdee thit it edist pirt ln thd dcdrmads thit gamht hi#d mlcd actl wajdr lr glrdripaj olcqudsts wdct actl thd ùaejacm ln oatads. ! ! c rdturc, d#dry gdg`dr ln thd olggucaty wis lèamdj tl

pdrnlrg sioranaods icj tl jd#ltd it edist pirt ln thd ydir tl ei`lracm nlr thd oaty%s mlj. y su`statutacm olcsoraptalc

icj olggucasg nlr thd eitdr acstatutalcs ln thd gir"dt, wimd ei`lr, pra#itd prlpdrty, icj glcdy, thd utlpais ln

0lrd, Oi`dt, icj deeigy iee rd#drtdj tl thd pragata#d olcjatalc ln thas i`lramacie urìc lrmicaitalc2 i gicimdjdolclgy ucjdr thd jardotalc ln thd "acm.

! Oycaos, thd glst niglus ln whlg wis thd $almdcds whl as rdputdj tl hi#d

ea#dj ac i ìrrde, whl as siaj tl hi#d `ddc thd narst tl usd &ippeyacm at tl hagsden) thd tdrg4oatadc ln thd wlrej4 lr 4olsglpleatd, olsglpleatic,4 !


ruedj `y thd mljsJ hd thdrd`y tricsodcjs ac ic agplrtict gdisurd thd tiwjry jdga-glcjdln thd gicy pirlohaie 1tlaos !

0loritao Olsglpleaticasg6 Oaodrl7s Orata3ud icj -rics/lrgitalc l/ thd 0tlao 4jdie

Zhlgis Dicmed.


[riglj (. iyir


thd wlrej, duphdgastaoieey oieedj thd tharj wlrej &>'). ?icjy mlds lc tl siy thit 4tl hi#d i gdicacmnue eand ac thd


Iac thd J


10/61

[imd | 9;



I gdjaoie jdnacatalc ln thd 4lthdr4 thus gittdrdj nir edss tl thd lpdritalc ln olelcaie rdmagds thic at jaj tl gljdrc

=urlpdic stitds, is rioaie janndrdcod prl#ajdj i oedir sloaie niuet eacd. 8acieey, is olelcaie ijgacastritlrs wdrd glrd

olcodrcdj wath mrlup ajdctatads thic acja#ajuies, gdjaoie "clwedjmd dgphisadj thd jdnacatalc ln 4clrgie4 rithdr

thic pithlelmaoie Inraoics.(3

0lst thdlrasts i`lut Inraoic gijcdss ndet thit oa#aeaitalc atsden `rlumht psyohao jasturìcods tl 4jdoueturitdj4

Inraoics whl wdrd ucprdpirdj nlr ripaj prlmrdss. Zhd hamhdst prlplrtalc ln psyohaitrao pitadcts `delcmdj tl thdactdeeamdctsai &whl hij thd oelsdst olctiot BDcj [i+d A"%Ewath =urlpdics), icj sdxuie jysnucotalc nleelwdj thd

actrljuotalc ln oelthacm tl odrtiac tra ds. c olctrist, thlsd whl rdgiacdj ac trijatalcie satuitalcs shlwdj i elw

acoajdcod ln acsicaty, ioolrjacm tl physaoaics ea"d C. O. Oirlthdrs, whl nlucjdj ic =ist Inraoic psyohaitrao41ohlle4 ac thd '+(Ks. Oirlthdrs nlucj thit trijatalcie oueturds 4rdead#dj acja#ajuies ln rdsplcsaàeaty,4 ùt thit

jdprdssa#d pitadcts tdcjdj tl d wrio"dj y muaet2 oedir d#ajdcod thit oa#aeaitalc nioaeatitdj gijcdss.

thas melìe actdeeamdctsai oic &lr shluej) rdturc tl citalcie elyietads ùt whdthdr, ac rdolmcatalc ln ats lwc oeiss-

plsatalc ac melìe oipatieasg, at oic mdcdritd i thlrlumhmlacm orataoasg ln ats lwc ajdlelmy icj nlrgueitd priotaods

ln rdsasticod imiacst thd systdg ln whaoh at as i prljuot-hd [lstolelcaie 8uri6 -harj


11/61

[imd | 99



'aohirj (deedr




icj olggucasg nlr thd eitdr acstatutalcs ln thd gir"dt, wimd ei`lr,pra#itd prlpdrty, icj glcdy, !

Guetaoueturieasg lr -ricsoueturieasg6 -lwirjs iOlsglpleatic Oatazdcshap.

Zhdsd ucohicmacm rdieatads ln lur gljdrc wlrej, olupedj `y thd niot thit tagd icjspiod ird cl elcmdracsurgluctièd irradrs hi#d nudeedj ic urmdcoy, dspdoaieey wathac thd eist nanty ydirs ln thd >Kth odctury, ac

prl#ajacm i gljde nlr oueturie hirglcaitalc lr it thd #dry edist oueturie ucjdrsticjacm, ac thd prlodss ln hugic

actdriotalc nlr lur cdw odctury.Guetaoueturieasg6 -hd 5lss l/ Oueturd

'. [. @dc ;djdb

Zhd rdolmcatalc thit gljdrc sloadtads ird cl elcmdr glcleathao, thit thd agimaciry sloaie spiod his gushrllgdjactl i guetatujd ln ajdctatads his prlpdeedj us actl i rdieaitalc thit wd ird ac ic dri whdrd actdroueturieaty,

tricsoueturieasg icj thd d#dctuie prlspdot ln ajdctanyacm i olsglpleatic oatadcshap oic dolgd i rdieaty.

Guetaoueturieasg lr -ricsoueturieasg6 -lwirjs iOlsglpleatic Oatazdcshap.;lciej Ouooaledtti [h.;.

gpuraty as thd lrjdr ln thd jiy.

Zhd wd icjylu, acoeujd iesl thd hd icj thdshd ln iee eacmuastao mrlups, ln iee citalcieatads,

ln iee thd sdxds. 7d ird ln iee thd oueturds. =ioh pdrslc as i glsiao.*)uy 0oirpdtti, 52agpurat

Oueturd, Gueta#oueturd lr -rics#oueturd.





Zhd narst utlpais wd "clw wdrd ni`raoitdj ac ;rddodJ icj ac spatd ln thdar rdpditdj dnnlrts it olcndjdritalc, thd

;rdd"s wdrd cd#dr ièd tl olcoda#d ln i hugic olgglcwdieth dxodpt ac thd olcordtd nlrg ln i oaty. =#dc

Iedxicjdr hij edircdj thas edsslc sl wdee thit it edist pirt ln thd dcdrmads thit gamht hi#d mlcd actl wajdr lr glrdripaj olcqudsts wdct actl thd ùaejacm ln oatads. ! ! c rdturc, d#dry gdg`dr ln thd olggucaty wis lèamdj tl

pdrnlrg sioranaods icj tl jd#ltd it edist pirt ln thd ydir tl ei`lracm nlr thd oaty%s mlj. y su`statutacm olcsoraptalcicj olggucasg nlr thd eitdr acstatutalcs ln thd gir"dt, wimd ei`lr, pra#itd prlpdrty, icj glcdy, thd utlpais ln

0lrd, Oi`dt, icj deeigy iee rd#drtdj tl thd pragata#d olcjatalc ln thas i`lramacie urìc lrmicaitalc2 i gicimdjdolclgy ucjdr thd jardotalc ln thd "acm.






12/61

[imd | 90



icj tl jd#ltd it edist pirt ln thd ydir tl ei`lracm nlr thd oaty%s mlj. y su`statutacm olcsoraptalc icj olggucasg nlr

thd eitdr acstatutalcs ln thd gir"dt, wimd ei`lr, pra#itd prlpdrty, icj glcdy, !

8eiac -luriacd. 0loadty is Ttlpai.

@tlpai wis rdieey `lrc lcey whdc thd pleataoie lrjdr

sdpiritdj nrlg thd olsglelmaoie lr rdeamalus lrjdr.

5dwas Gug/lrj. Ttlpai,

-hd Oaty icj -hd Giohacd

dnlrd thd gaj-damhtddcth odctury, ipprlxagitdey, thd priotaod ln utlpasts,

nleelwacm Deitl, wis tl prdsdct thdar agimaciry sloadtads ea"d Ithdci, sprucm nueey nlrgdj nrlg thd `rlw ln thdarorditlr, pdrndotdj ac d#dry jdtiae.

ut thd oaty wis, nrlg thd `dmaccacm, rdeitdj tl thd cdwey pdroda#dj olsgao lrjdr2 thd suc, thd gllc, thd peicdts, thd

eamhtcacm, thd stlrg wacj. c shlrt, is 8ustde jd Olueicmds icj iohlndc plactdj lut i odctury iml, thd oaty wispragiraey i rdeamalus phdclgdclc2 at wis thd hlgd ln i mlj, icj d#dc thd oaty wiee placts tl thas supdr-hugic

lramacJ !

Zhas olsgao lradctitalc, thdsd gythao-rdeamalus oeiags, thas rlyie prddgptalc ln thd plwdrs icj nucotalcs ln thdolggucaty ird whit tricsnlrgdj thd gdrd #aeeimd lr tlwc actl i oaty2 slgdthacm 4lut ln thas wlrej,4 thd hlgd ln i

mlj. ! thd oaty atsden wis tricsglmranadj actl ic ajdie nlrg i meagpsd ln dtdrcie lrjdr, i #asaèd hdi#dc lc dirth, i

sdit ln thd eand iùcjict* ac lthdr wlrjs, utlpai.




Lc 8shas icjy2s Ttlpai. 8//dotad Olsglpleaticasg[riglj (. iyir


thd wlrej, duphdgastaoieey oieedj thd tharj wlrej &>'). ?icjy mlds lc tl siy thit 4tl hi#d i gdicacmnue eand ac thdgacjs ln gdc, suoh i utlpai gust stirt wath thd assud ln gic-gijd sunndracm, whaoh his ma#dc thd tharj wlrej `lth

ats cigd icj ucaqudcdss4 &Zrijatalcs >').




Zhlgis Dicmed.

whdc hd wis isbdj whdrd ylu olgd /rlg>

4 ig i oatazdc l/ thd wlrej.

ut $almdcds nicoadj hagsden oataedss, hlgdedss, jdpra#dj ln i nithdreicj,*

icj at as clt disy tl sdd whdrd has olggatgdct tl wlrej-oatadcshap mlds `dylcj thas rd:dotalc ln glrd eloie

oatadcshap. $almdcds jlds purplrt tl hdep pdlped whdrd#dr hd mlds, ùt has olsglpleaticasg rdsdg eds clthacm slguoh is thd wlrejeacdss ln i clgij.




13/61

[imd | 9?



thd stlao acdctalc l/ olsglpleatic pleataos

Drao @rlwc

thd tated %pleas% tl cl lrjaciry hugic olggucaty.Mut ioolrjacm tl thd 1tlaos, thd olsgls is i whled as put ac lrjdr `y ramht rdislc,

icj at as i peiod whdrd hugic `dacms ea#d. 1l thd olsgls is i whled

jlds sitasny thd jdnacatalc ln %pleas%.

Zhas as thd 1tlao jlotracd ln thd olsglpleas.B doiusd at rdsts lc clrgita#d ajdies thit nir lutstrap whit lrjaciry

priotaod gicimds tl sitasny, lcd gamht wdee issugd thit thd 1tlao whl stra#ds tl ea#d is i oatadc ln thd olsglpleas

wluej hi#d tl turc iwiy nrlg lrjaciry pleataos. c thas issugptalc, 4ea#acm is i oatadc ln thd olsgls4 wluej `dclthacm glrd thic i gdtiphlr nlr ea#acm ac imrddgdct wath thd ramht rdislc thit pdr#ijds citurd- :ust i gdtiphlr nlr

ea#acm i mllj hugic eand is 1tlaoasg ucjdrsticjs at. 1dcdoi actdrprdts thd jlotracd ln thd olsglpleas ac thas wiy

whdc hd acsasts, ac $d tal, thit thd lramacie ;rdd" 1tlaos :ustanadj i eand ln wathjriwie nrlg pleataoie dcmimdgdct lc

thd mrlucjs thit cl dxtict oaty sitasnads thd 1tlao sticjirjs ln i trud pleataoie olggucaty.3thd stlao acdctalc l/ olsglpleatic pleataos

Drao @rlwc

Lc thas iooluct, plstgljdrc olcsugdrs ead is tlurast oatazdcs whl jdea+ht

ac tridrsac+ thd wlrej ai tride, gdjai olcsugptalc, icj aggdrsalc ac hypdrrdieast sagueitalcsM,

+eijey piyac+ /lr thd Ira+ht tl spac wd9s l/ gdicac+ iee thdar lwcH @iugic $$%, p. AM.


Zhd stitus ln olsglpleaticasg is i hdmdglcao, ajdlelmaoie ispdot ln thd mel`ie gir"dtpeiod as actdmrieey rdeitdj tl

thas olelcaieast edmioy icj ats hastlraoieey shantacm olcstruotalcs ln thd jdstacitalcs nlr oueturieey dcraohacm tri#de.

Zhrlumhlut thd sd#dctddcth icj damhtddcth odcturads, =urlpdic oueturie deatds rdmirjdj tri#de &lntdc wath dxpdrt

muajds) tl thd satds ln oeissaoie ictaquatads icj thd irtastao icj irohatdoturie iohad#dgdcts ln thd Ndciassicod isdssdctaie tl thd prdpiritalc ln ylucm gdc nlr thd rdsplcsa`aeatads ln dgpard &Ijedr '+


14/61

[imd | 9:



wdrd thdgsde#ds eirmdey jriwc nrlg sdttedr sloadty) 4wdrd witohacm i wlrej `dacm `lrc,4 whdrd uprlltdj &lr

4jdoueturitdj4) su`:dots wdrd sdt ellsd nrlg i mrlucjacm trijatalc actl ic ij#icoacm oa#aeaitalc.

! 0oOueeloh issdrts thit thdar purplsd wis edss tl prdsdr#d sloaie lrjdr thic at wis tl sdr#d thrdd pleataoie

nucotalcs. 8arst, ea"d thdar gdtrlpleatic oluctdrpirts, olelcaie isyeugs dgplwdrdj physaoaics `y ma#acm gdjaoacd

nrdd icj dxoeusa#d rdamc l#dr gijcdss. 1dolcj, thdsd acstatutalcs prl#ajdj sdttedr olggucatads wath i eloitalc nlr

4jugpacm4 thdar lwc acsicd rdeita#ds is wdee is BDcj [i+d A"CEnlr 4jasplsacm ln jicmdrlus Inraoic dgpelydds.48acieey, thdy lnndrdj 4d#ajdcod ln thd oa#ao #artud ln sdttedr sloadtads,4 prl#acm thd uetagitdey phaeicthrlpao citurd ln

olelcaieasg thrlumh thdar syg`leao #ieud. K! thd gi:lraty ln pitadcts trditdj ac isyeugs wdrd Inraoics whl nlucj

thd psyohlelmaoie tricsatalc nrlg i rurie imraoueturie trijatalc tl urìc wimd ei`lr acsurgluctièd. 0oOueelohirmuds thit thd ratash dthclpsyohaitrasts &whl wdrd thdgsde#ds eirmdey jriwc nrlg sdttedr sloadty) 4wdrd witohacm i

wlrej `dacm `lrc,4 whdrd uprlltdj &lr 4jdoueturitdj4) su`:dots wdrd sdt ellsd nrlg i mrlucjacm trijatalc actl ic

ij#icoacm oa#aeaitalc. Iethlumh jlotlrs ea"d Oirlthdrs icj Nl`drt Oucychig rlwc cltdj ac thdar sur#dys ln

?amdraic acstatutalcs thit prlxagaty tl thd olelcaie ijgacastritalc--glrd thic icy citurie prdjasplsatalc tl acsicaty--iooluctdj nlr thd sloaie gi"dup ln isyeug plpueitalcs, thas iwirdcdss jaj clt hacjdr thdsd sigd acja#ajuies nrlg

jd#delpacm thdlrads i`lut Inraoic acsicaty isdj lc thas eagatdj plpueitalc sigped.

Oirlthdrs cltdj sagaeiratads `dtwddc puèashdj ioolucts ln eduoltlgadj =urlpdics icj has lwc l`sdr#italcs ln

Inraoic pitadcts it 0ithira, icj thas edj hag tl olcoeujd thit acndralr jd#delpgdct &lr it edist dgpelygdct) ln thd

`riac%s nrlctie el`ds wis olgglc ac Inraoics. 6d iesl prlnndrdj oueturie thdlrads nlr Inraoic acndralraty thitgljdrcadj l`sledtd physalelmaoie jdtdrgacicts y jdglcstritacm hlw Inraoic oueturie phdclgdci rdacnlrodj rioaie

acndralraty. 4HActdeedotuie icj sloaie agpl#drashgdct4 stuctdj thd Inraoic ohaej%s jd#delpgdct, icj i pllr oipioaty

nlr acja#ajuitalc prdsdr#dj 4thd Inraoic%s4 gacj ac i ohaejea"d stitd. Icj whaed djuoitalc oluej ohicmd slgddc#arlcgdctie staguea nlr Inraoics, Inraoic oueturd, ioolrjacm tl Oirlthdrs, rdgiacdj cdirey is naxdj is riod2 thas

oueturd wis tadj sl oelsdey 4physaoie sdttacm icj mdcdtao jasplsatalc4 thit at trippdj olmcata#d jd#delpgdct

dnndota#dey dclumh tl rdcjdr ratash oa#aeaacm dnnlrts nutaed. Zhdlrads ea"d thdsd :ustanadj sdttedrs% prl:dotalcs ln thdar

lwc #aledct tdcjdcoads lctl Inraoics &lcd ln 0oOueeloh%s glrd olctrl#drsaie placts), icj plactdj tl thducsuatiàeaty ln thd Inraoic tdgpdrigdct nlr pleataoie edijdrshap. &=xpdcsa#d) djuoitalc wis hirgnue nlr Inraoics,

psyohaitrasts irmudj, icj jdgloritao acstatutalcs wluej `d agplssaèd ma#dc thd Inraoic 4aciàeaty tl ioodpt

rdsplcsaàeaty...HicjA prdjasplsatalc tl gdctie aeecdss.4 '

0oOueeloh%s glst agplrtict olcoeusalc as thit dthclpsyohaitrasts, ml#drcgdcts, icj sdttedr sloadtads iea"d ittraùtdj

acjamdclus pleataoie prltdsts glrd tl psyohlelmaoie agpuesa#dcdss thic tl icy edmatagitd oeiag nlr dcnricohasdgdct.1trlcm iroha#ie icj puèashdj slurods supplrt suoh oeiags i`lut ratash psyohaitrao dcjdi#lrs ac Inraoi icj

0oOueeloh%s issdrtalcs i`lut ratash thdlrads ln ic 4Inraoic gacj.4

Gijcdss icj Olelcazitalc6 [syohaitry ac thd @ratash icj Nrdcoh Dgpards, !""#$%&

'aohirj (deedr

5Zhd nucjigdctie niot

thit thd dxpdradctaie spiod ln thd acja#ajuie cl elcmdr olacoajds wath citalcie spiod,ùt as `dacm su tey ietdrdj `y thd lpdcacm tl olsglpleaticasitalc shluej clt jdoda#d

icylcd actl `dead#acm wd ird iee mlacm tl `dolgd olsglpleatics.

Teraoh @dob

c thd pleataoie ed#de, thd pirtaie rdedisd nrlg trijatalcie `lcjs icjthd prltdota#d nrigd ln thd citalc-stitd giy `d pdroda#dj is i elss ln iooluctiàeaty





http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT40http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT41http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT41http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT40http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT41


15/61

[imd | 94




4jlwu


16/61

[imd | 9>



nrlg thd olctdxt ln =urlpdic olelcaie jlgacitalc ln guoh ln thd mel`d ac thd narst hien ln thd odctury


-hd 5ic+ui+d udstalc icj thd [eiod l/ Djuoitalc6 Olctristac+ adws

Iohd`ds pleataos ln eicmuimd oic `d `dttdr ucjdrstllj ac thd olctdxt ln thd gicy pleataoie plsatalcs lc thd eicmuimd

qudstalc ac Inraoi. Is as wdee "clwc, Iohd`d as clt ielcd ac has jdndcsd ln =cmeash. Zhd hdmdglcao stitus ln=urlpdic eicmuimds as dcjlrsdj y cugdrlus Inraoic wratdrs, orataos icj pleataoaics whl olcsajdr thdar usd ac

Inraoic oluctrads, lnnaoaie lr lthdrwasd, is ic acd#atièd icj cdodssiry pithwiy edijacm tl thd gljdrcaitalc ln thd

olctacdct icj ats urmdct actdmritalc actl thd olctdgplriry/melìeadj wlrej. Zhdrd ird iesl thlsd whl plcjdr lc thd

cddj tl io"clwedjmd thd oueturie icj pdrslcie miacs ln thd olctiot wath gljdrc eicmuimds. Zhas as thd oisd, nlrdxigped, ln Iàlei rdeds niglus c Driasd ln Ieadcitalc,* whlsd giac irmugdcts wluej ea"d tl rdoiee. c has

#adw, Inraoics ird prlnlucjey igà#iedct ac rdeitalc tl =urlpd, dacm sagueticdlusey rdsdctnue ln thd ieadcitalc

oiusdj y olelcaieasgLicj thdrdnlrd waeeacm tl rdol#dr i elst Inraoic ajdctatyLicj acourièy inndotdj y =urlpdic

gljdrcaty icj y whit as usuieey oieedj 7dstdrc* oueturd.8lr rded, at as oruoaie thit Inraoics l#drolgd thas igà#iedcod y rdpeioacm thit pithlelmaoie ieadcitalc wath i

plsata#d lcd. c lthdr wlrjs, thd cdmita#d ieadcitalc prl#l"dj `y olelcaieasg shluej `d tricsodcjdj clt thrlumh i

rdturc tl trijatalc, ùt thrlumh i tltie oipatueitalc tl =urlpdic gljdrcaty2 c thd hastlraoie olctdxt ln prdsdctInraoic jd#delpgdct, wd giy clw is", Ieadcitalc nlr whit, icj ac whit jardotalcE waee icswdr thit qudstalc

ucdqua#loieey2 is i gittdr ln priotaoie cdodssaty, wd hi#d cl ohlaod ut ac thd jardotalc ln 7dstdrc oueturd icjoa#aeaitalc* &>'M).

'dodct plst#olelcaie jasolursds ird rdpedtd wath olctrldrsads ldr

thd citurd l/ 8/raoic ajdctaty. K thlu+h ajdctaty as ic dcjic+drdj olcodpt,

thd pirtaoueiraty l/ 8/raoic ajdctaty oic staee 9d siei+dj.

wd cddj cdw pradsts6

tl hid i citalc as tl hid ic ietir /lr siora/aod,

icj sl as ajdctaty icj 9delc+ac+.

thd plstolelcaie irtast is olsglpleatic as pradst.


plsatalc ac melìe oipatieasg, at oic mdcdritd i thlrlumhmlacm orataoasg ln ats lwc ajdlelmy icj nlrgueitd priotaodsln rdsasticod imiacst thd systdg ln whaoh at as i prljuot.

4Dlstolelcaieaty,4 Ippaih wratds, 4as thd olcjatalc ln whit wd gamht ucmdcdrlusey oiee i olgprijlr actdeeamdctsai.4

(B thac" thas as gassacm thd plact `doiusd thd wlrej satuitalc thit :ustanadj thd tdrg olgprijlr cl elcmdr dxasts. wluej summdst acstdij thit plstolelcaieaty as thd olcjatalc ln thd actdeeamdctsai ln melìe oipatieasg. Zhd qudstalc,

thdc, as clt whdthdr thas melìe actdeeamdctsai oic &lr shluej) rdturc tl citalcie elyietads ùt whdthdr, ac rdolmcatalc

ln ats lwc oeiss-plsatalc ac melìe oipatieasg, at oic mdcdritd i thlrlumhmlacm orataoasg ln ats lwc ajdlelmy icj

nlrgueitd priotaods ln rdsasticod imiacst thd systdg ln whaoh at as i prljuot.-hd [lstolelcaie 8uri6 -harj


17/61

[imd | 9=







Tcolcsoalus ;lgacalcs6 [syohlicieysas, Olelcaie -riugi,

icj )el9ie 0ldrda+ctads. 8 rdadw 9y Gitthdw G. ?ditlc

psyohlicieytao actdrprdtitalc l/ triugi icj sldrda+cty ac thd plstolelcaie dri

... hadrirohads ln jd#delpgdct, d#leutalc, prlmrdss - thit ird acdxtraoièdnrlg thd olctdxt ln =urlpdic olelcaie jlgacitalc ln guoh ln thd mel`d ac thd narst hien ln thd odctury


! twl actdrtwacdj mlies2 thd narst as tl aeeustritd thit ac hastlraoie tdrgs thd oitdmlraitalc ln hugic sloadtads

ucjdr olelcaieasg icj thd nlrgitalc ln thd gljdrc psyohlicieytao su`:dot ird acsdpirièd* &p. ). 1dolcjey, thd#leugd iags tl ucol#dr thd dxtdct tl whaoh thd olelcaieast jasolursds lc psyohlicieytao su`:dota#aty hi#d

acneudcodj tricsoueturie actdriotalcs wdee actl thd dri ln melìeaitalc* &p. M). 1d#drie dssiys ac thas #leugd

thdrdnlrd sdd" tl rdol#dr i spdoanao pleataoie pltdctaie ac psyohlicieytao actdrprdtitalc ln triugi icj sl#drdamcty,*

ac thd plstolelcaie dri &p. ().






plsatalc ac melìe oipatieasg, at oic mdcdritd i thlrlumhmlacm orataoasg ln ats lwc ajdlelmy icj nlrgueitd priotaodsln rdsasticod imiacst thd systdg ln whaoh at as i prljuot.

4Dlstolelcaieaty,4 Ippaih wratds, 4as thd olcjatalc ln whit wd gamht ucmdcdrlusey oiee i olgprijlr actdeeamdctsai.4(B thac" thas as gassacm thd plact `doiusd thd wlrej satuitalc thit :ustanadj thd tdrg olgprijlr cl elcmdr dxasts.

wluej summdst acstdij thit plstolelcaieaty as thd olcjatalc ln thd actdeeamdctsai ln melìe oipatieasg. Zhd qudstalc,

thdc, as clt whdthdr thas melìe actdeeamdctsai oic &lr shluej) rdturc tl citalcie elyietads ùt whdthdr, ac rdolmcatalc

ln ats lwc oeiss-plsatalc ac melìe oipatieasg, at oic mdcdritd i thlrlumhmlacm orataoasg ln ats lwc ajdlelmy icjnlrgueitd priotaods ln rdsasticod imiacst thd systdg ln whaoh at as i prljuot.

-hd [lstolelcaie 8uri6 -harj '). ?icjy mlds lc tl siy thit 4tl hi#d i gdicacmnue eand ac thd





18/61

[imd | 98






Zhlgis Dicmed.

Gijcdss icj Olelcazitalc6 [syohaitry ac thd @ratash icj Nrdcoh Dgpards, !""#$%&

'aohirj (deedr

thd oelsd olccdotalcs 9dtwddc olelcaie gdjaoacd icj plwdr##

thd agplrticod l/ gdjaoie bclwedj+d /lr olelcaie olc3udst.

! 4HtAhd physaoaic, an hd ucjdrsticjs has rled,as thd pragiry icj thd glst dnndota#d ln lur imdcts ln pdcdtritalc icj pioanaoitalc.4

Nrdcoh olc3udrlr l/ Glrlool ?u9drt 5yiutdy ijgattdj ac $AA !

olelcaie psyohaitry ieeadj atsden oelsdey tl oa#aeaacm gassalcs is at issdgèdj "clwedjmdi`lut 4acjamdclus psyohlelmads4 thit nioaeatitdj rued.

! i tharj eatdriturd thit thd stujy ln olelcaie gdctie hdieth oird dxpicjs. 0uoh ln thd rdodct sohleirshap ac plst-

olelcaie stujads nlousds actdctey lc thd spdoanao psyohlelmaoie prlèdgs ln thd olelcaie prdjaoigdct. @cea"d 8rict

8iclc, hlwd#dr, whl irmudj thit olelcaieasg `rddjs psyohlpithlelmy icj cdodssatitds ea`dritlry #aledcod, icj

oti#d 0icclca, whl issdrtdj thit olelcaieasg rdeads lc actdrcieadj icj pithlelmaoie cltalcs ln jdpdcjdcoy lc thdpirt ln thd olelcadj, i glrd rdodct wi#d ln stujads ac olelcaie psyohlelmy dxigacds su`tedr gdohicasgs ln

jlgacitalc. 8rdujaic, =ra"slcaic, icj l`:dot rdeitalcs thdlrads prl#ajd thd tlles nlr dxigacacm thd gdicacms ln

igà#iedcod nlr olelcaie psyohlelmy, nlr dxigped. Ioolrjacm tl lcd actdrprdtitalc, i gythlelmy ln ratash hdrlasg

ac thd niod ln cita#d orataoasg shadejdj eitd [aotlraic gaeatiry gdc icj oa#ae sdr#icts nrlg thd sdjuotalcs ln i4gimaoie radct.4 '(Iclthdr oratao rd#dies thd jupeaoaty ln ratash prlgasds tl olelcaie su`:dots. nnaoaie pleaoads

dcolurimdj thd 4Icmeaoaitalc4 ln cjaics, ùt ac priotaod gicy ratash olelcaies nlucj icy ittdgpt `y cjaics tl

dgueitd thdg prlnlucjey thrditdcacm2 agatitalc wis thd sacodrdst nlrg ln glo"dry.

0lurods ac thd hastlry l/ olelcaie psyohaitry rddie i +rdit jdie i9lut

whit psyohaitrao priotatalcdrs, uj+ds, pleaod, /igaeads, icj cda+h9lrs olcsajdrdj pithlel+aoie ac thd

olelcaie olctdFt, thdrd9y shdjjac+ ea+ht lc thd clrgie is wdee. 8s thd wlrbs jasoussdj hdrd shlw,

jd/acatalcs l/ gdctie clrgieaty icj pithlel+y prdlooupadj gdjaoie icj eiy olelcazdrs.

=#dc thlumh gicy ratash icj 8rdcoh psyohaitrasts amclrdj thd rled peiydj `y olelcaieasg ac psyohlelmaoie

rdeitalcshaps `dtwddc olelcadr icj olelcadj, thdar wratacms rdgiac hastlraoieey agplrtict `doiusd ln thd wiys thdyjaj ijjrdss psyohlelmy2 thrlumh ioolucts ln jysnucotalc thit thdy eloieadj ac 4thd acjamdclus gacj,4 icj ieglst

cd#dr ac i oueturd ln pleataoie icj rioaie lpprdssalc.

Zhas sohleirshap as actramuacm, ùt guoh ln at rdgiacs hamhey spdoueita#d. Iethlumh eiyacm i psyohlicieytao mraj l#dr

hastlraoie d#ajdcod oic `d acnlrgita#d, BDcj [i+d &$CEthas gdthljlelmy lntdc prl#ds eagatacm, icj rd#dies nir edss

i`lut thd psyohlelmy ln thd olelcaie prdjaoigdct thic at l`sourds. 1ohleirshap lc olelcaie psyohaitry lpdcs i cdwwacjlw actl thas agplrtict hastlraoie prlèdg, icj lnndrs samcanaoict an igàmulus d#ajdcod i`lut 4olelcaie

psyohlelmy.4 1lurods ac thd hastlry ln olelcaie psyohaitry rd#die i mrdit jdie i`lut whit psyohaitrao priotatalcdrs,

:ujmds, pleaod, nigaeads, icj cdamh`lrs olcsajdrdj 4pithlelmaoie4 ac thd olelcaie olctdxt, thdrd`y shdjjacm eamht lc

thd 4clrgie4 is wdee. Is thd wlr"s jasoussdj hdrd shlw, jdnacatalcs ln gdctie clrgieaty icj pithlelmy prdlooupadjgdjaoie icj eiy olelcadrs. 7haed olelcaie psyohaitrao wlr" giy rd#die eatted soadctanao 4truth4 i`lut psyohlelmy, thd


http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT11http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT11http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT13http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT13http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT13http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT11http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT13


19/61

[imd | 91



priotaod ln olelcaie gdctie hdieth oird prl#ajdj i #dcud nlr jasoussacm olelcaie psyohlelmy dxpeaoatey, icj thdrdnlrd

olcstatutds ic dssdctaie eloitalc nlr sohleirs mrippeacm wath thas agplrtict hastlralmriphaoie prlèdg. =#dc thlumh

gicy ratash icj 8rdcoh psyohaitrasts amclrdj thd rled peiydj `y olelcaieasg ac psyohlelmaoie rdeitalcshaps `dtwddc

olelcadr icj olelcadj, thdar wratacms rdgiac hastlraoieey agplrtict `doiusd ln thd wiys thdy jaj ijjrdsspsyohlelmy2 thrlumh ioolucts ln jysnucotalc thit thdy eloieadj ac 4thd acjamdclus gacj,4 icj ieglst cd#dr ac i

oueturd ln pleataoie icj rioaie lpprdssalc.

thd /ucotalcs l/ riod /lr olelcaieasg.

7hdrdis hastlraics ln =urlpd icj thd @catdj 1titds hi#d cltdj thd agplrticod ln mdcjdr icj oeiss is eloitalcs nlr

dxigacacm thd sloaie agpeaoitalcs ln psyohaitry, ac thd olelcaie olctdxt riod as thd pirigluct oitdmlry nlr sloaieicieysas. Odrtiacey riod namurds ac =urlpdic icj Igdraoic psyohaitry is wdee2 Igdraoic psyohlsurmdlc 7ietdr

8rddgic sacmedj lut Inraoic-Igdraoics icj Cdws is pirtaoueirey mllj su`:dots nlr el`ltlgy, icj 8rduj nlousdj

actdctey lc riod icj gdctieaty ac Zltdg icj Zi`ll,tl cltd :ust twl dxigpeds. ut olelcaieasg riasds janndrdct

qudstalcs. Dsyohaitrasts prl#ajdj soadctanao :ustanaoitalcs nlr rioast pleaoy.

Ndijdrs ird nlrodj tl turc tl lthdr slurods nlr oeuds i`lut psyohaitrao jd#delpgdcts ac thas pdralj. Iethlumh thdy

ijjrdss psyohlicieysas rithdr thic psyohaitry, Ohrastaicd 6irtcio" icj Ishas ?icjy hi#d prljuodj agplrtict wlr"s

thit dxigacd thd pleataoie agpeaoitalcs ln thd psyohl-soadcods ac thd olctdxt ln thd acjdpdcjdcod strummed.

Ishas ?icjy%s dssiy lc 4Zhd 1i#imd 8rduj2 Zhd 8arst ?lc-7dstdrc Dsyohlicieyst icj thd Dleataos ln 1dordt 1de#dsac Olelcaie cjai4 dxpicjs 6irtcio"%s ac#dstamitalc. (> ?icjy `dmacs `y qudstalcacm why psyohlicieysas hissunndrdj suoh ic ig amulus nitd ac twdctadth-odctury cjai. 6d rdsplcjs wath i oirdnue dxigacitalc ln

psyohlicieytao oueturd ac cjai it thd glgdct ln ats acodptalc.

c su`-1ihiric Inraoi, trlpaoie jasdisds rdprdsdctdj i guoh glrd aggdjaitd thrdit thic gdctie aeecdss, icj thdrdnlrd

olelcaie iuthlratads nlucj dpajdgao hdieth oird icj #iooacitalcs glrd prdssacm thic psyohlthdripy. =olclgao

olcsajdritalcs iesl peiydj ic agplrtict rled. ?l dqua#iedct ln thd ratash =ist cjai Olgpicy prl#ajdj pra#itdnacicoacm nlr hlspaties, icj `dedimudrdj ijgacastritalcs lntdc nleelwdj i eiassd-niard pleaoy nlr `lth acjamdclus

icj =urlpdic plpueitalcs. c acjamdclus olggucatads thrlumhlut Inraoi, hirgedss nluswdrd ednt tl thdar lwc

jd#aods &usuieey ucjdr nigaey lr olggucie oird), icj iuthlratads lntdc olcnacdj jicmdrlus ieacsac praslcs. Is nlr

=urlpdics, thd wdiethy slumht pra#itd oird dathdr ac thd olelcads lr ac thd 0dtrlpled, icj pllr whatds usuieeysunndrdj thd sigd cdmedot is citavds.

nnaoaies nrdttdj i`lut hlw tl jdnacd acsicaty ac ic ieadc oueturd, icj psyohaitrasts nrlg `lth ratash icj 8rdcoh

sohlles puèashdj wajdey lc 4acjamdclus psyohlpithlelmy4 icj thd pleataoie icj sloaie agpeaoitalcs ln 4thd Inraoic

gacj.4 Zhdsd jlotlrs iesl oirdj nlr =urlpdic pitadcts, ùt thdar prdlooupitalc wis thd ajdctanaoitalc icjoeissanaoitalc ln gijcdss ac Inraoics. Iethlumh thd narst stujads ln Inraoic gdctieatads jitd nrlg thd gaj-cacdtddcth

odctury, thdc, thd aciumuritalc ln psyohaitrao acstatutalcs thit nucotalcdj is #artuie ei`lritlrads nlr jlougdctacm

gijcdss iorlss oueturds dmic i pdralj ln lnnaoaieey sicotalcdj dthclpsyohaitrao acquary.

Zhdsd hastlraics iesl summdst thit psyohaitrao "clwedjmd nlucj i pleataoie lutedt ac i cug`dr ln agplrtict oisds

thrlumhlut thd twdctadth odctury. $lotlrs icj ijgacastritlrs lntdc jdsora`dj iots ln pleataoie jdnaicod isgicandstitalcs ln giss acsicaty. 8acieey, thdsd sohleirs dgphisad thd niaeurd ln =urlpdic gdthljs tl ourd eloie

gdctie aeecdssds. 7hdrdis psyohaitrasts ac cjai trditdj thdar =urlpdic pitadcts slgdwhit dnndota#dey `y agplrtacm

=urlpdic gdthljs, su`sdqudct dnnlrts tl tricsndr i tdohclelmy nlr gicimacm acsicaty tl Inraoi gdt wath gasdrièd

niaeurd, is acsunnaoadct rdslurods icj oueturie gasucjdrsticjacm agpdjdj icy prlmrig nlr hdieacm Inraoic pitadcts.

Is 8luoiuet irmuds, thd tricsatalc tl gljdrcaty `rlumht thd jaielmud `dtwddc sicaty icj gijcdss tl i sticjstaee, icj

thd plwdr ln rdislc thdrdintdr ajdctanadj, oitdmlradj, icj jlgacitdj thd arritalcie 4lthdr4 wathac =urlpdic sloadty.

0dmic [iumhic nacjs samcanaoict olctdxtuie janndrdcods nlr thas jaielmud ac ?yisieicj ac Ouracm Zhdar Aees6

Olelcaie [lwdr icj Inraoic Aeecdss.=urlpdic gdjaoacd giy hi#d 4peiydj ic agplrtict pirt ac olcstruotacm %thdInraoic% is ic l`:dot ln "clwedjmd, icj dei`lritdj oeissanaoitalc systdgs icj priotaods whaoh hi#d tl `d sddc is

actracsao tl thd lpdritalc ln olelcaie plwdr.4 It thd sigd tagd, olelcaie ijgacastritalcs lpdritdj thrlumh jardot

su`:umitalc icj iota#d jlgacitalc rithdr thic thrlumh thd 4prljuota#d plwdr4 thit 8luoiuet jassdotdj ac gljdrc


http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT32http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT32


20/61

[imd | 0;



=urlpdic sloadtads. 7haed ea`drie jdglorioads rdey lc acja#ajuie sden-pleaoacm acsora`dj thrlumh djuoitalcie,

gdjaoie, icj :ujaoaie jasolursds, olelcaie sloadtads iotavdey pleaod thdar su`:dots thrlumh jardot rdprdssalc ln

pleataoie, oragacie, icj ictasloaie `dhi#alr. I gdjaoie jdnacatalc ln thd 4lthdr4 thus gittdrdj nir edss tl thd lpdritalc

ln olelcaie rdmagds thic at jaj tl gljdrc =urlpdic stitds, is rioaie janndrdcod prl#ajdj i oedir sloaie niuet eacd.8acieey, is olelcaie ijgacastritlrs wdrd glrd olcodrcdj wath mrlup ajdctatads thic acja#ajuies, gdjaoie "clwedjmd

dgphisadj thd jdnacatalc ln 4clrgie4 rithdr thic pithlelmaoie Inraoics. (3

0lst thdlrasts i`lut Inraoic gijcdss ndet thit oa#aeaitalc atsden `rlumht psyohao jasturìcods tl 4jdoueturitdj4

Inraoics whl wdrd ucprdpirdj nlr ripaj prlmrdss. Zhd hamhdst prlplrtalc ln psyohaitrao pitadcts `delcmdj tl thd

actdeeamdctsai &whl hij thd oelsdst olctiot BDcj [i+d A"%Ewath =urlpdics), icj sdxuie jysnucotalc nleelwdj thdactrljuotalc ln oelthacm tl odrtiac tra ds. c olctrist, thlsd whl rdgiacdj ac trijatalcie satuitalcs shlwdj i elw

acoajdcod ln acsicaty, ioolrjacm tl physaoaics ea"d C. O. Oirlthdrs, whl nlucjdj ic =ist Inraoic psyohaitrao

41ohlle4 ac thd '+(Ks. Oirlthdrs nlucj thit trijatalcie oueturds 4rdead#dj acja#ajuies ln rdsplcsaàeaty,4 ùt thit

jdprdssa#d pitadcts tdcjdj tl d wrio"dj y muaet2 oedir d#ajdcod thit oa#aeaitalc nioaeatitdj gijcdss.

[iumhic%s oruoaie plact as thit thd 4jdoueturitdj4 gij &is lpplsdj tl thlsd sunndracm nrlg watohorint jdeusalcs) wdrd

clt 4thdr,4 ac thd trijatalcie sdcsd ln rdislc%s pdrspdota#d lc acsicaty. cstdij, thdy wdrd 4acsunnaoadctey %thdr4%2

jdoueturitalc gijd pithlelmaoie Inraoics clt janndrdct,ùt rithdr clt janndrdct dclumhtl wirrict ittdctalc. cstdij,

ratash iuthlratads icj psyohaitrasts olcodrcdj thdgsde#ds wath 4clrgie4 Inraoic gdctieatads, thd jdnacacm 4thdr4 ln

thd olelcaie satuitalc. =#dc thlumh thdsd 4clrgie4 Inraoic su`:dots dxhaàtdj 4sygptlgs4 thit summdstdj pirieedeswath thd =urlpdic acsicd--supdrstatalc, pragata#d `deadns, ic acoipioaty nlr i`striot ritalcie thlumht--thdy jaj clt nat

i =urlpdic olcodpt thit olcsajdrdj lcey thlsd ieadcitdj nrlg thdar lwc oueturd edmatagitdey acsicd. Zhlsd whl

wdrd ieadcitdj--thd 4jdoueturitdj4--wdrd stujadj oirdnueey icj usdj tl supplrt irmugdcts imiacst `racmacm thd`dcdnats tl oa#aeaitalc tl Inraoics. ut thdsd 4jdoueturitdj4 namurds jaj clt nat actl i sloaie olgplsatalc ac thd sigd

wiy is thd =urlpdic acsicd jaj ac thd oeissaoie dri. Is i olcsdqudcod, psyohaitrao trditgdct igluctdj tl eatted glrd

thic olcnacdgdct ac rutie acstatutalcs, ijgacastdrdj is praslc iccdxds.(+

[iumhic%s `radn iooluct luteacds slgd ln thd gi:lr assuds it sti"d ac psyohaitrao thdlry icj priotaod clt lcey ac

?yisieicj, ùt thrlumhlut ratash su`-1ihiric Inraoi. Clo" 0oOueeloh%s Olelcaie [syohaitry icj thd Inraoic!acjdxpelrds gicy ln thd sigd pdrslcieatads icj olcodrcs actrljuodj ac [iumhic%s icieysas. Ga"d [iumhic,

0oOueeloh gi"ds ratash jasolursd i`lut thd clrgie Inraoic gacj has odctrie nlous, hd eigdcts thd saedcod ln

Inraoic #laods i`lut thd tlpao, icj hd jriws lc iroha#ie slurods ac ijjatalc tl gdjaoie puèaoitalcs tl supplrt has

iooluct. ut thd euxury ln spiod ieelws 0oOueeloh dxpicj has icieysas tl acoeujd psyohaitrao #dcturds thrlumhlutthd olctacdct, icj tl iooluct nlr thd spdoanao wiys =urlpdic gdctie gdjaoacd ohicmdj soadctanao pirigdtdrs tl

prljuod ic acndralr Inraoic thrlumh thd gacj, rithdr thic thd `ljy. 7hdrd hd nietdrs as ac has ittdgpt tl prl#ajd i

olgprdhdcsa#d iooluct ln `lth ratash icj 8rdcoh dnnlrts tl oipturd thd 4Inraoic gacj4 thrlumh soadctanao

ac#dstamitalc, icj ac thd prlèdgitao pirieedes hd olcsdqudctey jriws dtwddc nucjigdctieey janndrdct olctdxts.

jasplsac+ l/ jic+drlus 8/raoic dgpelydds.

Nacieey, thdy l//drdj dajdcod l/ thd oaao artud l/ sdttedr sloadtads, prlac+ thd uetagitdey

phaeicthrlpao citurd l/ olelcaieasg thrlu+h thdar syg9leao ieud. "

y thd dcj ln thd cacdtddcth odctury, thd ratash olelcaie prdss eigdctdj thd prlèdg ln gij ?amdraics rligacm thd

strddts ln Gimls, icj oieedj uplc iuthlratads sagueticdlusey tl prdsdr#d puèao lrjdr icj tl ti"d paty lc jdricmdjInraoics. I eucitao wirj it thd Gimls praslc `doigd quao"ey l#drorlwjdj, icj is puèao gijcdss `doigd glrd

#asaèd `y thd direy twdctadth odctury &wath ic acordisacm ratash prdsdcod ac thd olelcy), lnnaoaies pissdj i eucioy

lrjacicod ac '+KB stapueitacm thd olcstruotalc ln spdoaieadj acstatutalcs nlr olcnacacm thd acsicd. Is 1ijlws"y

irmuds, hlwd#dr, thdsd acstatutalcs thit wdrd 4HoArditdj ac rdsplcsd tl thd soicjie ln uctrditdj eucitaos lc thdstrddts...thdgsde#ds `doigd dcjuracm soicjies ln thd olelcaie pdralj.4 3@ctae thd '+MKs, ?amdrai%s olelcaie praslcs

icj isyeugs wdrd 4nucotalcieey dqua#iedct.4 1ijlws"y nlousds lc thd Yiì isyeug ac Gimls, whdrd psyohaitrao

pitadcts rdoda#dj cl trditgdct icj ea#dj ac jic" odees wath lcey rujagdctiry nioaeatads nlr hymadcd icj gdjaoie oird--

acjddj, ac wlrsd olcjatalcs thic olc#aots. Nigpict l#drorlwjacm icj rdstraotdj puèao hdieth ùjmdts eagatdjacstatutalcie dnnaoioy, icj nlr glst ln thd olelcaie pdralj thdrd wis cl psyohaitrast lc thd stitd piyrlee.


http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT37http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT39http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT39http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT39http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT40http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT40http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT47http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT47http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT37http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT39http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT40http://140.234.18.9:8080/EPSessionID=601389f41cc7a85483d490c9d86495fb/EPHost=muse.jhu.edu/EPPath/journals/journal_of_social_history/v035/35.2keller.html#FOOT47


21/61

[imd | 09



1ijlws"y isora`ds thdsd pllr olcjatalcs tl i pirijlx ln ratiac%s 4cjardot Nued4 ac ?amdrai, whaoh prlgasdj thd

dxpelatitalc ln dolclgao rdslurods `y thd ratash, icj thd oa#aeaacm ln ?amdraics wath gacagie actdr#dctalc ac eloie

trijatalcs. Ga"d lthdr sohleirs, 1ijlws"y cltds thit jdspatd dmrdmalus olcjatalcs isyeugs syg`leadj thd oa#aeaacm

gassalc. ut :ust is 4HtAhd dxpdcsd ln i truey gljdrc isyeug...wis acolgpitaèd wath thd dolclgao mlies lnolelcaieasg,4 i pleaoy ln 4nacicoaie rdstriact wis :ustanadj `y thd mlie ln prdsdr#acm thd Inraoic wiy ln eand.4 dnlrd

thd '+(Ks, lnnaoaies irmudj thit tl rdnlrg thd rujagdctiry systdg ln olcnacacm jicmdrlus eucitaos wluej agplsd

=urlpdic sticjirjs lc cita#d oustlgs. Ijjatalcieey, lnnaoaie rhdtlrao i`lut oueturie janndrdcods wis olc#dcadctey

igàmulus. Iethlumh ijgacastritlrs ijgattdj thit thdy oluej rdolmcad gijcdss--icj thdrdnlrd sloaie jicmdr--acInraoics, thdy ndet thit rioaie icj oueturie janndrdcod gijd at agplssaèd nlr thdg tl ourdthdsd pitadcts, sl thdy urmdj

olst-dnndota#d olcnacdgdctl#dr dxpdcsa#d trditgdct.y thd '+(Ks, whdc olelcaie lnnaoaies rdieadj thd cdodssaty ln

agprl#acm olcjatalcs it Yi i, suoh rdnlrgs hij `dolgd nasoieey agplssaèd.


22/61

[imd | 00



ripprlohdgdct l/ psyohaitry icj eloie trijatalcs 9rlu+ht tl gdctie pitadcts i ea9dritalc olcolgatict wath

a+drai7s acjdpdcjdcod. -hd @ratash#triacdj 5ig9l rddotdj cltalcs l/ Durlpdic supdralraty 9y harac+

rd+alcie trijatalcie hdiedrs it thd 8rl hlspatie tl issast ac trditgdct icj actdrprdtitalc l/ gdctie aeecdss.

5ig9l iesl dsti9eashdj i olggucaty lutrdioh prl+rig thit acstieedj rdoupdri9ed pitadcts wath eloie /igaeads

lc i wlrb dFohic+d prl+rig. -has acclitad sdraod rdjuodj thd hlspatie7s hdiy oisd elij, hdepdj pitadcts

ijipt tl dFtri#acstatutalcie dcarlcgdcts, icj +id aeei+drs ioodss tl hlspatie /acicoac+ /lr hlusac+ icj

ac/ristruoturd. -hd prl+rigs wdrd sl suoodss/ue thit thd T prljuodj i /aeg i9lut 8rl, icj thd hlspatie

sdrdj is i gljde /lr lthdr 8/raoic gdctie hdieth systdgs.1ijlws"y cltds thd acipprlpraitdcdss ln i 7hammashcirrita#d ln prlmrdss ac `lth plstolelcaie icj psyohaitrao hastlry, ma#dc thd pdrsastdcod ln iuthlratiraicasg icj

pl#drty ac guoh ln Inraoi icj thd rd#deitalcs ln ictapsyohaitrao eatdriturd. ut amclracm thd pleataoie lramacs ln

acja#ajuie oisds ln prlmrdss as iesl i mri#d gasti"d2 thd 4?amdraicaitalc ln psyohaitrao acstatutalcs prl#ajds ic

dxigped ln thd ordita#d dcdrmy nlr whaoh acjdpdcjdcod prl#ajdj mrditdr solpd HAt prl#ajdj glrd lpplrtucaty nlr?amdraic physaoaics tl usd thdar dxpdrtasd puèaoey HicjA rdprdsdctdj...i oleeipsd ac thd ìsao elmao ln olelcaieasg

atsden.4 M>

y issdrtacm thit 4olelcaie pleaoads wdrd mdcdritacm thd sloaie ohicmds whaoh wdrd ietdracm dpajdgalelmaoie

pittdrcs4 iglcm ?amdraics, 1ijlws"y mricts i odrtiac truth tl psyohaitrasts% thdlrads i`lut jdoueturitalc, whdrd hd

oluej prlèdgitad thdg. Odrtiacey thd olelcaie dc#arlcgdct, whdrd 4oa#aeaacm4 rhdtlrao riasdj dxpdotitalcs thitrdieatads niaedj tl gddt, icj whdrd acja#ajuies sdd"acm lpplrtucaty nlucj thdgsde#ds ieadcitdj nrlg `lth eloie icj

ratash olggucatads, prl#l"dj samcanaoict triugi. ut d#dc thlumh pitadcts% uttdricods rdnedotdjolelcaie jycigaos,

thdsd jycigaos BDcj [i+d A&Egiy clt `d thd rlltln gijcdss. Zhas as iesl acolcsastdct wath 1ijlws"y%s irmugdct

thit at as 4orujd tl siy thit olelcaieasg oiusdj gijcdss,4 iethlumh 4at `rlumht i`lut spdoanaoieey olelcaiepithlelmads.4 M(ut thdsd ndw assuds shluej clt jdtriot nrlg i wlr" thit sdr#ds is i gljde nlr sohleirs ln olelcaie

psyohaitry thrlumh thd raohcdss ln ats cirrita#d, ats ìeicodj trditgdct ln ats hastlraoie prlèdg, icj thd accl#italcs

thit 1ijlws"y `racms tl `lth thd hastlry ln psyohaitry icj olelcaie stujads.

@ratash dthclpsyohaitrasts wdrd witohac+ i wlrej 9dac+ 9lrc,

uprlltdj lr jdoueturitdjM su9dots sdt ellsd /rlg i +rlucjac+ trijatalc actl ic ijicoac+ oaaeazitalc.

! jlotlrs ea"d Oirlthdrs icj Nl`drt Oucychig rlwc cltdj ac thdar sur#dys ln ?amdraic acstatutalcs thit prlxagaty

tl thd olelcaie ijgacastritalc--glrd thic icy citurie prdjasplsatalc tl acsicaty--iooluctdj nlr thd sloaie gi"dup ln

isyeug plpueitalcs, thas iwirdcdss jaj clt hacjdr thdsd sigd acja#ajuies nrlg jd#delpacm thdlrads i`lut Inraoicacsicaty isdj lc thas eagatdj plpueitalc sigped.

0oOueeloh irmuds thit thd ratash dthclpsyohaitrasts &whl wdrd thdgsde#ds eirmdey jriwc nrlg sdttedr sloadty)

4wdrd witohacm i wlrej `dacm `lrc,4 whdrd uprlltdj &lr 4jdoueturitdj4) su`:dots wdrd sdt ellsd nrlg i mrlucjacm

trijatalc actl ic ij#icoacm oa#aeaitalc. !

Gijcdss icj Olelcazitalc6

[syohaitry ac thd @ratash icj Nrdcoh Dgpards, !""#$%&

'aohirj (deedr

K prlFagaty tl thd olelcaie ijgacastritalc##glrd thic icy citurie prdjasplsatalc

tl acsicaty##iooluctdj /lr thd sloaie gibdup l/ isyeug plpueitalcs, K.

0oOueeloh%s Olelcaie [syohaitry icj thd Inraoic !acj! ratash jasolursd i`lut thd clrgie Inraoic gacj ! hasicieysas tl acoeujd psyohaitrao #dcturds thrlumhlut thd olctacdct, icj tl iooluct nlr thd spdoanao wiys =urlpdic

gdctie gdjaoacd ohicmdj soadctanao pirigdtdrs tl prljuod ic acndralr Inraoic thrlumh thd gacj, rithdr thic thd

`ljy. 7hdrd hd nietdrs as ac has ittdgpt tl prl#ajd i olgprdhdcsa#d iooluct ln `lth ratash icj 8rdcoh dnnlrts tl

oipturd thd 4Inraoic gacj4 thrlumh soadctanao ac#dstamitalc, icj ac thd prlèdgitao pirieedes hd olcsdqudctey jriws`dtwddc nucjigdctieey janndrdct olctdxts.

! thd gi:lraty ln pitadcts trditdj ac isyeugs wdrd Inraoics whl nlucj thd psyohlelmaoie tricsatalc nrlg i rurie

imraoueturie trijatalc tl urìc wimd ei`lr acsurgluctièd. 0oOueeloh irmuds thit thd ratash dthclpsyohaitrasts &whl




23/61

[imd | 0?



wdrd thdgsde#ds eirmdey jriwc nrlg sdttedr sloadty) 4wdrd witohacm i wlrej `dacm `lrc,4 whdrd uprlltdj &lr

4jdoueturitdj4) su`:dots wdrd sdt ellsd nrlg i mrlucjacm trijatalc actl ic ij#icoacm oa#aeaitalc.

! 0oOueeloh issdrts thit thdar purplsd wis edss tl prdsdr#d sloaie lrjdr thic at wis tl sdr#d thrdd pleataoie

nucotalcs. 8arst, ea"d thdar gdtrlpleatic oluctdrpirts, olelcaie isyeugs dgplwdrdj physaoaics `y ma#acm gdjaoacd

nrdd icj dxoeusa#d rdamc l#dr gijcdss. 1dolcj, thdsd acstatutalcs prl#ajdj sdttedr olggucatads wath i eloitalc nlr

4jugpacm4 thdar lwc acsicd rdeita#ds is wdee is BDcj [i+d A"CEnlr 4jasplsacm ln jicmdrlus Inraoic dgpelydds.48acieey, thdy lnndrdj 4d#ajdcod ln thd oa#ao #artud ln sdttedr sloadtads,4 prl#acm thd uetagitdey phaeicthrlpao citurd ln

olelcaieasg thrlumh thdar syg`leao #ieud. K! thd gi:lraty ln pitadcts trditdj ac isyeugs wdrd Inraoics whl nlucj

thd psyohlelmaoie tricsatalc nrlg i rurie imraoueturie trijatalc tl urìc wimd ei`lr acsurgluctièd. 0oOueelohirmuds thit thd ratash dthclpsyohaitrasts &whl wdrd thdgsde#ds eirmdey jriwc nrlg sdttedr sloadty) 4wdrd witohacm i

wlrej `dacm `lrc,4 whdrd uprlltdj &lr 4jdoueturitdj4) su`:dots wdrd sdt ellsd nrlg i mrlucjacm trijatalc actl ic

ij#icoacm oa#aeaitalc. Iethlumh jlotlrs ea"d Oirlthdrs icj Nl`drt Oucychig rlwc cltdj ac thdar sur#dys ln

?amdraic acstatutalcs thit prlxagaty tl thd olelcaie ijgacastritalc--glrd thic icy citurie prdjasplsatalc tl acsicaty--iooluctdj nlr thd sloaie gi"dup ln isyeug plpueitalcs, thas iwirdcdss jaj clt hacjdr thdsd sigd acja#ajuies nrlg

jd#delpacm thdlrads i`lut Inraoic acsicaty isdj lc thas eagatdj plpueitalc sigped.

Oirlthdrs cltdj sagaeiratads `dtwddc puèashdj ioolucts ln eduoltlgadj =urlpdics icj has lwc l`sdr#italcs lnInraoic pitadcts it 0ithira, icj thas edj hag tl olcoeujd thit acndralr jd#delpgdct &lr it edist dgpelygdct) ln thd

`riac%s nrlctie el`ds wis olgglc ac Inraoics. 6d iesl prlnndrdj oueturie thdlrads nlr Inraoic acndralraty thit

gljdrcadj l`sledtd physalelmaoie jdtdrgacicts y jdglcstritacm hlw Inraoic oueturie phdclgdci rdacnlrodj rioaie

acndralraty. 4HActdeedotuie icj sloaie agpl#drashgdct4 stuctdj thd Inraoic ohaej%s jd#delpgdct, icj i pllr oipioaty

nlr acja#ajuitalc prdsdr#dj 4thd Inraoic%s4 gacj ac i ohaejea"d stitd. Icj whaed djuoitalc oluej ohicmd slgddc#arlcgdctie staguea nlr Inraoics, Inraoic oueturd, ioolrjacm tl Oirlthdrs, rdgiacdj cdirey is naxdj is riod2 thas

oueturd wis tadj sl oelsdey 4physaoie sdttacm icj mdcdtao jasplsatalc4 thit at trippdj olmcata#d jd#delpgdct

dnndota#dey dclumh tl rdcjdr ratash oa#aeaacm dnnlrts nutaed. Zhdlrads ea"d thdsd :ustanadj sdttedrs% prl:dotalcs ln thdar

lwc #aledct tdcjdcoads lctl Inraoics &lcd ln 0oOueeloh%s glrd olctrl#drsaie placts), icj plactdj tl thducsuatiàeaty ln thd Inraoic tdgpdrigdct nlr pleataoie edijdrshap. &=xpdcsa#d) djuoitalc wis hirgnue nlr Inraoics,

psyohaitrasts irmudj, icj jdgloritao acstatutalcs wluej `d agplssaèd ma#dc thd Inraoic 4aciàeaty tl ioodpt

rdsplcsaàeaty...HicjA prdjasplsatalc tl gdctie aeecdss.4 '

0oOueeloh%s glst agplrtict olcoeusalc as thit dthclpsyohaitrasts, ml#drcgdcts, icj sdttedr sloadtads iea"d ittraùtdj

acjamdclus pleataoie prltdsts glrd tl psyohlelmaoie agpuesa#dcdss thic tl icy edmatagitd oeiag nlr dcnricohasdgdct.1trlcm iroha#ie icj puèashdj slurods supplrt suoh oeiags i`lut ratash psyohaitrao dcjdi#lrs ac Inraoi icj

0oOueeloh%s issdrtalcs i`lut ratash thdlrads ln ic 4Inraoic gacj.4

5Zhd nucjigdctie niotthit thd dxpdradctaie spiod ln thd acja#ajuie cl elcmdr olacoajds wath citalcie spiod,

ùt as `dacm su tey ietdrdj `y thd lpdcacm tl olsglpleaticasitalc shluej clt jdoda#d

icylcd actl `dead#acm wd ird iee mlacm tl `dolgd olsglpleatics.Teraoh @dob

c thd pleataoie ed#de, thd pirtaie rdedisd nrlg trijatalcie `lcjs icj

thd prltdota#d nrigd ln thd citalc-stitd giy `d pdroda#dj is i elss ln iooluctiàeaty







24/61

[imd | 0:



Olsglpleaticasg as i olcodptalc ln guetaoueturieasg is gixagug nrddjlg, nlr gaclraty is wdee is gi:lraty

acja#ajuies, tl gax wath, `lrrlw icj edirc nrlg iee &whdthdr thdy ird ln ylur mrlup lr clt) sl acja#ajuie ajdctatadsird pdrslcie igiemigs ln àts nrlg #iralus mrlups icj hdratimds icj thdrd as cl lcd jlgacict sloaie ajdctaty tl

whaoh iee gust olcnlrg. Zhd rdsuet waee `d i sloadty olgplsdj ln i èdcj ln oueturds, i 5guetaoueturd.

-hd 0tric+d lc#;dith l/ Guetaoueturieasg

-ira3 Gljllj


ruedj `y thd mljsJ hd thdrd`y tricsodcjs ac ic agplrtict gdisurd thd tiwjry jdga-glcjd

ln thd gicy pirlohaie 1tlaos !0loritao Olsglpleaticasg6 Oaodrl7s Orata3ud icj -rics/lrgitalc l/ thd 0tlao 4jdie

Zhlgis Dicmed.

Zhd Ithdcaic pleas wis supplrtdj y jdgloritao priotaods icj thditraoie pdrnlrgicods ln trimdjy icj olgdjy.Zrimdjy djuoitdj jdglorioy clt lcey `y prl#ajacm thd oithirtao dxpdradcod ln i #aledct spdotioed ùt iesl `y

shlwacm thd jicmdrs ln gythaoie #aledcod thrlumh thd twasts ln thditraoie pelts. It thd odctdr ln Ithdcaic trimdjy asthd assud ln olrruptdj sioranaod,* whaoh nrlg ats `dmaccacm is i siordj ratuie `dolgds i jdea`dritdj iot, lpdcacm actl

i spiod ln cdmltaitalc icj rdnedotalc ac wlrejey thditdr.

Olcsajdrièy eitdr, thd ;rdd" 1tlao phaelslphdr =paotdtus &o. MMPo. '(M O=), hagsden i nrddj sei#d whl dxpdradcodjgicy gasnlrtucds ac has eand acoeujacm physaoie hicjaoip icj dxaed, jd#delpdj thd jlotracd ln accdr nrddjlg is thd

acja#ajuies lcey rdnumd, ic accdr pleas* icj ic iorlpleas ln thd slue.* @coiccaey, accdr nrddjlg garrlrdj thd

puèao irohatdoturd ln thd elst pleas ln thd ;rdd" oaty-stitd ac thd imd ln thd Nlgic =gpard.

0icy hastlraics hi#d cltdj thit thd icoadct ;rdd" pleas lnndrdj i eagatdj spiod ln sden-rdieaitalc thit wis i#iaeièd

lcey tl gied oatadcs, ùt thd pleas mi#d shipd tl ic isparitalc, ic ajdie ln nrddjlg thit sprdij `dylcj ats wiees. Ic

ucjdrsticjacm ln sparatuie nrddjlg jdeacditdj y =paotdtus rd#dies orlss-oueturie olccdotalcs dtwddc =ist icj

7dst, dtwddc cjaic, Ddrsaic, 6deedcao, icj 6d`rdw oueturds. 7hit as lramacieey ;rdd" as thd olcodpt ln pleataoienrddjlg. Ydt nrlg thd 0ajjed Imds tl thd =ceamhtdcgdct, jdìtds lc nrddjlg, lth sparatuie icj pleataoie, icj lc

thd prdsdr#italc ln thd ;rdd" phaelslphaoie hdratimd, doigd i orlss-oueturie inniar. !

Zhd hastlry ln nrddjlg as whit Icthlcy wigd Ippaih oiees thd oisd nlr olctigacitalc.* 7lrejeacdss as clt thd

sigd is olsglpleas, ut thd twl cltalcs l#dreip. Zhdrd ird gicy #drcioueir olsglpleatics olgacm nrlg janndrdct

eloieatads &wath gdglrads ln acdquieaty, ùt clt dctardey jdnacdj `y i olelcaie lr plstolggucast lr icy lthdrpirtaoueir hastlry) ùt shiracm thd prdlooupitalc wath wlrejey irohatdoturd. 8rddjlg as cd#dr i`lut puraty - dthcao lr

lthdrwasd - ut olctiots, olctigacitalcs, icj `lrjdr orlssacms. Icj sl as whit wluej oiee nisoacitacm ucnrddjlg,*

whaoh ti"ds janndrdct shipds ùt shirds ic drls ln plwdr icj piriclao ictagljdrc lr plst-plstgljdrc ajdlelmy.8clthdr Nrddjlg. -hd 8etdrcitad ?astlry l/ ic 4jdi.

0dteici @lyg

! Gig`drtl Zissacira summdsts thit wd oic agimacd icj dc#asalc tricsoueturieasg is i cdw nlrg ln hugicasg,ìsdj lc thd ajdi ln rdeacquashacm thd strlcm trijatalcie ajdctatads icj oueturds whaoh ac gicy oisds wdrd prljuots ln

agpdraieastao dgpards, actdrspdrsdj wath jlmgitao rdeamalus #ieuds. !. c gicy wiys tricsoueturieasg, y prlplsacm

i cdw hugicasg ln thd rdolmcatalc ln thd lthdr, ìsdj lc i oueturd ln g_tassimd, as ac lpplsatalc tl thd sacmueir

trijatalcie oueturds thit hi#d d#le#dj nrlg thd citalc-stitd.

Zricsoueturieasg, peiods thd olcodpt ln oueturd it thd odctdr ln i rdjdnacatalc ln thd citalc-stitd lr d#dc thd

jasippdiricod ln thd citalc-stitd. Zhas prlodss ln rdolmcaacm lcdsden ac thd lthdr edijs acd#atièy tl i olsglpleatic




25/61

[imd | 04



oatadcshap. Zhas oatadcshap, acjdpdcjdct ln pleataoie struoturds icj acstatutalcs, jd#delps dioh acja#ajuie ac thd

ucjdrsticjacm thit lcds oueturd as guetaped, g_tas icj thit dioh hugic dxpdradcod icj dxastdcod as jud tl thd

olctiot wath lthdr, whl ac rdieaty as ea"d, lcdsden.Guetaoueturieasg lr -ricsoueturieasg6 -lwirjs iOlsglpleatic Oatazdcshap.

;lciej Ouooaledtti [h.;.

Olsglpleaticasg as i olcodptalc ln guetaoueturieasg is gixagug nrddjlg, nlr gaclraty is wdee is gi:lraty

acja#ajuies, tl gax wath, `lrrlw icj edirc nrlg iee &whdthdr thdy ird ln ylur mrlup lr clt) sl acja#ajuie ajdctatads

ird pdrslcie igiemigs ln àts nrlg #iralus mrlups icj hdratimds icj thdrd as cl lcd jlgacict sloaie ajdctaty tl

whaoh iee gust olcnlrg. Zhd rdsuet waee `d i sloadty olgplsdj ln i èdcj ln oueturds, i 5guetaoueturd.-hd 0tric+d lc#;dith l/ Guetaoueturieasg

-ira3 Gljllj

Drao @rlwclc Girthi uss9iug icjthd stlao acdctalc l/ olsglpleatic pleataos.

Girthi uss9iug dolgacm i oatadc ln thd wlrej as lntdc i elcdey ùsacdss. t as, ac dnndot, i "acj ln dxaed nrlg

thd olgnlrt ln eloie truths, nrlg thd wirg cdsteacm nddeacms ln pitraltasg, nrlg thd i`slràcm prajd ac lcdsden icj

lcds lwc. . . . Olsglpleaticasg lnndrs cl suoh rdnumdJ at lnndrs lcey rdislc icj thd el#d ln hugicaty.*

Zaglthy rdccic &'++3) his rdodctey irmudj thit thas oiclcaitalc ln thd olsglpleatic rdprljuods thd 7dstdrcolelcaie agimd ln thd ritalcie, iutlclglus acja#ajuie, whlsd rdprdssdj &icj lpprdssdj) lthdr rdgiacs tadj tl eicj,

ei`lr, icj hlgd. Iethlumh lstdcsaèy dcjlrsacm i rdeita#astao dg`riod ln oueturie ja#drsaty, thas plstolelcaie nlrg ln

olsglpleaticasg lth sustiacs icj gis"s thd hadrirohie pittdrc ln ?lrth-1luth plwdr rdeitalcs dstièashdj thrlumholelcaieasg.

thd stlao acdctalc l/ olsglpleatic pleataos

Drao @rlwc

olsglpleaticasg as, ac ajdctaty tdrgs, dtwaxt icj dtwddc

wathlut dacm eagacie. t as shantacm, pirtaoapitacm ac gicy wlrejs

wathlut `dolgacm pirt ln thdg ! thd olsglpleatic as uciuthdctao

icj quactdssdctaieey gljdrc!=lcithic Nradjgic.

Oueturie Ajdctaty icj elìe !rlodss

Zhd wasd phaelslphdr `dolgds i oatadc ac i olsgao oaty lr wlrej-stitdruedj `y thd mljsJ hd thdrd`y tricsodcjs ac ic agplrtict gdisurd thd tiwjry jdga-glcjd

ln thd gicy pirlohaie 1tlaos

8eiac -luriacd. 0loadty is Ttlpai.

@tlpai wis rdieey `lrc lcey whdc thd pleataoie lrjdrsdpiritdj nrlg thd olsglelmaoie lr rdeamalus lrjdr.


[riglj (. iyir


thd wlrej, duphdgastaoieey oieedj thd tharj wlrej &>'). ?icjy mlds lc tl siy thit 4tl hi#d i gdicacmnue eand ac thdgacjs ln gdc, suoh i utlpai gust stirt wath thd assud ln gic-gijd sunndracm, whaoh his ma#dc thd tharj wlrej `lth

ats cigd icj ucaqudcdss4 &Zrijatalcs >').




26/61

[imd | 0>



thd wlr" ln glurcacm clt lcey agpeads thd wlr"acm thrlumh ln gucjicd

elssds icj triugis, `ut thd jd#delpgdct ln i odrtiac ajdctaty &ac whit edac oiees

thd jdprdssa#d plsatalc*) thit as sdcsata#d tl thd eirmdr sodcds ln pdrsdoutalc icj#aledcod thit shipd thd sloaie icj pleataoie eicjsoipd.

Glurcac+ ac 8gdraoi6 'ioaie -riugi icj thd ;dgloritao


27/61

[imd | 0=



prlodssds ln sden-jd#delpgdct, acoeusalc ln thd lthdr, icj peicdtiry rdieaitalcs &;ara, >KKi). c thd nadej ln sden-

jd#delpgdct, olsglpleaticaitalc ac#le#ds jd#delpgdct ln i tricsodcjdctie sden, tricscitalcie oatadcshap, icj

oueta#italc ln lur olsgao hugicaty. Olsglpleaticaitalc, is acoeusalc ln thd lthdr, uaejs uplc olctdgplriry

stra#acms ac dolclgaos, pleataos, rdeamalcs icj sparatuie gl`aeaitalcs dg`ljyacm plst-oipatieast, plst-citalcie icjplstrdeamalus sparatuie nlrgitalcs &deeih, '+3KJ 6i`drgis, '++').

Glurcac+ ac 8gdraoi6 'ioaie -riugi icj thd ;dgloritao


28/61

[imd | 08



tharj, `y rdolmcaacm thd lpprdssdj lr girmacieadj sde#ds ln thd narst icj thd sdolcj wlrejs is oa#aeaitalcie ieeads

ac thd itted imiacst acstatutalcieadj sunndracm4 &>').

6lwd#dr, thd olctdct tdrg thit ?icjy ohllsds as clt 4jd#delpgdct,4 4prlmrdss,4 4dgicoapitalc,4 lr4acjustraieaitalc4J thd "dy wlrj nlr hag as 4sunndracm.4 Icj wath thit wlrj ?icjy stra"ds ucdqua#loieey ic dthaoie

rdmastdr &sdd iesl 1dc). Nithdr thic ac#l"d thd pithls achdrdct ac sunndracm, ?icjy sdd"s tl mrlucj sunndracm is i

plwdrnue actri icj actdr- su`:dota#d icj olmcata#d oitdmlry. @cea"d tdohclelmaoie icj jd#delpgdctie/plsata#ast

utlpaicasg thit sdd"s tl cdmitd sunndracm, olcsleajitd miacs ierdijy gijd lc thd ìsas ln i drl-sug, waccdr-ti"d-ieegljde, icj thdrd`y pdrpdtuitd thd tdrriac ln agìeicod icj acdquaty &sdd ;uacadr) ,?icjy%s utlpaicasg as jardotdj it

thd hugic olcsoadcod ac iee ats actdr- icj actri- oa#aeaitalcie olgpedxaty. c olcodptuieaacm sunndracm is thit

pdrspdota#ie oitdmlry nrlg whaoh utlpai as tl `d dc#asalcdj, ?icjy lpdcs up i #atie rdeitalcshap `dtwddc sden-

odctdrdj agimacacms icj lthdr lradctdj olggatgdcts &on. 0ijic).

c dcjlwacm dpastdglelmy wath ic iuthlraty thit as old#ieey ùt janndrdctaieey dthaoie, ?icjy ac dnndot eagats icj

rdcjdrs thd sden-odctdrdj dolclgy ln thd iàjacmey #uecdrièd tl thd uàquatlus jdgicjs ln ietdraty. Zwl placts cddj

tl d gijd tl janndrdctaitd ?icjy%s olcodptuieaitalc ln sunndracm nrlg pithls-ìsdj icj/lr #aotag-odctdrdjirtaoueitalcs ln sunndracm. 8arst, ac ?icjy%s jasolursd, sunndracm as rdieadj sagueticdlusey is dxpdradctaie icj

prliota#dey imdctaieJ icj lut ln sunndracm olgds orataoie "clwedjmd whaoh ac turc dgplwdrs thd #laod ln sunndracm tl

gi"d ats lwc olmcata#d dpastdglelmaoie actdr#dctalc `y dc#asalcacm ats lwc utlpai rithdr thic ioodpt ic issamcdjplsatalc wathac igdealritlry sohdgds prlplsdj `y thd jlgacict jasolursd.

1dolcjey, sunndracm, thlumh dxdgpeanadj ac i odrtiac wiy `y thd Zharj 7lrej, as i uca#drsie icj lgca-eloitalciephdclgdclc thit outs iorlss ramaj icj l#drjdtdrgacdj sden-lthdr lpplsatalcs. ?l lcd lr cl lcd plsatalc his i

glclpley lc sunndracm, icj, nurthdrglrd, cl lcd shluej pirtoapitd ac whit Icmdei $i#as his gdglrièy tdrgdj,4ic leygpaos ln sunndracm.4 1unndracm is suoh jdgicjs dxltlpao icj tricseloie gljds ln ucjdrsticjacm icj

jaimclsas &sdd i"htac).

Cust is 1iaj wluej acsast thit dthaol-pleataoie prl:dots cddj tl `d agimacdj iorlss icj `dylcj dxastacm isyggdtrads

icj thit mdcdrieaitalcs cddj tl gijd iujioalusey prdoasdey whdc thdy sddg edist prlìèd, ?icjy tll dceasts thd8arst, whit usdj tl `d thd 1dolcj, icj thd Zharj 7lrej is oa#aeaitalcie ieeads ac thd namht imiacst acstatutalcie

sunndracm. 8lr ?icjy acsajds icj lutsajds ird cd#dr ma#dc is i`sleutd i pralra placts ln icj nlr lradctitalc, ùt ird

acjddj olcstatutdj icj prljuodj is tricsiotalcie nucotalcs ln actdr- icj actri- hastlraoie icj oa#aeaitalcie acneudcod

icj jaielmud. Cust is hd irmudj ac Zhd ctagitd =cdgy thit olelcaieasg acneaots jddp wlucjs `lth lc thd olelcadr

icj thd olelcadj, hdrd, tll, ?icjy trads tl agimacd thdripdutao spiods ln rdoaprloie rdhiàeatitalc. t as prdoasdey `yi#lwacm thd uàquatlus citurd ln lpprdssalc icj sunndracm icj `y io"clwedjmacm lcmlacm oleeusalcs `dtwddc sl-

oieedj acsajds icj lutsajds ac thd pdrpdtuitalc ln lpprdssalc icj sunndracm thit i utlpaic tricsodcjdcod giy `d

agimacdj ac i guetaeitdrie gljd.

y i rdijacm ln psyohlicieytao thdlry ac olc#drsitalc wath pleataoie icj sloaie thdlry,

shlw thit glurcacm shluej `d olcsajdrdj edss is i eagatdj rdsplcsd tl pirtaoueir elss - lcd thit waee rdsle#d atsden

intdr i odrtiac eipsd ln tagd - thic is i prlodss ln ajdctaty nlrgitalc thrlumh rdolmcatalc ln, icj rdnedotalc lc,

nlrgita#d triugis ac thd jdgloritao pleaty.

Zhd wlr" ln glurcacm, thdrdnlrd, as pirtey i wlr" ln rdolcodptuieaitalc

icj/is i prlodss ln ajdctaty iohad#dgdct - i gdics ln gatamitacm olmcata#d jlmgitasg icj acstiuritacm

i oipioaty nlr nioacm hastlry icj lur sde#ds ac i hdiethadr wiy. c thas rdspdot, thd wlr" ln glurcacm as clt lcey i

`rlijdr phdclgdclc thic at narst ippdirs, ùt at as ic dssdctaie pirt ln jdgloritao eand tljiy.Glurcac+ ac 8gdraoi6 'ioaie -riugi icj thd ;dgloritao


29/61

[imd | 01



whaoh iee gust olcnlrg. Zhd rdsuet waee `d i sloadty olgplsdj ln i èdcj ln oueturds, i 5guetaoueturd.

-hd 0tric+d lc#;dith l/ Guetaoueturieasg

-ira3 Gljllj

c thd olctriry, hi`hi irmuds thit iee sloaie oleedota#ds, citalc stitds, oueturds lr sgiee-soied dthcao mrlups, ird

oiumht ac i olctaculus prlodss ln hy`rajaty. Zhdy iee hi#d jd#delpdj ac rdeitalc tl i eirmdr olctdxt icj thdrdnlrd

olcsast ln dedgdcts ln janndrdct lramacs whaoh thdy tl #iryacm dxtdct hi#d ac olgglc. Zhd prlodss ln hy`rajaty thusgi"ds thd ajdi ln oueturds icj dthcao oleedota#ds is hlglmdcdlus dctatads acolcoda#ièd, lr ac ;iyitra 1pa#i"s

wlrjs, deusa#d2 hi#d elcm hdej thit, acslnir is slgdthacm oieedj %oueturd% oic `d ioodssaèd, dathdr acsajd icj/lr

lutsajd, dathdr tl ats thdlrasts icj/lr priotatalcdrs, oueturd as thd dxpeicitalcs ln oueturd. c thd olctriry, thd isao

dedgdct ln jdpirturd as clrgieey mdcdrieasdj naotalcs ln hlglmdcdlus oueturds lr dthcao mrlups. n olursd, thd ritdln `lth hdtdrlmdcdaty icj hy`rajaty as i qudstalc ln jdmrdd nlr dioh acja#ajuie oisd &on. ?djdr#ddc Dadtdrsd >KK').

Zhd wlr" ln glurcacm, thdrdnlrd, as pirtey i wlr" ln rdolcodptuieaitalc icj/is i prlodss ln ajdctaty iohad#dgdct -

i gdics ln gatamitacm olmcata#d jlmgitasg icj acstiuritacm i oipioaty nlr nioacm hastlry icj lursde#ds ac i hdiethadrwiy. c thas r

Documents

we need new priests