Tx-x.x

We form the Present Perfect with the auxiliary verb has/have and a past participle.Ben and Susan are on holiday. They have visited a lot of tropical beaches and they’ve swum in the blue sea.

We make questions by putting have/has before the subject and we form negations by putting not between have/has and the past participle.Have they visited any important cities? Yes, they have/No, they haven’t.They haven’t visited any cities, they have only visited little villages.

A. Sam hasn’t seen John for a some years. He wants to know what John has done in this time. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below as in the example.

1 Find / a new job? ✔

2 Buy / a bigger car? ✔

3 Move / house? ❌

4 Get / married? ❌

5 Finish / your studies? ✔

6 Start / taking karate lessons? ✔

1. -Have you found a new job?-Yes, I have

2. _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

6. _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(Adapted from Grammarway 2)

We use the Present Perfect:

✅ for actions which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact timeis not mentioned because it is not important.Kim has bought a new mobile phone. (When did she buy it? It’s not important. Theimportant information is that she has a new mobile phone now.)

✅ for actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present.He has been a car salesman since 1990. (He started working in 1990 and he is stillworking.)

✅ for actions which finished recently and their results are visible in thepresent.They have done their shopping. (We can see that they have finished their shoppingbecause they’re leaving the supermarket with a trolley full of shopping bags.)

✅ with today, this morning/afternoon, etc. when these periods of time are notfinished at the time of speaking.He has made ten pots this morning. (He has finished the pots, but it is still morning,so this period of time is not finished and he may make more pots before this morningends.)

B. A journalist is interviewing a politician on a radio programme. Underline the correct form.

INTERVIEWER: Mrs Blake, you want people to vote for you

again. Our listeners want to know why.

POLITICIAN: I think our achievements are very clear.

I: Well, not always. For example, under your government

unemployment 1has risen / rose by ten per cent.

P: Yes, but you have to look at the international context. The price of oil 2has increased /

increased to over forty euros last year and there 3has been / was a world recession this year.

I: But now the price of oil 4has fallen / fell again.

P: Yes, the future looks very good. Since we came to power we 5have cut / cut taxes three times.

The last government 6has increased / increased them.

I: The opposition says that services 7have suffered / suffered. What about the health system?

Several hospitals 8have closed / closed recently.

P: Yes, but people can see now that we 9have introduced / introduced big improvements. Those

hospitals 10have been / were old. We 11have invested / invested in new and better hospitals.

I: But people are waiting longer for their operations.

P: No, that’s not correct. Patients waited longer before we came to power. The latest statistics

show that we 12have reduced / reduced the number of people waiting for operations.

I: What about your record on education?

P: Standards were terrible under the last government. When we 13have introduced / introduced

the new education law, the results improved very quickly.

I: Thank you, Mrs Blake. Now, the news.

(Adapted from McMillan Essential)