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1. What is Unemployment?Unemployment is a state of joblessness in an economy. This unemployment is usually measured in terms of unemployment rate

where the number of unemployed individuals will be divided by the total number of employed individuals. This unemployment

can also be referred as joblessness or out of work. The Office of National Statistics (ONS) has given an official estimation of

unemployment using the International Labor Organization definition.

According to this definition, public aged 16 and above will be called as unemployed if they are out of work, need a job, have

vigorously wanted work in the last four weeks and are available to start work in the next two weeks, have found a job and are

waiting to join the job in the next two weeks.

Unemployment is a major problem in many countries, especially India. There are many reasons for this, but technological

progress can be figured out as one of the main reasons. Everything is getting computerized in these modern days and this in turn

leads to unemployment by decreasing the number of labors needed for a work. Unemployment is used by the government as a

statistic to measure the health of the economy. Based on the rate of unemployment, like if the rate is around 6% or more, then the

government will try to stimulate the economy and create jobs.

The rate of unemployment is almost same in both rural and urban areas. Urban areas have more number of educated unemployed,

and in the rural areas, labors and agriculturists will be unemployed for almost 6 months in every year. According to statistics, for

each employed person there are six jobless looking for work and this statistics doesnt include those who gave up and stopped

looking.

Types of unemployment will include

Cyclical unemployment

Classical unemployment

Voluntary unemployment

Structural unemployment

Frictional unemployment

Hidden unemployment

And long term unemployment

2. What are the Causes of Unemployment?


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Generally unemployment will be caused when the economy slows down and the companies will be forced to cut costs by

reducing payroll expenses. Unemployment is caused by an imbalance between supply and demand of working hours. It can also

be caused by competition in specific industry or company. Advanced technology can also be treated as one of the main reasons as

numbers of workers are being replaced by machines. As India is the second largest in population, it also has more number of

unemployed people. Some of the most important causes for unemployment in India may include:

Increasing population of India is increasing day by day and is crossing all the boundaries. Today, India is the second largest

country in population after china and it is expected that the rate of population may be doubled in the next coming decades. This is

one of the major reasons that is leading to huge unemployment. Programs for family planning to restrict the population have so

far not yielded desired results

Technological advancements will lead to some jobs becoming outdated as people will be replaced by machines

Many big corporations try to maximize their profits and reduce the costs by outsourcing people to well developed countries at

cheaper workforce. The work pressure in such countries will be more and many people come back, leaving the job because of the

heavy work pressure

Even in India, many companies make workers to work for long hours or overtime instead of hiring new employees. This way

they try to save money. This will lead to a state that the average salary stays the same and no new jobs will be produced.

3. What is the status of present education in India andhow it leads to unemployment?The present education system of India is not serving the purpose for which it has been started. Now a days education has become

a profitable business that quality of education is losing with increasing amount of professional institutions with quota system and

politicization, thereby mounting unemployment of graduates in the job market of the country. India is the second highly

populated countries after china and obviously this has led to rush and competition in each and every field. The quest for technical

and higher education has increased because scope for arts and science has been decreasing. Purpose of education is the all-round

development of personality, but the current education system is neither imparting true knowledge which will help one stand on

ones own leg nor improving the talent of a student by which one can attain success in the field of their interest.


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Many private institutions and corporate institutions are coming out with high fee structure and world class facilities. Only rich

and upper middle class people can afford these institutions and this is not reaching out the poor people. This is also one of the

reasons for unemployment. The quest and thirst for education is running out because of the reservation system in education. Our

government, around 2 years back, has passed a bill on fee re-imbursement for all the backward caste students of higher education

level.

It is being miss utilized rather being utilized as most of the students who doesnt even know the subject properly are doing higher

education just because it for free. And many of them at the end of their graduation are becoming jobless. The reservation system

in education is becoming so worst that the talented people are lagging behind and people who dont even have minimum

knowledge are getting jobs.

India has 240 universities managing over 5000 colleges of various courses and thus bringing out millions of graduates every year.

Almost 50 to 60% of the graduates are still searching for jobs after their graduation, due to lack of employability, poor

communication skills, less subject knowledge and entrepreneurship quality. Reports say that every year more than million people

are searching for jobs in India. This is all happening because of the political rivalries and less investment in job generating

manufacturing units and companies. On the other hand, everybody wants to become doctors or engineers or computer specialists

in the field of IT or medicine, which is beyond the reach of many graduates and even many of them who have chosen that, are

failing to succeed in that line due to poor knowledge on the subject or due to work pressure. This is also one of the reasons of

unemployment.

Since few years, its been observed that our education system has battered a lot. Major reason behind this is the privatization of

higher education and the technical and medical institutes have just become another business venture for many promoters. They

run these private educational institutions only for the sake of earning revenue. Quality of teachers and infrastructure in these

private institutions is very deprived. On the other hand, cost of education is also rising spirally. Now, the higher education has

become a distant dream for the middle and lower middle income group.

4. What are the Consequences of Unemployment?


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Unemployment is a universal phenomenon and a rising concern for many governing bodies. Rate of employment is related to

several microeconomic factors of a countrys progress. The consequences of unemployment often lead to emotional destruction

in the individuals. This can also lead to destruction in economy if the unemployment rate rises up to 5 to 6%. When

unemployment reaches this level, economy loses one of its key drivers of growth i.e. consumer spending. It the unemployment

continues then it can increase recession or may cause depression. Some of major consequences of unemployment will be:

Unemployed people will not be able to afford good food and this leads to poor nutrition and poor health

Unemployment leads to higher rate of mental problems, stress, anxiety and depression and this can be mainly seen in men

Because of unemployment, whole youthful generation can be lost. People, who are unemployed will not have confidence, lose

self-esteem and will not have any goals. This leads them to get addicted to alcohol and drug abuse problems

Cultural tensions as the settlers are considered because they go for lower salaries and more hours

Unemployed people will experience isolated and broken neighborhoods as they cannot afford housing, house prices drop,

businesses cannot stand opened without people in the area and thus shady activities will increase in the area and as a result crime

will rise

Demand for charities and charity homes is increasing for homeless and destitute people because of the unemployment

At times because of recession, employed people will have a fear of losing their job, feel survivor guilt towards those who were

fired. They will be forced to work harder for lower salaries. This leads to concealed anger and hatred, stress and depression

In cultural and social roles, more men become jobless, and it hits them much harder than women. Women do not like to marry

or stay with unemployed partners as they need security for them and their future children. So, this will lead to fewer marriages

and more broken relationships

5. What are the measures to be taken by government toovercome Unemployment?

Indian government has taken some measures to promote self employment and thus helping to overcome unemployment. The state

and central government has brought many schemes to provide employment opportunities to the unemployed. But we are failing

to overcome unemployment. Here are some of the measures to be taken by the government:


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Improvement of the employment exchange: Employment exchange is a very important and will be very helpful, so it is

essential that employment exchange offices should coordinate correctly and quickly with private companies to provide maximum

job opportunities. Our Indian government should grant additional funds and powers to the employment exchange terminal

Providing improved educational facilities to citizens: It is a known fact that education creates more employment, so it is the

responsibility of our government to provide good educational facilities to all the citizens as good education will have less

unemployment

Eliminating of child labor:Child laboris a crucial problem and it has to be eliminated completely because when children of

underage start making money, they will look for more options to make money. Elimination of child labor can definitely help

people to get better opportunities

Conducting more job fairs: Our government must initialize and generate more job fairs which will act as a bridge between

companies and people who need employment, to create more employment opportunities

Increasing government funds to public sector companies: In India there are thousands of public sector companies that are

known to create more job opportunities. These are helping out in improving the employment rate. So it is the government which

has to increase funds to these companies and thus imply better functioning which will eventually help people who are

unemployed and thus decreasing the unemployment rate

Increasing pay scales to reduce unemployment: Many people prefer to be unemployed instead of working for low pay scales.

Increasing the pay scales for employees who are working in government and public sectors will give less chance for people to

stay unemployed

Legalizing alternative methods of earning money: There are many ways of making money that are considered as illegal, but

are still done secretly. Some examples of this can include gambling and betting etc Legalizing these kinds of methods will help

in creating more employment as the government will get taxes for all the means and thus would reduce exploitation
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Creating an independent ministry of employment and better tax transitions: Implementing these steps strictly will definitely

help to decrease unemployment to maximum extent

Some of the measures that have been implemented by our Indian government to overcome unemployment are:

Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)

Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP)

Training for Self-Employment

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana

Employment in Foreign Countries

Nehru RozgarYojana (NRY)

Prime Ministers Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program (PMIUPEP)

Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Gramin Awas)

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Autyodya Anna Yojana.

Jai Prakash Rozgar Guarantee Yojana (JPRGY).

Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY).

The SwarnaJayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana

Sampoorna Gramena Rozgar Yojana

Pradhana Mantri Gramodaya Yojana

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