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8/10/2019 WBS or Work Breakdown Structure for a project
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Work BreakdownStructure
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What is a WBS?
A (deliverable-oriented) hierarchicaldecomposition of the work to be executed
by the project team to accomplish projects
objectives and create the requireddeliverable
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Why?
To decompose the complexity of project workinto smaller, more manageable components.
The lowest level is called workpackageand it
is the point at which cost and schedule can bereliably estimated (work packages can becomposed of more elementary activities.)
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WBS: Remarks
Two formats Graphical tree
Textual outline
Uses a decimal numbering system to identify elements
(Ex: 3.1.5) May include Development, Management, and project
support tasks
Shows is contained in relationships
Does not show dependencies or durations
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WBS Chart Example
AccountingSystem
ProjectManagement
HWProcurement
SWDevelopment
Requirements Design Build
DBDevelopment
Client Web App
Development
Integration System Test Acceptance
Test
Training Deployment
1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6
1.3.3.1 1.3.3.2 1.3.3.3
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WBS Outline Example
1. Accounting System
1.1.Project Management
1.2.HW Procurement
1.3.SW Development
1.3.1.Requirements
1.3.2.Design
1.3.3.Build1.3.3.1.DB Development
1.3.3.2.Client
1.3.3.3.Web App Development
1.3.4.Integration
1.3.5.System Test
1.3.6.Acceptance Test
1.4.Training
1.5.Deployment
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WBS Types (1/3)
Process WBS
a.k.a. Activity-oriented
Ex: Requirements, Analysis, Design, Testing
Typically used by PM
Product WBS
a.k.a. Entity-oriented
Ex: Financial engine, Interface system, DB
Typically used by engineering manager
Hybrid WBS: both of the above
This is not unusual
Ex: Life cycle phases at high level with component or feature-specificswithin phases
Rationale: processes produce products
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WBS Types (2/3)
Less frequently used alternatives:
Organizational WBS
Research, Product Design, Engineering, Operations
Can be useful for highly cross-functional projects
Geographical WBS
Can be useful with distributed teams
NYC team, San Jose team, Off-shore team
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Program
Project A Project B Project C
System A System B
Contract X
Subsystem 1 Subsystem 2 Subsystem 3
System C
PWBS
CWBS
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WBS Type (3/3)
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PWBS:Program
(project) WBS, used
to coordinate all
projects (systems)
CWBS:ContractWBS, basis for
subcontracting system
development
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Product WBS
SoftwareSystem
RequirementsDocument
ArchitectureDocument
Front End Middleware Back End
SQL Schema DB Data Admin Intf Site
TemplatesWeb Pages
DynamicPages
StaticPages
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Process WBS
SystemDevelopment
RequirementsAnalysis
ScenariosAnalysis
Security Req.Analysis
SupportabilityReq. Anal.
Analysis andDesign
Coding Testing
System Test AcceptanceTest
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Integration
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WBS Rules of the Thumb
Everything (and nothing else) is in place: The 100% rule:make sure all work items are there (product oriented WBS are
better suited for this kind of rule)
The ME rule (Mutually Exclusive rule):make sure there are no overlaps in the
definition of the elements (especially workpackages)
No need to make it balanced: all paths do not have to go to the same level
Quality of the WBS is high (taken from ESA standards):
Coherence:tasks within a work package should have the same goal;
Coupling:work package dependencies should be minimised, so that
team members can work independently;
Continuity:production work packages should be full-time to maximise
efficiency;
Cost:bottom level work packages should require between one man- week and
one man-month of effort.
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WBS Dictionary
A way to further specify the entries of a WBS
A WBS dictionary lists and defines the WBS elements.
It is initially prepared for the PWBS by the NASA
project manager, and is expanded in greater detail at
lower levels by contractors as the CWBSs aredeveloped(NASA WBS Prep. Guide)
Rules of the thumb:
it can be done for each entry in the tree.
follow the definition: increase the details as you move down the
tree
a good practice is doing it for the leaves (work-packages)
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WBS Dictionary Example (EU Proposals)
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Work packagenumber
1 Start date or starti g event: Month 1
Work packagetitle
Case Stud Re uirements and Experimentation ite Asses ment
Activity type RTD
Participantnumber
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Participantshort name
P1 P2 P3 P3 P P5 P6 P7
Person-monthsper participant
1 0 0 9 6 0 2 0
Objectives
Description ofwork
Task 1.
Task 2.
...
Deliverables D1.1.
D1.2.
Milestones M1.1.
M1.2.
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WBS Construction Techniques
Top-down(from the top to the leaves): best for well
know projects; used frequently (top-down
decomposition it is in the very nature of the WBS).
Bottom-up(from the leaves to homogeneous groups):
best with group elicitation activities (post-it on a wall) Analogy (copy & paste): effective, if the analogy
between existing material and the new project can
actually be drawn
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The Project Management Institute Practice Standard forWork Breakdown Structures provides guidance for thegeneration, development, and application of WBS. Thepublication contains industry-specific examples.
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B kd S
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Breakdown Structures
Breakdown structures are used for various purposes
Organizational breakdown structure
Bill of Material
Risk Breakdown Structure
Resource Breakdown Structure
do not confuse WBS with the ones above
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Fi l R k
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Final Remarks
Remember to get the people who will be doing the work
involved (buy-in matters!)
Use a text editor or tools such as Visio, DIA, MS Project
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WBS Examples
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WBS E l (PMBOK)
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WBS Example (PMBOK)
Source: PMBOK
Aircraft
System
Project
ManagementTraining Data Air Vehicle
Support
Equipment
System
Engineering
Management
Supporting PM
activities
Equipment
Training
Facilities
Training
Services
Training
Technical
Orders
Engineering
Data
Management
Data
Organizational
level SE
Intermediate
level SE
Dept level SE
Airframe
Engine
Communicatio
n systems
Navigation
System
Fire Control
System
FacilitiesTest and
Evaluation
Base Building
Mainteinance
Facility
Mockups
Operational
Test
Developmental
Test
Test
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WBS E l (PMBOK)
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WBS Example (PMBOK)
Source: PMBOK
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SoftwareProduct
Release
ProjectManagement
ProductRequirement
Detail Design ConstructIntegrationand Test
Planning
Meetings
Administration
Software
User
Documentation
TrainingProgram
Material
Software
User
Documentation
TrainingProgram
Material
Software
User
Documentation
TrainingProgram
Material
Software
User
Documentation
TrainingProgram
Material
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Some other E amples
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Some other Examples
Military: MIL-STD-881A, MIL-STD-881B, MIL-
HDBK-881 (1998)
Civil Engineering:http://www.csinet.org/s_csi/docs/
15700/15694.pdf
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http://www.csinet.org/s_csi/docs/15700/15694.pdfhttp://www.csinet.org/s_csi/docs/15700/15694.pdfhttp://www.csinet.org/s_csi/docs/15700/15694.pdfhttp://www.csinet.org/s_csi/docs/15700/15694.pdf