Waves of hopeWaves of hope

Report of the regional coordination workshop on

rehabilitation of tsunami-affected forest ecosystems:strategies and new directions

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Senior Forestry Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, Thailand.

Cover photos: Satellite imageries (Aceh, Indonesia, 10 January 2003 and 29 December 2004) by Space Imaging/CRISP-Singapore and photos by Mette Løyche Wilkie and Kashio Masakazu (FAO) Cover design: Miyuki Ishikawa For copies of the report, write to: Patrick B. Durst Senior Forestry Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200 Thailand Tel: (66-2) 697 4000 Fax: (66-2) 697 4445 Email: Patrick.Durst@fao.org © FAO 2005 ISBN 974-7946-69-6

RAP PUBLICATION 2005/07

WWaavveess ooff hhooppee

Report of the regional coordination workshop on

rehabilitation of tsunami-affected forest ecosystems:

strategies and new directions

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Bangkok, 2005

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword iv

Executive Summary vii 1. Introduction 1 2. Critical issues raised at the workshop 2 3. Vision and guiding principles 4 4. Recommendations 5 Annex 1. Summaries of technical presentations and discussions 6 Annex 2. Summaries of country deliberations and open discussion forum 10 Annex 3. Summaries of presentations of international and regional organizations and plenary discussion 12 Annex 4. Summaries of working group discussions 16 Annex 5. Program of the workshop 21 Annex 6. List of participants 23

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FOREWORD In an instant the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami devastated the lives of millions living in the coastal communities of 12 countries around the Indian Ocean. We are still grappling with the magnitude of the losses and the enormity of issues underlying the reconstruction needs. With considerable determination, local communities have joined national and international organizations and governments to bring relief and start the recovery work. We are now gradually moving past immediate relief efforts to focus on sustainable reconstruction. FAO has taken up the task, together with several other international and national organizations, in fielding experts in several sectors, including fisheries, agriculture and forestry, to assess the damage, identify critical needs, and bring them to the urgent attention of the international community. In the process, it has become apparent that there are many organizations in the forefront, with good intentions and doing high-quality work, but often without the benefit of exchanging information and lessons learned, collaborating fully, or coordinating effectively. To help remedy these gaps, FAO organized a regional coordination workshop on Rehabilitation of tsunami-affected forest ecosystems: strategies and new directions. The overall goal of the workshop was to strengthen and enhance forest-related rehabilitation efforts in the tsunami-affected areas. Work can clearly be strengthened through better exchange of information and knowledge related to the impacts of the tsunami on forest ecosystems, strengthening coordination and collaboration among the various agencies involved in environmental rehabilitation, and developing a regional framework for coordination and action. I am very pleased to note that, despite the short notice and preparation time, almost all the major organizations involved in forest and ecosystem rehabilitation efforts were able to attend the coordination workshop. Several very useful recommendations emerged from the workshop, including a proposal to form a regional partnership to foster further collaboration and coordination in undertaking forest-related rehabilitation efforts. Such a partnership would help support responses in a cost-effective and comprehensive manner, with sound and proven technical interventions. This is particularly critical – under the circumstances, poor planning, misguided approaches, and inappropriate measures are simply unacceptable. Emerging from the tragedy of the earthquake and tsunami is an opportunity to once again take a look at the way we are handling our environment – especially the coastal ecosystems – and to reintroduce sustainable practices that will ensure environmental stability and sustainable livelihoods. FAO, working together with other international agencies and affected countries, will continue to respond to the challenges of reconstruction that lie ahead. The regional coordination workshop, and the resulting report which comprises this publication, provide an important foundation for working together effectively on these important tasks.

He Changchui Assistant Director-General and

Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Regional Coordination Workshop on Rehabilitation of tsunami-affected forest ecosystems: strategies and new directions was organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and held from 07 to 08 March 2005 in Bangkok, Thailand. The overall goal of the workshop was to enhance rehabilitation efforts in the tsunami-affected areas through better coordination of national, regional and international agencies involved in forest rehabilitation and management of tsunami-affected areas. The workshop brought together 15 national representatives from seven tsunami-affected countries (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) and about 30 representatives from international and regional organizations. The workshop served as a forum to share information, collectively assess initial findings related to rehabilitation needs and opportunities, share plans and proposals for future rehabilitation work and develop mechanisms for collaboration and joint activities. Participants expressed their support of a regional coordination mechanism suggested by FAO. Three working groups discussed the possible scope, the structure of the proposed coordination mechanism and the products and services to be provided. Based on the presentations, discussions and ideas expressed, participants:

identified critical issues to be addressed; elaborated a common vision and principles that should guide forest-related rehabilitation and

reconstruction efforts in the region; and formulated recommendations for strengthening coordination efforts in the region.

The participants recommended that a regional partnership be established, to foster collaboration and coordination of forest-related initiatives in rehabilitation efforts in the tsunami affected countries. The participants recognized that such regional partnerships for information sharing, technical support and capacity building are consistent with existing FAO-supported networks and other partnership mechanisms in which its member countries are actively participating.

The partnership should include affected countries, international and regional organizations, NGOs, research organizations and other stakeholders, as well as donors supporting the partnership. The objective would be to support a forestry response to the tsunami that is cost effective, comprehensive, technically sound and developed within the context of integrated coastal area management and sustainable livelihoods.

The participants further recommended that FAO, in collaboration with other potential partners, continue to work to develop and establish the partnership and, as an interim measure, formulate a programme of action related to the critical issues identified in this document.

FAO and other UN organizations together with affected countries and other partners should quickly work together to make specific requests for support through the mid-term review of the flash appeal, and other sources, for regional cooperation and work on other priority issues related to forests and tsunami.

The participants proposed that the summary report be made available at the Ministerial Meeting on Forests and the Committee on Forestry to be held at FAO, Rome on 14 and 15-19 March, respectively.

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1. INTRODUCTION The Regional Coordination Workshop on Rehabilitation of tsunami-affected forest ecosystems: strategies and new directions was organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and held from 07 to 08 March 2005 in Bangkok, Thailand. The overall goal of the workshop was to strengthen and enhance rehabilitation efforts in the tsunami-affected areas to provide for a better future for people living in coastal areas. The objectives of the workshop were to:

exchange information and knowledge related to the impacts on forest ecosystems and the effective rehabilitation of forest ecosystems in tsunami-affected areas;

strengthen coordination and collaboration of national, regional and international agencies involved in forest rehabilitation and management of tsunami-affected areas; and

develop a mechanism for coordination and action to be taken at the regional level to support the rehabilitation of tsunami-affected forest ecosystems and to address other forest-related issues in the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase.

The workshop brought together 15 national representatives from seven countries 1 (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) affected by the 26 December 2004 tsunami in Asia. They were joined by about 30 representatives from international and regional organizations. The workshop provided participants the opportunity to share information, collectively assess initial findings related to rehabilitation needs and opportunities, share plans and proposals for future rehabilitation work and develop mechanisms for collaboration and joint activities. Mr He Changchui, Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative of the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific made a welcoming speech. He emphasized the importance of effectively pooling resources, information and technology for rehabilitating the forest and tree ecosystems along the tsunami-affected coastal areas, and called for a coordinated effort by all parties concerned. After an introduction to the workshop by Mr Patrick Durst, Senior Forestry Officer, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, five invited speakers set the scene with the following presentations:

the role of mangroves and other vegetation in protecting against tsunamis and tidal surges; integrated coastal zone management; the assessment of the impacts of the tsunami on coastal vegetation; and the assessment of wood use and needs in the region for reconstruction.

During an open forum, participants from seven of the affected countries described rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. In particular, they highlighted the role of forests and trees in the overall rehabilitation approaches taken in their respective countries, ongoing and planned activities, key challenges to be addressed and the potential role of, and expectations from, strengthened regional coordination from a national perspective. The representatives from international and regional organizations had the opportunity to outline ongoing and planned activities. In addition, several speakers presented ideas for better coordination at national and regional levels. Based on the presentations, discussions and ideas expressed, participants were divided into three topical working groups to:

discuss the development of a coordination mechanism;

1 The participant of Bangladesh was unable to attend.

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elaborate a common vision and principles that should guide forest-related rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts in the region; and

formulate recommendations for strengthening coordination efforts in the region (elaborated further below).

2. CRITICAL ISSUES RAISED AT THE WORKSHOP Recognizing that the situation varies from country to country, participants raised the following issues:

1) The protective role of mangroves and other coastal forests (natural and planted) against tsunamis, typhoons, and other natural disasters depends on various factors, including: the type and characteristics of the event itself; vegetation characteristics such as species, stand density, height and width of the vegetation zone; and the characteristics of the adjacent sea bottom. There is a need to further assess the effectiveness of mangroves and other coastal vegetation in protecting coastal areas from major natural disasters.

2) There is a lack of clear, accurate and comprehensive information about the impact of the tsunami on coastal areas, including forests and trees. Where coastal vegetation was severely affected, more precise impact assessments are needed, which also consider the characteristics of the sea bottom close to the coastline.

3) Although the tsunami caused significant damage to coastal vegetation in some countries, many organizations are planning to restore and rehabilitate coastal forests as a protective measure against future tsunamis, tidal surges, typhoons and cyclones. A rigorous analysis of the factors influencing the protective function of coastal forests is needed and guidelines developed to assist countries that plan to establish greenbelts and other forests for (mainly) protective purposes.

4) Rehabilitation/reforestation efforts must be carefully planned and implemented and the forests subsequently managed properly. Full stakeholder (from different levels and sectors) involvement is necessary in this process to ensure success. In particular, local communities need to be fully involved in the decision-making.

5) Problems preventing cost-effective methods of rehabilitation of coastal forests include insufficient technical knowledge, limited human resources and capacities for implementing rehabilitation activities and ambiguous land tenure and clear demarcation of land.

6) Initiatives aimed at the rehabilitation and management of coastal forests for protection purposes must be linked to the socio-cultural and economic needs and aspirations of local people. Protection forests also require management and many production forests, if properly managed, can also fulfill protection functions.

7) There is a critical need for sound technical information on workable practices for rehabilitating coastal forests, suitable sites for planting, and proven approaches for involving local people in decision-making, planning and implementation. Similarly, policy makers and the donor community require solid advice to avoid quick fixes, with potentially negative consequences, to ensure that their decisions and assistance enhance sustainable development.

8) Integrated coastal zone management is particularly challenging because of the tremendous diversity of livelihoods that depend on fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, forestry and agriculture. Long-term rehabilitation should focus on creating sustainable livelihoods and restoring the productive use of coastal resources. Integrated approaches to coastal zone management need to balance ecological, social, cultural, economic considerations and the importance of community participation and adequate governance. Inter-sectoral cooperation and coordination are needed, as

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well as appropriate policy formulation and strategic planning mechanisms to balance trade-offs among different, and often conflicting, interests.

9) Detailed calculations of the wood needs for reconstructing infrastructure have yet to be carried out in most places. In some countries, wood demand may be met from domestic sources. However, there is a risk of over-exploitation of local forests (some of them protected areas) to meet the wood demand for reconstruction. In some cases, large quantities of wood will have to be imported.

10) Some donor countries are offering to export wood to affected countries. Care must be taken to ensure that wood used for reconstruction has the necessary characteristics to meet specific needs and is adequately treated to ensure durability. Some species may also not be acceptable for socio-cultural reasons. The potential of using salvage wood and alternative construction materials, such as bamboos, needs to be further explored.

11) Conflicting demands for the use of the affected lands (green belts, aquaculture, agriculture, tourism, residential and industrial sites) are causing controversies and tensions in a number of locations, especially where land titles and tenure arrangements are ambiguous. In some cases, “land grabbing” has particularly affected poorer sections of society.

12) Although several countries have passed zoning laws, prohibiting development of coastal areas within a certain distance of high-water marks and beachfronts, in general, law enforcement requires strengthening.

13) The international community has helped countries with emergency relief and early response assistance, impact assessments, development of rehabilitation plans and wood needs assessments. NGOs have raised substantial funds to assist in tsunami rehabilitation efforts and are moving quickly with delivering assistance. There is a tremendous need and opportunity to improve the effectiveness of efforts through improved coordination and the provision of relevant information in a timely manner.

The following issues and topics could be addressed through regional collaboration: Natural disaster management strategies, including exchange of information on vulnerability and

risk analysis and rapid damage assessments. Exchange of technical information on the rehabilitation, establishment and management of coastal

forests (natural and planted). Sharing of experiences and lessons learned related to restoration and rehabilitation of coastal areas

and integrated coastal zone management. Practical application of the livelihoods approach and a means to strengthen inter-sectoral

collaboration. Governance issues, including coordination between national and local level planning, approaches

for strengthened stakeholder participation, and the development of institutional frameworks and legislation to support integrated coastal zone management and coastal forest rehabilitation.

Scientific analyses of factors influencing the degree of protection provided by coastal forests and guidelines for the establishment and management of protection forests and shelterbelts in order to make them more effective.

Assistance in organizing joint research activities and exchange of research results.

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3. VISION AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES The participants of the workshop identified a common vision and underlying principles to guide forest-related rehabilitation efforts in the affected areas of the region. These would provide a basis for country, regional and international-level action.

The participants agreed on the following vision of the outcome of forest-related initiatives in rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts in tsunami-affected area:

Vision: a better future than existed before the tsunami, which is based on forests’ and trees’ contributions to poverty alleviation, food security, human capacity building, environmental sustainability and reduced vulnerability to natural disasters in the short and long-term.

Guiding principles for rehabilitation efforts in the forest sector:

1) Rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts should recognize the sovereign rights of each affected country and the cultural and economic contexts of the affected coastal communities, and respect traditional uses, access and rights to resources.

2) Interventions should be based upon a livelihoods approach that addresses poverty alleviation, food security, human capacity building, environmental sustainability and minimizes vulnerability and risks from future natural disasters.

3) Action should be based on participatory principles involving all stakeholders, but in particular the affected populations, in policy formulation, planning and decision-making.

4) Forestry interventions should be compatible with sustainable forest management practices, and carried out within the context of integrated coastal area management and spatial planning that recognizes the multiple uses of the natural resource base.

5) Planning of rehabilitation activities should take into consideration the anticipated impacts of climate changes on coastal areas as well as national strategies for climate change adaptation, as appropriate.

6) Flexible and adaptive methods should be adopted to respond to the complexity of the situation and particular conditions in the affected areas.

7) Emphasis is needed on strengthening institutional capacity at all levels and of various actors (government and non-governmental), ensuring good governance and law compliance and securing equitable distribution of costs and benefit.

8) Rehabilitation processes should be carefully planned, implemented and evaluated, including the following elements: detailed impact and damage assessments and needs analyses as the basis of all rehabilitation

activities; assessments of the institutional capacity of different organizations at all levels and all

economic sectors in order to ensure efficient delivery of suitable technical and material inputs and effective use thereof;

application of scientifically-based, proven technologies that are environmentally sustainable, socially acceptable and economically sound;

action taken with clear indication of measurable outcomes; emphasis on accountability and transparency; and effective communication and coordinated partnership between government, NGOs,

international agencies and bilateral donors.

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4. RECOMMENDATIONS The participants recommended that a regional partnership to foster collaboration and coordination of forest-related initiatives in rehabilitation efforts in the tsunami affected countries should be established. The participants recognized that such regional partnerships for information sharing, technical support and capacity building are consistent with existing FAO-supported networks and other partnership mechanisms in which its member countries are actively participating. The proposed partnership would address the current needs and challenges presented by the tsunami disaster.

The partnership would include affected countries, international and regional organizations, NGOs, research organizations and other stakeholders, as well as donors supporting the partnership. The objective would be to support a forestry response to the tsunami that is cost effective, comprehensive, technically sound and developed within the context of integrated coastal area management and sustainable livelihoods.

The immediate benefits of the activities of the partnership would be targeted at the tsunami-affected areas in Asia, but would also be relevant to other affected areas and to mitigation and rehabilitation efforts in future coastal disasters.

The functions of the partnership would be the following: provide access to information; furnish technical knowledge, expertise, guidelines and tools; support capacity building; and strengthen partnerships, coordination arrangement and access to financial resources.

The structure would consist of the following: affected countries, a wide network of partners, a support group (steering committee/coordination committee) made up of the countries and a small, representative group of partners, and a secretariat at FAO. An emphasis would be put on making it flexible, streamlined and able to evolve to accommodate emerging needs.

It further recommended that FAO, in collaboration with other potential partners, continue to work to develop and establish the partnership and, as an interim measure, formulate a programme of action related to the critical issues identified in this document.

FAO and other UN organizations together with affected countries and other partners should quickly work together to make specific requests for support through the mid-term review of the Flash Appeal, and other sources, for regional cooperation and other priority issues related to forests and tsunami.

The participants proposed that the summary report be made available at the Ministerial Meeting on Forests and the Committee on Forestry to be held at FAO, Rome on 14 and 15-19 March, respectively.

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ANNEX 1

SUMMARIES OF TECHNICAL PRESENTATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

The role of mangroves and other vegetation in protecting against tsunamis and tidal surges Mr Ong Jin Eong, Malaysia Mr Ong explained the role of coastal vegetation in protecting against tsunamis and tidal surges with a specific focus on mangroves. He emphasized that the idea that mangroves protect coastal areas from tsunamis and erosion is a myth! Mangroves are usually found on low-impact coastlines with limited rates of erosion (mangrove propagules can not root in high-impact areas or areas with high erosion rates). The ability of mangroves to reduce the impact of a wave is determined by the Manning roughness coefficient of the forest as a whole – in general, this effect is negligible with the kind of forces involved with a tsunami. With regards to rehabilitation, he indicated that mangroves are fully capable of regenerating themselves in most cases. The only reason that this would not occur is if there is not a sufficient supply of propagules in the area that needs to be rehabilitated or there is too much (human) disturbance of the area. The best way of (naturally) rehabilitating degraded areas is to restore the hydrodynamics of the area to be rehabilitated (i.e. remove barriers to tidal movements). If human intervention is necessary for rehabilitation, then the following elements need to be considered:

determine extent and nature of damage; understand the hydrodynamics; plant the correct species; and identify appropriate areas (mud-flats are not suitable for planting).

Mr Ong indicated that he was all for the preservation of mangrove ecosystems but for the right reasons, not the wrong ones.

Discussions A question was raised concerning the role of mangroves in protecting mud-flats. Mr Ong replied that mud-flats are not suitable for planting mangroves. Another question was asked about an effective way to rehabilitate the areas that had been converted for development activities (e.g. shrimp ponds) by restoring mangroves or recovering hydrodynamics. Mr Ong mentioned that a relatively easy and effective way would be to re-establish the free flow of water and normal tidal flows.

Integrated approaches to coastal zone management Mr Simon Funge-Smith, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Mr Funge-Smith described integrated approaches to coastal zone management with a specific emphasis on the complexities of coastal livelihoods that depend on fisheries, aquaculture, tourism and forestry. He mentioned that longer term rehabilitation work should focus on creating sustainable livelihoods and restoring productive use of coastal resources. He highlighted the need to balance ecological, social, cultural, governance and economic considerations and the importance of community participation. He also emphasized the need for inter-sectoral cooperation (forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, agriculture, tourism, and infrastructure) and for appropriate policy and strategic planning mechanisms to balance trade-offs between different interests. He concluded by outlining the challenges in integrated coastal area management, which included land title, equitable recovery and collaboration among organizations and between different sectors.

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Discussions A clarification was requested regarding the reason land titles are an issue in fisheries. Mr Funge-Smith replied that it is an issue of critical importance in fisheries-related rehabilitation, as fishing communities live on coastal areas where land titles have not been clearly defined and conflicts are already occurring over land ownership in coastal areas. A comment was made with regard to the difficulties in establishing an inter-sectoral mechanism to collectively manage coastal zones. Mr Funge-Smith mentioned that bringing all the stakeholders from different sectors around the table would be difficult at the national level but that it would be possible at the local level. Assessment of the impacts of the tsunami on coastal vegetation in the region Ms Sundari Ramakrishna, Wetlands International and Mr Faizal Parish, Global Environmental Centre Ms Ramakrishna gave an overview of the assessment of impacts of the tsunami on coastal vegetation in the region. By referring to assessments conducted by M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) as well as Wetlands International, she introduced the findings pertaining to the magnitude of damage to coastal areas and the role of mangroves and other coastal vegetation in mitigating damage. She mentioned that the buffering effect depended on the width and strength of mangrove belts. Mr Parish explained how and to what extent mangroves and other coastal vegetation mitigated the impacts of the tsunami on the coastal zones in the region. He referred to the analysis that concluded that coastal forests provided significant protection where there was a sufficient width of intact forest, while degraded forest or widely spaced trees provided little protection. This provides strong justification for rehabilitating and protecting remaining coastal forests. He also introduced recommendations for rehabilitation, which include the enhancement of natural coastal defenses through greenbelts, the exploration of eco-engineering techniques, and the development of modalities for community-based rehabilitation and management of coastal forests.

Discussions A clarification was sought concerning where the figure of the mangrove area affected by the tsunami in Indonesia came from. Ms Ramakrishna mentioned that the figure was taken from the report produced by the National Planning Agency of Indonesia (BAPPENAS). A comment was made that the extent greenbelts can protect coastal areas depends on various factors. Mr Parish made a clarification that it depends on various factors including the nature, size, width, and range of greenbelts. Assessment of wood use and needs in the region for reconstruction: a case study from Aceh Mr Nazamuddin Basyah Said, Greenomics Mr Said mentioned that the aims of the assessment were to estimate the volume of logs needed in the emergency response and rehabilitation phases in Aceh and to identify their sources. He gave the estimates of wood needed for the construction of houses (1.2 – 3.4 million m3 of sawn timber depending on the type of housing), offices and houses of worship (101 756 to 135 675 m3 of sawn timber), and fishing fleet (14 774 to 18 468 m3 of sawn timber), totaling 1.6 – 3.2 m3 of sawn timber or 4 – 8 million m3 of logs. He highlighted the need for importing timber for the reconstruction in Aceh and presented the proposal of establishing a timber importation mechanism.

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Discussions A clarification was sought about whether the imports are from other provinces of Indonesia or other countries. Mr Said replied that the proposal for a timber importation mechanism is for overseas sources, while transporting wood from other provinces is ongoing. A question was asked about the durability of wood imported from other countries if used for house construction in a tropical country like Indonesia. The chairman acknowledged the importance of this issue and suggested it requires further investigation. A question was raised about local alternatives for house construction such as bamboo. Greenomics mentioned that around 55 percent of those surveyed by Greenomics had replied that they use other woods for house construction. Mangrove Action Project referred to the findings from a meeting in India on earthquake-resistant bamboo housing and mentioned that bamboo is a feasible alternative to regular wood for building houses as they are durable and can be managed sustainably by local communities. Mr Heruela asked a question regarding demand for wood fuels in tsunami-affected areas in Aceh. Mr Said replied that the demands for woods for fuel purposes are not significant in Aceh.

Plenary discussion A question was raised concerning approaches for promoting the establishment of greenbelts. Mr Parish (Global Environment Centre) emphasized the importance of creating greenbelts without excluding local communities, and highlighted the need for instituting laws/regulations and guidelines for promoting greenbelts. Mr Kashio (FAO) mentioned that the current greenbelts are not designed to protect against tsunamis, although they happened to perform such a role in the recent tsunami incidence, and thus highlighted the need for renewed efforts in establishing greenbelts for specifically protecting against tidal surges. A question was asked regarding the effectiveness of coastal plantations, especially that of Casuarina. Response was given by a Malaysian representative that plantations are useful to the extent they reduce the energy of tidal surges but such effects depend on the width, range and nature of plantations. A representative from India added that involving local communities in planting and management (such as under the Joint Forest Management scheme in India) is important for success. A Malaysian representative referred to the difficulties Malaysia had experienced in involving communities in planting large areas and suggested private-community partnerships as a potential solution. Mr Parish mentioned that the Global Environment Centre, in collaboration with various partners such as the Port and Airport Research Institute and Disaster Reduction Research Institute from Japan, has started assembling models to assess the effectiveness of greenbelts in protecting against tsunamis, and developing guidelines for establishing or strengthening greenbelts. UNESCO raised a concern about timeliness of assistance for reconstruction and rehabilitation as there is a possibility that people would start using wood from nearby areas before timber is imported from outside. M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation highlighted the need for disseminating reliable data on the contribution of coastal vegetation to livelihoods and integrated coastal management, especially in local languages.

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Mangrove Action Project emphasized the importance of hydrological assessments in planning mangrove rehabilitation efforts. An Indonesian representative made a comment that demand for wood can be reduced because the Government plans to build about 120 000 houses, instead of 500 000 as estimated by Greenomics, and also because houses are designed to use less wood and more of alternative materials.

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ANNEX 2 SUMMARIES OF COUNTRY DELIBERATIONS AND OPEN DISCUSSION FORUM

Country approaches for rehabilitation, current activities and needs Mr Appanah (FAO) introduced the members of the panel, composed of national representatives from seven tsunami-affected countries. This was followed by a brief introduction by national representatives of the first reactions to the tsunami in each country. Recognizing the importance of integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to coastal area management, the panel discussed the role played by communities in managing coastal vegetation in an integrated manner. Various schemes of community-based forest and coastal area management were introduced by national representatives. Some countries shared their experiences in working with institutions in different sectors, in some cases with the support from international assistance agencies. Most countries expressed their appreciation for the assistance provided by donors and international and regional agencies. However, some countries suggested that more assistance should be allocated to such areas as eco-engineering and other forestry-related rehabilitation activities (e.g. Sri Lanka needs US$500 000 for forestry-related rehabilitation activities). A request was made specifically for FAO to provide information on species as well as technical guidelines for planting and managing greenbelts. The panel discussed how natural resource legislation relating to coastal ecosystems is designed to empower local participation in natural resource management. Land titling, relocation of coastal communities and conflicting uses of coastal areas by different stakeholders were noted as challenges encountered in rehabilitation efforts. An effective way to reconcile the needs for sustainable livelihoods and coastal area management was also discussed. Suggestions were made to efficiently channel financial resources to rehabilitation efforts by governments. In India, a joint rehabilitation effort has been made by the Government and NGOs. In Indonesia, Conservation International and other NGOs have provided financial assistance for reconstruction of Sumatra and Aceh. Important technical problems preventing effective rehabilitation of coastal areas were discussed. Thailand emphasized the importance of choosing appropriate species for planting coastal areas. Indonesia referred to the problem of limited human resources and capacities for implementing planned rehabilitation activities, while Sri Lanka mentioned problems of water scarcity, animal grazing and species selection, especially for arid areas. Malaysia highlighted issues of land security and demarcation. The panel reiterated the importance of community involvement in forest and coastal management to integrate cultural and livelihood aspects in rehabilitation efforts. Ways of sharing benefits of forest management with communities was discussed. Thailand raised a concern about communities traditionally living in coastal areas who are vulnerable to tidal surges. A question was raised about appropriate models of integrated coastal area management. Thailand described mangrove management in Southern Thailand, which has adopted an integrated approach. India also introduced an example of integrated coastal management in Chennai.

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Open discussion forum Mr Appanah and Ms Braatz opened the forum by encouraging participants to discuss any issues of importance in the rehabilitation of tsunami-affected forest ecosystems, including the suggested coordination mechanism for rehabilitation in the region. Many organizations, as well as some national representatives, expressed their support to the idea of establishing a regional coordination mechanism. Various suggestions were made with regard to the structure (e.g. open-ended networks; a formal mechanism with a secretariat and a steering committee) and functions (e.g. a neutral forum; exchange of information and technical expertise; scientific research) of such a coordination mechanism. It was proposed that interested parties identify key issues for regional cooperation (e.g. scientific guidelines for selecting suitable species for planting in coastal zones) and establish an appropriate cooperation mechanism that can produce products and services needed to address such issues. A possibility of extending the scope of the mechanism to look beyond tsunami to include cooperation in other areas (e.g. disaster management) was also suggested. Representatives from Sri Lanka and Indonesia pointed out the importance of bringing national-level coordination down to local levels within countries. The role of national focal points in bringing about coordination at local levels was highlighted. Ms Braatz reviewed the discussions on a proposed coordination mechanism and outlined the following five areas as issues of regional importance:

disaster management strategies; governance (e.g. interactions between national and local levels; legal issues; local stakeholder

involvement; institutional arrangements to support community involvement); inputs from scientific research; livelihood approach (e.g. how can it be adopted to coastal management); and integrated coastal zone management.

The exchange of ideas about a proposed coordination mechanism was followed by general discussion on tsunami rehabilitation efforts. Ramsar Convention Center suggested that tsunami-affected countries make the best use of Japan’s technical expertise in rehabilitation of tsunami-affected areas as well as financial assistance. ITTO suggested countries utilize the Global Mangrove Database and Information System (GLOMIS), an information database developed by the International Society for Mangrove and Environment (ISME) and ITTO. WWF Thailand proposed that that the workshop discuss and share examples of policy frameworks, institutional arrangements, and research for effective management of mangroves and other coastal vegetation.

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ANNEX 3 SUMMARIES OF PRESENTATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND PLENARY DISCUSSION Rehabilitation initiatives and activities by international and regional organizations Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) Mr Shanker introduced the legal review of India’s principal coastal legislation that ATREE had conducted in Tamil Nadu. The report of the review, entitled “The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification and Post-Tsunami Rehabilitation in Tamil Nadu, India”, aimed to provide government and non-government rehabilitation agencies with a clear understanding of the role and position of the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification in rehabilitation efforts that may take place in areas under the jurisdiction of this law. Mr Shanker also introduced other ATREE reports on fisheries-related issues in Tamil Nadu, which are in preparation. ASEAN-Korea Environmental Cooperation Unit (AKECU) Mr Yong-Kwon Lee introduced the AKECU project on the restoration of degraded forest ecosystems in Southeast Asia through support to research, capacity building and information sharing. He highlighted the Korean Government’s plan for rehabilitation of tsunami-affected areas with a specific focus on mangrove rehabilitation and training. He mentioned that the plan places a special emphasis on human livelihoods. Charles Darwin University Mr Boggs introduced the “Guidelines for Coastal Restoration Following the Indian Ocean Tsunami” that Charles Darwin University has developed in collaboration with the Australian Institute of Marine Science and National University of Singapore. He described the objectives of the guidelines as follows:

to map land cover, with an emphasis on coastal vegetation communities, before and after the Indian Ocean tsunami;

to analyze coastal vegetation damage and its relationship to environmental factors; to develop a model for assessing the role of coastal vegetation in mitigating tsunami impact; and to develop a rehabilitation plan for the restoration of coastal vegetation communities.

He highlighted the outcomes of recent scientific research on the role of mangroves in dissipating wave energy from tidal surges. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Regional Office for the Asia and the Pacific (FAO/RAP) Mr Kashio introduced FAO/RAP’s responses to the tsunami with a specific emphasis on the areas where FAO has comparative advantages including agriculture, fisheries and forestry sectors. Referring to information dissemination tools FAO has set up as a response to the tsunami, such as the “Tsunami Atlas”, he encouraged participants to make use of the data and information available. He highlighted a plan to submit forestry-related proposals for the revised UN Flash Appeal and encouraged countries to seek funds for forestry-related rehabilitation through this channel.

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Global Environmental Centre (GEC) Mr Parish mentioned that the GEC had conducted preliminary assessments of the impacts of the Indian Ocean tsunami on coastal ecosystems and initiated media activities to promote mangrove rehabilitation and greenbelts. GEC, in collaboration with other international organizations, organized a special session on tsunami and coastal wetlands at the Asian Wetland symposium in February 2005. Follow-up actions include further assessments of the effectiveness of greenbelts, development of a regional initiative to link together different groups working on greenbelt issues, and establishment of exchange mechanisms. He encouraged participants to work together through a proposed coordination mechanism for greenbelts, which could be linked with or integrated with an overall forest and tsunami partnership. GTZ Malaysian-German Forestry Education Project (MGFEP) Mr Kollert introduced GTZ-supported rehabilitation activities in Aceh, which aim to support livelihoods and to protect ecosystems. He mentioned that GTZ plans to conduct long-term activities in the near future such as rehabilitation of damaged ecosystems as well as livelihood support. He mentioned that there is a possibility of obtaining funding from GTZ if a program is backed by a regional collaboration mechanism and if a focus is on integrated coastal management. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Mr Hiras mentioned that ITTO supports rehabilitation of mangrove forests for the following three reasons: ecological and economic importance, sources of timber and timber-related products, and sustainability of ecosystems. The Global Mangrove Database and Information System (GLOMIS) and the World Atlas of Mangrove (published by ISME) were introduced as ITTO’s mangrove-related programs of regional scope. ITTO expressed its willingness to provide financial assistance to tsunami-affected countries based on well-focused proposals with itemized budgets. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Mr Singh mentioned that IUCN had conducted rapid assessments in Sri Lanka and Thailand, the reports of which are available on the IUCN website. A plan for medium- and long-term livelihood-ecosystem rehabilitation activities has been prepared. A global partnership has been established with the UNEP as a coordination mechanism. He expressed IUCN’s keen interest in assessing options for having a regional mangrove rehabilitation project. He also welcomed FAO’s idea of establishing partnerships for forest ecosystem rehabilitation through integrated approaches. Mangrove Action Project (MAP) Mr Brown introduced MAP’s Mangrove Rehabilitation Methodology (site prioritization, community organizing, village ordinance, ecological mangrove rehabilitation, sustainable livelihood development, monitoring and maintenance, and documentation of lessons learned). He also highlighted the ecological restoration of mangroves using hydrologic restoration as the preferred method. He introduced ideas for regional cooperation on coastal forest restoration:

establish a clearing house for linking local restoration needs with technical restoration agencies and donors;

establish successful restoration models as demonstration sites;

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insure community participation in restoration processes (protection and monitoring) for sustainability; and

coordinate among donors to prevent duplication and ensure complete coverage. M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) Mr Ravishankar introduced MSSRF’s rehabilitation-related efforts at the national level:

tool kit for coastal bioshield (e.g. technical assistance for mangrove restoration and afforestation); coastal biovillages (enhancing livelihood conditions of coastal communities by linking ecological

security and livelihood security); village knowledge centers (wireless information system in local languages)

He explained MSSRF’s regional coordination mechanism in the Bay of Bengal region and presented ideas for further cooperation with a specific emphasis on the need for integrated and sustainable livelihoods approaches. Organization for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement (OISCA), Thailand Mr Chen described OISCA’s four main programmes promoted through three pillars: development, environment and learning. He mentioned that OISCA has extensive experiences in promoting mangrove reforestation through environmental education, particularly for children and the youth. He expressed OISCA’s continued support for mangrove rehabilitation efforts in the tsunami-affected areas through various environmental education programs and the International Tree Planting Volunteer Program. Ramsar Center Japan (RCJ) After a short introduction to the RCJ, Mr Nakamura introduced one of the outcomes from the Asian Wetland Symposium 2005: the Chilika Statement, which highlights the need for rehabilitating wetlands and coastal areas in tsunami-affected countries. She suggested that the possibility of strengthening regional networks and partnerships should be considered to adopt a holistic approach to integrated coastal ecosystem. She also introduced potential funding mechanisms available in Japan for NGOs. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Malaysia Ms Norzilla Mohamed introduced rehabilitation activities of UNDP Malaysia in various areas, ranging from health care services to livelihood support for fisheries communities. She also described the outcomes from three rapid assessment missions that UNDP Malaysia had conducted with UNICEF. She mentioned that UNDP Malaysia promotes South-South Cooperation and a holistic approach in tsunami-related rehabilitation activities. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Ms Tunnie mentioned that UNEP has provided technical and coordination assistance to affected countries in partnerships with WWF, IUCN and other agencies. She explained UNEP’s coordination mechanism with the government sector, environmental society, and partners and Collaborative Assessment Networks. She mentioned that UNEP plans to develop proposals based on current assessment efforts.

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Untied Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Indonesia Mr Han Qunli introduced UNESCO’s response in the fields of education, science, culture and communication. He mentioned that UNESCO Indonesia currently provides support for various activities in the fields of science and the environment: the establishment of early warning systems; a multi-sectoral assessment of tsunami effects on coastal ecosystems and resources in Aceh and Northern Sumatra; development of a plan for mangrove rehabilitation; and a monitoring mission to assess the magnitude of logging and the use of wood in a World Heritage area in Banda Aceh. He expressed UNESCO’s keen interest in establishing regional partnerships to capitalize on the resources of various agencies. University of Malaysia Sabah Mr Aminuddin Mohamad highlighted the forestry programmes recently developed by the University, and expressed his willingness to collaborate with other agencies in the future. Wetlands International (WI) Ms Ramakrishna introduced the Ramsar Tsunami Reference Group, which had been established in collaboration with the Ramsar International Organisation Partners and other relevant research, environmental and aid organisations to bring together scientifically sound advice on wetlands in the region to assist governments in establishing the most effective response measures. She referred to WI’s plan for socio-economic assessments in tsunami-affected wetlands in partnership with IUCN and other Dutch-based organizations. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Mr Rudebjer spoke on behalf of ICRAF and CIFOR. He introduced the collective action on restoring tsunami-affected livelihoods, a 3-5 year program led by World Fish Center and supported by other international agencies including ICRAF, CIFOR and IRRI. He also highlighted the CIFOR/ICRAF collaboration with the Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia in mangrove rehabilitation and sustainable livelihoods. He mentioned that CIFOR/ICRAF is developing a proposal for building capacities of Indonesian universities and students in Aceh. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Thailand Mr Parr described WWF’s emergency responses in Aceh, India and Thailand as follows:

Aceh: “Green Reconstruction Guidelines”; Timber for Aceh Program; and Coastal Zone Management, Rehabilitation and Livelihood Program

India: NGO forum; advocacy for green reconstruction; and partnership with UNDP-GEF Thailand: Green Reconstruction zoning; community-based mangrove forests management; best

practices in marine tourism. He introduced the Mai Khao Marine Turtle Foundation as an innovative way to generate financial resources for marine resource conservation through an NGO-private sector partnership.

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ANNEX 4 SUMMARIES OF WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS Based on the presentations, discussions and ideas expressed, participants were divided into three topical working groups to discuss structure, issues and scopes, products and services to be provided by the proposed coordination mechanism.

Presentation by Working Group 1: key issues and scope WG 1’s rationale

Forestry issues have been inadequately addressed Integrating forestry issues into tsunami response – a regional approach Mobilizing human and financial resources

Purpose of the regional initiative

Bringing issues to the forefront Getting people together Technical solutions to problems

Scope

To look beyond tsunami and focus on natural coastal catastrophe Preparedness for the long term First phase focus on tsunami-affected countries Later phases will include other countries in the Asia–Pacific region

Issues

i) Integrated coastal zone management Land-based forest ecosystem + sea-based (seagrass, coral reef) People’s need: forestry, fisheries and agriculture Sustainable livelihoods Legal mechanisms (legislation and enforcement, land tenure) Synergy (avoid duplication, share best practices) Standardizing technical methodologies (assessment, zonation and rehabilitation)

ii) Human capacity

Local community training (including study tours) Revising universities’ curricula Developing modules on tsunami recovery Promoting traditional and local knowledge Communication and information dissemination – including cultural and traditional means of

communication Provision of regional expertise

iii) Wood needs for reconstruction

Studies on long-term impact on ecosystems Urgent studies on timber quality and durability (including alternative materials, such as bamboo) Related issues of long-term policy directions

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Discussions Clarification was sought regarding whether sea-based ecosystems should be dealt with by the proposed mechanism. FAO replied that it does not have a comparative advantage in dealing with sea-based ecosystems and that these aspects should be addressed through other mechanisms.

Presentation by Working Group 2: structure of the mechanism

Why do we want to set up a mechanism?

Develop an effective response to tsunami (cost effective and technically sound) Avoid duplication Identify gaps Build on existing mechanisms Stimulate information sharing Engage stakeholders currently not working together Is there a need for a new mechanism or are existing ones adequate? Up to 25 December, did people feel there were adequate mechanisms within the region?

Scope

i) Information sharing Web page (links, analyzed/synthesized info) List server Hard copy/translated documentation Databases/geographic info Workshops – seminars, media

ii) Capacity building

Workshops Sharing resource persons for training Study visits Training materials

iii) Technical support

Technical guidelines Technical consulting/advising services South-South collaboration, sharing experiences/lessons learned Demonstration sites/pilot sites

iv) Resources

Coordination of similar activities (facilitate national-level coordination) Generate resource and resource assistance to achieve objectives Matching action and needs

Options for mechanisms

Business as usual (FAO, national , research, NGO, private sector) Business as usual - but with need more resources (money); no need to change mechanism. Integrate existing partnerships. Expanded partnership. Not totally changing underlying structure.

(coordinate existing groups/networks) New totally independent mechanism

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Elements of the structure Targets/beneficiaries – affected communities, NGO, governments Countries – tsunami-affected, or tsunami-prone countries Partners – organizations from different sectors (government, NGO, research, etc.) – if you’re

going to be a partner, you have to contribute something Coordination committee/steering group/support group Function – guide whatever framework is developed, support operation of mechanism, contribute

to development, oversee/support Secretariat Support activities, some tasks could be distributed to appropriate partners Need to link to existing coordination structures

Possible structures

i) Traditional structure consisting of: Steering committee Secretariat Countries Country stakeholders

This is a beneficiary approach, similar to existing structures. It may however, constrain cross-cutting or regional approaches and could be difficult to fit in a regional and international organization.

ii) Functional model consisting of: Secretariat (to run the day to day operations) Functional teams or sub-networks such as:

- Mangrove/greenbelt - Research - Governance - Community involvement - Others

Each functional team could/should be led by a different partner with specific expertise.

iii) Hybrid model A hybrid model would integrate the best features of both the traditional and functional model structures.

iv) Other Models Consortium to Restore Shattered Livelihoods in Tsunami-affected Regions (CONSRN). This

consortium is composed of five international organizations or regional organizations/networks. Global Water partnership facilitates dialogue on water, food and nature. It is a broad, open-ended

partnership with a steering committee drawn from different stakeholder groups. Umbrella network based partnership. This would be composed of a secretariat plus lead supporters

for different functions. Other issues

Packaging – The name should be a reflection of the partnership and should distinguish it from a business-as-usual approach. Initially it should be linked to tsunami rehabilitation, but it should have the option to evolve. If its objectives are too general to begin with, it will not stimulate resources or partnership.

Preamble – add that all of this is in line with what has already been established and agreed to by governments in various other international fora. So we are not creating a new thing, rather,

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improving the efficiency and effectiveness of existing mechanisms and ensuring the involvement of other stakeholders.

Discussions

A comment was made that the functional model proposed by the WG 2 seems to be suitable for medium-term response to the tsunami as participating organizations focus on where they have competencies. Another comment was that the former Forestry Research Support Programme for Asia and the Pacific (FORSPA) can be a good model for a hybrid type of organizational structure proposed by the WG.

Presentation by Working Group 3: the products and services to be provided by the mechanism

i) Access to information

Information on tools and methods to deal with governance issues: particularly land tenure (including people’s aspiration for land), law enforcement pertaining to coastal zone management

mapping who is doing what and where free remote sensing imageries for emergency areas multi-media, user-friendly documentation on mangrove/coastal rehabilitation methodologies and

technologies information on appropriate technologies for more effective resource use making relevant research results available information clearing house (e.g. data from impacts assessments) with quality control mechanism web services

ii) Technical knowledge/expertise and guidelines

assessments of legal and policy frameworks for coastal resources management (e.g. a compilation

of existing laws/regulations on mangroves and coastal greenbelts) case studies/good practice on governance (law enforcement), sustainable livelihoods from coastal

forests, utilization of species useful for local livelihoods, spatial plans for integrated coastal management

review of collaborative coastal zone management practices practical policy guidelines for coastal vegetative rehabilitation timber needs, including bamboos and other appropriate materials; cultural issues (e.g. right wood

species for reconstructing houses)

iii) Capacity building

training for practitioners and implementers on coastal rehabilitation (TOT and financing) training of builders in use of appropriate local materials, linked to livelihoods capacity building (cross-sectoral issues, field assessments, policy formulation) model of inter-agency, multi-sectoral collaboration advice on scaling up field-level initiatives

iv) Other coordination arrangements

arrangements for linking donors and implementers coordination for obtaining heavy equipment (to facilitate mangrove rehabilitation)

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Discussions A question was raised regarding the sequencing and timing of the delivery of products and services. The need for prioritizing the proposed products and services and sequencing the delivery was highlighted.

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ANNEX 5 PROGRAMME

Regional Coordination Workshop

“Rehabilitation of Tsunami-Affected Forest Ecosystems: Strategies and New Directions” 7-8 March 2005

Bangkok, Thailand

DAY 1

Time Activity

8.30-9.00 Registration of participants

9.00-9.15 Welcome address – Mr He Changchui, Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific

9.15-9.30 Introduction to the workshop – Mr Patrick Durst, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Session 1: Setting the scene Moderator: Mr Tejpal Singh

9.30-10.00 The role of mangroves and other vegetation in protecting against tsunamis and tidal surges – Mr Ong Jin Eong, Malaysia

10.00-10.30 Coffee/tea

10.30-11.00 Integrated approaches to coastal zone management – Mr Simon Funge-Smith, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

11.00-11.30 Assessment of the impacts of the tsunami on coastal vegetation in the region – Ms Sundari Ramakrishna, Wetlands International and Mr Faizal Parish, Global Environmental Centre

11.30-12.00 Assessment of wood use and needs in the region for reconstruction: a case study from Aceh – Mr Nazamuddin Basyah Said, Greenomics

12.00-12.30 Plenary discussion

12.30-13.30 Lunch break

Session 2: Country approaches for rehabilitation, current activities and needs Moderator: Mr Simmathri Appanah

13.30-15.00 During this session, representatives from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, will form a discussion panel in which the following issues will be discussed from the perspective of their own country and focus on forest issues:

1. Priorities, overall rehabilitation approach taken and the role of forest issues in the overall plan

2. Current and planned rehabilitation activities 3. Key issues being confronted by and needs for increasing the effectiveness of

rehabilitation efforts 4. Expectations from and elements of a coordination / collaboration mechanism

at the regional level

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15.00-15.30 Coffee/tea

15.30-17.30 Open discussion forum Focus of the discussion is on how increased coordination and collaboration at the regional level can help, and what can be specifically done to assist countries and organizations involved in rehabilitation activities

18.00 Leave FAO for Phra Atit Pier for welcome dinner cruise

DAY 2 Time Activity

Session 3: Rehabilitation initiatives and activities by international and regional organizations Moderator: Ms Susan Braatz

8.00-10.00 International and regional organizations will be provided with a 5 minute presentation slot during which speakers will focus on the following issues:

1. The organization’s rehabilitation-related efforts 2. Current and planned activities 3. Ideas/areas for co-operation 4. Other recommendations, including coordination mechanisms at a regional

level.

10.00-10.30 Coffee/tea

10.30-13.00 Working groups

13.00-14.00 Lunch

Session 4: Development of a coordination mechanism – recommendations and proposals Moderator: Mr Thomas Enters

14.00-15.00 Working group presentations and discussion

15.00-15.30 Coffee/tea

15.30-17.00 Adoption of the recommendations and closing the meeting

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ANNEX 6

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

REPRESENTATIVES OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED COUNTRIES

Ir. Edi Effendi Tedjakusuma INDIA Director J.C. Kala Forestry and Water Resources Conservation

National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas)

Forest Department, Tamil Nadu PCCF

Jl.Taman Suropati No.2 Jakarta 10310 Panagel Bld., Saidarpetl Tel/Fax: 62-21-3926254 Chennai 600015 Email: edieffendi@yahoo.com Tel: 91-44-24348059

Fax: 91-44-24337307 Mustafa Hasybullah Email: jckala@yahoo.com

Head Promode Kant Aceh Forestry Service Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forest

Jl. Sudirman No.21, Banda Aceh Tel: 62-651-42311

Indian Forest Service, Tamil Nadu Fax: 62-651-43628 Indian Centers for Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE)

Husaini Syamaun

Dehradun 248006 Assistant Manager Tel: 91-135-2755288 Aceh Forestry Service Fax: 91-135-2750298 Jl. Sudirman No.21, Banda Aceh Email: promode.kant@gmail.com Tel: 62-651-42277

Fax: 62-651-43628 INDONESIA MALAYSIA Iman Santoso Mohd Yunus bin Zakaria Director State Forestry Director of Pulau Pinang Centre of Forestry Planning Coordination for

Sumatra Region Forest Department Peninsular Malaysia Tkt. 20, KOMTAR, 10000 Ministry of Forestry Pulau Pinang Manggala Wanabakti Building Block VII,

12th Fl., Jl. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270 Tel/Fax: 60-3-6505250, 60-3-2636335 Email: yunus@penang.gov.my Tel: 62-21-5731783, 5731791

Fax: 62-21-5738732 Suhaili bin Hj. Rosli Email: iman_sansoed@hotmail.com Assistant Director of Silviculture and Forest Protection

Harry Santoso

Forest Department Peninsular Malaysia Director Jl. Sultan Salahuddin Watershed Management and Land

Rehabilitation Kuala Lumpur 50660 Tel: 60-3-26164488 Ministry of Forestry Mobile: 017-6352290 Manggala Wanabakti Building Block I, 13th

Fl., Jl. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270 Fax: 60-3-26925657 Email: suhaili@forestry.gov.my Tel: 62-21- 5730129, 5730130

Fax: 62-21-5738732 Email: dirrlkt.rlps@dephut.cbn.net.id

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MALDIVES THAILAND Ibrahim Shareef Rungnapar Pattanavibool Project Manager Forest Biologist Ministry of Fisheries Agriculture and Marine Resources

Forest and Conservation Research Office National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department Gaazee Building, Male

Tel: 960-322 754 61 Phaholyothin Rd. Mobile: 960-777321 Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Fax: 960-326558 Tel: 66-2-5614292 ext 403 or 66-1-2553989 Email: ibrahim.shareef@fishagri.gov.mv Email: rungnapar47@hotmail.com; rungnapar@forest.go.th MYANMAR Suchat Kalyawongsa U Aye Maung Forest Technical Officer Director of Taninthayi Division Forest Management and Forest Products

Research Office c/o Office of the Director-General Forest Department Royal Forest Department Bayintnaung Road, West Gyogone 61 Phaholyothin Rd Insein, Yangon Chatuchak, Bangkok 19000 Tel: 951-681754 Tel: 66-2-5797711 Fax: 951-664336 Mobile: 66-9-1035114 Email: dg.fd@mptmail.net.mm Fax: 66-2-5797711 Email: suchat_forester@yahoo.com SRI LANKA Sonjai Havanond Jayalath Edmond Munasinghe Coastal and Mangrove Resources

Management Expert Deputy Conservator of Forests Forest Department Department of Marine and Coastal Resources Sampathpaya, Rajamalwatta Road 92 Phaholyothin 7 Rd. Battaramulla Samsen Nai, Bangkok 10400 Tel: 94-11-2877222 Tel: 66-2-2982166 Fax: 94-11-2866633 Fax: 66-2-2982091 Email: pmdiv@sltnet.lk; forlib@sltnet.lk Email: sonjai_h@hotmail.com

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REPRESENTATIVES OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Kartik Shanker Walter Kollert Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology Chief Technical Advisor and the Environment (ATREE) GTZ Malaysian-German Forestry Education

Project (MGFEP) 659, 5th A Main Road Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India School of International Tropical Forestry Tel: 91-080-23533942 University Malaysia Sabah Fax: 91-80-23530070 Locked Bag 2073, 88999, Kota Kinabalu Email: kartik@atree.org Malaysia

Tel: 60-88-320660 Yong-Kwon Lee Fax: 60-88-448448

Email: gtzko@ums.edu.my Assistant ASEAN-Korea Environmental Cooperation Unit, NICEM

Per G Rudebjer

College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Capacity Building Specialist Seoul National University World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) Seoul, 151-921 P.O. Box 267, CMU Post Office Republic of Korea Chiangmai 50202 Tel: 82-2-880-4760 Thailand Mobile: 82-17-374-0862 Tel: 66-53-357906/7 Fax: 82-2-874-4706 Fax: 66-53-357908 Email: leeyk72@snu.ac.kr Email: p.rudebjer@cgiar.org

Faizal Parish Hiras Paimatua Sidabutar Director Projects Manager (Reforestation & Forest

Management) Global Environment Centre 2nd Floor, Wisma Hing,78, Jalan SS2/72, International Tropical Timber Organization

International Organizations Center 5th Fl. 47300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia Pacifico-Yokohama, 1-1-1 Minato Mirai,

Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-0012 Tel: 60 3 7957 2007; Mobile: 60 12 322 7350 Japan Fax: 60 3 7957 7003 Tel: 81-45-223 1110 Email: fparish@genet.po.my Fax: 81-45-223 1111 Email: sidabutar@itto.or.jp Nazamuddin Said Basyah

Charas Mayura Senior Advisor Finance/Administrative Officer Greenomics Indonesia International Tropical Timber Organization Jl. Gandaria Tengah VI. No. 2, International Organizations Center 5th Fl. Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12130

Indonesia Pacifico-Yokohama, 1-1-1 Minato Mirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-0012 Tel: 62-21-7279 7226

Mobile: 62-811-68-5051 Japan Fax: 62-21-7280 1148 Tel: 81-45-223 1110 Email: secretariat@greenomics.org Fax: 81-45-223 1111

Email: mayura@itto.or.jp

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Tejpal Singh Aisa Mihara Programme Coordinator Secretary-General Ecosystem and Livelihoods Group Organization for Industrial, Spiritual and

Cultural Advancement (OISCA) Thailand The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Asia Regional Office 81 Ta Dindaeng Soi 13, Klongsarn 63 Sukhumvit 39 Bangkok 10600 Sukhumvit Road, Wattana Thailand Bangkok 10110 Tel: 02-437-7271 Thailand Mobile: 01 8389112 Tel: 66-2-6624029 ext. 104 Fax: 02-437-7274 Fax: 66-2-6624387 Email: tanogyver@hotmail.com Email: tpsingh@iucnt.org

Tomoyuki Tanoy Suree Bhumibhaman OISCA Volunteer Faculty of Forestry OISCA Thailand Kasetsart University (KUFF) 81 Ta Dindaeng Soi 13, Klongsarn Bangkok 10900, Thailand Bangkok 10600 Tel: 662-5790171 Thailand Email: fforsrb@ku.ac.th Tel: 02-437-7271 Fax: 02-437-7274 Benjamin Brown Mobile: 01-1740641

Email: tanogyver@hotmail.com Indonesia Program Coordinator Mangrove Action Project-Indonesia

Krit Chinn Jl. Adhyaksa IV/77 Perumahan Banteng Baru, Sleman OISCA Volunteer Yogayakarta, 55581 OISCA Thailand Indonesia 81 Ta Dindaeng Soi 13, Klongsarn Tel: 62-274-885310 Bangkok 10600 Email: map-indo@dps.centrin.net.id Thailand

Tel: 02-437-7271 James Enright Fax: 02-437-7274

Southeast Asian Coordinator Reiko Nakamura Mangrove Action Project Secretary General Yaotak building B-206, 31 Vienkapang rd.

Amphur muang, Trang 92000 Ramsar Center Japan 2-10-3, Minamikugahara, Ota-ku Thailand Tokyo 146-0084 Tel: 66-75-226-258 Japan Email: mapasia@loxinfo.co.th

Tel: 81-3-3758-7926 T. Ravishankar Fax: 81-3-3758-7927

Email: reiko.nakamura@nifty.com Associate Director and Principal Scientist M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation Field Research Centre,7- 5A-2/1

Guy Boggs

Gopalakrishna Street, Ramaraopet, Kakinada 533004, Andhra Pradesh

Lecturer Tropical Spatial Science Group

India Charles Darwin University Tel: 91-884-2365604; 2377177 Building 18, Charles Darwin University,

Casuarina, NT, 0909 Fax: 91-944-0314604 Email: raviethnobotanist@rediffmail.com; Australia

Tel: 61-8-8946-7138 rthupalli@hotmail.com Fax: 61-8-8946-7088 Email:guy.boggs@cdu.edu.au

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Joana Merlin-Scholtes Han Qunli UN Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative in Thailand

Senior Programme Specialist for Environmental Sciences,

Office of the UN Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative in Thailand

Regional Science Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, UNESCO Office Jakarta

UN Building Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Jl. Galuh (II) No. 5, Jakarta, 12110 Bangkok 10501 Indonesia Thailand Tel: 021-7399818 ext 808 Tel: 66-2-2881823 Mobile: 0816-1912202 Fax: 66-2-280556 Fax: 021-7297648-9 Email: joana.merlin.scholtes@undp.org Email: q.han@unesco.org Ferdinand Strobel Hans Dencker Thulstrup UNDP Science Programme Specialist UN Building Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, UNESCO Office of the Pacific States Bangkok 10501 PO Box 615, Adia Thailand Samoa Tel: 66-2-2881240 Tel: 685-24276 Fax: 66-2-2800556 Mobile: 685-26593 Email: Ferdinand.strobel@undp.or.th Fax: 685-777-2271

Email: h.thulstrup@unesco.org Phansiri Winichagon

Berhaman Ahmad Manager, Environment Unit Lecturer UNDP School of International Tropical Forestry UN Building Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, University of Malaysia Sabah, Bangkok 10501 Locked Bag 2073, Thailand Kota Kinabalu, 88999 Sabah Tel: 66-2-2881847 Malaysia. Fax: 66-2-2800556 Tel: 88-320000 ext. 5654 Email: phansiri.winichagoon@undp.org

Fax: 88-435214 Norzilla Mohamed Email: qbahaman@ums.edu.my Programme Associate

Aminuddin Mohamad UNDP Malaysia Block C, Wisma UN Professor Jl. Dungun, Damansar Heights University of Malaysia Sabah, Kuala Lumpur 20490 Locked Bag 2073, Malaysia Kota Kinabalu, 88999 Sabah Tel: 60-3-20959122 ext.3311 Malaysia. Mobile: 60-19-2517856 Tel: 88-320819 Fax: 60-3-20952870 Fax: 88-435214 Email: norzilla.mohamed@undp.org Email: aminmohd@ums.edu.my

Tunnie Srisakulchairak Ong Jin Eong Programme Officer 4 Green Crescent UNEP Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific (RRC.AP)

11600 Penang Malaysia

3rd Floor Outreach Building Email: mangroves@yahoo.com AIT PO Box 4, Klongluang

Ian Renshaw Pathumthani 12120 Thailand Wetlands International, Thailand Tel: 66-2-5246220 PO. Box 95, Kor Hong Post Office Mobile: 66-1-334286 Had Yai, 90112 Fax: 66-2-524-6233 Thailand Email: tunnie.srisakulchairak@rrcap.unep.org Tel/Fax: 66-74-429307

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Chavalit Vidthayanon Sundari Ramakrishna Head Head of office Freshwater and Marine Unit Wetlands International, Malaysia WWF Thailand 3A39, Block A, Kelana Centre Point, 104 Outreach Building, AIT, Jl. SS7/19, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Klong Luang, Pathumtani, Selangor Thailand. Malaysia Tel. 66-2-5246168-9 Tel: 60-3-7804 6770 Fax. 66-2-5246134 Mobile: 012-6974872 Email: chavaliv@wwfthai.org Fax: 60-3-7804 6772

Email: sundari.wiap@nasionet.net John Parr

Nat Pinnoi Director of Conservation WWF Thailand Environmental Economics 104 Outreach Building, AIT, Environment and Social Development Unit Klong Luang, Pathumtani, World Bank

14th Floor, Tower A Thailand. Tel. 66-2-5246168-9 ext.101 Diethelm Towers Fax. 66-2-5246134 93/1 Wireless Road Email: johnparr@loxinfo.co.th Bangkok 10330

Thailand Tel: 66-2-2567792/ext 362 Fax: 66-2-2567794 Email: npinnoi@worldbank.org

Robert Mather

WWF Thailand 104 Outreach Building, AIT, Klong Luang, Pathumtani, Thailand. Tel. 66-2-5246168-9 Fax. 66-2-5246134 Email: mather@wwfthai.org

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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONAL (FAO)

Susan Braatz Senior Forestry Officer (Sector Analysis) Forestry Department Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy Tel: 39-06-5705 6610 Fax: 39-06-5705 2151 Email: susan.braatz@fao.org Patrick B. Durst Senior Forestry Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-6974139 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: patrick.durst@fao.org Masakazu Kashio Regional Forest Resources Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-6974141 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: masakazu.kashio@fao.org Simmathiri Appanah National Forest Programme Advisor FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-6974136 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: simmathiri.appanah@fao.org Thomas Enters National Forest Programme Facilitator FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-6974328 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: thomas.enters@fao.org

Simon Funge-Smith Aquaculture and Inland Fisheries FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 3939 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-6974149 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: simon.fungesmith@fao.org Philip McKenzie APO (Forest Policy) FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-6974130 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: philip.mckenzie@fao.org Miyuki Ishikawa APO (Forest Economics and Policy) FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-6974254 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: miyuki.ishikawa@fao.org Zishan Karim Implementation Coordinator FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-6974220 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: zishan.karim@fao.org Revathi Balakrishnan Senior Officer (Gender and Development) FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-697-4148 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: revathi.balakrishnan@fao.org Wim Polman Rural Development Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-697-4316 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: wim.polman@fao.org

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Malcolm Hazelman Diderik DeVleeschauwer Senior Extension, Education and Communications Officer

Regional Information Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Thailand Tel: 66-2- 6974126 Tel: 66-2-6974145 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: diderik.devleeschauwer@fao.org Email: malcolm.hazelman@fao.org

Francis Mangila Kei Kimpara Policy Officer Programming and Planning Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Thailand Tel: 66-2- 6974280 Tel: 66-2-6974224 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Fax: 66-2-6974445 Email: francis.mangila@fao.org Email: kei.kimpara@fao.org

Gamini Keerthisinghe

Senior Plant Production Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: 66-2-6974165 Fax: 66-2-6974445

Email: gaminin.keerthisinghe@fao.org

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