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UAE Chemical Society Forum 28th May
By:
Iftikhar Ahmed Ph.D. (Paris )
Proj. Mngt. (Oxford)
X-Asst. Professor (Univ. Paris )
UN-Consultant (Environment)
Research fellow /Lecturer
Chemical and Environmental Engineering
Masdar Institute of technology
UAE :
Iftikhar@ live.fr [email protected]
Water treatment & water recovery
technologies.
2
Key points
Introduction to statement
Water Desalination (RO vs FO)
Water reuse
Graphene Membranes
Graphene synthesis
Prospective work
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Membrane Technology.
o Water treatment: FO, RO and MD desalination
o Wastewater treatment: MBRs, SMEBR
o Membrane fabrication (RO, FO and MD).
Electrokinetics.
o Electrochemical bacterial stimulation and/or disinfection-
inactivation
o Solid waste treatment (removal of toxic heavy metals) sludge to
fertiliser
Photocatalysis and solar cell
o Porphyrin –POM hybrid films
o Porphyrin based organic solar cell.
Nanotechnology
o Catalytic nanotubes on (Steel , Iron, Titanium surfaces)
o Graphene from petroleum waste
Research Themes
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Increasing energy demand and population growth
4.95 % yearly energy demand growth
2.26 % population growth
10 % annual growth in waste discharge
Depleting natural resources
Increasing Wastewater treatment cost
Introduction
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but world is facing
Energy of 10 minutes of sunshine on the planet Earth is equal to the
total yearly human energy consumption.
1 m2 area is sufficient to power a small town
The real exist in application of technology
Energy gap
Energy cost
Waste treatment
cost.
Introduction
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SOLUTION :
Solar nanotechnologies for energy and water applications
Alternative energy production
Pure water recovery
Precious metal recovery
waste to energy
Optimum route :
Zero energy input = Zero waste out
Introduction
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About 98% of water in the world cannot be use directly due to the water salinity
Introduction
UAE
17%
KSA
18%
USA
18%
OMAN
1%
BAHRIN
1%
SPAIN
8%
KUWAIT
7%
QATAR
3%
OTHERS
27%
UAE Desalination Share In the World 2010
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Introduction
Introduction
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Sources of water consumed in UAE
Source: Environmental Agency Abu Dhabi,
2014
INTRODUCTION
Sources of water consumed
in Abu Dhabi
Source: WaterWorld, 2014
Introduction
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATE
DESALINATION CAPACITY & POPULATION
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Introduction
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United arab Emirate
Desalination capacity
-population
Introduction Introduction
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Pure water
by
desalination:
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Energy cost
Operational cost
Challenges
13 Friday, March 18, 2016
Introduction
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Multi Anodes and Cathodes (A-C-C-A) Cylindrical
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SET UP
Pretreatment to Sea water reverse osmosis (SWRO)
To reduce biofouling
(microbiological, phosphorus
content) and inorganic fouling
(Ca, Mg, SO4)
To minimize energy
consumption in SWRO
desalination plant
I.Ahmed et al.Desalination 2015 (submitted)
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16700
300 0 0 0 0 0 2500
0 200 0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
CF
U/m
L
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% REMOVAL OF TOTAL BACTERIA COUNT (TBC)
Before EC treatment After EC treatment
I.Ahmed et al.Desalination 2015
(submitted)
Electrochemical inhibition of biofouling
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91% removal of Mg+2
44% removal of Ca+2
79% removal of SO4
-2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Magnesium Calcium sulfate
Avg. % removal at
CD=0.05mA/cm2
Avg. % removal at
CD=0.1mA/cm2
Avg. % removal at
CD=0.200mA/cm2
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SWRO - INORGANIC FOULING
% REMOVAL AT DIFFERENT CURRENT DENSITY
FOR CYLINDRICAL
I.Ahmed et al.Desalination 2015 (submitted)
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Hydraulic Pressure driven technology
(Reverse osmosis)
Forward vs Reverse
Osmosis
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Forward osmosis and NF/RO/MD
Introduction
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SELECTION OF FORWARD OSMOSIS
o Efficient Process
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 804
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Wate
r F
lux, l/m
2-h
r
Elapsed Time, hr
FO
RO
Forward Osmosis vs. Reverse Osmosis
Technology time line : High research flux :
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FORWARD OSMOSIS :
STRUCTURE AND WORKING:
Forward Osmosis mimics
water transport by plants,
when fresh water is drawn by
osmotic pressure into the
plant through its roots in the
soil.
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By varying several operating conditions:
Feed/draw water flow rate,
Temperature,
Membrane orientation,
Draw/feed solution concentrations
Parameters of concern:
water flux (Jw),
salt flux (Js),
salt rejection (R).
Optimization of forward osmosis (FO) membranes
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Membrane fabrication
Enhanced
Hydrophilic FO
membranes
Nanocomposites of
SiO2 and
functionalized CNT,
Graphene with PBI
1) Increase membrane hydrophilicty
2) Improve membrane strength and
durability
3) Homogenous membranes with
relatively even distribution of
silica nanoparticles Experiemtnal Reference Composition
PBI-S0 21 wt. % PBI (in DMAC)
0 wt. % silica
PBI-S0.5 21 wt. % PBI (in DMAC)
0.5 wt. % silica
PBI-S3 21 wt. % PBI (in DMAC)
3 wt. % silica
o Membrane functionalization
o Forward Osmosis )
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1) Increase membrane hydrophilicty
2) Improve membrane strength and
durability
3) Homogenous membranes with relatively
even distribution of silica nanoparticles
Optimization of forward osmosis (FO) membranes
Membrane Contact angle
S0 60.7 ± 6.9
S0.5 43.7 ± 9.3
S3 50.7 ± 9.9
SEM images of cross section at high magnification (a) PBI-S0 (b) PBI-S0.5 (c) PBI- S3
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Membrane fabrication
Enhanced Hydrophilic FO membranes
Nanocomposites of SiO2 and
functionalized CNT, Functionalized
Graphene with PBI
o For (FO and MD)
59.31666667
88.86666667
S1 S0
Salt
Rej
ecti
on
(%
)
Figure : S0 SEM cross sectional images
25 3/18/2016
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Optimization of forward osmosis (FO) membranes
1.55
1.95
S1 S0
Wat
er
Flu
x ((
LMH
)
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MEBR Pilot scale plant @Masdar
Electrochemistry for water technology
Fig. Solar photovoltaic response systems (left) SMEBR installed at Masdar (RHS)
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Electro kinetic Mechanism:
Electromigration
Electrolysis
Electro osmosis
Electrocoagulation
Aggregation
Flocculation
Electro flocculation: co-aggelomerate into millimeter size
particles (floccs ) can be filtered out by common
filtration.
High removal and short time of the
process. Heavy metals removed or
reclaimed by, e.g., adsorption,
pumping , precipitation or ion-
selective membrane I. Ahmed et al. J. of Environment Management 2015
29 Friday, March 18, 2016
Quality of product water :
30 Friday, March 18, 2016
Membrane free ( EBR ) ElectroBioreactor :
Water and fertilizer recovery from biosolids slurry.
Waste to value
Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants
contains nutrients essential for plant growth such as
o Nitrogen,
o Phosphorus
o potassium
o calcium, microelements
Can be reused in agriculture as fertilizer or soil
conditioner without treatment , after composting or
after intensive aerobic bioconversion
1. Chemical extraction
2. Bioleaching treatment
3.Biosorption
4. Electro kinetic
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BIOSOLID GENERATION IN
THE EMIRATE OF ABU DHABI
PROFITABLE?
ton
s o
f d
ry s
oli
ds
pe
r year
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INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES
• Many countries do not make beneficial use of biosolids
But a growing number of countries do, for example …….
INTRODUCTION - MOTIVATION
70%
Japan
90%
Norway Australia by Sydney Water only
Netherlands by Water Board Rijn &
Ijssel
55%
USA
beneficial reuse
33 Friday, March 18, 2016
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Cu removal
Heavy metal removal from slurry
34
2500
1548
1330 1121
577
300 237 93
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
Zn removal
Heavy metal removal from sludge
35 Friday, March 18, 2016
Microbial methane cell :
Microbial electro-stimulation
organic waste to bioenergy :
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Small graphene oxide (GO) flakes are
laid on a polyamide fibre substrate.
Hydroxylated nanopores
generated
GO: Graphene Oxide
Reduce Energy cost
Brackish =80%
Seawater = 97%
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Graphene oxide functionalization of membranes
Abu dhabi National Oil refinery
research center (TAKREER )Award
for best Research presentation 12-Feb.2016
Water flux enhanced by GO coating on PVDF Membrane
Save 97% energy
as compared to RO
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A projected market growth up to $ 675.1
till 2020 at an Annual Growth Rate
(CAGR) of 58.7% within next 3years
period of 5 years.
Projected production of graphene by 2017
is 573 Tonnes Compared to 28 tonnes in
2010 .
State of the art and market :
Graphene synthesis and application
39
Photocatalytic nanotubes on steel, Cu, Ti etc
Prospective
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Solar energy production –
Photoactive nanocatalyst
films: Plastic solar cell
(DSSC)
Solar powered electric car system
PV-Electrochemical
Metal removal
Previous
41
16- 4+
+
Au, Ag,
Co, Cu,
Pd
Ag
Au (visible)
hn
solar OPV , Solar Catalysis Water , Energy
Dual application : multilayer films
solar cell and photocatalysis
Porphyrin-Polyoxometalte =Donor acceptor assemblies
Previous
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I. Ahmed et al. New J chem. 2011
Multilayers Assembly and Nanostructures by
photocatalysis
Au nano sheet
Ag Nano wires
.Multitudes 60-80nm (30 to40 Unit thickness)
•.Growth ,horizontal or Vertical ?
•Cation Ag+ smaller & repelled more
•Anions AuCl4 , Large
aerated conc 8X, [ Ag]
6.4 x 10-4 mol.L-1
I. Ahmed et al. App Catalysis 2012
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Forward Osmosis vs Reverse Osmosis.
PV Electrocoagulation systems study and mechanism for
seawater RO and wastewater reuse.
Zero pollution: Zero waste technology under test: Complete
recycling of wastewater /slurry into pure water and fertilizer
sludge.
Ion capturing material extract from waste.
Graphene synthesis and application.
Solar photoctalytic systems for metal recovery (Silver,
Copper , Gold ) from water .
Conclusions
44 3/18/2016
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Acknowledgement
A.Giwa PhD student
Amna Al Hossaini (MS)
Elham Abdul Karem (MS)
Virginie Dufour (RE)
Saher Daher (MS )
Noshad (MS)
Achen University Germany
Trevi Systems USA
Masdar Institute UAE
Merci
45
Iftikhar Ahmed Ph.D (Paris)
Proj. Mngt.(Oxford)
X-Asst. Professor (Univ. Paris)
UN-Consultant (Environment)
Research fellow/Lecturer
Iftikhar@ live.fr [email protected]
