WaterTextbook 7.1 and 7.2B

The hydrosphere is all of the waters on Earth. Water makes up ¾ of the Earth’s surface!

2 Types of Water

1 - Salt WaterAreas that have high salinity (measure of how salty

water is)

Ocean Temperatures

• Temperatures range from 30C to -2C• Currents in the ocean allow warm water or

cool water to flow to different parts of the ocean.

Ocean Resources

• Salt for food• Drinking water• Magnesium • Fish

Can you think of others?

2 Types of Water

2 - Fresh WaterAreas that have low salinity (measure of how salty

water is)

Groundwater

Rain and melted snow that soaks into the ground is called groundwater.

Groundwater con’t

The layer of rock and soil that hold the groundwater is an aquifer.

The top level of ground water in an aquifer is the water table.

Surface Water

Surface waters include rivers, streams, and lakes.

Surface Water con’t

A reservoir is an artificial lake that forms behind a dam.

Icecaps and Glaciers

About 70% of Earth’s fresh water is found frozen as ice.

The Water CycleTextbook 7.3B

• The Water Cycle is the repeated movement of water through the environment in different forms.

Solid, Liquid, and Gas are also called Phases of Matter

Phase Transitions: Temperature change causes movement from one

phase to another

Types of Phase Transitions

Melting Solid to a Liquid

Evaporation Liquid to a Gas

Sublimation Solid to a Gas (skips liquid)

Condensation Gas to a Liquid

Freezing Liquid to a Solid

Deposition Gas to a Solid (skips liquid)

Water Cycle Stages1 – EvaporationThe changing of liquid water to water vapor.

Water Cycle Stages2 – CondensationThe water vapor turns into liquid. (ex. Water in

clouds)

Water Cycle Stages3 – PrecipitationWater falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or

hail.

Water Cycle Stages4 – SublimationIce changes into water vapor without first

melting.

Water Cycle Stages5 – Run-offWater that does not seep into the ground runs

off into a local water source.

Water Cycle Stages6 – StorageWater collects in bodies of water to begin the

evaporation process again.

Video/Song of Water Cycle

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YswL4dIDQuk

CloudsTextbook 7.4B

Clouds form when water vapor changes into tiny water droplets or ice crystals.

Factors Affecting Clouds

1. Air Pressure2. Temperature3. Water Vapor

Cloud Factors

Air pressure is the weight of tiny particles of air on any object.

Types of Air Pressure

Low air pressure is caused by warm air and generally results in stormy, wet weather

**Clouds form in areas of lower air pressure

High air pressure is caused by cool air and generally results in calm, sunny weather

Cloud Factors

Temperature the measurement of how hot or cold air is.

Clouds form in areas of lower temperature

Cloud Factors

Water Vapor is water in the gaseous state of matter. Water Vapor must condense into droplets or crystals to from clouds.

Cloud Types

CirrusClouds that are high feathery clouds. They are up so high they are actually made of ice particles. They are indicators of fair weather when they are scattered in a clear blue sky.

Cloud TypesCumulus

Puffy clouds that look like puffs of cotton. Cumulus clouds that do not get very tall are indicators of fair weather. If they do grow tall, they can turn into thunderstorms. The bottom of cumulus clouds are fairly close to the ground.

Cloud Types

Stratus Clouds that look like flat sheets of clouds. These clouds can mean an overcast day or steady rain. They may stay in one place for several days.

Cloud Types

Nimbus Another word associated with clouds. Adding “nimbus” means precipitation is falling from the cloud.

Cloud Types

Nimbostratus clouds Dark gray clouds often

associated with steady precipitation. They occur in thick, continuous layers.

Cloud Types

Cumulonimbus clouds Taller, towering

versions of cumulus clouds, which are often associated with thunderstorms. Their height can range from two to five miles.

Cloud Types

Alto Another word associated with clouds. Adding “alto” means middle level clouds.

Cloud TypesAltocumulus

Clouds that appear as gray, puffy masses, sometimes rolled out in parallel waves or bands. The appearance of these clouds on a warm, humid summer morning often means thunderstorms may occur by late afternoon.

Cloud TypesAltostratus

These clouds usually cover the entire sky. In the thinner areas of the cloud, the sun may be dimly visible as a round disk. Altostratus clouds often form ahead of storms that will produce continuous precipitation.

Cloud Types Game!

• http://www.nasa.gov/flash/57067main_clouds.swf

Air MovementText 8.1B

Air fills our atmosphere and is made of a mixture of different gases in constant motion.

The most common gases are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (about 21%).

The most common gases are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (about 21%).

Atmosphere

The atmosphere has five different layers that are determined by the changes in temperature that happen with increasing altitude.

Atmosphere Layers

TroposphereThe troposphere is where weather happens. The part of this layer that is closest to the Earth is warmer than the top of the layer.

StratosphereThe stratosphere is where jet airplanes fly. Temperatures increase with altitude. The ozone layer within the stratosphere absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays of sunlight.

Atmosphere Layers

MesosphereBrrr! The coldest parts of our atmosphere are found in the mesosphere. It can reach–90°C up there!

ThermosphereThere are few air molecules is the thermosphere. The thermosphere can heat up to 1,500°C or higher when the Sun is active. Astronauts orbiting Earth in the space station or space shuttle spend their time in this layer.

Atmosphere Layers

ExosphereThe upper layer of our atmosphere, where atoms and molecules escape into space, is called the exosphere.

Air Movement

Cool Air• Cold air is heavier than the

surrounding air and sinks.• Cool air causes high air

pressure.

Warm Air• Warm air expands,

becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and rises.

• Warm air causes low air pressure.

Convection Current

• Convection currents are gases or liquids that rise and sink in a circular path causing wind to occur as air moves from a place of high air pressure to a place of low air pressure.

Wind Patterns

• Six convection currents from the air patterns across the world. How might these affect flight time?

Jet Streams

Jet Streams Form between convection currents which result

in very fast winds, change in temperature, and change in precipitation.

Air MassesText 8.2B

Air Masses are large bodies of air with similar properties all through it. Specifically similar temperature and moisture at any given altitude.

7 Kinds of Air Masses

When Air Masses Meet…

A front is a boundary between two air masses.

Types of Fronts

A cold front is when warm air is pushed up by cold air from below, resulting in cumulus clouds and heavy precipitation.

Types of Fronts

A warm front is when warm air slowly climbs on cold air, due to it being lighter than cold air resulting in showers of rain and slow moving clouds.

Types of Fronts

A stationary front is when the power of a warm and cold front are the same and the front stops moving resulting in little movement and rain continuing over a long period of time.

Types of Fronts

Occluded Fronts are formed as a two cold fronts overtake a warm front resulting in various types of weather including clouds, rain, and snow.

Demonstration

• http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/weather_fronts/

Severe WeatherText 8.3B

• Thunderstorms• Tornados• Hurricanes

Thunderstorm Stages1 - Air moves upward causing clouds to grow in

size

Thunderstorm Stages

2 - Precipitation begins to fall causing air to be moving both upwards and downwards

Thunderstorm Stages

3 - Upward air movement ends, downward air movement continues as precipitation falls

Tornado Formation

1. Two air masses meet (warm, moist air and cool, dry air masses meet) to create instability in the atmosphere.

2. Wind direction and wind speed change creating an invisible horizontal spinning effect.

3. Rising air tilts the rotating air from horizontal to vertical, creating a funnel cloud.

Watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=43VoMesUd2Q#at=14

Tornado Terms

Funnel Cloud: A vertical spinning column of air, once it touches ground it is called a Tornado

Tornado Watch: Tornadoes are possible. Stay tuned to the radio or television news.

Tornado Warning: A tornado has been sighted. Take shelter immediately!

Hurricane Environment: 5 Needs!

Hurricane TermsHurricane Watch: A hurricane

is possible within 36 hours. Stay tuned to the radio and television for more information. The Hurricane Center is tracking the storm and trying to predict where it may come ashore.

Hurricane Warning: A hurricane is expected within 24 hours. You may be told to evacuate. You and your family should begin making preparations to evacuate.

Weather ForecastingText 8.4B

Weather Forecasting is a prediction of what the weather will be like using models, observations, and knowledge.

Meteorologists are scientists who study weather and the atmosphere.

Weather Forecasting ToolsA barometer shows air pressure. A anemometer measures wind

speedA hygrometer measures moisture in

the airA rain gauge measures how much

rain has fallenA radar is a computer model which

measures the winds and precipitation inside a storm

A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature (Celsius- Metric System & Fahrenheit- US Customary)

A wind vane is an instrument for measuring wind direction.

How are each of these to forecast weather?

• Cloud Types• Air Pressure• Front Types• Air Temperature• Air Masses

Weather Maps

Weather maps are used by meteorologists to display current weather conditions and their predictions.

Why do you think this is important??

Weather Map Symbols

http://www.state.nj.us/dep/seeds/wssym.htm

ClimateText 8.5B

Weather is made up of all the conditions in one place a single moment.

Climate is the average of weather conditions over a long time including precipitation, temperature, temperature change, etc.

Climate = Weather

Factors Affecting Climate

• Landforms• Bodies of Water• Past Climates

Factors Affecting Climate

Landforms: Mountains, Hills, Plateaus, Plains

Factors Affecting Climate

Bodies of Water: Rivers, Lakes, and Oceans

Factors Affecting Climate

Past ClimatesResearches can find clues about climate usingFossils of living organismsEvidence from volcanic eruptionsAnalyzing asteroid or meteorite impacts

Climate Change• The Earth is getting warmer because people are

adding heat-trapping gases, such as carbon dioxide, to the atmosphere.

Greenhouse Effect

• Carbon dioxide and other gases are responsible for making climates on earth warmer through the greenhouse effect.

Carbon Footprint

The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide.

Calculate yours: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/calc/index.html

Simple Things to Reduce Carbon Footprint

• Wait until you have a lot of clothes to wash before using the washing machine. Don’t use the machine for one item just because it’s your favorite shirt.

• Turn off the lights when you leave a room. Use fluorescent bulbs in your room.

• Turn off your computer or the TV when you’re not using it. Unplug chargers when not in use.

• Close the blinds on a hot day if the sun is shining in. Dress lightly instead of turning up the air conditioning. Or use a fan.

• Dress warmly inside your house when it’s cold, instead of turning up the heat.

• Bike or walk short distances instead of asking for a ride in a car.• Plant a tree.• Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.