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THE HOUSE WATER CONNECTION :
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House Water Supply Water main: A water supply pipe vests in the
administrative authority for the use of public or community
Ferrule: It is gunmetal or bronze screwed into the holedrilled in CI pipe mains. Communication pipe takes offfrom the ferrule. The pressure in the domestic supply andequal distribution among the house connection are effectedby adjusting the ferrule opening. Normally the ferruleopening is equal in area to the area of flow incommunication pipe.
Saddle: it is used in place of ferrule for mains of AC or PVCpipes
Communication pipes: It is a pipe taking off from theferrule for the house connection. It is owned and managedby the water supply authority. Communication pipe
terminates at the boundary of the consumers premises.
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Service pipe : it is the part of the house connection beyondthe stop cock. It is owned and maintained by the consumer.No pumps shall be installed on this pipe.
Watermeter: It is installed to measure the flow. Generally
12.5 mm to 18.75mm rotary water meters are installedeither at the beginning or at the middle of the service pipe.A masonary pit is constructed around it. It has facility ofsealing by the water supply authority
Residual pressure: It is generally measured at the ferrule
and should be about 7m head of water
Goose Neck: It is the short bent pipe and allow for smallchanges in length due to expansion and movement of pipesdue to soil settlements
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WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
Water distributed to every floor from Overhead
Tankrequired an uniform pressure
Types of water supply Systems:
Pumping and Gravity System
Auto-pneumatic System
Combination of both
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PUMPING AND GRAVITYSYSTEM
Water is pumped to
overhead tank and then
supplied to each fittings
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Advantage:
Dependency on electricity is less.
Disadvantages:
Lower floors receives high pressure of water due to
gravitational force
Large over head tank is necessary
Remedies:
System is divided into zones (10+2 floors in each zone)
Each zone with its own tank and pump
Each zone will have service floor aboveto locatedtank and distribution pipes.
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AUTO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:
Water is supplied to each floordirectly from under ground tank
is induced with pressure
through auto pneumatic
pressure vessel and directly
sent to each fitting
Auto Pneumatic pressure vessel
is a sealed cylinder in which
compressed air is sent to push
water to rise up in the supplypipe to feed upper floors.
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Water is drawn to the vessel when water level fallsbelow the pre determined level, automatic deviceoperates the pump immediately.
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Disadvantage:
Total dependency on electricity so need for back up allthe time.
Advantage:
Equal pressure at each floor
No need to have over head tanks
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COMBINED SYSTEM
Lower floors are
served by autopneumatic systemand upper floors byover head tanks feedby pumps anddistributed by gravity.
All water closet feedby overhead tank andall other fittings byauto pneumaticsystem.
All other by Gravityand only drinkingwater by pneumaticsystem.
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HOT WATER SUPPLY
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Can be discussed as
1. Generation of hot water
2. Storage
3. Distribution 4. Safety Devices
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GENERATION OF HOT WATER
Heating could be done by
electrical system,
fire wood,
coal,
solar heating system or
indirectly through heat exchange process.
Water is heated at 600c for domestic, hotels and
hospitals.
The volume of hot water is calculated as per
consumption demand at peak hours.
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Hot water is required for space heating and for
supplying hot water in bath and toilets of buildings.
Hot water supply system could be arranged in twoways
Central Heating systemFor large installations,
supply is more, effective in optimizing energy &
simplifying maintenanceproper safety measures are
necessary to be undertaken
in hot water supply
Local Heating System -boiler, gas geyser.
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STORAGE OF WATER
If the boiler is use to generate hot water at the same
rate of the peak demand then no storage is necessary.
If storage capacity is increased then the generation
capacity could be reduced or vice-versa.
Storage container should be properly insulated.
Two types of storage system areDirect & Indirect
system
In indirect system calorifiers are used
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DIRECT SYSTEM
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Calorifier: For large quantity storage system of hot water
supply, as heating coil is provided in the storage container.
It helps in reducing the heat loss and scaling of the
container. Calorifiers are available vertical and horizontaltypes. Hot water from boiler is usually pumped to calorifier
where the temperature is maintained by heating coil.
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DISTRIBUTION OF HOT WATER SUPPLY:
Depends on piping systems
All pipes properly insulated with lagging or rope
Heat loss due to circulation could be reduced by
recirculation of hot water.
Two set of pipes: Supply pipe (from boiler to fitting)
and return pipe(fitting to boiler)could reduce the heat
loss of the stagnant hot water in the pipe.
Heat exchange can occur in recirculation process due
to thermo-symphonic action.
Piping networks: piping layouts are worked out for
efficient and economic operations with one set or two
sets(supply & return) of pipe as one pipe system & two
pipe system.
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One pipe system : Single pipe makes a loop of supply
and return connecting all installations to the boiler.
Up Fed SystemSupply line is below the installation. Down Feed SystemSupply line is above the installation.
Two-Pipe System: Two separate sets of pipes are
installed for supply and return. There could be threevariations.
Up-feed System
Down Feed System
Reverse Calculation System
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One pipe system
Two-Pipe System
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UP-FEED SYSTEM:
The main Supply and return pipe run at lowest level, vertical
feeder and return pipe branches out from the main pipe at lowerlevel. Circulation occurs due to thermo syphonic action or by
pumping
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The main supply line run at top level from which distribution
branches are taken vertically downward. The main return pipe
runs at lowest level which connects to the boiler.
DOWN-FEED SYSTEM:
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REVERSE CIRCULATION SYSTEM:
Similar to up feed system except that the return pipe is in
the same direction of the supply flow and finally join the
main return line in the reverse direction. It enables
balance in the system.
Cold Water Store
Hot Water
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SAFETYDEVICES:
Expansion loop: Extended pipes to balance pressure
Check valves: Installed in delivery lines of pump
Pressure guage: Installed in different critical locationsin the system.
Temperature and pressure relief valve
Vacuum Breaker
Blow off valve
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HOT WATER SUPPLY
Generation of Hot Water
FuelFire wood, coal, electricity, Solar.
Heating Systemcentral system, Local system
StorageDirect calorifiers, Indirect Calorifier
Distribution : One pipe SystemUp-feed, Down-feed
Two Pipe Systemup-feed, down-feed and reverse
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SOLAR WATER
HEATING
Passive Solar
Heating System
Active Solar
Heating system
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All solar water-heating systems employ a
collector area and a storage tank
Usually collectors consist of an insulated boxcontaining a winding array of water pipes
attached to metal sheeting or fins that have been
painted flat black to absorb solar radiation.
Most collectors have a cover of either tempered
glass or plastic to better contain the solar
energy.
The main use of a solar water heater without a
cover glass is to heat water for swimming pools.
These low-temperature collectors usually do not
heat the water above 90 degrees Fahrenheit,
which is sufficient for swimming pools.
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PASSIVE SOLAR WATER HEATING
Passive systems do not use a pump to circulate water
from the collector to storage or other locations. They employ three means: gravity, the tendency of hot
water to rise above cold water and water pressure.
Passive solar water heating systems can be
categorized as either direct or indirect.A direct passive solar water heating system is the
simplest.
The crudest form of direct passive solar water heating
is to paint a water storage tank black to absorb heatinto the water.
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Care must be taken with such a system to avoid
scalding injuries since the water in the tank can
reach very high temperatures on sunny days.
systems can hold only as much water as the tank
holds.
Integral Collector Storage systems- modern
versions of these systems often enclose the
storage tank(s) in an insulated box with one or
more layers of glazing to let the sun in
Passive Direct systems that store water in a tank
that is separate from the collector area. (The
term direct means the water to be used by
building occupants is run directly through the
solar collector.)
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ACTIVE SOLAR WATER HEATING
In active solar water-
heating systemspumps circulate
water from the
storage tank to the
collector.
The diagram below
shows the essential
elements of an active
system, but there are
many variationsavailable
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Excessive heat buildup also can harm a system.
Controllers are usually solid-state devices that
direct the pumps in a solar water-heating system
to operate in a manner that optimizes thetransfer of heat from the collector to storage to
avoid dangerous levels of heat buildup in the
collector.
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No
.
Direct System Indirect System
In a direct system, the water to
be used by the building
occupants runs directlythrough the solar collectors.
In an indirect system, either
water or another heat-
conducting liquid runsthrough the collectors and
then passes through a heat
exchanger to heat the water
used by building occupants.
system designed for year-round use should be an
indirect system using a heat-
transfer fluid that contains an
anti-freeze agent such as non-
toxic propylene glycol so that
damage from freezing can beavoided.
Heat-transfer fluid needs to
be changed every three to five
years to avoid system failure.