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Water supply in Lengatei is one of the high
ranked problems facing people in the village.
The most affected group is women, children,
sick and old aged people particularly in Maasai
land. This has existed for quite long time and
there is no water supply solution has been
realised to solve the problem todate despite
the increasing number of population which has
todate reached 7200 people in all 4 sub-villages
(Zambia, Ilala, Magomeni and Malimogo) that
make Lengatei
WATER SUPPLY
SITUATION ANALYSIS
REPORT
Case study: Lengatei Village,
Kiteto District, Manyara Region
Report submitted by TAEEs October, 2013
i | P a g e
Table of Contents
List of acronyms .................................................................................................................................. iii
List of photos ........................................................................................................................................ iv
List of tables ......................................................................................................................................... v
1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background Information about ELEWA-Africa Association – Krysia .................................. 1
1.2 Background Information about TAEEs ................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Organization ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Personnel ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Target beneficiaries .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Target locality/the need for this project ................................................................................ 2
1.6 Expectations .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.7 Objective ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.8 Study team and Methodology ............................................................................................... 3
2.0 EXISTING SITUATION ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Location and locality. .............................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Population .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 Ethnic .......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Climate and topography ........................................................................................................ 5
2.5 Infrastructures ............................................................................................................................ 5
2.7 Water supply and sanitation situation ................................................................................... 6
2.8 Previous water supply initiatives that were done in Lengatei ............................................ 9
2.9 Gender mainstreaming ......................................................................................................... 10
2.10 Existing challenges ................................................................................................................ 10
2.11 Socio-economic activities ................................................................................................... 12
3.0 OBSERVATION FROM WATER SOURCE SITES VISITED ............................................................... 14
3.1 Existing Water Quality Situation ............................................................................................. 15
3.2 Water quality analysis from laboratory ................................................................................ 15
3.3 Microbiological quality requirements .................................................................................. 16
3.4 Implementation options ........................................................................................................ 17
4.0 Conclusion and recommendation .......................................................................................... 24
4.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 24
ii | P a g e
4.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 24
Appendix 1: Water quality laboratory results ............................................................................ 26
iii | P a g e
List of acronyms
BFFS Belgium Fund for Food Security
DWE District Water Engineer
EMEKA Emeka
HIV Human Infectious Virus
M&O Operation and Maintenances
N/A Not Available
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NPO Non-Profit Organization
STDs Sexual Transmitted Disease
TAEEs Tanzania Association of Environmental Engineers
TAG Tanzania Assembly of God
UTI Urinal Tract Infections
iv | P a g e
List of photos
Photo 1: Kick-off meeting with Maasai Laigwenani and village leaders ................................... 4
Photo 2: Meeting with Lengatei Community members and Village leaders ............................ 4
Photo 3: Animals drinnking water from one of water sources (mabululu) in the area ............. 6
Photo 4: Water with milk fetched ready for drinking at home ..................................................... 6
Photo 5: Kwa Salimu Source ............................................................................................................. 8
Photo 6: Kwa Mabululu Source ........................................................................................................ 8
Photo 7: Kwa Ng’unda Source ......................................................................................................... 8
Photo 8: Kwa Makwaiya Source ...................................................................................................... 8
Photo 9: Kwa Muhamadi Source ..................................................................................................... 8
Photo 10: Kwa Kiondo Source .......................................................................................................... 8
Photo 11: Existint water storage tank at Lengatei built in the 70’ ................................................ 9
Photo 12: Maasai woman tighting her colt after fetching water and being assisted by our
team member ................................................................................................................................... 10
Photo 13: Women waiting for water in Mabuluu area in Lengatei ........................................... 10
Photo 14: Bricks burning by using fire wood.................................................................................. 11
Photo 15: Domestic animal grazing in Lengatei village .............................................................. 12
Photo 16: Donkey caring luggage’s in Masai Land .................................................................... 12
Photo 17: Rain Harvesting Tanks installed in Lengatei Dispensary ............................................. 13
v | P a g e
List of tables
Table 1: Available water sources in Lengatei village .................................................................... 6
Table 2: Available institutions in the village ................................................................................... 13
Table 3: Water source analysis and technological options with prioritization ......................... 14
Table 4: Laboratory measurement results from three samples .................................................. 16
Table 5: Microbiological requirements .......................................................................................... 17
Table 6: Detailed analysis of the implementation options and associated costs ................... 18
Table 7: Cost analysis per technological option per one ........................................................... 21
Table 8: Proposed Construction Supervision costs ....................................................................... 22
Table 8: Proposed year 1 village operation and maintenance costs of installed facility ...... 23
1.0 Introduction
The concept of exploring water availability and supporting the marginalized community
was initiated by Krsyia Cineli and her group members who had initially visited the area and
experienced the typical hardship where they had to fetch water from a far distance
(about 2km) and from a small man made dug well where water quality was also apparent
and uncertain.
Basically, this moved them to realize the challenges women face in the Maasai area in
particular as some they walk about 4 hours from the nearby village of Olekitikiti to fetch
water from natural or manmade dug wells.
Having realised these, Krysia contacted TAEEs which is a local non-profit organization
(NPO) based in Dar es Salaam Tanzania to give engineering support to explore all potential
engineering possibilities that can assist to explore water availability and related intervention
so that the Maasai people can have water in the area. This necessitated to arrange a
detailed discussion between ELEWA-Africa Association and TAEEs and thereafter made a
joint visit to the proposed area of Lengatei to undertake situation analysis and come up
with varies alternatives that can possibly give solution to the identified water challenges.
The kick off meeting was held on 12th September 2013 at TAEEs office, Dar es Salaam where
5 people participated namely Krysia Cineli, Emmanuel Sangawe (ELEWA-Africa
Association), Deus Masige, Jully Minja and Fatuma Mwinjaka (TAEEs) to dicuss over the trip
set-up and agree on what type of data were to be collected. Also the discussion was
meant to familiarize ourselves, identify key stakeholders to be approached and plan what
type of information or data will be collected from which stakeholder. This was done
successful where box cooler was to be bought for keeping water samples, water sampling
bottles were to be prepared, car hire was also to be confirmed and be made available
ready for a trip. All these were set and the team got confident to depart on Sunday 15th
September 2013 to Lengatei with all required equipment.
1.1 Background Information about ELEWA-Africa Association – Krysia
Can you please give us a background about your association!
1.2 Background Information about TAEEs
The Tanzania Association of Environmental Engineers (TAEEs) was established in 2004 as a
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), offering services in Facilitation of community
based projects (such as water supply and sanitation, solid waste management, public
health & hygienic and education), Engineering studies, Design, implementation supervision
of water supply and sanitation projects, Environmental and institutional development
studies. Furthermore, the organization aims at facilitating and assisting communities to have
access to safe Water, health and standard hygienic facilities through community – based
schemes.
2 | P a g e
TAEEs is registered under civil societies Ordinance cap 337 of the United Republic of
Tanzania as well as compliance to NGOs Act 24 of 2002 and registered under Vice
president’s Office (VPO) on 30th September 2005.
1.2.1 Organization
The organization operates day-to-day activities by the secretariat under the consultation of
the TAEEs board on behalf of its members. The day-to-day activities are carried out through
supervision of executive director who is in-charge of the secretariat assisted by the
departmental heads split into three departments and 4 sections
1.2.2 Personnel
The organization has at its disposal a multi-disciplinary team of professional staff consisting
sociologist, water supply and sanitation specialist, public health and hygiene specialists,
community development specialist and environmentalists. It also enrols short term inputs
from professionals in specialized fields on a case-to-case basis. The moment, TAEEs has 18
permanent employees and a number of part-time staff that we employ them whenever
the work is available:
TAEEs vision is of Tanzania community where everybody has equal accessibility to water
supply, improved sanitation and hygiene services and clean environment while our mission
lies to improve community accessibility to water supply, hygiene and sanitation services &
clean environment equitably and sustainably in the country
1.3 Target beneficiaries
The primary objective of this water supply situation analysis in Lengatei is to explore the
possibility of having/developing water supply for drinking in the Maasai area and thereafter
to entire community in Lengatei where possibility avails
1.4 Target locality/the need for this project
The main target beneficiaries is divided into two parts, 1) Small community of Maasai who
are living in Zambia sub-village in Lengatei which make about 250 people, 2) the entire
Zambia community which has a mix of Maasai and Wanguu tribe all living in Lengatei
village which make about 3500 people before embarking to 7200 people in all 4 sub-
villages
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1.6 Expectations
The team had expectations that after our trip to Lengatei the following would be
achieved,
1. Feasible solution over water problem in Lengatei will be realized
2. TAEEs team will come up with a situation analysis report entailing all findings with
options and priorities based on technology (acceptable, feasible and sustainable,
easily managed by community themselves) for operation and maintenance
3. Priorities from available water sources and technology to be used with associated
engineering cost estimates to see what can be done at a glance to assist the
Maasai community,
1.7 Objective
The main objective of this study is to analyse the existing water supply situation in
Lengatei village and to come up with feasible implementable option(s) which will
have a realistic budget that can assist to eradicate water shortage in Lengatei
village and Maasai community in particular.
1.8 Study team and Methodology
The water situation analysis study team comprised by, Eng Erick Mrema who is a
water Engineer and environmentalist, Emmanuel Sangawe who was our host in
Lengatei and overall Team Leader Eng Deus Masige was the study team leader and
Krysia Cineli was the organizer of the study work for 3 days.
The methodology used during this study was as follows:
a) Literature review
A desk study involving literature review on water resources and sanitation in rural
semi-arid areas was done. It focused on examining the importance of water
and sanitation at the local livelihood level specifically in Maasai land in particular
Kiteto district
b) Physical observation.
The team visited the village water sources and observed the water situation. All
areas where local community noted to have water either existing or even that
existed sometimes ago were visited. The visit also involved taking of photos of
visited water sources. Those sources which were realised to be potential and
priority were taken water samples
c) Interview (un-structured physical interview to all groups of people)
Interview was carried out by asking un-structured questions to the community
members and people who were using the water during the site visit in order to
4 | P a g e
get all the relevant information on the situation of water in the Village and to
avoid overlapping and conflicts of interest of activities
d) Buzz and small/individual group discussion
Small groups and discussion were also carried out especially with the women
and water users in the village to get the opinions and further information on the
situation of water
e) Public meeting.
Three meeting were carried out during this study as follows
a. Kick-off meeting was carried out between the team, Village leaders and
Maasai leaders (Laigwanani) in order to introduce the team and purpose
of visiting the Village. This was made on Sunday evening when the visit
team arrived in Lengatei village at Laigwanani’s home and about 15
people participated in this kick-off meeting.
b. Meeting with the village leaders and community members to introduce the
purpose of the visit and to ask for their participation in our study. This was
successfully made and about 40 people participated in this meeting from
which few identified members escorted the team to undertake physical
observations in the existing water sources in the area
c. Meeting with the Lengatei ward Councillor to introduce the team and to
get more information related to water situation and if there is any initiative
of solving water problem in the area.
Photo 1: Kick-off meeting with Maasai
Laigwenani and village leaders
Photo 2: Meeting with Lengatei
Community members and Village
leaders
5 | P a g e
2.0 EXISTING SITUATION
2.1 Location and locality.
Lengatei village is Located in Kiteto district in Manyara region and is among 56 villages
that are found in Kiteto district. Locally, Lengatei village is among 4 villages in Lengatei
ward, other village are Lesoiti, Olkitikiti and Engong-engare with four sub villages named
Zambia, Ilala, Magomeni and Malimbogo.
The village in the North is bordered with Lesoiti village, South with Sunya Village, East
with Songe and Bokwa villages and in the western side it is bordered with Olkitikiti village
2.2 Population
The village has an average of 3,194 people where 1,564 (approx. 48.97%) male and
1,630 approx. 51.03% female (2012 Census) in all of its four sub villages of Zambia, Ilala,
Magomeni and Malimogo. Average household size is 4.9 while the sex ration is 96. Out
of that population, Zambia sub-village takes about 35% of the entire village population.
The entire Lengatei ward has about 12,776 population in all four villages of which 6,520
are female and 6,256 are male
2.3 Ethnic
Lengatei village is dominated by two main ethnic group namely Maasai and Nguu.
Other small ethnic groups that are found in the village include Gogo, Pare, Kaguru and
Sandawi
2.4 Climate and topography
Lengatei village and the district in general obtain two types of rainfall seasons, which
are autumn and spring. Autumn starts in November and end on December while spring
starts in March and end around May.
The village is characterised with the topography of hills, gentle slope terrain and flat
terrain. The gentle slope and flat terrains are used for agriculture activities, animal
feeding and house construction (residential)
2.5 Infrastructures
Lengatei village is reachable from Songe town in Kilindi district via a rough road of
about 10km from Songe Town. The village has no electricity from government grid but
there is electricity from individual generator which supplies electricity to only few
people within the Zambia sub-village. The supply is from 6am to 10pm and the charge
for electricity is Tsh 500 per day.
6 | P a g e
2.7 Water supply and sanitation situation
Lengatei village has no improved source of water in all of its four sub villages. People in
the village obtain water from dug holes around the village area. Some of the holes are
exposed and are shared by animals (cow and goat).The water obtained contain
turbidity and its milk colour in most of the source visited. According to the discussion
held with the villagers, the water collected from these holes are not treated nor boiled
before taken for drinking. Sanitation facilities that are found in the village are pit latrines
which are not improved though they are located downstream but far side of the
existing shallow wells/water sources
Photo 3: Animals drinnking water from one of
water sources (mabululu) in the area
Photo 4: Water with milk fetched ready for
drinking at home
During public meeting, community members mentioned existing water sources and their
physical and chemical characteristics. We carried water source sites visit in some sources
for two days (Monday and Tuesday) as shown in the list of water sources photos below.
Table 1: Available water sources in Lengatei village
Source name Type of source Water
quality
Remarks
Kwa Ng’unda Point source/hole soft Water available all season-Not
enough but never dried up since
then, water is used for cooking and
drinking by the Lengatei community
Mphala Point source/hole Seasonal
Kwa Mhokwa Point source/hole Water available all season-Not
enough
Kwa Salimu Point source/hole soft Water available all season-Enough
and used for drinking, washing and
7 | P a g e
Source name Type of source Water
quality
Remarks
other domestic use, suitable for
shallow well with NIRA F85 or rope
pumps
Mabululu Point source/hole soft Water available all season-Enough
and used for drinking, washing and
other domestic use, animals also do
drink from this source, people have
separate sources from that used by
animals, water is clear with slight
salinity
Kwa Makwaiya Point source/hole salt Water available all season-Not
enough, used by brick makers, have
notable iron contents, used by
animals, the source lies in a valley
which get disturbed during rains and
this waster is not suitable for drinking
Kwedilong’e spring soft Water available all season-not
enough and economically not
feasible from the cost benefit analysis
point of view, source is far located
Lubangala Point source/hole Water available all season-Not
enough
Lengatei Point source/hole Seasonal
Kwa Mbugi Point source/hole soft Water available all season
Kwa Muhamedi Point Source soft Water available all season-Enough,
the source is a manmade well/hole,
can be deepen with rings, soil type is
mud clay and there were signs of
availability of iron
Kwa Kiondo Point Source soft Water available all season-Enough
and used for drinking, washing and
other domestic use, soil type is sand-
clay, said recharge capacity to be
20 litres after every 5 minutes, possible
technology is drilled shallow well with
rings and fitted with NIRA F85 or rope
pump, more Maasai use this source
than the Nguu tribe
Kwa Shemshi Drilled holes have
dried
N/A The drilled shallow wells have dried
and out of use for now, historically,
the area was surveyed though the
results could not be found
List of photos of different water sources in Lengatei village
8 | P a g e
Photo 5: Kwa Salimu Source Photo 6: Kwa Mabululu Source
Photo 7: Kwa Ng’unda Source Photo 8: Kwa Makwaiya Source
Photo 9: Kwa Muhamadi Source Photo 10: Kwa Kiondo Source
9 | P a g e
2.8 Previous water supply initiatives that were done in Lengatei
In 1972 Ranch in cooperation with Tanzania Government took the initiatives of supplying
water to Lengatei Village by taking water from Lengatei source to Zambia sub village.
They were able to construct an intake, water Storage tank, Domestic Point and cattle
trough. The project collapsed in 2001 after the Lengatei water source dried and the
population had already increased
Photo 11: Existint water storage tank at Lengatei built in the 70’
Also, the Belgium fund for food security (BFFS) undertook water mapping and survey in 14
villages in Kiteto district where Lengatei was among those villages but the hydrogeological
survey results were not convincing and hence the village was dropped from the quick-wins
plans.
During phone interview with the Kiteto district water Engineer (DWE) Mr. James Kionaumela
confirmed that hydrogeological survey has been carried out with central water basin from
Singida and the deep wells ranging between 150-200m are feasible as well as shallow
wells. The nearby village of Sunya has the same shallow well and is doing well todate and
this can be notable example as these villages share common geological formation in the
area.
It was noted that the prominently aquifer types present in basement rocks are: fissured,
cracks, joints, fractured or faulted rocks aquifers of which most areas has its water table
from 80m to 200m depend on the recharge and rock characteristics. However, if the
aquifer is a confined one the water may rises up to 10m below the ground.
Existing situation in the area tells that it’s not common to find borehole drilled in the area
/villages because the groundwater is scant and the drilling is very expensive for indigenous
10 | P a g e
to afford. Generally, the area needs intensive hydrogeological survey to find a potential
site for drilling and the drilling depth commonly ranges from 150m to 200m deep.
2.9 Gender mainstreaming
During site visit and discussion held with the member of the community, gender situation in
the Village were observed to be unequal. In Maasai tribe, women are responsible to cook,
taking care of the children and fetch water by both ways on head, by colt, bicycle, etc.,
and men are responsible to look after cows and look for food to feed the family. The same
tradition applies for Nguu tribe in the area. According to the discussion held with both
Maasai and Nguu ethnic group, Men are allowed to marry more than one woman
depending on the wealthy he has and the ability to take care of those women and family
in general. But it is opposite for the women who once married do not have the right to
marry more than one husband, right to speech, the right to visit their family until she asks for
permission to a husband and which is not a guarantee as she can be prohibited to visit
home up to one year or above. This situation is critical for Masai tribe than other tribes in
the area (One example in our visit we find a Maasai woman who since married she has
never seen her family for more than 12 years). Therefore, women in Maasai tribe are
undermined and have no more rights compared to man.
Photo 12: Maasai woman tighting her colt after
fetching water and being assisted by our team
member
Photo 13: Women waiting for water in
Mabuluu area in Lengatei
2.10 Existing challenges
The following are the existing challenges observed in Lengatei Community
Lack of water and sanitation services:-Lengatei village lack proper safe water
sources and sanitation services, this has led to water related disease and
water borne diseases. According to the data obtained from Lengatei
government dispensary the frequent disease observed are as stipulated in
the table below.
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Water related diseases Water borne diseases Other diseases
Malaria Diarrhoea STDs ,HIV
Skin diseases. dysentery acute respiratory
infection diseases
Eye infections Worms and ascaris Asthma
UTI cholera Epileptic
Drought:-The village is dominated with dry season and lack of rainfall for a
long time and this is caused by the Climate change and environment
degradation especially deforestation. People in the area cut trees for
cooking, firewood and for burning of bricks as shown in the photo…. Below.
Photo 14: Bricks burning by using fire wood
Diseases:-The area does encounter diseases but most of the diseases are caused
by lack of water and sanitation services and others are caused by water quality
they drink. From the record book of the Lengatei dispensary Malaria is the most
reported disease in the village followed by acute respiratory infection (ARI), then
Diarrhoea and eye disease. Other common diseases that were also observed
include pneumonia, UTI and STI diseases. From this dispensary data it can be
concluded that Many disease are related to water problem in the area
Disease August September Total
Malaria 82 61 143
ARI 53 36 89
Diarrhea 4 8 12
12 | P a g e
Disease August September Total
Eye disease 7 4 11
Pneumonia 8 1 9
UTI 4 2 6
STI 2 3 5
Skin disease 0 5 5
Worms 2 2 4
Epileptic 1 2 3
Dysentery 1 2 3
Abscess 1 1 2
Cut wound 1 1 2
Athma 0 1 1
2.11 Socio-economic activities
The main economic activities that are found in Lengatei village include small scale
Agriculture, Pastoralism and small business activities. The crops that are produced
from the agriculture activities include Maize, Beans, Sunflower, groundnuts and
finger millet. Animals that are mostly kept by people of Lengatei include Cow, goat,
sheep and donkey
Photo 15: Domestic animal grazing in
Lengatei village
Photo 16: Donkey caring luggage’s in
Masai Land
2.10.1 Social services
The village has the social services in the area of education, health and spiritual as
shown in the table below
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Table 2: Available institutions in the village
Service Quantity Name Location in the
village
Primary schools 4 Zambia,Lengatei,Krashi
and Malimbogo
Primary schools
Church 2 Anglican Church and
Tanzania Assembly of
God (TAG)
Mosque 6 Zambia 3, Ilala 1,
Magomeni 1,
Malimogo 1
Bars(Local Bar) 4 Zambia
Guest Houses 3
Dispensary 1
Pharmacy 3
From the above social services the dispensary in the area` has only 4 workers in
which two are Medical attendant, one Enrolled nurse and one Clinical officer. All
the workers have certificate level education except the Clinical officer who has
diploma. The dispensary has one rest bed and one examination bed .The dispensary
provides the service in the area of Health of Mother Father and Child, Maternity
services and Out Patient services. Other services include testing of Malaria and HIV.
The dispensary receives 10 to 30 patients per day and 4 to 9 expecting mothers per
month. The dispensary faces the challenge of water and electricity although the
government has made the initiative of installation of rain harvesting tanks in order
harvest water from rainfall.
Having seen these challenges, TAEEs through its Director donated immediately cash
Tsh. 200,000/= to the health centre to buy One bed and its mattress
Photo 17: Rain Harvesting Tanks installed in Lengatei Dispensary
14 | P a g e
3.0 OBSERVATION FROM WATER SOURCE SITES VISITED Among different sites visited, the possible water technology observed to be feasible in the
areas is shallow wells installed with and pump. The following water source sites were
identified in priority by the team to be feasible for construction of shallow wells but before
concluding the water quality test results as detailed in table 3 below
Table 3: Water source analysis and technological options with prioritization
Water source
name Observations
Possible
technology Priority Priority Factor
Kwa Kiondo
Water is clear, soft, and have
high recharge capacity,
shared by two villages of
Olekitikiti and Zambia sub-
villages and in particular the
Maasai people
Shallow well fitted
with hand pump
either NIRAF85 or
Rope pump
1
Low cost
investment,
save few
people,
suitable to
start with due
to fund factor
Kwa
Muhamadi
Water has milk colour, they
are available all the
yearlong, the source is a
manmade well/hole, can be
deepen with rings, soil type is
mud clay and there were
signs of availability of iron
Shallow well fitted
with hand pump
either NIRAF85 or
Rope pump
2
Low cost
investment,
save few
people,
suitable to
start with due
to fund factor,
supports
priority 1
above
Kwa Salimu
Water available all season-
Enough and used for drinking,
washing and other domestic
use, can save many people
in the area as is close to the
Zambia sub-village, 2-3
shallow wells can be drilled
from here
Shallow well fitted
with hand pump
either NIRAF85 or
Rope pump
3
This serves
many people
in Zambia sub-
village, may
need slight
much fund
investment,
Kwa
Mabululu
Water available all season-
enough and used for
drinking, washing and other
domestic use, animals also
do drink from this source (but
separate from where people
do fetch water), water is
clear with slight salinity
Shallow well fitted
with hand pump
either NIRAF85 or
Rope pump
4
Water is clear
though slightly
salt, serves
many people
in the village,
may need
slight much
funds to invest,
Kwa
Ng’unda
Water available all season-
Not enough but never dried
up since then, water is used
for cooking and drinking by
Shallow well fitted
with hand pump
either NIRAF85 or
Rope pump
5
Water has milk
colour, serves
many people
in the village,
15 | P a g e
Water source
name Observations
Possible
technology Priority Priority Factor
the Lengatei community may need
slight much
funds to invest,
water has
never dried in
life history from
this source
3.1 Existing Water Quality Situation
The water quality experience in the area tells that there is no any serious water quality
problems have been reported at neither Kiteto nor Lengatei to impact with people’s
health but there is low salinity for some of drilled boreholes in other parts of Kiteto district
and its villages including Lengatei for the existing shallow/natural wells, although water is
still fit for human consumption due to water challenges that exist in the area.
3.2 Water quality analysis from laboratory
The water samples were taken from Kiondo, Kwamohamedi and Mabululu water sources
for analysis to identify whether water is suitable for human consumption or not. These
samples were taken to Ardhi University laboratory for quality analysis.
The results from the laboratory test indicate that there is feacal contamination in all sources
which makes the water sources to be unsatisfactory for human consumption. The levels
exceed the required standards both WHO and Tanzania standards as listed in table 8
Nevertheless, the pH levels in all three water samples were less than a lower permissible limit
which is 6.5 which indicates the water to be acidic and probably might be caused by the
presence of E.Coli bacteria which are capable of fermenting lactose with production of
acid and gas at 35 - 37°C in less than 48 hours. The Mabululu waters seemed to fall out of
lower limits as compared to waters from Kwa kiondo and Muhamadi although they have
less value compared to required lower permissible limit of 6.5
From the bacteriological results point of view, the water seems to be unsatisfactory from
the basis that both total and feacal coliform counts are above the required limits.
However, the consultant is on the following opinions which are thought to be deployed
before concluding whether to abandon the plan or carryon with the drilling and
construction plans:-
16 | P a g e
More parameters would preferably be tested since this phase was limited with funds
to carry out all possible parameters including fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphur, etc
which will assist to decide on basing on chemical findings,
Since all available water sources where water samples were carried there might be
that the contamination might have come from human course for the reason that
fetch that water one gets in within the water itself which creates vulnerability of
contamination. This can be reduced if these water will be protected which includes
barring people from getting through into the water itself but rather create a good
way for people to reach that water without stepping into it.
Education to villagers on the need to boil water may of help though few people
may adopt it since many of the people in the area are used to drink from the fetch
point without being boiled.
Table 4: Laboratory measurement results from three samples
S/n Parameter Units Mabululu Kiondo Muhamadi Acceptable
Standard
Lower
limit
Upper
limit
1 pH 4.88 5.16 5.88 6.5 9.2
2 Salinity ppt 0.60 0.30 0.10
3 Electric
conductivity µS/cm 1278 621 322
4 Total
dissolved
solids (TDS)
Mg/l 623 302 154.9 500 2000
5 Chloride Mg/l 688 241 76
6 Total
hardness Mg/l 250 109 53 500 600
7 Faecal
coliform Count/100ml 11 53 21 0 0
8 Total coliform Count/100ml 19 69 36 0 3
3.3 Microbiological quality requirements
The National Environmental Standards Compendium (NESC) by Tanzania bureau of
standards (TBS), states that drinking water should not contain any organisms of faecal
origin. The presence of coliform organism should be considered as an indication of remote
faecal pollution. The presence of Escherichia coli (faecal coliform) indicates recent faecal
pollution, and hence dangerous condition if found in consecutive sample of water tested.
Coliform organisms are those organisms, which are capable of fermenting lactose with
production of acid and gas at 35 - 37°C in less than 48 hours, and are Indole negative.
Escherichia Coli (faecal coliform), are those organisms which are capable of fermenting
lactose with the production of acid and gas at 44°C in less than 24 hours, and which are
Indole positive.
17 | P a g e
The microbiological standard to be aimed at is the same as the WHO one which demands
that there be no coliform (E. coli) in each 100 ml portions (piped water supplies)
Table 5: Microbiological requirements
Class of piped Water/Type
of test count
Coliform count per 100 ml
at 37°C
E. Coli (faecal coliform)
count per 100 ml at 44°C
Excellent 0 0
Satisfactory 1 - 3 0
Suspicious 4 -10 0
Unsatisfactory More than 10 1 or more
Considering microbiological requirements indicated in the table 5 above, it is hereby said
advised that more water samples should be veiled for testing before concluding to embark
on drilling unless more initiatives will be accompanied to this option including educating
people on the importance of boiling water before drinking and also protecting water from
direct entry and wadding into water while fetching.
3.4 Implementation options
To implement one or more options of the noted area will generally depend on the
following factors that can be judged by ELEWA-Africa Association and associated partners
looking on either capacity to raise sufficient funds or basing on the technology that can be
feasible in each part/source identified or both funds and appropriate technology as well
as urgency of intervention.
a. Technology
Having visited the area (core zone of influence – Lengatei village) the
technological options noted to exist in the area that can be used in the area
include but not limited to
Drilling shallow well and installing hand pump
Drilling and constructing sump well and fitted with hand pump
Drilling medium/deep well and installing motorized water pump
Drilling deep well and installing solar pump
b. Cost analysis for each option
In order to implement this project, each technological option has been
analysed with engineering estimate that can give light picture of the
associated cost to realise the project.
18 | P a g e
Table 6: Detailed analysis of the implementation options and associated costs
Water source Observations Technical Recommendations Remarks
Kwa Kiondo
Water is clear,
soft, and have
high recharge
capacity,
shared by two
villages of
Olekitikiti and
Zambia sub-
villages and in
particular the
Maasai people
Type of well: Shallow tube well
Proposed pump type: hand pump either
NIRAF85 or Rope pump,
Reason: Cheap, low O&M, need low
skills, easy to train local operator
Materials required: precast Rings, auger,
Proposed well diameter: 90-100cm
Probable Depth: 5-15m
Manpower: 1 skilled labour to supervise
the work (from district as counterpart),
Qualification: hydrologist or
Hydrogeologist
Main supervisor: Consultant
Consultant activities: technical and
facilitation services
Supervision manpower: technical
(engineer, civil technician) see table 8
facilitation – Sociologist, Hygiene
specialist) - see table 8
Local manpower: Sourced from local
area 10 max.
Probable drilling cost: see table 7
Other costs: see table 7
Low cost
investment, save
few people,
suitable to start
with due to fund
factor, has clear
water and is
given priority one
to start with, two
wells can be
drilled from this
area spaced
from 50-100m
interval
Kwa
Muhamadi
Water has milk
colour, they are
available all the
yearlong, the
source is a
manmade
well/hole, can
be deepen with
rings, soil type is
mud clay and
there were signs
of availability of
iron as one looks
from naked eyes
The same as above except input will be
varied as there will be time increase if
drilling will be made in series, no costs for
mobilization of equipment, manpower
will be less unless drilled separately and
alone
Low cost
investment, save
few people,
suitable to start
with due to fund
factor,
comprehends
priority 1 above
Can be
combined when
drilling to share
costs with water
source at
kwakiondo as
they are within
the same
location
Kwa Salimu
Water available
all season-
Enough and
Type of well: Shallow tube well
Proposed pump type: hand pump either
NIRAF85 or Rope pump,
This serves many
people in
Zambia sub-
19 | P a g e
Water source Observations Technical Recommendations Remarks
used for
drinking,
washing and
other domestic
use, can save
many people in
the area as is
close to the
Zambia sub-
village, 2-3
shallow wells
can be drilled
from here
Reason: Cheap, low O&M, need low
skills, easy to train local operator
Materials required: precast Rings, auger,
Proposed well diameter: 90-100cm
Probable Depth: 5-15m
Manpower: 1 skilled labour to supervise
the work (from district as counterpart),
Qualification: hydrologist or
Hydrogeologist
Main supervisor: Consultant
Consultant activities: technical and
facilitation services
Supervision manpower: technical
(engineer, civil technician) see table 8
facilitation – Sociologist, Hygiene
specialist) - see table 8
Local manpower: Sourced from local
area 15 max.
Probable drilling cost: see table 7
Other costs: see table 7
village, may
need slight much
fund investment,
implementation
team may
decide where to
start as all bear
same urgency in-
terms of water
demand, the
available health
centre depends
water from here.
2-3 shallow well
may be require
from this area
spaced at an
interval of at
least 50m
Kwa
Mabululu
Water available
all season-
enough and
used for
drinking,
washing and
other domestic
use, animals also
do drink from
this source (but
separate from
where people
do fetch water),
water is clear
with slight salinity
Type of well: Shallow tube well
Proposed pump type: hand pump either
NIRAF85 or Rope pump,
Reason: Cheap, low O&M, need low
skills, easy to train local operator
Materials required: precast Rings, auger,
Proposed well diameter: 90-100cm
Probable Depth: 5-15m
Manpower: 1 skilled labour to supervise
the work (from district as counterpart),
Qualification: hydrologist or
Hydrogeologist
Main supervisor: Consultant
Consultant activities: technical and
facilitation services
Supervision manpower: technical
(engineer, civil technician) see table 8
facilitation – Sociologist, Hygiene
specialist) - see table 8
Local manpower: Sourced from local
area 15 max.
Probable drilling cost: see table 7
Other costs: see table 7
Water is clear
though slightly
salt, serves many
people in the
village, may
need slight much
funds to invest.
Implementation
team may
decide where to
start as all bear
same urgency in-
terms of water
demand, the
available health
centre depends
water from here.
At least 2 shallow
wells may be
require from this
area spaced at
an interval
between 25-50m
Kwa Water available Type of well: Shallow tube well Water has milk
20 | P a g e
Water source Observations Technical Recommendations Remarks
Ng’unda all season-Not
enough but
never dried up
since then,
water is used for
cooking and
drinking by the
Lengatei
community
Proposed pump type: hand pump either
NIRAF85 or Rope pump,
Reason: Cheap, low O&M, need low
skills, easy to train local operator
Materials required: precast Rings, auger,
Proposed well diameter: 90-100cm
Probable Depth: 5-15m
Manpower: 1 skilled labour to supervise
the work (from district as counterpart),
Qualification: hydrologist or
Hydrogeologist
Main supervisor: Consultant
Consultant activities: technical and
facilitation services
Supervision manpower: technical
(engineer, civil technician) see table 8
facilitation – Sociologist, Hygiene
specialist) - see table 8
Local manpower: Sourced from local
area 15 max.
Probable drilling cost: see table 7
Other costs: see table 7
colour, serves
many people in
the village, may
need slight much
funds to invest,
water has never
dried in life
history from this
source
Note:
1. Implementation of either option from above table will depend on the decision of
the implementer guided with preference, interest, funds collected, prioritization in-
terms of number of people to benefit or severity of the problem, etc.
2. Supervision costs may be lowered depending on the options accepted and number
of wells to be drilled within a given timeframe. Supervising the one well is as
expensive as supervising two or three wells drilled within one given timeframe
21 | P a g e
Table 7: Cost analysis per technological option per one
S/n Technological
option Activities
Engineering cost estimate
Tsh Euro
1
Drilling of
shallow tube
well and fitting
with either
hand pump
NIRA F85 or
Rope pump
Mobilization of equipment- 1,500,000.00 750.00
Drilling of well 8,000,000.00 4,000.00
Purchase of rings 3,450,000.00 1,725.00
Installing of rings 1,500,000.00 750.00
Pump purchase and installation
Well flushing 4,000,000.00 2,000.00
Total 1 18,450,000.00 9,225.00
2
Drilling and
constructing
sump well and
fitted with
hand pump
Mobilization of materials and
equipment- 2,500,000.00 1,250.00
Drilling of sump well (10m) max. 12,000,000.00 6,000.00
Construct reinforced sump well
structure 15,000,000.00 7,500.00
Pump purchase and transport
(NIRA F85) 3,000,000.00 1,500.00
Pump Installation and Well
flushing 3,000,000.00 1,500.00
Total 2 35,500,000.00 17,750.00
3
Drilling
medium/deep
well and
installing
motorized
water pump
Mobilization of materials and
equipment- 2,500,000.00 1,250.00
Hydrogeological survey 3,000,000.00 1,500.00
Drilling of well 60m 15,000,000.00 7,500.00
Pump test Development 3,600,000.00 1,800.00
Well flushing 3,000,000.00 1,500.00
Pump purchase and installation
(AFRIDEV/India Mark II) 4,000,000.00 2,000.00
Total 3 31,100,000.00 15,550.00
4
Drilling deep
well and
installing solar
pump
Mobilization of materials and
equipment- 2,500,000.00 1,250.00
Hydrogeological survey 3,000,000.00 1,500.00
Drilling of deep well up to 200m 24,000,000.00 12,000.00
Pump test Development 4,000,000.00 2,000.00
Well flushing 3,000,000.00 1,500.00
22 | P a g e
S/n Technological
option Activities
Engineering cost estimate
Tsh Euro
Pump purchase and installation
Grandfos 36,000,000.00 18,000.00
Purchase and install solar panel
and associated fittings 65,000,000.00 32,500.00
Total 4 72,500,000.00 36,250.00
99,000,000.00 49,500.00
Note:
The cost enlisted in the table is for one well
The cost indicated above are engineering cost estimates which might either be
above or below the actual project implementation costs but have been compiled
from previous and current experience and are based on engineering expertise and
does not necessarily reflect the actual project costs but rather approximate.
Table 8: Proposed Construction Supervision costs
Description Unit QTY Rate Total (Tsh) Total (€)
Manpower
- -
From district Days 7 45,000.00 315,000.00 157.50
Consultant
- -
Technical
- -
Engineer Days 7 150,000.00 1,050,000.00 525.00
Technician Days 14 100,000.00 1,400,000.00 700.00
Facilitation
- -
Sociologist Days 30 150,000.00 4,500,000.00 2,250.00
H&S specialist Days 30 125,000.00 3,750,000.00 1,875.00
unskilled labour Days 30 50,000.00 1,500,000.00 750.00
Transport
- -
Car hire with
driver Days 30 250,000.00 7,500,000.00 3,750.00
Fuel &Services Ltrs 600 3,000.00 1,800,000.00 900.00
Car transit cost LS 1 1,500,000.00 1,500,000.00 750.00
Communication LS 1 500,000.00 500,000.00 250.00
Stationaries LS 1 400,000.00 400,000.00 200.00
24,215,000.00 12,107.50
Note: Depending on planning and approach to be used; the project might cost high or
low
23 | P a g e
Apart from the above costs, in order for the community to operate and maintain the
installed infrastructures, there are related costs that they will have to incur in order the
facility live longer.
The costs can be shared with the district council particularly on the expertize part by
sending technical personnel or community development officer to facilitate and partly
monitor the installed facilities and refreshing people on their roles and responsibilities to
maintain and make the facilities last longer.
Table 8: Proposed year 1 village operation and maintenance costs of installed facility
VILLAGE
NAME
Pump operator
salary & Security
charges
Minor
pump
repairs
Spare parts
repair
charges
Regular training of
the COWSO & other
water infrastructure
caretakers by
District council
Total O&M
costs
Lengatei 600,000 300,000 270,000 750,000 1,920,000.00
24 | P a g e
4.0 Conclusion and recommendation
4.1 Conclusion
The initiation of this concept by the EMEKA lead by Krysia is a remarkable initiative that
needs to be backed-up by local community as well as supported by the government.
Despite the challenges therein including distance to transport materials such as pumps,
cement, etc but the water problem in the area hold significant need to support these
people of Lengatei since the most affected people are women and children who walk
long distance to fetch water either on their heads or using colt. Thins inhibit women from
being engaged in other development activities while children are being disturbed from
attending classes and hence this has impacts on their academic performances.
The project is highly needed by the Lengatei community not only the Maasai or Zambia
sub-villages but also the entire Lengatei community in all 4 sub-villages but this can be
commanded with availability of funds
4.2 Recommendations
It is hereby recommended that apart from the technical part that can be done in the area
to ensure that people have water, also the facilitation work will need to be invested which
will deal with preparing people to educate them, formulate the water committees that will
be responsible to manage water infrastructures that will be installed and continue with
operation and maintenances (M&O) at their own capacity so that the project can be
sustainable. TAEEs has a long experience in this water and sanitation issues particularly
those issues involving communities as it has been there since 2005 working with
communities, facilitating communities towards participating to various community projects
in water and sanitation and communities have been able to raise their cash contributions
to facilitate construction of infrastructures.
Nevertheless, if depending on funds availability, the project can be implemented in phases
starting with priorities of either the most vulnerable and troubled people where priority 1
holds or number of population to be served which priority 3&4 hold.
Moreover, it is hereby recommended that
Initiatives to raise funds to construct water sources in Lengatei should not stop as this
will still allow the same situation in the area to persist longer and longer without hope
of solution
More parameters be tested on the chemical context as this phase was limited with
funds to carry out full water sample analysis which would create a basis of firm
decision on whether to go on with the implementation or not
The available bacteriological results might be a course of unprotected water
sources which creates vulnerability of contamination; hence improvement of this
25 | P a g e
situation may reduce the risk of contamination to those water sources since most of
them are far located from human settlement except Mohamedi water source.
Drilling can be done at the point where there source do exist since there are good
terrain and the opening eye seems to be there. However, drilling downstream from
the existing water source still bear possibility to find water as it looks that the water
table flow line can be traced within the area. With an exception of Mohamedi
water source which seems to be water beyond 5m (from visual perspective) the rest
can be drilled within the context of 20-50m zone of influence downstream within the
line water table flow.
Education to villagers on the need to boil water should be part and parcel of the
program since local community from pastoralist do not boil water for drinking, as this
was demonstrated during site visit in Lengatei.
26 | P a g e
Appendix 1: Water quality laboratory results