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Water Sensitive Design: Building a
Community of Practice in South Africa
Dr Kirsty Carden
Urban Water Management research unit
University of Cape Town
24 November 2015
2 WEF Global Risk report 2015
A global risk is an uncertain
event or condition that, if it
occurs, can cause significant
negative impact for several
countries or industries within
the next 10 years.
3 South Africa’s water ‘crisis’ - “too much, too
little, too dirty”
• Low rainfall
• High evaporation
• Poor water quality
• Leakage / wastage
• Population growth
• Quality of life
• Urbanisation
• etc…….
4 WRC - Water Sensitive strategy
Developing a strategy in terms of water sensitivity
is core to our future sustainability
• Water is a fundamental enabler of all life
• Primary catalyst for human development
• Increasing urbanisation provides an opportunity to plan
(and manage) differently
Need a vision as well as enabling legislation
www.wrc.org.za
5 WRC - Water Sensitive Design Lighthouse
Develop a critical mass of knowledge
around the integration of planning
activities for the adoption of Water
Sensitive Design in South Africa
6 The SA Guidelines for SuDS
• Introduction to SuDS
• Design criteria and methods
• Source controls: green roofs, rainwater
harvesting, soakaways, permeable
pavements
• Local controls: filter strips, swales,
infiltration trenches, bio-retention
areas, sand filters
• Regional controls: detention ponds,
retention ponds, constructed wetlands
7 WSUD for South Africa
• Strategic framework for WSUD in SA
• WSUD and development planning
• Institutional / policy considerations
• Guidelines for WSUD activities
Stormwater management –
Sustainable Drainage Systems
(SuDS)
Sanitation / wastewater minimisation
Groundwater management
Sustainable water supply
Modelling tools for WSUD
8 Grounding the WSUD concept in SA
• Tools – guidelines, manuals etc.
• Transfer – capacity building
• Tactics – engaging stakeholders
• Trials – research / pilot implementations
9 Way forward – ‘agents for change’
• Common vision / Champions and coordinating bodies
• Institutional fragmentation / Bridging organisations
• Organisational responsibilities / Accountability and targets
• Political incentives and/or disincentives / Market receptivity
• Organisational commitment / Strategic funding and planning
• Technological path dependency / Trusted science and data
• Community capacity to participate / Socio-political capital
Create Learning Alliances where stakeholders can
engage in collective sense-making and vision-building
10 ‘Reliable science’ - WRC Project K5/2412
A feasibility study to evaluate the potential of
using Water Sensitive Design principles to
strengthen planning for water sensitive cities of
the future
Overall aim: to test the WSUD concept and
framework within a selected catchment(s) and/or
municipality(ies) in South Africa
11 ‘WSD champions - WRC Project K5/2413
Development and management of a Water
Sensitive Design Community of Practice
programme
Overall aim is to “strengthen the researcher /
stakeholder and implementer interface in order to
leverage partnerships and facilitate, manage and
document technology transfer opportunities from
the planning and design phases through to the
piloting (adapting) and implementation phases”
12 Social learning and Learning Alliances
• Enabling environment through social learning
• Shared interest, joint activities, discussion
• Enhanced generation of knowledge through collaborative learning
processes
• Adaptive management embedded in social learning processes
“Learning Alliances are platforms that bring together stakeholders from a
range of institutions: Municipalities, service providers, universities, and in
some cases NGOs and user groups – to think, act and learn, using action
research to test ideas” (Butterworth et al., 2011)
13 Developing the Community of Practice
• Scope WSD project opportunities throughout SA
• Develop and maintain Learning Alliances
• Establish and maintain database / website
• Raise awareness / undertake appropriate WSD
training
• Identify institutional challenges to implementing WSD
• Strengthen and broaden researcher base
14 Overview of related studies
1. Overview of WSD in SA – drivers and barriers
2. Learning Alliances
a) SuDS transitions – Johannesburg
b) Cape Town WSUD strategy
c) Liesbeek River Life Plan
3. Density Syndicate – ‘TRUP’
4. Integrating WSD frameworks into development
standards and rating tools
15 1) Overview of WSD systems in SA
• Benchmark WSD / SuDS projects in SA
• Prioritise 15-20 exemplars for detailed review:
• 24 individual developments
• 5 metros and 4 small-medium sized towns
• 86 Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)
• Identify barriers and drivers to SuDS uptake
• Synthesise lessons learnt in project database
16 SuDS categories
Rainwater and stormwater harvesting
19%
Detention systems
16%
Bioretention systems
16%
Retention systems
12%
Biofilter systems 9%
Porous surfaces 9%
Swales 6%
Gross pollution traps 6%
Wetland systems 3%
Infiltration systems
2% Proprietary
systems 1%
17 Rainwater and stormwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting (roofs only) Stormwater harvesting
Philippi, CPT
Ixopo
Airport Ind, CPT
Rustenburg
Germiston, EKU
18 Dry retention systems
Roodeport, JHB
Ixopo
Philippi, CPT
Centurion, TSH
19 Detention systems
Waterfall, JHB
Ridgeside, ETH
Ridgeside, ETH
Rustenburg
20 Bioretention systems
Ixopo
Inner City, CPT
Menlyn Maine,
TSH
Hillcrest, ETH
21 Biofilter systems
Roodeport, JHB
Inner City, CPT
Centurion, TSH
Umhlanga, ETH
22 Porous surfaces, swales, wetlands
Stellenbosch
Hillcrest, ETH
Muizenberg, CPT
Midrand, JHB
Ridgeside, ETH
Rustenburg
23 Challenges
• Lack of understanding of system functionality
• Increased maintenance = high cost burden
• Responsibility for system maintenance
• Lack of political willpower to implement
• Capacities of technical departments low
However:
• Municipal infrastructure constraints provide driver for
improved quantity management
• Municipal by-laws provide additional mechanisms (e.g.
building regulations)
24 Opportunities
• Policy implementation enables broad SuDS uptake
• Energy ‘crisis’ drives growth in awareness around
sustainability / sustainable development
• Public and private sphere response
• Involvement of GBCSA (& others)
System integration → water harvesting
25 2a) Transitions through SuDS - Jhb
Method
• Investigate drivers for adoption of SUDS - interviews with practitioners at JRA, EISD, Joburg Water, City Parks, consultants, Vodacom
• Assess prevailing dynamics within UWM context in the City
Preliminary results
• “First-order learning processes” - regulations and protocols; niche-level innovations
• “Second-order learning processes” – stakeholder engagement required to facilitate wider learning and institutional embedding
‘Transition arena’ for stakeholders to engage in collective
sense-making, articulate realities / expectations as well
as build a vision
26 2b) WSUD strategy - CoCT
• Inland and Coastal Water Quality group meetings
• One-on-one meetings with city officials
• Establishment of WSUD working group
• Development of WSUD strategy for the City
How can this be expanded to a national LA?
How can it be set up?
How will it be maintained, and energised?
How do we get those who are champions within the LA to contribute?
27 2c) Liesbeek River
28 Liesbeek River Life Plan
30 Workshops
31 3. Density Syndicate – TRUP
32 Implementing WSD on the TRUP site
• Rainwater and stormwater harvesting
• Greywater treatment and recycling
• Groundwater recharge (stormwater and greywater recycling through SuDS)
• Riverbank filtration
• Wastewater harvesting - harnessing of biofuels, water reuse for irrigation, nutrients from biomass
33 5. WSD frameworks and green rating tools
Facilitate paradigm
shift required to
address water related
issues in South Africa:
• National
government
• Local authorities
• Non-regulatory
incentives
• Green rating
systems
34 Integration hierarchy for WSUD
35 Supporting interventions / CoP activities
1. Awareness-raising workshops / seminars
2. Website / brochure
3. Engagement on policy / links to SDGs
4. Water saving game
5. Conference papers / articles
6. Etc.
36 1. Raising awareness
Dialogue platforms on where / how WSD can be
implemented – using WSD feasibility case studies; e.g.
• Integrating rainwater / drainage into the urban water cycle
• Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) with a view to providing a
supplementary water supply on the Cape Flats
• Assessment of the effectiveness of water conservation and water
demand management (WC&WDM) strategies employed by the City
• Assessment of the potential benefits of waterscapes / green
infrastructure on ambient temperature in the City
37 2. Website - www.wsud.co.za
38 UWM brochure
39 3. Engagement on policy issues
• Identification of barriers and drivers (key ‘selling’ points)
for the implementation of WSD in South Africa
• Detailed review of institutional challenges associated
with integrating WSD into the planning environment
• National, local and inter-governmental policy required to
influence planning and design for WSD in SA
40 4. Changing behaviour – water demand targets
41 Journal / conference papers and other articles
42
EDUCATION
and POLICIES
RESEARCH
and TECHNOLOGIES
MANAGEMENT
and KNOWLEDGE
EXCHANGE
ACCESS to
and QUALITY
of WATER
I N T
E L
L I G
E N
C E
T E
C H
N I Q
U E
S
C O
M M
U N
I T Y
S U
S T
A I N
A B
I L I T
Y
Increasing impact
• International
collaborations
• IWG WSUD
• EU projects; e.g.
WISER
• Future Water – UCT
research institute
WSD as the unifying concept
43 ‘Tipping point’?
44 Acknowledgements
• South African Water Research Commission
• Key researchers and PG / UG students from the Urban
Water Management research unit at UCT, specifically:
Prof Neil Armitage
Dr Kevin Winter
Mr Lloyd Fisher-Jeffes
Mr David Ellis
www.wsud.co.za
CPD Validation No.
IMESA15-CL40NAT
46 Transdisciplinarity in WSD
47 Resilience-based water management
Blue water
Sector approach
dominated by
economics and
engineering,
emphasis on
supply
Integrated blue
water
An economic
approach to
freshwater
including
environmental
flows
Integrated blue
and green
water
Adding land
interactions,
surface runoff
and infiltration to
food, energy,
and ecosystem
services
Green and blue
water with
social and
ecological
interactions
Resilience
based,
addressing the
need to sustain
rainfall, capture
resource value,
and cross scale
interactions and
feedbacks
IWRM
SuDS
WSUD
Evolution from the 1990s to present day realisation
Adapted from Rockstrom et al., 2014
48 Integrating WSD into local authority policy
49 SDGs by development sector
50 Changing the domestic water cycle
Precipitation
Evapo-
transpiration
Small volumes
of runoff
Infiltration Wastewater
discharge
The Farm House
Rainwater
Harvesting
Groundwater
Greywater
reuse
51 Changing the domestic water cycle
Precipitation
Evapo-
transpiration
Large
volumes of
runoff
Reduced
infiltration Wastewater
discharge
Municipal
potable water
The 20th century house
52 Changing the domestic water cycle
Precipitation
Evapo-
transpiration
Reduced
volumes of
runoff
Increased
Infiltration
Reduced Wastewater
discharge
Reduced Municipal potable
water demand
The water sensitive house
Stormwater
Harvesting
Rainwater
Harvesting
Groundwater
Grey water reuse
53 Household water use game
54 6. SuDS Franschhoek
Project Phase Project Description Project Timeline
I Conceptual plan and design development 24 months
II Development, operation and maintenance 24 months
III Exit strategy, transfer and handover 12 months
55 Concept of SuDS innovation centre
56 Spatial framework
57 Suggested activities over 5 years
Sem
inar
seri
es 1
–
en
gin
eers
, d
ev
elo
pers
2014 2015 2017 2018 2019 2016
Sem
inar
seri
es 2
–
en
gin
eers
, d
ev
elo
pers
WS
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ram
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SD
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