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ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 1M. Makkawi, PhD
Water Resources Water Resources of of
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 2M. Makkawi, PhD
Water Resources of Saudi Arabia
Surface water (48-10%)Groundwater(49-80% @ 70m-1000m depth)Desalinated water(3-6%)Reclaimed water(0-5%)
Water Supply in KSA
11451850 1926 1800 1800
1154
6480
9000
12300
16000
63 400 7391190 1300
0 100 335 710 1000
2362
8830
12000
16000
20100
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
1980 1985 1990 2000 2010
Year
MC
MSurface waterGroundwaterDesalinated waterReclaimed waterTotal
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 3M. Makkawi, PhD
Water Demands in Saudi Arabia
Domestic and industrial uses(15-21%)Agricultural uses(79-85%)
Water demand in KSA
5021400 1700
2500 3000
1860
7430
10600
13500
17000
2362
8830
12300
16000
20000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
1980 1985 1990 2000 2010
Year
MC
M
Domestic & Industrial
Agricultural
Total
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 4M. Makkawi, PhD
Problems Associated with Water Demands
Increasing number of private & farming wells (26,000 in 1982 – 85,000 in 1997 ???)Uncontrolled pumping (sharp drop in water levels)(Sea water intrusion in eastern province and dryness of natural springs in the eastern, central and western provinces) Water quality deterioration (high TDS levels)Uncontrolled agricultural practices(Around 88% of water resources are used by agriculture out of which only 30% is really needed !! This means that about 62% of the total water resources are lost!!!)Over-irrigation increases soil salinity (sabkhanization)Leakage from water supply systems (About 20% of water leaks from domestic water supply systems)
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 5M. Makkawi, PhD
Surface Water
Average annual precipitation 90-500(SW)mm20-80% of precipitated water evaporates to the atmosphere200 dams were constructed allover KSALargest dams in KSA
Jezan dam sores 51 mcm of waterNajran dam stores 86 mcm of water
Dams:Prevent flush floodsRecharge alluvial (unconfined) aquifersAgricultural uses
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 6M. Makkawi, PhD
Desalinated Water
Started in 1970Average desalination cost is SR 4.00 per cubic meter21 plants in the western province6 plants in the eastern provinceOperation modes
76% of plants are operated by multistage flash systems24% of plants are operated by reverse osmosis technology
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 7M. Makkawi, PhD
Groundwater &Regional Geology of KSA
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 8M. Makkawi, PhD
36o 40o 44o 48o 52o 56o 60o
30o
26o
22o
18o
14o
OMAN
Y E M
E N
GULF OFOMAN
I R A N
SAUDI ARABIA
R E D S E A
A R A B I A N S
E A
Wadi asSarhan
Turaif
Qat
ar
J o r
d a n
0 100 200 300 400 500 Km.
0 50 100 200 300 400 500 Miles.Arabian Gulf
Al Jauf
Tabuk
Hail
RIYADHA
A
B
C
A
A
F
E
D
B
B
C
H
G
C
D
A
B
B
STABLE REGION
ARABIAN SHIELDA. Western Arabian shieldB. Yemen-Adan PlateauC. Southern Arabian Shield
ARABIAN SHELFA. Tabuk SegmentB. Ha’il ArchC. Northern Tuwayq SegmentD. Widyan Basin MarginE. Central Arabian ArchF. Southern Tuwayq SegmentG. Hadramawt SegmentH. Hadarmawt Plateau
Interior Platform
BasinsA. Sirhan-Turayf BasinB. Dibdibba BasinC. Northern Persian Gulf BasinD. Rub’al Khali Basin
MOBILE BELTMountainsA. Zagros MountainsB. Oman Mountains
ForelandsA. Zagros Mountains ForelandB. Oman Mountains Foreland
Haqf-Haushi Swell
EXPLANATION
Regional Geology of KSA
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 9M. Makkawi, PhD
E
E
W
? ?
WTIHAMA
Red Sea
ASIR Lava flows
BASEMENT COMPLEXIGNEOUS and METAMORPHIC
AD DAHNA
SAQTABUK
JAWF
MINJUR, JILH
ARUMA
WASIA
BIYADH
DAMMAMUMM ER RADHUMA
NEOGENE
AL HUFUFAL QATIF
BAHRAINA. GULF
GHAWAR
anticline
Probable fault
Groundwater discharge to surface
Sabkha (groundwater evaporation)
Infiltration / Recharge
Flow lines
Depleted aquifers
Fresh groundwater
Saline groundwater
SW-NE Cross-section of KSA
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 10M. Makkawi, PhD
PRINCIPAL AQUIFERSin KSA
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 11M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 12M. Makkawi, PhD
Proven reserves= 30,000 mcm
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 13M. Makkawi, PhD
Proven reserves= 65,000 mcm
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 14M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 15M. Makkawi, PhD
Proven reserves= 17,500 mcm
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 16M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 17M. Makkawi, PhD
Proven reserves= 120,000 mcm
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 18M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 19M. Makkawi, PhD
Proven reserves= 16,000 mcm
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 20M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 21M. Makkawi, PhD
Proven reserves= 5,000 mcm
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 22M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 23M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 24M. Makkawi, PhD
SECONDARY AQUIFERSin KSA
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 25M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 26M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 27M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 28M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 29M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 30M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 31M. Makkawi, PhD
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 32M. Makkawi, PhD
Age Formation Member Lithology HydrogeologicUnit
Quaternary andRecent
Surficial Deposits Gravel, Sand and Silt Aquifer with variableproductivity
Kharj Limestone, gypsum and granels AquiferHofuf Sandy marl and Sandy limestone AquiferDam Marl and Shale Aquitard
MIOCENE andPLIOCENE
Hadhrukh Silty Sandstone AquiferLimestone Aquifer
Alat Marl AquitardKhobar Limestone Aquifer
Alveolina Limestone LimestoneSaila Shale Shale
Dammam
Midra Shale Shale
EOCENE
RUS Marl, chalky limestone, gypsum
Aquitard
PALEOCENE Umm Er Radhuma Limestone, Dolomitic limestone Aquifer
Aruma Shales, Limestone Aquifer (poor)WasiaSakaka (in North -Western region
Sansdstone Aquifer
Biyadh Sandstone AquiferBuwaib Biogenic calcarenite, limestoneYamam Biogenic-pellet calcarenite Aquitard
CRETACEOUS
Sulay Chalky aphanitic limestone Aquifer (Local)Hith AnhydriteArab Calcarenite, Aphanitic limestone
Jubaila Aphanitic Limestone, calcarenite
Aquitardto poor Aquifer
(locally)Hanifa Aphanitic Limestone, calcarenite Aquifer (locally)
Tuwaiq Mountain Aphanitic Limestone AquitardDhruma Aphanitic limestone and
sandstoneAquifer
JURASSIC
Marrat Shales and aphanitic limestone AquitardMinjur Sandstone Aquifer
Jilh Sandstone, aphanitic limestone Poor AquiferTRIASSIC
Sudair Shales (red and green) AquitardPERMIAN Khuf Limestone, dolomites Aquifer
Unyzah (FAW) Sandstone Poor AquiferCARBONIFEROUSBerwath Argillaceous Sandstone Aquifer
Upper Limestone Aquifer DEVONIAN JaufShaibah Shale and sandstone AquitardTawil Sandstone Aquifer
Qusaibah Shale AquitardSILURIANMiddle Tabuk Sandstone Aquifer
Ra’an Shale AquitardLower Tabuk Sandstone Aquifer
Tabuk
Hanadir Shale AquitardORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIANSaq - Wajid Sandstone Aquifer
PRE-CAMBRIAN Basement Complex
Figure 1 Lithostratigraphic Succession and Hydrogeologic Units in Saudi Arabia (Modifiedafter Powers et. al 1966; MAW, 1984; and Edgell, 1997)
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 33M. Makkawi, PhD
Age Formation Member Lithology HydrogeologicUnit
Quaternary andRecent
Surficial Deposits Gravel, Sand and Silt Aquifer with variableproductivity
Kharj Limestone, gypsum and granels AquiferHofuf Sandy marl and Sandy limestone AquiferDam Marl and Shale Aquitard
MIOCENE andPLIOCENE
Hadhrukh Silty Sandstone AquiferLimestone Aquifer
Alat Marl AquitardKhobar Limestone Aquifer
Alveolina Limestone LimestoneSaila Shale Shale
Dammam
Midra Shale Shale
EOCENE
RUS Marl, chalky limestone, gypsum
Aquitard
PALEOCENE Umm Er Radhuma Limestone, Dolomitic limestone Aquifer
Lithostratigraphic succession and hydrogeologic units in Saudi Arabia (modified after Powers et al. 1966,
MAW 1984, Edgell 1997), Contd.
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 34M. Makkawi, PhD
Aruma Shales, Limestone Aquifer (poor)WasiaSakaka (in North -Western region
Sansdstone AquiferBiyadh Sandstone AquiferBuwaib Biogenic calcarenite, limestoneYamama Biogenic-pellet calcarenite Aquitard
CRETACEOUS
Sulay Chalky aphanitic limestone Aquifer (Local)Hith AnhydriteArab Calcarenite, Aphanitic limestone
Jubaila Aphanitic Limestone, calcarenite
Aquitardto poor Aquifer
(locally)Hanifa Aphanitic Limestone, calcarenite Aquifer (locally)
Tuwaiq Mountain Aphanitic Limestone AquitardDhruma Aphanitic limestone and
sandstoneAquifer
JURASSIC
Marrat Shales and aphanitic limestone Aquitard
Lithostratigraphic succession and hydrogeologic units in Saudi Arabia (modified after Powers et. al 1966, MAW 1984, Edgell 1997) Contd.
ENVS 524 - Module 3, Water Resources of Saudi Arabia 35M. Makkawi, PhD
Minjur Sandstone AquiferJilh Sandstone, aphanitic limestone Poor Aquifer
TRIASSIC
Sudair Shales (red and green) AquitardPERMIAN Khuf Limestone, dolomites Aquifer
Unyzah (FAW) Sandstone Poor AquiferCARBONIFEROUS
Berwath Argillaceous Sandstone AquiferUpper Limestone Aquifer DEVONIAN Jauf
Shaibah Shale and sandstone AquitardTawil Sandstone Aquifer
Qusaibah Shale AquitardSILURIAN
Middle Tabuk Sandstone AquiferRa’an Shale Aquitard
Lower Tabuk Sandstone Aquifer
Tabuk
Hanadir Shale Aquitard
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIANSaq - Wajid Sandstone Aquifer
PRE-CAMBRIAN Basement Complex
Lithostratigraphic succession and hydrogeologic units in Saudi Arabia (modified after Powers et. al 1966, MAW 1984, Edgell 1997)