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Water: Recycle, Reclaim & Restore Role of Biotechnology. ‘. Margaret Catley-Carlson UN Secretary General Advisory Board on Water, World Economic Forum (Davos) Chair Water GIC International Water Management Institute Suez Environment Global Water Partnership Biovision 2010. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Water: Recycle, Reclaim & RestoreWater: Recycle, Reclaim & Restore Role of Biotechnology Role of Biotechnology
Margaret Catley-Margaret Catley-CarlsonCarlson
UN Secretary UN Secretary General Advisory General Advisory Board on Water, Board on Water, World Economic World Economic
Forum (Davos) Forum (Davos) Chair Water GICChair Water GIC
International Water International Water Management Management
InstituteInstituteSuez EnvironmentSuez Environment
Global Water Global Water PartnershipPartnership
Biovision 2010Biovision 2010
‘‘
Biotechnology and water shortageBiotechnology and water shortage
Why this is central to the future we want. Why this is central to the future we want.
Why we need to accept new challenges ayWhy we need to accept new challenges ay
The role of biotechnologyThe role of biotechnology
Challenges NOWChallenges NOW
Our World Our World Growing population Growing population
Exploding urban populationExploding urban population
Deaths from water scarcity (12 M / year)Deaths from water scarcity (12 M / year)
Increased poverty in developing countriesIncreased poverty in developing countries
0
5000
10000
2000 2025
world population
urban population
Source : Masons Water Yearbook 2001
World Bank 2002
Water availabilityWater availability
Climatic changesClimatic changes
Growing pollutionGrowing pollution
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1995 2025
World population suffering from water shortage (millions)
Inadequate water supply No water supply
Diminishing Resources Diminishing Resources WorldwideWorldwide
Source : Masons Water Yearbook 2001
World Bank 2002
Water Scarcity 2000
1/3 of the world’s population live in basins that have to deal with water scarcity
..
Source: UN, Water a shared responsibility,New York 2006
Regions where water withdrawals Regions where water withdrawals are exceeding natural supplyare exceeding natural supply
LE
NG
EL
EN
GE
20302030
withdrawalswithdrawals
66,,9900004,500
1,500
900
2%2%
Basins Basins
with with
surplus
Basins Basins
with with
deficits
4040%%
110000
New Voices: McKinsey 2010: Future demand for water New Voices: McKinsey 2010: Future demand for water will outstrip our capacity to provide itwill outstrip our capacity to provide it
MunicipaMunicipal &l &
DomestiDomesticc
AgricultAgricultureure
IndustryIndustry
4,4,505000
ExistingExisting
withdrawalswithdrawals
3,100
800
600
ExistingExisting
accessible, accessible, reliable, reliable, sustainablesustainable supplysupply
Surface Surface waterwater
3,500
4,4,202000
GroundwaGroundwaterter
700
..
NE
ED
AC
TIO
NN
EE
D A
CT
ION
McKinsey - Business-as-usual approaches will not meet McKinsey - Business-as-usual approaches will not meet demand for raw waterdemand for raw water
Demand with Demand with no no productivity productivity improvementimprovementss
Existing Existing accessible, accessible, reliable, reliable, sustainablesustainable supplysupply
TodayToday 20302030
6,0006,000
5,0005,000
3,0003,000
8,0008,000
7,0007,000Improvements in Improvements in water water productivity at productivity at historical rateshistorical rates
20%20%
Remaining gapRemaining gap 60%60%
Portion of gapPortion of gapPercentPercent
Increase in Increase in supply at supply at historical rateshistorical rates
20%20%
Billion m3
‘‘
So – with all this rising demand – So – with all this rising demand – How do we create this better water world?How do we create this better water world?
And with BIOTECH??And with BIOTECH??
StorageStorage
ConservationConservation
Agricultural productivity improvementAgricultural productivity improvement
Brackish water – agriculture and Brackish water – agriculture and industrialindustrial
Re use, recycling, reclaiming waterRe use, recycling, reclaiming water
New Storage: New Storage: Huge discrepancies in Huge discrepancies in hydraulic infrastructure between developed hydraulic infrastructure between developed
and developing countriesand developing countries
Storage per person (m3)
6
40
43
746
1,287
1,406
2,486
3,255
4,729
6,150
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
Nepal
Jordan
Ethiopia
South Africa
Thailand
Laos
China
Brazil
Australia
North America
2 - 5 litres
daily
20 – 500 litres
daily500 – 3000 litres
per kg
Why do we need water?
2000 l/day - vegetarian diet5000 l/day - grainfed meat diet
Reminding ourselves why we need water….
Why do we need water? Food – 75% It takes a litre of water to produce every calorie, on average
Irrigation lifts rural poor out of Irrigation lifts rural poor out of povertypoverty
Income per capita
Average income levels and irrigation intensity in India
Source: FAO data, graphic from SEI
The 850 million undernourished.
Nutrition, food security, income
Vulnerable to loss of water
Employment
Lower Food Prices
Dependent on Water for Agriculture?
There are few options outside
of agriculture for most rural poor
at present
Business environment
Water used to generate energy
Energy used for water
Extraction & refining
Fuel production(Ethanol, Hydrogen)
Hydropower
Thermoelectric cooling
Waste water treatment Extraction & transmission
Drinking water treatmentEnergy associated with uses of water
Water is used for energy generation
energy: consumed in water extraction, distribution, treatment and desalination
The water sector is increasingly becoming a significant energy consumer
Business environment
Water is used for energy generation and energy is consumed in water extraction, distribution,
treatment and desalination
1
2.5
2.5
3.6
8.5
9
13
14
17
0.2
1
1
3.6
3.6
7.4
10.5
9
8Mechanical Vapor Compression
MED with thermo compression
Multiple Stage Flash
Multiple Effect Distillation
Seawater RO
Water Transfer > 350 km
Brackish water RO
Waste Water Reuse
Conventional treatment
Total (thermal & electrical) – KWh/m3
Specific Energy Consumption for Different Water Sources
''
Biotechnology needed to improve Biotechnology needed to improve productivity: further growth in yieldsproductivity: further growth in yields
United United StatesStates
ChinChinaa
Latin Latin AmericaAmerica
Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrica
New Science to reduce the New Science to reduce the water needed: feed & fodder. water needed: feed & fodder.
Food demand doubles over the next 50 because of diet and population
Water Needs (ET) will double – without water productivity gains
..
We have toWe have to lose less – and re-use morelose less – and re-use more
in this system.in this system.
The main problem??The main problem??
We don’t value waterWe don’t value water
Irrigation systems – 40-60% efficiency norm in Irrigation systems – 40-60% efficiency norm in too many placestoo many places
Municipal systems – 30% unaccounted for waterMunicipal systems – 30% unaccounted for water
We leave taps running – literally and We leave taps running – literally and metaphoricallymetaphorically
We don’t pay enough for itWe don’t pay enough for it
We don’t design it in as a scarce VALUABLEWe don’t design it in as a scarce VALUABLE
Water sparing, disease resistant high yield Water sparing, disease resistant high yield cropscrops
Buildings that are water neutral…. Buildings that are water neutral….
Desalination………..IFDesalination………..IF
Waste Water Energy SourcesWaste Water Energy Sources
Waste Water ReUse - agricultureWaste Water ReUse - agriculture
New Urban Design – the cell phone not the New Urban Design – the cell phone not the landline.landline.
Great New IdeasGreat New Ideas(the world we need to create)(the world we need to create)
‘
We also need to recycle and re-use We also need to recycle and re-use water: we are starting to talk water: we are starting to talk
The New Waste Water WorldThe New Waste Water World– Technologies that create ‘cascading use’ – Technologies that create ‘cascading use’ –
clean water for drinking and personal use,clean water for drinking and personal use,cascading down to grey water which can be ‘cleaned enough’ for cascading down to grey water which can be ‘cleaned enough’ for agricultural, urban, and industrial use agricultural, urban, and industrial use which can be ‘cleaned enough’ for recycling or environmental which can be ‘cleaned enough’ for recycling or environmental recharge etcrecharge etcSewage, either harvested for energy and/or nutrients then ‘cleaned Sewage, either harvested for energy and/or nutrients then ‘cleaned enough’ for agricultural or environmental use.enough’ for agricultural or environmental use.
– Filters, energy sparing devices, re-use devices, reed bed Filters, energy sparing devices, re-use devices, reed bed examples examples
– ““As small as possible – as big as necessary”: As small as possible – as big as necessary”: collection of existing prototypes and development of new designs for collection of existing prototypes and development of new designs for small cities and urban units. small cities and urban units. mosaic of modules in the cities, not uniform design types.mosaic of modules in the cities, not uniform design types.
;;
Modular installationsModular installations – Replace city wide trunk and branch systems in not-served (and Replace city wide trunk and branch systems in not-served (and
refurbishment) areas; refurbishment) areas; – Acceptance of Acceptance of a mosaic of methods a mosaic of methods – adoption of the idea of ‘getting started’ with an initial module,)adoption of the idea of ‘getting started’ with an initial module,)
Collection and piping systems that allow “Collection and piping systems that allow “like sewage/like like sewage/like wastewater” to be collected and treatedwastewater” to be collected and treated – opens doors to ecosystem, small scale and biological methodsopens doors to ecosystem, small scale and biological methods– new high tech, even energy harvesting methods.new high tech, even energy harvesting methods.
Treatment which corresponds to the next use of the waterTreatment which corresponds to the next use of the water, , – aquifer or river recharge, aquifer or river recharge, – agricultural or agricultural or – industrial use.industrial use.– ““just clean enough”, just clean enough”, – Nutrients saved, health better protected and costs cut deeply. Nutrients saved, health better protected and costs cut deeply.
Mechanisms we needMechanisms we need
– Financial mechanisms – taxes, subsidies, Financial mechanisms – taxes, subsidies, concessions, etc. to encourage the extraction concessions, etc. to encourage the extraction of resources from wastewater (when of resources from wastewater (when Wastewater is seen as a resource, the Wastewater is seen as a resource, the incentive package changes)incentive package changes)
– lending and capital market financing for new lending and capital market financing for new solutionssolutions
– research awards for solutions now: getting research awards for solutions now: getting pathogens out of sewage and leaving pathogens out of sewage and leaving nutrients nutrients
It is clear that this has to be part of It is clear that this has to be part of the solution….the solution….
Speaking about the unspokenSpeaking about the unspoken
Wastewater irrigation is common in 3 of 4 Wastewater irrigation is common in 3 of 4 cities in developing countriescities in developing countries
Ca. 20 million ha are irrigated with raw or Ca. 20 million ha are irrigated with raw or diluted wastewater (10% of Asia; 2 x Africa)diluted wastewater (10% of Asia; 2 x Africa)
Another part of the solution…
Moving research into practice to Moving research into practice to improve health outcomes….improve health outcomes….
Facilitating the impactpathway
towardsadoption of safer irrigation practices
Raises difficult questions…Raises difficult questions…bioresearch areasbioresearch areas
1.1. Safe and productive use of wastewaterSafe and productive use of wastewaterField level action research to enhance food Field level action research to enhance food
safetysafety
2.2. Integration of urban development, agriculture Integration of urban development, agriculture and the environmentand the environment
Modelling up- and downstream impacts of citiesModelling up- and downstream impacts of cities
3.3. Institutional capacity building for sustainable Institutional capacity building for sustainable urban water resources managementurban water resources management
Multi-stakeholder processes and policy supportMulti-stakeholder processes and policy support
To make the invisible risksTo make the invisible risks visiblevisible
Good Science needed nowGood Science needed now.. ‚ ‚