Water Quality Sediment Pruitt - wots.el.erdc.dren.milwots.el.erdc.dren.mil/webinar/31OCt-WQ-Monitor.pdfay) kton Bioma 3) y ll a Phytoplank) n ction Coef a nic Carbon s phorus o gen

Fundamentals of Water Quality & Sediment Monitoring

Bruce A. Pruitt, PhD, PH, PWS, , ,Research Ecologist

Engineer Research and Development Center

Environmental LaboratoryEnvironmental Laboratory

Ecological Resources Branch

31 October 2013

Water Operations Technical Support

Webinar Outline / ObjectivesWebinar Outline / Objectives

Water Quality / Sediment Monitoring in Your Plan The Driver – Hydrology Water Quality Conditions and Sediment Yield Erosion and Sediment Processes Importance of Water Quality (Background) Water Quality / Sediment Monitoring in Your Plan Incorporation of Water Quality / Sediment Monitoring in Conceptual

Modeling (Correspondence with Objectives, Hypotheses, Tasks, and P d t )Products)

Pathogen / Sediment Case Study Corps Water Quality Guidance

R i d Rewind

Innovative solutions for a safer, better worldBUILDING STRONG®

ESTABLISH PROJECT DELIVERY TEAM DEVELOP GOALS & OBJECTIVES

orta

nt

FORMULATE TESTABLE HYPOTHESES APPROPRIATE TO EACH OBJECTIVE

CRAFT CONCEPTUAL MODEL

IDENTIFY SCALE (B d W t h d A t d P j t A )

Mos

t Im

poSt

ep

CONDUCT RECONNAISSANCEIDENTIFY SURROGATES

BASELINE MONITORINGSTRATIFY BY

ECOREGION MLRA CORPS DISTRICT OTHER

IDENTIFY SCALE (Bound Watershed, Assessment and Project Area)

PHYSIOGRAPHY

(RAPID ASSAYS)

ESTABLISH BACKGROUND CONDITIONS

STRATIFY BY PROJECT SCALE

WATERSHEDSTREAM REACH

SHORELINE LENGTH

ECOSYSTEM AREA

IDENTIFY SUCCESS CRITERIA & PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

ESTABLISH SAMPLE STATIONS

LONG-TERM MONITORING

DEVELOP QA/QC PLAN

IDENTIFY PARAMETERS OF INTEREST

SUPPORTIVE OF DECISION-MAKING (What is the

Question?)

STATISTICAL AND/OR

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS PLAN

IDENTIFY RAPID ASSAYS OF CONDITION /SUCCESSConductEstablish


STATISTICAL AND/OR MODEL ANALYSESSynthesize Conclusions

Why Stratify/Classify? Great variety of aquatic ecosystems in United States Great variety of aquatic ecosystems in United States

Narrows the focus to a group of aquatic ecosystems that function similarly making it possible to:

Reduce the level of natural variability that must be considered Identify and assess the functions most likely to be performed Simplify the development of models Reduce the amount of data that must be collected and analyzed Reduce the amount of data that must be collected and analyzed

Why Step Phasing? Facilitates Adaptive Monitoring for intensive or long-term studies Facilitates Adaptive Monitoring for intensive or long term studies Promotes stratified systematic or random sampling Reduces the amount of data that must be collected and analyzed Establishes surrogates / proxies / metrics for correspondence with direct

th t b t l t d d li d t th t h d / timeasures that can be extrapolated and applied to other watersheds / aquatic ecosystems Identifies boundary conditions of model segments Expedites and reduces cost of study


p y

HydrologyHydrologyW t h dW t h d S lS lWatershed Watershed ScaleScale


Watershed Yield Varies with:1. Size, Shape, and Orientation of the Watershed2. Size, Landscape Position and Watershed

Position of Active Floodplains/Wetlands3 Drainage Net ork Patterns Dentritic Parallel3. Drainage Network Patterns – Dentritic, Parallel,

Trellis, Retangular, Angular, Contorted4. Land Use – Forested, Road Density,

Silviculture/Agriculture, Commercial/Residential Development, etc.p


Stormflow Production from a Small Vegetated Watershed


(Variable Source Area Concept)

STORM HYDROGRAPHSLag Time or

Rain EventLag Time or

Hydrologic ResponseG

E RecessionLimb

Q o

r STA

G LimbRising

Limb

Q Baseflow

TIME


TIMETime of Rise

HYPOTHETICAL WATERSHED RESPONSE, STORM HYDROGRAPHS

NATURAL WATERSHED

URBAN OR ALTERED WATERSHEDST

AG

E

NATURAL WATERSHED

Delayed Flow

Q o

r S

TIME


HillslopeHillslope Hydrology: Geomorphic Position, Water Source, Hydrology: Geomorphic Position, Water Source, HydrodynamicsHydrodynamics

atio

n

ULD

ER

SLO

PESUMMIT BACKSLOPE TOESLOPE Geomorphic Position

Evapotranspiration

Pre

cipi

ta

SHO

U

FOO

TS

Evapotranspiration

rcol

atio

n

Direct Precipitation onto Saturated Areas

Direct Precipitation onto Stream Channel

Infiltration

Per

Groundwater Saturated Return Flow

S b f Fl

Flood Events

Groundwater Flow

Subsurface Flow(Seepage)

Innovative solutions for a safer, better worldBUILDING STRONG®HGM ClassificationUPLAND FLOODPLAIN STREAM

GROUND WATER

Capture and re-routing of Subsurface Interflow

Effects:1) Reduces delayed flow2) Routes surface water &

sediment rapidly down road ditch, to a concave feature (e.g., ephemeral stream), and ultimately a perennial stream

3) “Starves” downslope riparian zone / wetlands of water source


Hydrology to Sediment T tTransport

Bridging the Gap


RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HILLSLOPE HILLSLOPE AND AND EROSIONEROSION1) Shear Stress

τ = γ d cos θ sin θ

τ = shear stressγ = specific weight of water

d = mean depth of flowθ = local slope angle

Appling-Cecil

2) R = Shear resistance of soil surface horizon

Eolian (wind blown)

Pacolet-MadisonD idDavidson

Congaree-Chewacla-

Colluvial Alluvial

Congaree-Chewacla-Alluvial LandShear Stress <

Shear ResistanceShear Stress >Shear Resistance

Mass WastingMass Wasting DepositionDepositionLow Low ErosionErosion

Illuvial


Bed mat’l particle size Natural Channel PlanformChanges Down Valley

Stream dischargeStream discharge

Mean VelocityMean VelocityIn

crea

seMean VelocityMean Velocity

SlopeSlope

SourceSource TransportTransport SinkSink

StoredStored AlluviumAlluvium

Rosgen ClassA, D B, C, E C, F, DA

Stored Stored AlluviumAlluvium

Channel WidthChannel Width

Incr

ease

Channel DepthChannel Depth


Drainage Area (~Downstream Distance)

River Continuum Concept (Vannote et al. 1980)

PO

M

P/R < 1 Shredders1

Sou

rce

Dould

er

CPP/R < 1

VascularVascularH d oph tesH d oph tes

PeriphytonPeriphyton

Shredders

Collectors

Predators

Grazers2

)Sedi

men

t S

A, B

, D

Cob

ble/

B

P/R = 1

HydrophytesHydrophytes

ShreddersCollectors

3

4

der

(195

2)

993)

S

994)

Estri

buti

on

rave

l

PO

M

P/R 1

PeriphytonPeriphyton

Shredders

PredatorsGrazers

5

6ra

hle

r O

rd

rim

ble

(19

nkRos

gen

(19

C, F

,

e Si

ze D

is

Sand

/Gr

FP

Ph t l ktPh t l ktCollectors

7

8

StTr

dim

ent

SinR

A

Par

ticl

t/C

lay

P/R > 1

PhytoplanktonPhytoplanktonPredators9

10

Sed

C, F

, DA

Sand

/Sil


ZooplanktonZooplankton11

12

SEDIMENT LOAD DEFINITIONA

DEN

DED

LO

A

WASHLOAD

SUSP

DLO

AD TOTAL SEDIMENT LOAD = SUSPENDED LOAD + BEDLOAD

BED WASHLOAD = FINE PARTICLE FRACTION OF THE BEDLOAD THAT IS

SUSPENDED DURING STORM EVENTS(USUALLY THE SILT/CLAY FRACTION)

LOAD CALCULATION: M = Q X C


LOAD CALCULATION: M = Q X C

Hydrology to Sediment: Bridging the Gap with a Metric

Effective Discharge

Transport X Frequency

Transport Rateency

Transport Rate

or F

requ

Frequency

Rat

e

Discharge


Hypothetic Relationship Between Effective or Bankfull Dischargeand Cumulative Sediment Transport (Wolman and Miller 1960)

Importance ofImportance ofW t Q litW t Q litWater QualityWater Quality


I t d ti f ti

Factors affecting aquatic ecosystems depicted at trophic levels

Hydrology/Hydraulics

Desiccation20

Introduction of exotics

Harvesting Game Species

H d l i M difi ti

Bedforms/Habitat

Consumers:Fish, Wildlife,

Humans

Hydrologic ModificationsImpoundmentsDitching/DrainingConsumptive Use

Dissolved Oxygen

Bedforms/Habitat

Bed Mat’l/Substrate

10 Consumers:benthic Invertebrates,

zooplankton, some fish

Habitat DisruptionPhysical AlterationsAccelerated Sedimentation

Light PenetrationProducers: Algae, macophytes,

WQ ImpairmentOrganic EnrichmentNutrient Enrichment Dissolved Oxygen

TemperatureTerrestrial, plant leaf litter,bacteria, detritus

Nutrient EnrichmentToxics/Contaminants

Dissolved Oxygen


Pruitt 2010

Types of Trophic States in Reservoirs and Lakes

Trophic State Water Quality Characteristics

Types of Trophic States in Reservoirs and Lakes

Oligotrophic Clear waters with extreme clarity, low nutrient concentrations, little organic matter or sediment, and minimal biological activity.

Mesotrophic Waters with moderate nutrient concentrations and , therefore, p , ,more biological productivity. Waters may be lightly clouded by organic matter, sediment, suspended solids or algae.

Eutrophic Waters extremely rich in nutrient concentrations, with high biological productivity Waters clouded by organic matterbiological productivity. Waters clouded by organic matter, sediment, suspended solids, and algae. Some species may be eliminated.

Hypereutrophic Very mucky, highly productive waters due to excessive nutrient loading. Many clearwater species cannot survive.


Pruitt 2010

General Ranges of Primary Productivity of Phytoplankton and RelatedCharacteristics of Lakes of Different Trophic Categories

c) tivity

ss ton

ficie

nts

tate

( -tr

ophi

mar

y Pr

oduc

tD

ay)

kton

Bio

mas

3 ) yll a Ph

ytop

lank

t) nc

tion

Coe

ff

anic

Car

bon

spho

rus

ogen

gani

c So

lids

Trop

hic

St

Mea

n Pr

im(m

g C

/m2 /D

Phyt

opla

n(m

g C

/ m

3

Chl

orop

hy(m

g/m

3 )

Dom

inan

t (-p

hyce

ae)

Ligh

t Ext

in(ŋ

/ m

)

Tota

lOrg

a(m

g/L)

Tota

l Pho

s(µ

g / L

)

Tota

l Nitr

o(µ

g / L

)

Tota

l Ino

r g(m

g/L)

Oligo- 50-300 20-100 0.3-3 Chryso- 0.05-1.0 <1-3 <1-5 <1-250 2-15

Meso- 250-1000 100-300 2-15 Bacillario- 0.1-2.0 <1-5 10-30 250-600 100-500

Eu- > 1000 > 300 10-500 Cyano- 0.5-4.0 5-30 30-5000 500-15000 400-600

TrophicState

Secchi Disk Depth (m)Average (Range)

Oligotrophic 9.9 (5.4 – 28.3)


Pruitt 2010

Mesotrophic 4.2 (1.5 – 8.1)

Eutrophic 2.45 (0.8 – 7.0)

R dfi ld R ti (D l d f D O )

Nutrient LimitationRedfield Ratio (Developed for Deep Oceans)C:N:P = 106:16:1Freshwater SystemsN:P > 10, Phosphorus-limited system, p yN:P < 10, Nitrogen-limited systemIn general,Eastern water bodies: P-limitedWestern water bodies: N limitedWestern water bodies: N-limited

Why is P limited in lakes?1. Weathering of rock and parent material releases little

bi l i ll il bl h h t t d l kbiologically available phosphorus to streams and lakes (exception – many western physiographies).

2. Root zone in riparian zone intercepts and retains most soluble P.

3. Rainfall contains very little P (no gaseous phase in P-cycle).4. Any soluble PO4 released into water is rapidly adsorbed onto

particles or precipitated with other cpds


Fe

OH2OH2

Geothite

Ortho-P

Aquatic Chemistry

Fe

O P

OO

OOP

OO

OO

Fe

F

O +Anaerobic Conditions

Nutrient Spiraling

Ortho P

OH2

( ) ( ) ( )Pb+Cd+

Fe

OH2

(-) (-) (-)

( ) ( ) ( )

Net Negative Charge = High Cation Exchange Capacity or MetalSequestration

Si+4

Si+4

Al+3

(-) (-) (-)

O

Clay Phyllosilicate (e.g., mica, vermiculite)

q

H d d t ChO

OM - - OH

OM - C - OHpH-dependent Charge

Low pH OM - C - OH2+ Ortho-P

-2

O

Innovative solutions for a safer, better worldBUILDING STRONG®Organic Matter Functional Groups

High pHOM - C - O - Metals, NO3+

Data AcquisitionData AcquisitionFl i l S di tFl i l S di tFluvial SedimentFluvial Sediment


INTEGRATED SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SAMPLER

1) DEPLOY 1) DEPLOY DHDH--59 59 @ PRE@ PRE--SELECTED INTERVALS CROSSSELECTED INTERVALS CROSS

STREAMSTREAM

2) COMPOSITE VERTICAL2) COMPOSITE VERTICALWATER COLUMN EVENLYWATER COLUMN EVENLYWATER COLUMN EVENLYWATER COLUMN EVENLY

3) ANALYZE FOR NTU (on3) ANALYZE FOR NTU (on--site),site),TSS, and WASHLOAD (lab)TSS, and WASHLOAD (lab)TSS, and WASHLOAD (lab)TSS, and WASHLOAD (lab)


BEDLOAD SAMPLINGBEDLOAD SAMPLING(32 lb. with 3” orifice)1) SELECT BEDLOAD SAMPLER

2) DEPLOY BL-84 @ PRE-

1) SELECT BEDLOAD SAMPLERSIZE BASED ON ANTICIPATEDSTREAM PSD

) @SELECTED INTERVALS CROSSSTREAM

3) TIME DEPLOYMENT ON EQUAL) QFREQUENCY @ EACH INTERVAL(USUALLY 20 MINS. TOTAL)



Cable-Weigh SystemWith Bedload SamplerWith Bedload Sampler



Sub-Bottom Profiling

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiling1) Measures velocity at multiple levels1) Measures velocity at multiple levels2) Can be calibrated to measure suspended sediment


Case Study 1:Case Study 1:P th / S di t St dP th / S di t St dPathogen / Sediment StudyPathogen / Sediment Study


Pathogen Source(s) (1)

South Fork Broad River Sediment/Pathogenic Flow Conceptual Model(Pathways in red of primary interest; numbers coincide with hypotheses/objectives/tasks)

g ( ) ( )

Overland Flow (3)Infiltrate

Soil Matrix Retention and/or

Food Chain Uptake (2)

I t flSoil Matrix Retention and/or Death (4)

Concentrated Surface Water Flow

Interflow

Groundwater Recharge

Ephemeral (5)(expanding source area)

Perennial-1st Order (6)

South Fork Broad River

S d d L d BedloadBaseflow

S d d L d BedloadStormflow

(7)(9) Suspended Load BedloadSuspended Load Bedload

Wash Load Fluvial Load

Storage

(7)(9)

Pools


Bed Materialg

- Particle size analysis(both mineral & organic fractions)- Clay/Fe minerals- Nutrient Relationship

(8) Riffles

Runs

CM No Obj ti LOE P i it

Project Objectives

CM No. Objective LOE Priority

1 Determine pathogen taxa & concentration – Source(s) Mod High

2 Determine direct food chain uptake High Low3 Determine transport via overland flow High Mod4 Establish removal via infiltration [soil matrix] Mod Low

5 Identify pathogens in concentrated flow – Ephemeral Flow High High

6 Identify pathogens in concentrated flow – Perennial Flow Mod High

7 Determine suspended load & pathogen concentration during baseflow conditions

Mod High

8 Establish pathogen sinks in bedforms (pools vs. riffles vs. runs)

Mod High

9 Determine suspended, bed, wash load & pathogen concentration during stormflow conditions

High High

CM No. = Conceptual Model Number; LOE = Level of Effort


CM No. Hypothesis (Landscape/Stream-Reach Scale) Priority

1 Pathogen taxa & concentration can be determined at the source (can we discriminate High

Testable Hypotheses

1 Pathogen taxa & concentration can be determined at the source (can we discriminate between various sources)

High

2 Food chain uptake of pathogens can be established Low

3 Pathogens can be identified in overland flow surface water High

4 Pathogens can be retained in the soil matrix & removed from the biosphere Low

5 Pathogens can be identified in ephemeral concentrated flow High

6 Pathogens can be identified in perennial concentrated flow High

7a Pathogens can be identified during baseflow conditions in the water column of the SFBR High7a Pathogens can be identified during baseflow conditions in the water column of the SFBR (seasonal variability possible)

High

7b Pathogens can be identified during baseflow conditions in the sediment of the SFBR (seasonal variability possible)

High

8 Pathogens can be identified in the bed material; Pathogens are stored in different concentrations depending on bedform type organic & mineral fractions

Highconcentrations depending on bedform type, organic & mineral fractions

9 Same as 7a and 7b during stormflow conditions; can we discriminate between organic & mineral fractions in fluvial sediment

Mod

CM No. Hypothesis (Watershed Scale) Priority1 3 5 There is a relationship between location of stored pathogens and sources (e g Point and Mod1, 3, 5, 6 8

There is a relationship between location of stored pathogens and sources (e.g., Point and Non-Point Sources, GIS land use vs. concentration/taxa, etc.)

Mod

1, 3, 5, 6,9 8

There is distance limit from the pathogen source High

1, 3, 5, 6,9 8

There is a source dependent relationship the pathogen type and transport down stream Mod


6,9 8

CM No. = Conceptual Model Number

Priority CM No Task (Recommended Stepwise Order) LOE

Tasks / Deliverables

Priority CM No. Task (Recommended Stepwise Order) LOE1 7, 8 Characterize (physical) a representative reach to establish geomorphic features and

sediment properties at each specified sample pointHigh

1 7, 8 & 9 Sample water column & sediment in bedforms within representative reach for specificpathogens & markers

High

1 1, 2, 3, 4 Collect soil samples at the source (baseflow vs. stormflow) for specific pathogens & markers

Mod

2 7, 8 Establish means of discriminating between “free” bacteria in sediment water vs. attached (e.g., whole cores extraction, pore water, etc.)

High

CM No. Product/Deliverable Time Frame1 thru 6 Identify major sources/sinks, transport pathway(s), mechanism(s) & fate of pathogens of

concernLT

7 & 9 Establish relationship b/t turbidity & stage (including seasonal variation) ST/LT

1 thru 6 Develop correspondence b/t landuse & Pathogen location and concentration ST

7 & 9 Establish relationship b/t TSS or SSC & turbidity ST/LT

7 8 & 9 Develop test & validate surrogates for bedload LT7, 8 & 9 Develop, test & validate surrogates for bedload LT

7, 8 & 9 Develop correspondence b/t sediment yield & stream condition LT

7, 8 & 9 Compare sediment yield against available sediment databases LT


CM No. = Conceptual Model Number; LT = Long Term; ST = Short Term;TSS = Total Suspended Solids; SSC = Suspended Sediment Concentration

Case Study 2:Case Study 2:Ch tt Ri S di t /Ch tt Ri S di t /Chattooga River Sediment /Chattooga River Sediment /

Ecological InvestigationEcological Investigationg gg g



OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES Develop Sediment Protocol for Sampling and Data Analysis

Integrate Sediment Protocol with Aquatic Ecologyq gy

Develop Standards Protective of Stream Functions and Beneficial Uses


SEDIMENT SAMPLING DESIGNSEDIMENT SAMPLING DESIGNPROJECT GOAL

IDENTIFY SPECIFIC DEFINE

(Phase 1 Stratification and Classification)

IDENTIFY SPECIFICOBJECTIVES

DEFINEHYPOTHESIS

IDENTIFY STUDY(S)

STRATIFY STREAMS(S ) CO G O

IDENTIFY TARGET POPULATION

AREA (S)

IDENTIFY BUDGETARYCONSTRAINTS

BY (SUB)ECOREGION

STRATIFY STREAMREACHES BY CLASSCONSTRAINTS

CONDUCT LITERATUREREVIEW

STRATIFY STREAMREACHES BY RBP

REACHES BY CLASS

REVIEW

REMOTE ASSESSMENT INTRASTRATA VARIATIONWITHIN TOLERANCE ?NO

YES

GOTO


WITHIN TOLERANCE ? GOTOPHASE 2

STRATIFY BY RAPID BIOASSESSMENT PROTOCOL (RBP)(RBP)

Assessed 59 Sites(3 ID’ed as Reference)

Very Good Good

17 Metrics Tested(5 Sensitive to Sed.

Impairment –

Fair Poor

V PImpairment –EPT, %EPT, %Dom Taxa,

NCBI, Clingers

Very Poor


SEDIMENT SAMPLING DESIGN(Phase 2: Project Sampling Design)(Phase 2: Project Sampling Design)

FROM PHASE 1RANDOMLY SELECT

SAMPLE POPULATIONWITHIN EACH STRATA

DEFINE SAMPLING &MONITORING FRAMEWORK

PHYSICOCHEMICAL

BIOLOGICALGEOMORPHOLOGICAL

CONDUCT INTERDISCIPLINARY

HYDROLOGICAL

STUDIES

SEDIMENTOLOGICAL

DATA REDUCTION &INTERPRETATION Results and Conclusions


INTERPRETATION Results and Conclusions

In-Situ SEDIMENT SUSPENDED LOAD SAMPLING

SINGLE-STAGE SAMPLER/MULTIPARAMETER PROBE

AUTOMATED, STAGE-ACTUATED SAMPLER



Selection of Background Sediment Dataset

10000

Chattahoochee ChestateeSoque Power (Chestatee)Power (Chattahoochee) Power (Soque)

1000

100

SSC

(mg/

l)

10

1


0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Q/Qmean

10000SC01 SSCSC02 WF08WW02A R2 POOR

1000

WW02A R2WW01 WW03WW05 WW08WW09 SC07WF02 WF03WF09 WF12WF10 WF11upper95% low er95% FAIR

POOR(m

g/l)

upper95% low er95%Pow er (SSC)

FAIR

BIOLO

Threshold of Biological Impairment = 284 mg/l

100

TSS

or S

SC (

GOOD

OGICAL

Margin of Safety = 58 mg/l

y = 58.30x1.37

R2 = 0.6610

VERY

INDE

1

GOODEX


0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000Q/Qmean

Historic regional data (SSC) from USGS Station 02331000 (Chattahoochee River @ Leaf, GA)

FIGURE 4. TOTAL SEDIMENT RATING CURVE (All Stations)

10000.00

y = 0.1518x1.2233

R2 = 0.6406100.00

1000.00

DIM

ENT

q. m

i.)

1 00

10.00

TOTA

L SE

Don

s/da

y/sq

0.10

1.00

1 10 100 1000

T (t

DISCHARGE (cfs)


y = 0.7397e1.1629x

R2 = 0 8447R = 0.8447

300

350

400AD

.m

i.)SC01

150

200

250

OTA

L LO

Ans

/day

/sq

0

50

100

0 2 4 6 8 10

TO(t

on SC02

WF08WW02AR2

ROAD DENSITY

Road density = Length of road divided by the corresponding watershed area


Develop the Surrogate!

SOLUBLE REACTIVE PHOSPHORUS vs. TSS

SRP vs. TSS (Biger Creek)Develop the Surrogate!

607080

/l)

15 453 9 6823304050

RP (u

g/

y = 15.453x + 9.6823R2 = 0.9964

01020SR

0 1 2 3 4 5

TSS (mg/l)


TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS vs. TURBIDITYD l th S t !

10000

Develop the Surrogate!

y = 1.33x1.18

R2 0 84

1000

mg/

l)

R2 = 0.84

10

100

TSS

(m

10.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.00.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0

TURBIDITY (NTU)


Big Blue Lake (Southwest)

005101520253035

Temperature (degC), Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) and pH

Big Blue Lake (Southwest)

0

10

20

30 h (ft

)

40

50

60

Dep

th

70

Temperature (C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) pH (Std. Units)


CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Good Correspondence Observed Between Biological Index and Normalized Suspended Load

[TSS] > 284 mg/l Adversely Affected Aquatic Biological StructureBiological Structure

[TSS] < 58 mg/l During Stormflow Provides Adequate MOS (Protective of Aquatic Life and Supportive of Beneficial Uses)

Corresponding Turbidity Limits of 69 and 22 NTUs Establish the Thresholds of BiologicalNTUs Establish the Thresholds of Biological Impairment and MOS, Respectively


RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

• DEVELOP NUMERIC STANDARDS THAT INTEGRATE TOTAL SEDIMENT LOADING AND BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS

• BASE STANDARDS ON DISCHARGE AND/OR STAGE UTILIZING A SLIDING SCALE (DIMN SED RATING CURVE BIO SEDSLIDING SCALE (DIMN. SED. RATING CURVE, BIO-SED CURVE)

• ESTABLISH SURROGATES: TSS vs. NTU; BEDLOAD vs. 1/3 LOWER BAR; EMBEDDEDNESS vs. BEDLOAD; SEDLOAD vs. PFANKUCH; SEDLOAD vs. BANK STABILITY

• IDENTIFY SOURCES AND SINKS• IDENTIFY SOURCES AND SINKS

• IMPLEMENT REGS, POLICY, BMP’s, AND RESTORATION PROTECTIVE OF STREAM FUNCTION AND BENEFICIAL USES


REWIND

1. Understand the question, need, and the decision that needs to be made.

2 Identify goals and objectives formulate testable hypotheses and2. Identify goals and objectives, formulate testable hypotheses, and develop a water quality and sediment monitoring plan which supports the decision-making process

3. Project scale, stratification, classification4. Conceptual model5. Hydrologic and aquatic geochemical processes ~ water quality,

sediment issues, and development of a monitoring plan6 Correspondence between direct measures and laboratory analyses and6. Correspondence between direct measures and laboratory analyses and

surrogates7. Other


Suggested References

1. Horne, A.J. and C.R. 1994. Goldman. Limnology, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc.

2. Dunne, T. and L.B. Leopold. 1978. Water in Environmental Planning. W.H. , p gFreeman and Co.

3. Davis, R.A. Jr. 1992. Depositional Systems: An Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 2nd Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

4 Maidment D R Ed 1993 Handbook of Hydrology McGraw Hill Inc4. Maidment, D.R. Ed. 1993. Handbook of Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, Inc.5. Stumm, W. and J.J. Morgan.1981. Aquatic Chemistry: An Introduction

Emphasizing Chemical Equilibra in Natural Waters, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.

6. Pankow, J.F. 1991. Aquatic Chemistry Concepts. Lewis Publishers, Inc.7. Keith, L.H. 1988. Principles of Environmental Sampling. ACS Professional

Reference Book, American Chemical Society.8 Gilbert R O 1987 Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution8. Gilbert, R.O. 1987. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution

Monitoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold.9. Chapra, S.C. 1997. Surface Water-Quality Modeling. Waveland Press, Inc.10.Martin, J.L. and S.C. McCutcheon. 1999. Hydrodynamics and Transport for


Water Quality Modeling. CRC Press.

Acknowledgementsg

► Water Operations Technical Support (WOTS)

► Colleagues, esp. Sarah Miller, Kyle McKay, Jock Conyngham, Craig Fi h i hFischenich

► Very special thanks to Courtney Chambers


Questions and Feedback

Presentation recording:htt // l d il/ t / t ht l

Q

http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/wots/wots.html

Next Presentation: 7 November 2013, 10:30AM: Geomorphic, Hydrologic and Hydraulic Surveys, Sarah Miller, ERDC-EL

Contact InformationB P ittBruce [email protected]


Documents

Water Quality Sediment Pruitt - wots.el.erdc.dren.milwots.el.erdc.dren.mil/webinar/31OCt-WQ-Monitor.pdfay) kton Bioma 3) y ll a Phytoplank) n ction Coef a nic Carbon s phorus o gen