EIFAC Technical Paper No. 30 EIFAC/T30

WATER QUALITY CRITERIAFOR EUROPEAN FRESHWATER FISH

Report on cadmium and freshwater fish

k Al with the cooperation of theVIPS United Nations Environment Programme

EUROPEAN INLAND FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMISSIONFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

EUROPEAN INLAND FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMISSION (EIFAC)

El FAC documents are issued in two series:

EIFAC Technical Paper

Selected scientific and technical papers, including sonne of those contributedas working documents to sessions of the Commission or its sub-commissions.Published in English and French.

El FAC Occasional Paper

Papers of general interest to the Commission. Published in the language sub-mitted, either English or French.

Copies of these documents can be obtained from:

SecretaryEuropean Inland Fisheries Advisory CommissionDepartment of FisheriesFAOVia delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, Italy

REPORT ON CADMIUM AND FRESHWATER FISH

Prepared by

EIFAC Working Party on Water Quality Criteria

for European Freshwater Fish

he cooperation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 1977

EIFAC Technical Paper No. 30 EIFAC/T30

The designations employed and the presentationot material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on thepart of the Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area orof its authorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers or boundaries.

M-43

ISBN 92-5-100297-5

The copyright in this book is vested in the Food and Agriculture Orga-nization of the United Nations. The book may not be reproduced, in wholeor in part, by any method or process, without written permission fromthe copyright holder. Applications for such permission, vvith a statemento che purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be addressedto the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1977

The background of this paper is described in the Foreword te the report itself. The 7),:pe,

was Prepared by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) Working Par7;,-: JrWater Quality Ci-iteria for European Freshwater Fish with the cooperation of the UnL-e-Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

The report ' bei:o icEued in this series where the first ten documents of the Workin,Teve publiaheds "Report on finely divided solids and inland fisheries", EIPAC Tech.Fp

21 10. 1964, "Roper.t on emtreme pH values and inland fisheries", EIFAC Tech.Pap., (4)4 si--).19683 "Report on water temperature and inland fisheries based main],y cli 31avonie li';--c,' ,2re',EIFAC Tech.Pap., (6):32 p., 1968; "List of literature on the effct of water tempezrr; :1fish'', EIFAC Tech.Pap., (8):8 p., 1969; "Report on ammonia and iland fisheries", El:2AGTech.Pap., 11)12 10.9 1970; "Report on monohydric phenols and i-Iland fisheries', EIFACTech.Pat., 15)19 p., 1972; "Report on dissolved oxygen and inlnd fsheries", ::::IFAC T-cl:Pape, (i9)210 p.9 1973; "Report on chlorine and freshwater fish", (2C:11 p., 1:)73; "R-_-on zinc and freehuater fish", EIFAC Tech.Pap., (21):22 p., 1973; 'Report on copper and f.,:water fidh", EIFAC Tech.Pap., (27):21 p., 1976.

Biblic 4c Entr rs

rAo Dspa2tment of noherieeFAO Regional FiFdievy OfficersSelector ET only

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

EIFAC Working Party on Water QualityCriteria for Etropean Freshwater Fish(1977)

EIFAC Tech.Pa7)., (30):21 p.

Report on cadmium and Le r fish

Water quali-4-. CaOraitni.

Frezilwatel' fish. Invel-rIes,plants. Aquatic IreeePzr,

(a)

Ib)

e

)

(j)

C ONTERT S

FOREWORD

SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Source of Cadmium

1.2 Chemistry of Cadmium in Freshwater

1.3 Analytical Methods

2. ACCUMULATION OF CADMTUM IN FISH TISSUES

2.1 Laboratory Experiments

2.2 Field Observations

3. LETHAL heill,CTS ON FISH

3.1 Mode of Action

3.2 Factors Affecting Lethal Levels

TemperatureDissolved oxygenpH valueHardnessSalinitySuspended solidsIntermittent exposure to potentially lethal concentrationsAcclimation to cadmiumFish behaviourJoint effect of cadmium and other pOisons

3.3 Summary of Toxicity Data

Acutely lethal values

Salmonid alevins and frySalmonid juveniles and adultsNon-salmonid fish

Long-term lethal values

Salmonid fishNon-salmonid fish

4. SUB-LETHAL EFFECTS ON FISH

5. FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON FISH

AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

6.1 Laboratory Tests

6.2 Field Studies

AQUATIC ALGAE AND MACROFETFES

8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

9, TENTATIVE WATER QUALITY C_ -A

10. REFERaJ,-

EIFAC/T30

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EIFAC/T30

Mr J.S. AlabasterDr W.K. BeschDr D. CalamariDr M. GrandeDr T.B. HasselrotMr R. LloydDr A.W. Lysak

After the Seventh Session, the EIFAC Working Party on Water Quality Criteria draftedreviews on dissolved oxygen, chlorine and zinc which were studied at its eleventh and twelfthmeetings held in Rome (15-17 January 1973) and Karlsruhe (25 May 1973), respectively. The

reports on dissolved oxygen, chlorine and zinc have been published as the seventh, eighth andninth reviews of this series 2/ and were approved by the Eighth Session of EIFAC (Aviemore,

Scotland, 1974) 12/. The Eighth Session gave priority to cadmium as the subject of the next

report. It recommended in addition (i) that all completed reports dhould be updated wherenecessary and offered to a publisher for printing in a single volume and (ii) that researohin the field to provide information essential for the formulation of water quality criteriaShould be encouraged by EIFAC.

After the Eighth Session, the EIFAC Working Party on Water Qu.q,lity Criteria drafted

reviews on copper and cadmium, which were studied at its fourteenth and fifteenth meetings

held in Oslo (20-21 May 1975) and Helsinki (9-10 June 1976), respectively. ri;he report on

copper and freshwater fish was published as the tenth review of the series 2/ and approved

by the Ninth Session of EIFAC (Helsinki, 9-15 June 1976) 11/.

The eleventh review which follows is the one on cadmium and freshwater fish. For the

preparation of this report, the following experts were appointed to the EIFAC Working Party

on Water Quality Criteria:

rGnited

Kingdom), Convenerermany, Fed.Rep.)

(Italy)(Norwal(Sweden(United Kingdom), Rapporteur(Poland)

FAO Secretariat

Mr J.-L. Gaudet - Secretary of EIFAC

The Working Party used the same general basis for their work on which they eed

for the preparation of their first report that:

"Water quality criteria for freshwater fiSh Should ideally permit all steges inthe life cycles to be successfully completed and, in addition, dhould not produceconditions in a river water which would either teint the fleah of the fish orcause them to avoid a stretch of river where they would otherwise be present, orgive rise to accumulation of deleterious substances in fiSh to such a degree thatthey are potentially harmful when consumed. Indirect factors like those affectingfiSh-food organisms must aleo be considered Should they prove to be important."

This report will be presented to the Tenth Session of EIFAC (Hamburg, Germany Fed.Rep.,June 1978).

ltra

12/ EIFAC Report, Eighth Session, 1975, p.1111/ EIFAC Report, Ninth Session, FAO Fidh.Repl, (178):p.7

EIFAC imo

Cadium usel in entsy ni eum1J. Liie are discharged tG surface 21-oshwat3re; natlzrel back-ronnd conctraio-ms ?re usually belo:i ',lel and higher levels haveteen found in polluted waters. A substatial pronorion of the cadmium in a river water isadsorbed onto solids in suspensi_on but only the soluble forms of cadmium are toxic to fish.The concentrations at which soluble cadmium 1;s presaat in natural and polluted waters areclose to the limito of meaeurement V210. this causes difficulties in defining and interpretingfield data. Little is known of the toxic action of cadmium -Lo fish. The metal is accumu-lated predominantly in tbe gills liver and kidney. but the significance of the levels foundto thei_rUnctioning of ti,..F2e organ2 is not clear eithou,:h there is some evidence that theosmore1datoly rol(, of ih ii1s end hijoey riay ce impaired. Cadmium io eloaly lost fromthe tissues when fish ereviously exposed to cmium are returned to clean water, but loadingcan occur in a short period or time causing death severa2 days later.

Acute asid chi-cric t ioity tests with sensitive species of fish have given conflictingresulte which may have caused by the variable ,11.d unusual concentration/response curveor errors in measuring concentrations of eoluble cadmium, Concentrations lethal after atleast 10 dayo exposure can be up to 100-fold '2_,-r.2E than those lethal in 2 to 4 days, and ifee threshold ixethel coneentratioa exists it is ill derined. Several environmental factorsinfluence the position aeed shape of the concentration/response curve. A decrease in waterhardness and dissolved oxygen and possibly in pH xelue, produces a lower LC50; changes interiv)c,, alinity may also affect cadmium toxicity.

Ths sensitivity of different spocies of fish is more variable for cadmium than for othercommon pollutanta but cemrarisons betweex Leta are difficult to make because of differencesin uater cuality Lnd exposure times. f he few species tested, salmonids are moresensitive than oypc4.nids (with the possible exception of carp) with pike occupying an inter-mediate position. JuTemile stages appear to be eh e more sens tive.

Few sule-lstol effects eT cadmiumspinal deormities and in-actierity of male broo!: troutincreased mortality.

Sslmoaid fish appear te be more sensitivebiota uhich have been tested Some rxociesC'-emrnamnn foscaruet appecr k. be co ecno:tive as

resistant, Some species of axuatic plante .,ero

*ihich are G1306 to theliml.te 2,1r thp suEvivelto lxe veY.y :-eLeista,Lx,

en observed. Mirrows have beex shown to develop. velooment of ova can be impai.e-Z- Increased

- in low concer,trations of cadmimm has led to

than those other components cf the aquaticimvertebrates such as Daphnia m.a andcalmonius, but most others are mad: more

1 more slowly in concentrations of cadmiumof fi oh, bat the majority of plants appear

:;11c txtno 0E 'Jhe i eh fe,m,_Ila 1J ertrface uaters polluted with cadmium.,

althoum 6hat br,7,mtl xboent from water6 where the cadmiumconontration uxs oexlCiictea to be I1Lixx2X1 G13 tic 1-)L0i::: of laboratory om:parimots. Minilews7;ere also 2omnd st conct_DtratloJlo 7-)reAlotud to in halmllec,3 to iainbol; trout. However, ritroro

Pollutod u'ittl cadmium also co.ntaiLL otner oollai;ants, aspocially heavy metals, mead altliouQhsome cf these halre been ,how.'e: to be edditive cadmil,m in their joint tomic acion, thereio some eviclenuc tham ciao -Day havc an Emi.ta:Lomi.,:tio effect.

Oti. the 'oasis uf e criti3e1 emEmlnotion G2 the c.,J;.leilable data (summarized in paras. 77-99)

te'itative c;a0rilk, be -oroon, se 2s1i.owsg

EIFAC/T30

x

Table 1

Approximate maximum annual 50 and 95 percentile concentrations ofsoluble cadmium (11g Gi/l) for freshwater fish. Adjustment should be made

for the presence of other harmful substances, low concentration ofdissolved orn and other species

r eatil

Values forcommon carp should be taken to be the same as those for rainbow trout pendingfurther data on longterm effects. The corresponding values for brown trout and pike appearto be about twice as high as those for rainbow trout while those for the more insensitivenonsalmonid fish such as perch (Table I) and minnow would be about thirty eight timeshigher.

The values in Table 1 should be decreased to allow for low concentration of dissolvedoxygen and for the presence of other poisons.

There is a need for reliable field data from polluted and unpolluted rivers and fromsemiartificial experimental aquatic ecosystems, to reinforce these criteria Such studiesare particularly necessary to establish the maximum concentrations associatea with flo-oxiling-populations of resistant coarse fish species, and the modifying effects of other pollutants,especially zinc, in the water.

The concentration of cadmium in the muscle of fish exposed for la iLs to 1 con-centrations of cadmium in the water under either laboratory or fiele_ c liti isvariable and can be between 1 and 1 000 times higher (on a dry weight b: -f.:) I 0.1

100 times higher (on a wet weight basis) than that in the water, i.e., <1 mg Gi/1:g muscle(dry weight) or <0.1 mg Gi/kg muscle (wet weight) of fish from water containing I u"7.; Gd 1.

The reasons for these wide differences are not known.

10 0.3 0.6 10 20

50 0.4 0.9 15 30

100 0.5 1.0 19 38

300 0.75 1.5 25 50

Water hardness (a) Rainbow trout (b) Perch

(mg/1 as CaCO3 50 percentile 95 percentile 50 percentile 95 P

EIFAC/T30

1. INITOTION

1.1 S=ce of Cadmium

Cadmium is a rare element and is usually found as an impurity in ores of othermetals, principally those of zinc. It is obtained as a byproduct in the refining of zincand copper, but small quantities can remain as impurities in these and other metals. It ispresent in low concentrations in soils, sandstones and shales from which it is leached onlyvery slowly into surface water (Bowen,1966) and is also present in some phosphate fertilizers.Because of its many industrial applications, chief among which is electroplating, it is oftenpresent in manufacturing industrial discharges. Other sources of surface water contaminationinclude rainfall with airborne particulate matter (e.g., from the burning of fossil fuels,including emission from vehicle exhausts), corrosion and erosion.

1.2 Chemistry of Cadmium in Freshwater

The chemical properties of cadmium are intermediate between those of zinc andmercury and consequently cadmium compounds are predominantly ionic in character. Cadmiumoccurs in the moderately electropositive oxidation state two in aqueous solution so that2+reduction cannot occur in water containing dissolved oxygen. The hydrated ion (Cd(H90)6 )

is stable in aqueous solution, is not readily hydrolyzed and is far less amphoteric than thecorresponding zinc ion. Organocadmium compounds (i.e., those with metalcarbon bonds) areknown but are far less important in the environment than those of mercury and are not stablein aqueous solution.

Cadmium car form a wide variety of soluble complexes. Complexation in freshwaterhas been estimated from stability constants published by Weber and Posselt (1970 andElder (1975), and has been studied experimentally using the specificion electrode byGardiner (1974a) and using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) by, for example, O'Shea (1972).The h-zmic complex is usually the most important in water containing organic matter (derivingeithc from decayed ve tation or from sewage effluent) but complexes with the carbonate,

chloride and hydroxide, and with chelating agents such as ethylenediamine tetra-acic aid (EDTA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA),may also be present. However, the free,uncompled ion can normally be e-:pected to predominate over cadmium complexes especiallyin unnolluted soft waters of relatively low pH value (Gardiner, 1974a).

The solubility of cadmium in natural waters and the rate of precipitation have beenstudj.ef,: by ueber and Posselt (1974) and Hem (1972). In aerobic natural waters the carbonatei3 usually les,st soluble salt at concentrations greater than 10 4g Cd/l, precipitation

the pH: _ Of approximately 8.5 to 11; where soluble cadmium is presentprincipaT. -oy whi the metal is removed from solution is by adsorption. The ten-

del-cy of jr::a,.fliu to cc-. esorbed on naturally occurring solids has been studied byG'ir(1974b). OFAMiUM j.0113 are adsorbed onto solid humic materials to a far greatere:::m-"; Than co olaT CP EdliCa particles. The reduction in the dissolved cadmium concen-tration observe biological sewage treatment (Oliver and CosgTove, 1974) is caused

To6.1, SKe_ rcor)ortion of the cad_mium transoorted.in rivers is

Yrjiliems i5;73). The distribution of cadmium in an eutrophic7)S2: ri/r,1,:.1SC11)5T ik-:;i:i Ei Ks7rer22 (1975).

, techniques used routinely for determining cadmium in natural7-at017-2 atordc absorbtion sl::ectromatry (LAS) usirr, conventional flame excitation(ZUwata ot 1971) and rrecsded if necsssary by solvent extraction and concentration,

.AS,;7jth ai,hia urnace (Rattonetti, 1974) and colorimetric methods (e.g.,kfierican Public Esalth Association, 1971). All should be capable of a detection limit ofat lzast 0.1 ;Lg/i under favouTable conditions but normally conventional AAS would be usedT:ha:2 The CUlMiUM conceatratioll is at least 5 to avoid breliminar:y solvent extraction.

the Eaviron:neat, *973),

--2

IFAC/T30

Other techlias u3ed have included ,l,S11, (Gardiner and, Stiff, 1975) which afsec has a detection

limit of appma.tely 0,1 1,,gA :-)ut is enerhtionolly ï1crJ. wsatrra acrivatiosX-ray fluoreecance; fluorimatry; flame shotomatry ,7.2d opticel s-oectrometry.

Coo.51asios f oadmirm ma eu.sweya of Easewasn and 75rth hnwioee frishwaters uncoutamiaated by aryLI70.01 220j. SOU.20.:Y1, 1fna metal aws nnhnal- between. 0,0-, '02:1J3

0.5 Pgill (Ewan:Fe:ehet aL, 1976

Because of difficulty both is maasurisr cadmiwm :t the careeitratioss serallyfound su water and in idewtifyiug Cho COZiti2 nelevaata to its ronlcil.y t) fish asa other aouaticorgawisms, pastioularly undes field conditions, much_ of hee sutillehod data co cadmpiun La ;!ater

ozy3 on other relevant water quality characteristics ore irsdocaare, Genparison between the

results of fiel ead laIoratory studios muor be made rat') case, In many satos the censor.-

twatioss usad in laboratory tests aro whll above the e_olubility asd ofrar tac nominal cow:cos-

t-nations used are no t checked by chemical analysis. Also, difTercmcec ir the yaltomosal between

making up tool solutions aud introduciug f=h ia static to-As asad fi 61:LP" !near rota:at-Ica time

in continuous flow tests, could result in differences= the chemical conditions to which thetest fish are es:posed.

2. ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM IN FISH TISSUES

Laboratory Experiments

Mount and Stephan (1967) using bluegill (LepoNis me,orochtrus) fourtd tile/6 C2JiMiUMaccumulated maximally in the kidney, liver, iH ma gu, te a ieSsei' ee:tout in the spleenbut not significantly in bone or muscle. The utal:e curves radicated that within O to60 days equilibria were established betwoon the concent7atioll cf cadmiutn ir the water asadthose in the tissue. Equilibria were also foir_ld to °cm.' aft:r about 2 ropoths in bluesilland largemouth bass ticro- terne salmoides 'oacoley asad Coielflan, 1374) aDr_s in fiagfish(Jordanella florida ) Spehar, 1976).

Similar 2 :1t2- have beEo obtaiaed bi '.17.411r12 (1C'72) wnyug reenbow trout 1aioaiamni), (-1)1Eri relci (lh seriar_ roe n 'fen- %nem: t- fl0 wr Ch1/1. Yryterhal-ayl os 320 lacA

z=v:)do7c and wt, :nztal wo

orgers with :equilibrium 7.7,aohd a4tea 1T'W dr7e, 7,e ¡nears-) fra. ce he; 7 q2C..;

about 30-fold ar the ble,a aid hifir (0,12 te JL1-.fold in the hidney (0,i7 to 160r. nc 'doremtreti,.eaF, cho oa ele rrcob,enyt0,030 mg ca/hg, Those ;ash wara ansaroAly n gmh: hher whc fa La 7E1'. ,CSt/2=77- i;17)

cIesa conoastratioss ef occonirm h- "7.0 ,.-reeiret, 11, %In-, zf,A2, :ston inthe liven and hidncy after 50 207Air.1 6,7,727

) V.M. BroIsi, D0 Shurber znla ffenseasi cehmtirtoartionj krat radnbe-etrout for 65 weeks ih nominal° conocstrations of 2. 5 P'DfL rj, cas E,aa ainimaldegree of accunmlation in nnsola asad so ';-Cr'2. -.4i4;h tame- ±cc=1,tetior fa/coast for 14o:facie,liver aend -kidney (,ori a cry weight tesis ) et tho nha of the usried were no alr-,77; neI abort500, 3 000 and 10 000 ressectively, The corcertnetioa fe,etc) ir the gills o fish hhnt for3 daye at i mg Gail (equivalent te thh 4 -A., 5 day 0050 for safaeow rrcut) was 20 ,7or raambowtrout and about 3 for roach(Rntilos 712tilt12) P".2,1 (PQ520F, 2122-7-1a*tliS.) t9-2"15.(7,15 of

2.2 Tad. ObservaIt

(',1) Lucas et al t=979.1 stuL oemccetrations in 2.T,T7S sweties of-Ash from tic Great Lahaam nsiwg sentron octivation sisalysis ard focrd a iucrisn valraw 20fOVIM:1:TM c.,f 0,094 mg Cri/bg fer.wkale (wat body awd 0.4 meaties for sowcontraciose 5n fhe °:nnt)livor- litho 'and Bli-ht (197'0 reeisag wtswelo abscrwtien ersetroothatopetry fermi: less tbsee0,05 mr.. ?fiag es whole (rat) 7211:,':274,f2 of differs:et zsasies of :-'1'71:2= fisnes withre citTn'crowees, batrasu fish ('-fem 2-.--2'2.-i,é:12.1:A222.E. areas,

(12) Fish from Few York Ste:Gewith'only a few irdivituals 'i!aerreg

(13) Comparable surveys have not beep carneo, out in Europe but Jaakkola et al. (1971)founri 0.003 mg Cl/1:g in the ;7et muecle of nihe (Eepe: lucius) in a "clean" area and. bet-:Teen0.004 aad 0.013 rrs/1:3- fn ,7i2h from e ''polluted" area in Fiaand. Values for the liver andkidney in these fish were. 0.023 to 0.055 mill:g aad 0.153 to 0.232 mg/kg respectively forthe cleaa area and 0.034 to 0.113 mg/L aad 0.169 to 0.339 mg/Lc respectively for contami-neted c27,-Das.

(14 !, sample of 10 brown 6rout RO trutta le River Churnet, England, .erethe mediaa aaft 95 percentile valuss for cadmium in rn .tre ...'iltered samples of waterovar a 44-month period were 3 and 6 leg con' values of 1.4, 4.0, 6.3 aul17.7 mg Cd/hg dry weight in the muscle, liver, kidney aad spleen respectively(J.F. de L.G. Solbe, personal communication). Somewhat similar results (0.1, 1.1, 15.4 and15.7 mg Cd/hg dry weight respeoUvely) have boca soportad by R. Huddart and H.A. Hawkes(pereonal cormm).nicotion) for rainbow trout kept for 3 months in an outdoor dhannel containingriver water in whbh the 50 percentile and 95 percentile concentrations of cadmium were 2 andand pg 01/1 respectively. The concentration factor for the cadmium in the muscle on a dryweight basis is thus about 470 for the browa trout and 50 for the rainbow trout in thesetwo etudies.

In Lake Ringvataet, Norway, where the median and 95 percentile values of cadmiumwere 0.6 and 1.4 1J,g Ca/i, the concentration of cadmium in the muscle of char (Selyeliusalpinus) and broun troui: was about 0.03 and 0.075 mg/kg dry weight respectivelyra7deand K.W. Jensen, personal communication i.e., a concentration factor of °bent 50 and, i25respectively.

in the River Eisenz, Federal Republic of Coriaany, o.,aore the airerage reortc:c1 concen-tration of cadmium over 2 months Deriorl was 0,5 11,3' -Lho concentration of cadmiumin the wet mueolo 'Jzas 0,04 mz4:g fo: a oyea-1,:1 roia;oo-T trol4t old 0,05 rag/17.c for

rencn; th(7' c,:'se;Itrat-:o:1 in ';he wai:er NT; Cd/17 q,he cm:centre:Glenof OF,71_0 i; uwo (Ga_stere2te1,:, oe'cle,7tu) z-:asabont 0-: r,s/).7: 11:,76), conc_11:1-3 Ye-Pt? oresent I'd;71,s7 o:/d

In no eere 111-'1 a tion been noted t conce.

size er age of ths :q:h.

3. - ,, i:iL ON FISH

3.1 14.(7 Action

Calamari and Marchetti in press) suggested that the toxic effect of cadmint cannot1".3 attributed te pas or aaother of the differerit chemical forms of the metal in eolution butthat probably all the "soluble" chemical forme are of similar toxicity (i.e., that passingthrough a filter teeing a .osity of 0.45 pm).

Hyper_ -a of the epithelium of the seccedeiT lamellas of the gilloccurrea in raiato-c: trout eeeposed to 10 mg Cd/l, but gill damage was less evident at0.01 mg WI (Ministry dC Technology, 1970). Bilinski aad Jonas (1973) observea e::tensivecle3-encration of 3111 otraoure in tIlis specie-, after s=osure to 1.12 mg' Gd/i for 24 h in,Tcry 7oft Tra.te7 (4

seg/1 as CaO0e.), Their foarcl rffstarshment of the -..rAthslial lay:G.:7, hyper-trophy oL:.q aypes'olasia o; the iateriameller epithelium aria aleo a siLenificant (,60 percentraeprsssio:i of lacta-te cezidation ia ee:oisea gill filameats from surviving fish. Feeposure

te a 1o7er conocr;;ratim (11 '''-' Cf%/1 cac.7c-cl E 75 perceat mortality in 96 h) did aotrarrevc 5.7 ji. .:;tr210.5.s 5.1,_ the or:iilati7s,

EIFAC/T30

Fiesd about 0.02 mg al in (wet) evis erated body,up to 0.1 mg/kg (2ovett et al., 1972).

4

EDTAC/T30

The liver, heart bnain cai al,so b... affec'Jc-fi bzr1970, 1973). Ga-cciner and -fevich (i970) tot:L-4:1 pethcloc:ic.s.1 -..:ic'ney and inte,?tin.altract and a rapid increasec-n-7 eosinonhil le-reis the blooa (c,-. ii.ifisil)Camdullis 1ieeoo1rs E o o ggested that ,as c b-J impair-ment of respiratory and e d.uction in iratu iiace,

Changes in the a,ctivity of some liver enzymes c,f this specie ere observed byJackim et al, (1970). In vity-o, the alkaline phosphr7.--ir, activit-r, 7'7.-7:1E3 the mor'tive to cadmium, but in vivo this was sor different froin of the rca; on the cxJ__.hand, the in vivo activity--o'f acid phosphEtase, :-7.anthine cnidase and cc::..*alase, irasiiifi-cantly d.epressed in fish surviving short e:roosure to the 96 h L050. In vitro, cadmium isalso a,ble to interrupt energy production in the liver mitochondria of bluegill by blockingorRTgen uptake at a concent-2a.tion of 0.37 mg Cd/1 (Hiltibran, 1971). Mach hi er levels(420 to 1 000 mg/1) are required to induce inhibition of plasma lacta-te dehyd_rogenase (PLDH)and plasma glutamic oxalace-'cic transaminase (PGOT) in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni)

(Christensen, 1971). However, the seise author four_cl a statistically significant decrease in-weight, an increase in protein content, and an increase in activity of acetyleholinesterase(ACH) in alevins of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) held in 0.7 and 3.4 - _71/1 in softwater a.t the hi&her concentration he found an increase in activity of PGOTr'iClin.n.t..stensen 1975 )

Layssor e 'L., al,. (1976) flotador 'ohys fiesu for 15 ria-ys :Go sub-lethal concentra,tion.s of cadmium and found a reduction in the size of 'Ghe liver, anaemia,alteration in carbohydrate meteeolism (Lncreased blood sngzar and liver glycogen a.2.-td reducecibl..occi. lacte ao.d muscle glycoeu.) end 1nooesac LE TITO. 1...7a2.,. 01- , P.nd. Lig2-. and red'uceci Plasma

and_ C.a , Increasecl conosir'G-netioas cf. E coucentrEtion ofocp-oer tlie Eoci. couc-aut-i-z.,-..tic:.:,z, oE-lo.f.u:a thz. severalrainbm-7 Grcn..-t- after enposure -lo 3 ,.3 Bzo au.6.

T,T.T. lane, TDersoual conbnuuloaticu» o1ns in ,ha C. ELL i"1-1 t sr.alteration cf calcium. mr:tal,-,o:1.11:1 rIoh 711,',11**6 C.;)." 0 2'0U:17.7- in

the fsmales (i:-Tatsr Rssearch Cent.t.-1a, 1975). ic-nic anbnìnncn oould alcoF. ir neurc,mnsculan ',.'-;%E°..°,7

-c--ish by au.thor% (.CoErl E.oe. =LIE: -tc:o .(.76

F-ADel-,ar 7o) E oc tho' (I t7.-?.

avant; -1973) 2:2C1i s73ions tlis, sr 1 - - Tr L yC;':-.V:1:"/J2F;

attribite the hig'n p3rcent) inoiriencsto the continuous tension Cu.) rYDE OE !:1..3 r.:' cf the nns olaactioa potential cense-1. by oacjnium, 5-otapl E.L,2( _1 c"i C`17?-7_1:?C,- 7.; apropc-_--ti on of (.'"Tribr: -7

Nakamura, 1974).

(2;- aticn of i,-.ha -oal(.... oat has -,),,o1-1 ..Foun,._ iu Loe.--h ,1.-.1-7'...-7-ilus-. o.00f,:as,...-..7,7.- to9..:0 n12... fo-P 50 :--.;,-.7,-..3 ( T. ..:.- --,:(2::::-::...-1,-..2-°_ o-t'l-_ r-o-f..-_--...n.-..-ut. . -_.,),`_:-- ?----:-,---.7,L. o.-_-..- '`o-.2.....,..-,--11.1..a,t, 3 ii--.3-Z:c.--

bcl i r;co. in Fleu-2.5Le°0 ;.,7o-.7.a. at GI iiTtiSt:. i',C., D'7.7:LC.,.. ,,i...?`:;:;.?.', (.7*-- :0.7 `...;.:T °.-: (. -:_,T- :-'T- 1- . ' : ; 975:71e-Ig°:-.---' he.-7,...1 bo,su cl.ymoo..':,-tl-Este5.. i7.2. bi,.:..--r-r....° g.Tc-...7:1:7". -,-,2 -'- 5 ,.' 7.° - . -....: .-°-"".:L1' : - °-....r:.,-;:-. ': -..;:g7g.-. '32.1

:°;;...' Tgg.-..01°.:3g.g.-Sg 0:: i 970 ) sa.-.16.. fht.:::513 <-12: c:;:,. ;:t." °"-:-:),.. '3_ 1.7.':..3-3:1-7) g gi-- _°°- g -. gg-- g'° :°° -.:..g; g . r: 7,fE-...::,

nfTsacr anas-a_r 1*.c

24 . Dsed to tlio 48--h -.1J(.50 -7,0..uo LC5C.

(par (25)).

(25) C nirm has been foluld in fish tinas fiThto lmowr . -LB C0:13SLTI;i7Cri.i-0-1,S1 (INIVS,;re.l.t.,:ntS, 8 tc :* ,)01:2..11'.7

(pans-El-a-0.E 13 lo 14) bu;.-, little, is coor.ciu,s-meat in fc'io in orEat.-2 thoug-a coucentvatiouz thorn ma.y thau in uoymal

ETFAC/T30

It apoaars that damae to the ion-regalatieg meehanisms by cadmium is more likelyto be the CEUS,11 deeth theal resp1rator,7 imT:.airmeet or CLEMEJ 60 nelemus system(Cearlay a Gelemah. i97), but the pee-else ±ol=ieology of tha metal to -Tarious species cffish, ancl the cause of the :Tide veeition apeofes 3'-127,1-r-i:Gy have ye-,. tc be clarified,Parther Informatioh i2 efeeen in oerag,-aehs te (55

3.2 FE _vele

Ball (e67) foeref relationshio batIreen he logafetbm of Ule median periodof survival of rainbow out logarithm of the cadmlum concentration Tres described b;r7a sloping straight line ove ge i to 64 mg Cd/), ah:1 byahoeieontal line over therange 0.01 to 1.0 mg 0d/l. L.: .'ear investigation sho-eed that the linear relation in the latterrange had e sh7ht slope, survival time being highest at lee: cozcantraticus (Department ofthe Etvire-ament, 1972); the slope varies ,-7ith environmental facers such as water hardnessdissolve& concentration (Calamari and Marchetti, in press) and temperature (M. Grande,personal coLeenication) and wjth differee't species of fish; with goldfish (Carassius carassius)for ereample, ths slope is ruch that the 2, 4 and 10 dar LC50 values are qeite similar to eachotesr (k.H. Houston and C, McCarty, Ipersonal communication). The flatnees of the toeacitycurve for rainboT7 trout, also found in another test (Ministry of Technolo7y9 1968), may contri-bute to poor replication C eesults. However, additional problems of defining the sm(Jv ,

of readilyarailable toe:ic mate:lei in test aquaria are caused by the low solubility of cadmiumin moderately hex." eTaters of high pH value (see (paragraph (25)). The median asymptotic velue(or median 'threshold conocietration) for cadmitim is difficult to estimate for some speciesbecause it may not be evident un-tu l after several mertha of Torrare have elapsed. Concen-trations lethal in a few days may be up to 100-fold hit' those causing mortality inlong-term earrima:i:s.

(a)

There ',lame 1e7- data asalislJe on the effects of tcloperatues on the toxicity of cwith Atlantic salmoe i5aipio salar ib, Grellae (persaael own:uaieatici-.) forrd that the 5-dayLC50 at A°C aud iOcC O,-soft aboat 1 000 I2-g Cd/i and 50 cari resoectivelyalthough the co-resnosais!g 2fi.h 7,050 7,e71..use 7:srs vie-tually Ge-eater toxicity athigh temeraturs has aleo -0en foucl by Eisler 197)) (paragraph 34).

lved ovgen

Ceas.meuj ehd riress) usea tuout aoolimetod for oho ',cal: todissolved os-nsi at 0 pG'K'CSIIJ; the emr saturatioh value ala fouha e asorssee in sasvivaltime in compapison ash hela sm -che sane osamium souseutreion ar 100 -oercent am r satu-ratich, and a slicUt ,eduotio abou one ihiud for ths 1050 values at A to 40 asys

5

(30) Cu t:cie other- haeA, Voyev (1975) folend thae the 24-h audmummichog were act sioificzeetly difZeeent at levels of diss311Tedthe air eati_raloyi .73:J.16A Thefj131 TTere, aeolimated for 1

LC50 of cadmium to1 between 4 mg/1 and

2 h.

(c) pH value

(31) There is 1:0 inforiqation pu;)lished sffect of cH an -che to::icitz, of cadmiumbut Pic.kering a:nd Czct (i972) a personal commuaicatiou cf R07. A_ndree. who found thatcadmium hed the hjehes scuts toe:icity at hish oH ealue Eepite the fact that in hard :iaterwith alkaline pH values caImium is precipitated frolL: solution (Pickering and Gast, 1972;Eaton,1974) (seo paragraph (4)) On the other hand, preliminary studies (V.K. Brotra andD.G. Shurben, personal comeeication) have shown that a concentration of 4 mg al/1 is notlethal to rai:Zoo,:: trout Tithiu 10 deys at a pH of 8,J. but is lethal with a few days atpH 7.2 in water having a hu:tiness of about 280 mgil. as CaCO3.

o

(d)

(32) 1968) produced nthe 48-h LCc c mium to rainbov tnand Marchetti pr3ss) confirmed 1

harauess, the 48-h LC50 being about O.and 320 mg/1 as CaCO3 respectively, i

of rainbow trout 4 days at li I.LE11

4 mg/1 as CaCO3,

(g) Int

(33) Recent investigations have shown that the long-term toxicity Da/J3Ilinin to rainbowtrout inenases with decrease in hardness of the water; at a total hardn, ef 14 mg/I(as CaCO3) the 42-day LC50 was 6 4g GO compared with 15 4g CO at a total hardness of250 ¡n/1 (as CaCO3) (Department of the Enviramaent, 1976). A marked effect of hardness onthe toxicity of cadmitim to goldfish has also been demonstrated by L., McCarty and A.H. Houston(personal communication) using a static test procedure; the 10-day LC50 values were 1.78and 40.2 mg GO in waters having a hardness xpressed as CaCO3) of about 21 and at least100 mg/i respectively.

(e) Salinity

(34) Mummichog, acclimated to different salinities, were more susceptible to cadmium at5 percent than at 15, 25 or 35 percent salinity (Eisler, 1971), the 8-day LC50 being. about15 mg CO at 5 percent and about 30 Gd/1 at 35 percent at 20oC. At lover temperature,

k5oC) the lethal values were about 30 and 50 mz Gar,. respectively for the two entreme sali-nities. AppaPently, fish held at 15 percent were generally more 7asistant than those acclimatedat higher and lower salinities, a phenomenon also observed for other poisons which Herbentand Wakeford (1964) SUg ed occurs when the blood of fish is approximately isotonic withthe surrounding medium.

(f) Suspended solids

(35) It has been determined that ca.lAlium ir as ha-c1 -e (240 0.TA as. CaCO,

at pH 8.0 without organic solida as it is in tha nresence of 25 aeg./1 hnmun solide (contaiAne.low levels of metals and detergents) obtejn ed from a nencolating filter efficient 0e;nartmentof the Environment 1972).

6

showlns pouitive 2.-G1Gtion bGtwer the logo_ithm ofout and lonanithm uf thu naten handnese. Calemarirelationship ,nith alevine eeeienete to the test water

12, 0.44 and -L'A mg Od/1 at n water hardness of 20, 80^his is in reasonable accord with the 75 percent mortalityobserved by Bilinski and Jonas (1976) at a hardness of

11.1Z.

ent exmosure to potentiall letic1 eoncentratio

Rainbow trout :_pord to the 48-h LC50 ce:e Ti rn for only 24 h exhibited similarmortalities (50 percent) after 9 days as fish continuously ennosed to this concentratieMinistry of Technology, 1969), showing that irreversible lehal effects had occurred withi%1the 24-h exposure period. Calamari and Marchetti (in Presa) found that abcut 50 parse-at ofeach batch of rainbow trout were killed by the 6-day LC50 of cadmium, who-Chen the fioh wereezaposed to the poison for an uninterrupted 144-h or for 3cmccossive 48-L erica soDamted byLZ, -,7als of 12, 24, 48, 72 or 96 h in clean notor.

(h) Acc ation t o cadmium

The range of aqueous ce eUons ed by the higheot concen-tration at which the standing crop of fish (nloecntion of fish unnvivins. by theirweight) was not significantly different from thc contiols, end the lowest concentration atwhich it was significantly differene, have boon celculated by Eaton et al, (in Drees) fortwo gnoups of brown trout acclimated to cadmium fon different neriods. Lowen figures(1.1 to 3.7,k1g ca/1 comparad. with 3.8 to 1107 g ku/i) were obtiAned i'or brown trG-ut ohoseexposare started only ot the late eyed sts8e, ewcl thonefore involvuv, onln- 2 &ye'au embryos comprad with 50 days for the other ereup e:L:7)osed au :flerW..ise.-11.esults wero found with ceho salmon (Onchcrhvalchuo kisutch). Mis suggests that acclimationo codmium occurred during the embryoRC (1976) has fcrund iiriiler ncre2,sed

resistance of flagfish larvae which had been firsq e-L:posed to cadmium ar embryos.

al, (.75) mg 0'1/, ObE-»il-J'3C1¡pc-eased acti-vity among the fish aT'tz's. 9 to (i7:7,t1 sing-ls iyItLi,,idu711 (out of o batch

of 8) aftsr. (leis- .es; ¡:7.75) males of brook trout whea rocectto solutic:-,s aaffered gysater mortality thaadid the f(ils.s during 71. 1-11S- Hyperactivity bass also beea reported for bluegillCoarley and Cola, 1974; EIFo, i974). Lsr largemcuMb baos (Gsarley and Colemaa, 197Jsaid for flagfish (Spcha, ',97(5) thouh thei ,L) ,afferences IA this respect between-che se::es. -'2E.;;E also described an increase in the locoqlotoractivity of bl1:1 CO:_testrz cac-Aiuf,.. of Oaj and 0,25 mg ca/l, which gere notlethal to the 7isb 2 wee7.:E at 0,5 i-Jg C,71 there -cac, reduced activity and 30 percentmortality. FeLoi et al. (1976; Elso, cuota 3,1, 12,yanc,m2d who isolated 28 yearling brooktrout fr.Dm each Dther a3d exji3s6d_ them to fJ,02!,s WI for 14,1 h and found only 14 percentmortali - 7ting that be777t. '_:Td:7.viduals in a test container can increasethe afip'.. .city of

(i)

Eislg,r and rja:0,:de-Le (,973) forhd increased mortality of mammichog when non-lethalcancentrations of col3mbeam ;:eY3 orssentu chal concentrations of cooper ad zinc insaline waters, 0a the other hand, Eaton (:973) fonad that the 96-h L050 for fathead minnow(Pimephales promelas)is habp: :later wano (:8 cF 10rat predicted for a =vans containing-mainly copper and circ c-ith asdiniam comphenefng only 4 percent of the total, Tests withrainbow trouc in harte-- t Fu de L,G. Colhe and v,h, COODSP, personal commurication) hayeshoun that the ,e1?n L050 for zinc tras aboac 7-3 ah/3. in the preseace of cadmium at concen-trations sf as to h thdt at 'mote:- concentrations of zinc down to 0,5 mg Zn/l,times of suvigel hers accorestabe bzr -ate ortoesSmatiem of cadmium alonsa Furthermore, inanother ennerimant isg which nafrbow trout ysa:lings ahposed for four washs to minturesof either 30 co 40 pgat 1 and tC 500 pg Zell in a hard water(245 mgA pb- zahass et o,Ponet 7 ri ra E, tendency for mortality to be leastat ratermedkmte cf erJc suge:,s -tine; soss artagoaism between tito ire metels-

3.3

The majority10 to>10 000:g 05e/1. Tne Oufferaloose sea. 3e a:mente -panagraphs (ah5-) and (27)) aad the snaps ahcauses deiffistity ir aEflaLl r ';111.2

esposuae, neateof fish (paleyral;:h (,32)), Eifiegeness attlibutaolcycle (paragraph (4'i))

(a)

Id f

(f1) The 5-day LC50 cf oafiu. tc 21svifs of br.ocm te-out at 320 mg 0a0034 hard-.)ness and 10° tc, 7s°C Ls about 30 :eg 0:1/% (liemist.ny oh: gechnCogy, 967), Alevins of rainbow

trout are also suits sessitSwe a mortalAy of 50 Percent amd 33 percent baying been foundduring a 42-h S.:,:7,CJIC "%0 i20 and 25 -2g 02/1 rsspeLtively in sofZ, water (20 mg/1 as CaCO3)(Galamari and 1.:is-r,:qvIt SLALL02 -Fore:tinge arce reported for zwim-uo fl-y ofChinook salmon (uCmcolhylehume tenaw:itscha) Sn so:W waster the 8-:la1 LC50 1-:as i.6 pg Cd/1Environmental Proteetion-l'ag&YTI: ebiIs ir a 19--set: test vath eggs through to frythere was 27 P'.25- 30 nercaap mortality at -L9 cud at7WI- CO, su7gesting the possibi]itycf come acclimation haying occurred in the eta stags (sse paragraoh (35)), Ilevins of bothChinook salmon and steelhead trout (Srlics ,aeairiscri) ars marhedly MC7S rssistaat to cadmiumthan ara the srim-ry. fe7, tbs 8-day L09- beth species being greater than 26 t14., ca/ifor alevins and about i, L1pg cy_v1 for ccOn---c-o izy in water at aboat 2GG and ha-ring a hard-ness of soent 25 mg/l as CaCO; (Car°, Chapman, csrsoual communicatioaL

EIFAC/T30

ted to be lethal to fish are in the rangeributed Icainl; to darateon of the ensperi-

hs soncentratica/response curve whichsshold concentration aven after months oftomperature (paragraph (28)) and snecioss tc pH paragraph (31)). and stags in life

EIFACA30

(ii) Salmonid juveniles and adults

(42) In very soft water (4 mg/i as CaCO3) there was a 75 pcptrout in 96 h at 11 0,g ca/1 (Bilinski and Jonas, 1973). In some(290 to 320 mg/i as CaCO3) the 96-h LC50 was between 2 and 3 mgand Marchetti, in press) and in others (240 mg/1 as CaC0q) as low as 50and adults (Ministry of Technology, 1969) or 30 g Gd/1 'Pepartment ofThe reasons for these differences are not clear but they might be attribAtain pH value and in the equilibrium between Od and other forms of cadmiusolutions.

The resistance (8-day LC50) of parr and smolt of both Chinook salmon and steelheadtrout to cadmium (0.9 to 2.3 w,g. CdA) is similar to that of swim-up fry (1.4 ug GO) atabout 12°C in water having a hardness of about 25 mg/1 as CaCO3 (G.A. Chapman, personal

communication) but appears to be lower than that of adult male steelhear: which Tied a i7-dayLC50 of 4.8 4g 00 at a temperature of about 10°C in water having a haydness of about 44 mg/ias CaCO3 (G.A. Chapman and D.G. Stevens, personal communication).

Grande (1972) has carried out short-term tests with Atlantic salmon under-y lings(4-5 cm in length) and found a 6-day LC50 of 45 og/1 in a soft water (hardness 9.6 m as

CaCO3) and at a temperature of 9°C. This suggests that salmon may be slightly more resistantthan rainbow trout to acutely lethal concentrations. However, at 4°C the 25-day LC50 forsalmon was about 5 .L8. GO with no indication of a threshold concentration for survival atthis time (M. Grande, personal communication). No significant difference in survival betweenunder-yearling brown trout and rainbow trout was found over the rango 10 to 1 000 ug Cd/1 in

hard water (250 mg/i as CaCO3) at pH 7.5 and a temperature of icC, ths median let2ial thres-

hold concentration (at 10 da being about 10 m.g. Di/1 for both species D.G. Shurban.personaLcommunication).

(iii) Non-salmonid fish

Rehwoldt et al. (1972) reported the 96-h LC,50 for coroscaon carp

to be 240 ug 01/1 in water having a hardness ef 55 m as CeCO3-.),

(b) Lone-term lethal values

(i) Salmonid fish

The range of concentrations of cadmium, rep _GC. by tbe highest cencntpationat whieh the standing crop of fish (proportion of fish -A'Au; Hiltiplisf. by neirwas not significantly different from that of the controls, and the lo:Tast conoeuration atwhich it was s. ificantly different, have been calcula' by Eaton et al. (in uress)several salmonid species exposed to cadmium a soft watsr (45 mg/i as GaC0-1) ct cE 7.2 to

7.8 and at temperatures of about 10°C durir eir embpycoic stage ancl F0', et leaat 60 days

during their subsequent larval stage; the r were 4.4 to 12.3 rg Cd2 fop laize TrOUi",

(Salvelinus namaycush), 3.8 to 11.7 for browA trout and 1.1 to 3.8 for brook trout,

The 50-day LC50 for rainbow trout was found to be 10 pg in water having a Incas

of 240 mgA as CaCO3 at a pH of about 8.0 (Department of the Evironment, 1972). On ti: otherhand, Calamari and Marchetti (in press) using a somewhat harder ":e.ter (3:20 mg/1 as CaCO3)obtained a threshold of 100 pg/i for yearlinv: of the same species in a 40-day emperiment,and observed almost complete survival of alalts (200 g in usignt) du.ring a 120-day period ofexposure to 50 4g/l under the same environmental conditions, The rsasc7fla for 1-112

in results with rainbow trout are not clear.

8

-asiamari

or fry.onment, 1972).

t-3 differences:sn the test

9

C 30

(i') Non-salmonid fish

Tha rauys cl' cof.centratioms of cadmium, represented by the hi.est concentrationat which ths s'canajLg croli ef fish (croportion of fish surviving multiplied by their weight)was Llo cc rt1aifferert from tha t oi- the controls, and the lowest concentration atTihich it Tas sigalificantly aifferent have been calculated by Eaton et al. (1976) for pikeexposed to cadmium in soft water (45 mg/i as CaCO3) at pH 7.2 to 7.8 at a temperature ofabout 1600 for 7 is as embfyos and subsequently for 28 days as larvae; the range was 4.2to 12.5 1,!.g Ca TThich is similar to that for brown trout (paragraph (46)).

No other data are reported on young stages and few are available for the adults ofopean 'Jpeoies of coarse. fish, The 60-day LC50 for stone loach (Noemacheilus barbatulusa hard water (240 mg/1 as CaCO3) at about 12°C was approximately 2 mg GO (Solbé and

Hook, 1975); the 7-lay LC50 for stone loach was also about 2 mg GO which is much higherthan the co:s'espo:-Iaing value of about 0.01 mg GO fauna for rainbow trout by Beill (1967)t16.01:' compara.ble

Bream(Abramis brasa) all survived for 6 weeks at 5 mg Gd/i or for 10 weeks at0.9 og Ga/l, thouah patholoP,nical changes occnrrea tathe latter test, necrosis of the liverbeing particular* evident '(Department of the .4:Aronment, 1971). The 50-day LC50 for perchin hay-a Tratar (250 mg/1 as CaCO3) was about 0.5 mg call, and for roach 7.->9 mg Ca/1 (Elepartmentof the Environment, 1973); although all the roach survived 50 days at 0.5 mg Gd every fishshowea degens-ratioa of muscle fibres.

-11- (i575) keot minnow for 70 days in a water having an alkalinity5U b .47n

of 40 TgA as- GaCO-J,and . salinity of 6.7 cercent, at pH 7.8 to 8.0 in the presence of cadmium.The 70-aay LC50 was 0.4 mg c,a/i (93 percent confidence limits of 0.15 and 1.16 mg Cd/i) andthere as about 30 -cera5mt mortality at 3,1!.!,g- Ga/i and about 20 percent at 7.5 pg Gd/1 andin sorolr: (un tc A small proportion (<5 percent) of those surviving atabo.: 7,5 g c5./i sbo,:ed signs of spinal deformity compared with none in the controls andabout :5 per2eat in those surviving 3413g al 1.

ts have airevay been mentioned in paragraphs (21) to (23) and)f action of cailmium.

(53) T2.:mTCr si3nificant mortality, aud no effect on growth of>. ,71,:KI,LiSh of -.5 n W1 over a period of 30 weeks; the hardness

Ja= 2c,-,b1 the lo-:7 0-.ay LC50 qelues it might have been very low.Las= 011t on under-yearling rainbow trout over a

of hE_C:1 7F. T,r (,250 mgyll.. es CsCO;) at nominal concentrations of cadmium0, 2, 9 anT". Shurben and W.F. Niller, personal communication).

th-s 37):,1:11 WES onparently net affected by the caamium, but the07E- T:=;3chEb1:qtv cf a...-ticia117-srilYo3d eggs ana the survival of the

a"; (Lo-in to 2 g CO. Spermatogenesis was adversely. 3 0/1, Th.(7. fi:h at this Concentration wereexposed

ZcJv (J2 ft3v910-_,me:A of o-,Ta. The observed concentrationsl?t,=:ty ws:cois. hy histological examination; avariesTi P. only 111.s.tur3 oc=cytes at ah early stage of develop-

co?tc,J. fish eaTii srippa:: of eggs, but only 3 out of 4 fish at 2 Pg. Ca/i,2 ou-t c:f 4 ha..1 at S rg Cd/1 could 13 t7eated in this way. The mortalityTf- eaa '310 00E1%4707.T F.'6 7 T7e3ks =1 100 percent at 2 Ga/i after 5 weeks

c:'c 5 g Cf1/1 mhe hatch of control eggs and the survival of control72,1-vao 7a,.S not efectea by levels up to 8 Isg CO. The

mitc'ehol:aria e fish exposed to cadmium for 33 weeks (B.N. Zaba.Tluis. cc:roonal comu3:icetion) was not inhibited (cf. paragraph (21))) but concen-

tretjo,e WGre lowest in mitochondria from fish emposed to the highestcci.sr-cration. cl cEemium (see ca7ag:aph (22))c The diffusLng capacity (a measure of

4. Si

(5-)(25) ir

EIFAC T30

resp1 Y et ory r onj of 'o re nA n to ced:-Zerm for 7 rocotaseheminedi by (I 973,; ' inniae:a sere..ey at aliconcentrations Vs7h. Brown. G. Knowles end_ G-1,17- 7.61a...snes, usznonal meimmuLestiro.), The onnoar,-tretion of cadmium ih the control re-1,er -tee ennnt C ;11 e

A preliminary constant-floc. 17-set, isn 7renel-a:er ;,1121,0 g,l.es C;;:-C.0,, asing batoheE

of 10 yearling brcwn trout -10 7.-ree1:s before tlte cra-st es' sarranl -a,a,-1,ersz-5i3r es E. -a '1.*-.111):seratures

of 7 to 1900 showed_ than; 20 percent of Gho at reepin..---1 edereeentrat-inne-

3 II, g Cd/i , 9 ug Cd.A. afIC1 she nor-its-cis altbk-nd.Mn et 07 C:1-11 :0 po-_ sO dased and noneme do teen àaonths she the be sei; erins As: 101._ a sr_ ilymature in the controls and in th0."5G at 3 t7:1.11,1 ne-n. c"; et Ce1,./1 ;-110 percen-1- had

died. and 3 of the 4 remaining fish wers eenual?e,-- pun'o.b-ea Thnern e Shur-bon:

personal communication)- T--190e. 0indiig srgza that ru rsu ra2-be:lees ssensitive tocadmium than rainbow trout,

Peterson (1976) found that juvenile Atlantic salmon to 15°C in a softwater (13 mg/1 as CaCO3) selected this terilovature in a end. tended

to select a slightly lower value (14°C) in the -o.:7-esence of 2 4;:;:: Od , alt:hou_sh ie p-2efersucewa,s not statistically different from that of the controls.

Weis and Weis (1966) .1.at initial heelfue-, and formation of the blastema ofamputated fins of killifish was ibited at a ecno:e-Gion of 10 g Od I which was notlethal to the fish in 14 days.

5. FIELD ORSERVATIONS ON rir-i

(97) Dovmstream of fe- 175-11; .ierro 1171,1 coreen.-..

trasicns cf ;soluble ce..6.raitera ranned fre:,. 7 to 25 .2.-; E_Y ;:,-1:1der poisons

being present at OA of the, combined. .48-h 7.-2;50 -eel 01o;:: deihbet 'he am:-.711:8-1 rericfof surieinrai of cegesei rainbow 'crones -'es C d.a-ye efi :Can'sersahits den-e-id. labe-ren,cpey sespeinirnents (paregfaph (42)), Soma; esen-salmen ridsfit:Arne -,-_-_,n71,-,zewee. 3.2 -che

outfall, howe-rer. -where the mean consdentra.1-1.-s- neenhu. s ab8-en; fiC of 1-,ne10;ficy 1114050 ualue) (11,anietry ne1 1r) 7O

nnt;170,11 in(58) a has been shoen that baewn trent -ere )°P

1-04ELD, .T.2S1EY'..& (hardness 210 msji as ---,e-s00-1 rhere e:i 0 perdettilsconosn'cbdalacas od "soluble, eedeentem crrin a LI-me-1: -rd. -7 e 1,1,1 - r (1.1011 -7:-ene

tively, but were absent dornessres.,..1. ed. she mere, ;, -neliess 171, end.19 1.1,,g (7.A, Cooper and J:Ps 7,;77:::T7'EF1

is lower than the C---rnath L050 -201'other .ccisons, oreeper and rnial ;-- ernen, sceri-

val ant to only (7.) 06 --ane. 0,,O4 ;ef .1 t el-ea -, - ride- 1nert.Other species which "ere 2:-,ese-ut menci.se- -117:_dines ceand_td-f eEnr. 7-1-anienn,

sicielebeeln- and misnoer (Der,E_C-th KEY G2.

(59) 7im-11e2 ceestre-;-ations 1.17.nns-ean end

hat,re been made ear. head, `.-7.Eter the T:1,7,--cen-- -1:-

wee 7,2, 1116. medaien 'OA Ing:1 era pr.::

solnble ce.euTIZUM eebere, br-c--rr -trout end. lenilhear

and. 95 p:-.;;re-e-atile :7Er.of shod.r combined.

;r

s-

. -_j)-

(60) Rscaerr. Gta-e.le zut. 117 Tern- Dee:e..-

shown that good. bldown L.:darer:: s; 7173

1-atween. (7 end. 20 rag,/ 7 - : - .0. 7 - _

ovef the period. garedh,----1-regees--,---, , _ "J -dies.-sceiesaleo 7:),,re..s.7--it in t 7.-e) t.ateu of E:73-7,11.

talze edenersenceeen....z -;- :11; s. en

11

EIFA0/T30respee4ivel7 c,nd L HostQvatue, 17horenay ,.-are about 0,5 and 1,2 g Cd 1 respectively.!Ivorag ooncen.k;raicas' ef sine in th:, 7fater- =a np to 35 rg Si_11 in the strsET1s and up to88 g ZrO. in t:lo Lakes; ,-!e 0,=osccnaig va2uas f, 00W61 'rers- up to Z,3 CJr/i for bothstreams and lakes,

6. AQUATIC INTU

6.1 Laborator

51) Brkovic-Popol7ic and Popovic in press) carried out tests with Tubifex tubite:: at2000 E::d found 48-h LG50 values of about 2.8, 31, 15 aud 720 CqJ ii water haing a total

of 0.1, 34.2 (vathout phosphate buft.:::-.), 34,2 :7T1th pliosphate buffer) af,d 261 mg/iE_,ressed e Ca00.1. These authors rePort (eerscaal commun:oaticu) similar vesults forDaphnia magna, Tlius it seems that water h - e s has a ma:- effect on the acute toxicity_of caamium to these species, just as it _ ne toxiciy f ,,aamium to fish.

Some fresh;;E:er crustaceans. such E.S lik.;La haa been sho,In to be among theaquatic ,inver"cebraes most sensitive to cadmilm7 debszeh and Stasiah (1960) found that the48, 96 and 120-h L050 iralues for this species in a has: caten (275 ii 250 lag/1 as 08.003) at20 to 22°C were 620, 470 and 370 1NT Cd/1 for cadmium sulhate and slizhily higher for thechlorj.La :alt. Brillgm.r end idiìua (i959) founj uaoh 4C-h LC0 of ;00 mg ea/i for thejuircAl: stages ill e, some76aat softer waen (h&L-jness 215 J10/1 ao 0aG0,) at 23°C,

BiesiDger and Christenson (197) obained a 2th T,C50 of 65 0611 ! 6°,2 unfe r;1,og in a muchsofier qatar (harciness 44 'uo 53 DgA a-3 CLCO3) at il to Ic.°G, T17.1 the ycung appea to besomewhat more sensitilJa than ne adults,

Howevsu, oranisa has been observed after 64 h at 2.6 vg. Cd/1fan s7ater hae-ing a hesdness ef 100 mg/I as 0a00,1. and a temperature of 2500 (Anderson, 1948).Ucc Biz=gsr (i972) f,,7d tqt the 21-day L050 was onLy 5:3.6'; ca/i, Furtlier-core, tkey ;-31:73f. -i-hese tee: a 7 neroant lover usight at the end of '011,2E1 period at

ag Cd/i -b3ae I r -i-he seutsele end that a 50 neroest 16 descent impairment of reproduotiorwas eauscal at 0,7 an( 0,i7 g Cd/I resnec:Avely, ledatet and Chalsefflastin (1973) found_ a50 percas itneizmant of sseroauction id the ernstassaus 0:conect.es limosns andAustro-notamobius

--so at 50 aua /0 f s (hi-/i. 01.s-eLler, not statedj.

Another s-ansiti7re orge-kim a7.yceaL-s to be Ga.!mmerus -2ossarum which tras hilled within

7 02Ts at a 0,_,:oeut7tion cf ag Cf,/1 (as chlr,rid7,) in a 7lard ;Fatter (hardness 320 mg/i as

CaCO3)ajz-1 E teuata of '3 tc 2CC an6 Basch, personal communciation).

10"), , 'JO na.4fa ini iflelr S.4).S._u_v_Ty TOadatoly istbel se,nesntrations eu(loirm or are more reeistent, The i0-day L050 for theekisonomid :*:;'anrteuslas disoimflis, nas 1.17I/3 ahils t'ae 2C-day LC50 for the s7iail(T7.r-ree -1'or the mayfly (Ii-nhamerella, sp.), 1,7 ag 01/1, but no

(.1')eetvad -far tke defdisfly (Hardropsyoke betteni) and the stonefly(Ptosoue-sta dcusst, !s-.7,;20;i7 1975i. 1.gehasigs^ (1957) founa thatcapinaL,amile,araa resalL as kot injuren du 7 data at 30pg 04/1 but 7,,as killed at 400 .t-g° GOsu u-ats? ha'ViE a ef 260 w7:1 as Ca,00,, F-Aa 1;las ootespondlou valises Porqabifsn: tnhifeat 77.7,° 0,' E'l?.°1 5 sg rssneoti-rel, Thorp and Lease (1974) tested Australian

tns ourlatesdea eLe T =3:" (Ies:anseas, 10 es 0a00- N

° at C en,d found 9e-n, --, r 27-1 i°-() //1 1-'0r t7,2 shrimp

Patatne ta.ThLt. --tic 2..7 summer ana respectively.-

(66) sneia Lfanse!hel has 'keen readated as -d30 ag Cd/i2 so-( )c; msli as CF,(111 a(,7 17,:-74 8 sud e tsmpas-atvse of 2000

'-22star7 1F-a:: hut, se77sdnd2o7 -as a(, 10 Cd 1,

to(; aas C. ; ,ke 1,7,as of ths mayfly Athalonhebia aastralis ina soft bas-771,-e 40 m7/1 as (-e007,) nas 0,C,(1 m7 ca/i (Thorn and Lake, 197) and for

aau(Insas tj4 m(h:I as Ca00-,) 7J,7., 2 mg Cdji'`25) 1,),se t71,:t Ao(uf s050 cf 'i-he larvae

- 12 -

EIFA030

of the stonef12 Aerotherria 12.7 se add tbe '1E7 2D';' ILO : of o ya4-7.disnlyF---7-eups,vol-he "se-is:co:el- -tasted C;(,...V:. C,Wok, Besob (personal oommemiceVer) b FS rr bat le otrtfd21-2. snm- 1:7HYdrousyche o-as anpraanti: normal TFC.cc tUGi3OE LifliD fT. 11 11,f 22. -am aboat

2 to 0.02 mg Cd/i as-er7 34 17i a hard an_tar (320 mg/1 o-e usCOs Uaiaae -Lethal eoncemorationaof the same order of magnitude for isayee of a erebal o2,soies of Dieters ara Flee:otters,Etehemerella grantais end the caddis B rLy Citbb 7';-`7521.-,))

fizl a haya uater (J0 L15/1 as CaC0) 1.Lo.:7;0 0 Ts7('Fi'71ie o spec-ham:ha

was about 0.2 of that of 171F-hlr'-',. . Ohio cc.a 50 DT CF.1/1 ZO.Tbut wes hillsa al150 mc

(68) e%har species are ave n more resastet.;;, The 96-h L050 for th

Ischuuea 7 230 dg CtÌi and for lar-as of ldetocasid ecdaisflies is as high

2 g Cap. ebrer asprie-sa of their oases (Thorp ana Le'de- 1974 mucife:m cadOinflylarva of simmis72 sonsitivit:) (Sch-esigeo, 1957).

(69) In one study nith se-rerel species, of Insects-as founa at high conon°67'&,ZiC71.T fi' aissol-7ea cEygen (6(3.6o 4.9 ms/i ), ana 811tCe t;i071S of cadmium in

in dissoLvea orygac enne-ntratioh cas n-usgested thattable to jaorease matab2112: ru 7E' alh:;_:72-ar aissolrad

.'Olutrb -Alt 1975a) E higher mortalityto 7 c ms-)1) alan at ic-7 concentrationsthe tams des, ea'. f';') inoroased. -o--ith increase,La su- -sal. Yas attribu-

edyseu

(70) Laboratory- tanto (W.K. Bes commdnication) in a :2-oft -,7ater (haraness

Fb9ut 30 1-0C1-1 '22)T 0d00e) T1.107DDI. ).aroas =cosed 'co aCOTICentre 10'0 01!': fi nu ;T; . *C, 1.t11-", :,;11...F; p:'0

Of 170.0. Car:pa.a , _ -27 ra-nei-:-- - 22 Ca

cSi-T1 1 .CDC11.`'::-1 I alc _ . = 7 0 mg C;.-r.!

6.2 Fie.. Studic:

(71 ) In the South Feb: Ta - me - a' a ' er ; - :ha : Tr. :2on or af.! s o ;.; , ; t me-O.:to:2 mo:

lare-sn ot LCorbsan oso" maa_ .

several:7 a.?fZ.,-C"-:,,fL FI:12::-.C_ED D---

20 percent and 0 nso-eent le-LY al 2 YE 7 c -eadaisfly lu-as ore arerb mor, otmo pa-Mt a(:- . 1r- am -'Lake i 97A ),

72 al 1 uf -_ _ ,in. 7 - - - , _

and thn an iai1fan o: tafs::7 CD_ DO _ 7FD-. D

osars, la Slescardirn ardeu 2 oAna--ionryic. ndcata, arsoe q fah- r m_7,_ - _" -_ - -

himuliure oo tum fY5fii alate- - h - - - _ _

Theae re:enity from tb a - .fy

cansit;ivrtr 'net-tsar ddff-,77,..* E:TCE.... f_ ° : :Y ,-:. -f ,... :-:----':-:. - sobser706 ueoer laboratery .:r -1':-..;-:-,..1. -- ' n--- .--- - -:- -,,- =_ , _,:. -_ = -1- - :, --._ .- -- ., °

by CE6AiU0 tb.C. CATOCt aM-c-::.-is or. ffnh thsn-:-.1e 7 - ,--- .E. 1,i: Y_::- ',-,c r: 5 r. --,. ,E,D

effects cedoe4 hy a r.K1:.73:AFED,. .:F: ''.::: i *...- :_:1D'-' ED_ : E. _ -E -_. E__ 2: _ - ED :DDT_ --.. 7 -

7 . AQUATIC ALG

Cadmium rf;,-,-7nfan:- - a- with :het an,; I ut, CaT nt' bh an'-:angto %el concert hatior of osier ohyl c f ears -n sad aeon La's,. to FAD _ E

Goviudjoe, i LKOLDT F.: 0 a"IDF: 7;1:EDO 72 Tterner, ) c

Fel-: data EY'a ayallabJ ia: y;Yatin ;_ ED7!...E n=,:f_tonas,

EIFAC/i30

8 (9)DO8):;_321CD ":_) 8)2/1 20: OY*2±1) :2 io hee=sa,-: ),E/1 Ls GaCO3) ITEs,Iistc,m4 to s ooltsee cs ile Elge '887:2DOOLDD-CD) o51-D.200):).)12 &Of 88,2 cDCS C2/1 pooibited

(Ba:0¡;1-_,t- :07e: f'ao:ser, ewirroscum,:, onoiaimapts Jith ,eon-atIrea cfheafirymetals sleggasei icdcLen.q 'ens tosfeity of C,C;ryJi.2 to this species, BumbuEM7,7(yels .973) sh,t mOlfetioa C.l0),: of e,;euederisiture caedricauda atconceniemations (,): 50 ;_o 500 aaparat.;) asavanni petae, naei e ail_L (197A)

rse_uctione aa gip,seh ol this ssecies at 6,1 0d/l mid seYere inhibitiouat 61 og Cdr.: ia a nefel ;a+Lf (abzut L7C rof.1 Ca06-,:L

in laboraixery sap,,miloants oith c ci fci iiIlc1Á icctu) Stanley ( 974)found 50 nerceut redPotiou of ):30'8) unight at 7 Ltf CIVL ccxi ci shoat weigh mt 1<%ec mg caof root leAg-th at 20)0 ffli) COL/1 mad of ahoot length at 09 Gd/l,hat ga-e no indication ofthe thiieshold coromutaati= for grchei,h Hutch:moo:: ¡fad CsyrsLa ('972) foundthat ad 10 1!,cx Gd/i and 50 ag Cfefi parceatmge Lnhibition of ,:roatle of ilemnavalvidialmwas about, 25 percent mad 00 rhsrceat respeotisaly apd that of Salvinie netans, 50 -Perceat and90 percent rosiisotively; howavea, cadmim yas more tozia to be ucilvidiena wheh growu with

natens then -afe'shcrsc.t it and the latter was able to gaiow more te,pialy and cscmiucc aocumu-elation mas less in the onasewca of b. -Yid° _a thmn in i'Gs mbscace,

ID CONCLUSIONS

Cadmium ()OMITS nmtufally in the aniitoumeu mt gsoshemicallyloio loTals, usuallywith ether metEla, principally sino, mod is also Present ,,ith etals ad other chemicals inin.Ccastral w-estE deischarges ED9_ DO.,0s1)-LIE waters -(paregimpas) sad 'f_57)), This maleas itdifficult lo distiguish GOS effects of ea,,Mjim, asa so lo the mouatic envieormente

+

sa fr fresh ismeepe uncontahliaatea by liocePe souices of theHI 0-5 0U/1 lo:imumgreph T:nEE concentrations ase

ead (5)) Es ara the highs) levels whioh mdtersely affect.1 ales difOioult Lomsesar, ouncaatsatiohs of dissolvedccl ;:o be mainly aaspopesiPla the ts,:icity, CoAcentations- a o the 05 peaoantils oelio csei a period o'.:" e yea_ co- so

2,7 :f_ialeE, 50 ponositiie Yelmee (peragraphr (6), (58,e, Yeriety 0018111%1G-OOT 8iY81 Oula ma1-emia1, inorgeuic ions,

mosploic eyaeons CoD.C.L'LlOOS. unJomlened sonso cadmium

(78) Concsotas;deas ch seOm:atal aars b53.21 C') JO

e_81)fiO1)3Di, TO measure f,:oassogi-mphssaasitii,e ac,:eumtic orgmoismQ; it 2

-20"=.5)=2, 02 0,6))14D.8,1 o7Lii3OL: ere isliapof cedm:ii i in aeta,oefe -orstarehms beep, Z,:12:_s_ *,;.c Le hattaan S-oaud Gaimiun osa xi a smad orgmaio chals-eiug agett:coo= proClomjaso,

cc: aiCO.412-'2DD°

tness - oscue'! ore en',se, iss1Ph

(79) -*co coi_ueout CODpeTagrsphs and

moss, lihely to be F(paraguaphs 2)

(00) The cohoe:coacen'ormioni of eaditions (pasegrooemad net weight besie

ty12 (fLiADD LOUE0-3-ca.:fain; 1mgCdA,mason and those

Ths i;Iapoloowniplogmaithm of coociutratjoa onI2:traoyea the posie.lon of I-poLsibly 1).8)C.E7OSO .881S 0088,

- 13 -

eagehrialey rap,lictao soft ,EY:)L D),-_;cixccl:- IOU pH valuen, oa_m_aeto -area,e')ly !:tesiustetce ef.; Yeluao greater than about E,5nee; ?Jo, -co aosmac,_ esoecialle b;,/ loomic ;amtorial (paragrmph (j)),aslu: heceuse de.ca fao'reee ff'factiag coaiosty (peragraphe I.20) and

ee:* o; 1:1')1 L.0 iD:99:27212JA,

. ' in the s exposedoortistioas but little is khonnnf ita ificance(Oi:6) hs,-asor: thoi cLorna:_z,z- to ion-assulating mechanismsOE=.i, O. 00,.%, they respi5eEtory impeirmsent as 6amega to tha aseivoaso

J)F.)101 c8. csamPom in oho mascle of :2281 n::o-L ZOD long IDGri061S tO 10Wfmkam :Le na,c,aa vendee either laboreatuoy Tliersgraph (0)) of fiela con-(,)n) 5)) is ualially L 000 end< o7,10 times higher foe: a dry neight

asippee'lyslj thai that iD .6:Js '6.;9-.8): (oar-a-graph: aad 14b), ice-(-r se-igh';) m_g Cithg masc. ,set W21. 16/ in fisa fnom watea con-Tisaus ie no seso sofoclEtisa ,oaseaprations of eaduiam iu the'rare, nfeer YO OiTh -.6881O 77-7;18O

.seire tlu lorgsailthm oP median eicd of suovival of fish and thsis limeasusl in that the alo,si o:C the lino is shellow,

ieo Yeriso eo:-sicierably hat-Faen onsperiemes (peaagrmph (27)),b--- :et rho '...;80AG chemical aqailibeipem,_diffarent

- 14 -

EIPÄC/T30

amounts of ionic cadmium being present acoaeeling to the reteation tim( in the apnceatus atthe particular pH, temperature and harnnaea of the water used. It ig alzo possable that thesensitivity of fish to caimium toxicity wee vary with different ex l _ conditions.

The acute toxicity of cadaream to fish is increase.'1 by incnease in temperature(paragraphs (28) and (34)) and by reduction in dissolved onygen (paragraph (29)) in waterhardness (paragraphs (32) and (33)) and in pH (paragraph (31)). With hardness the effect ismuch more marked over a period of 2 to 6 days than it is at 40 to 50 days at which timethere may be a clear indication of asymptotic concentrations (paragraphs (32) and (33)).There are no data on the effect of salinity on the tonicity of cadmium to European fresh-water fish but toxicity might be least at salinitiee eeproximately isocnic with the bloodof the fish (paragraph (33)). Toxicity is not apparently affected Ly .:L eresence ofsuspended humus solids at a concentration of 25 mg/10-2arase-aph (34)). Acclimation tocadmium may occur in the egg stage (paragraph (46)). Lethal effects may be increased byfactors which increase activity such as spawning ad testing oi' fish in batches rather thansingly (paragraph (38)).

Irreversible lethal effects may occur at high concentratie.a of cadmium; in rainbow

trout they occur within 24 h on earposure to the 48-h LC50 and within 48 h on exposure to the

6-day LC50 (paragraph (36)). There is some evidence that the preeeeee Gf low concentrationsof cadmium, which are not lethal on their own, reduce the time c...7 anevival of fish at lethal

concentrations of copper and zinc (paragraph (39)). On the othee eand, the lethal effectof low concentrations of cadmium seem to be reduced by the - cif sub-lethal concentrations

of zinc (paragraph (39)).

Species differ in their sensitivity to cadmium, Of the species of fish foand inEurope and tested to date, the most seeeitive appears to be the rainbow tronn:, long-termexperiments on which have shown that aineree effects on reprodaCuion Jet= E', coeoentrations

of cadmium as low as about 2 P g al/1 (11 aeaeeaph (54.)i The ''no effect'. cencentration has

not been measured but probably lies beeeeen 0.5 and 2 1.s C./i.

Adult brown trout appear to be similar to rainboi ,. in their resistance to theacute lethal effects of cadmium although as alevins they aaee to be slightly more sensitive

than rainbow trout (paragraph (41)); and the thhe-ad concentrati.l,n for median survival isabout 10 pg Cd 1 and 30 pg Cd/1 for the rainboe ancl brc.see. trout respectively in hard water

(paragraph (44)). Moreover, sexual maturity in bno-In tnout has been obseived to occur a;,concentrations as high as 27 Ilg Od/1 under laboratory conditions (paragnaph (55)).

There are few data on non-salMonid fiah and none relate to enperiments carnied out

at more than one hardness for a iven species. Howeven, conoon care arnear tC., 03 comparableto rainbow trout (paragraph (45)), whereas goldfish are much le ea seeeiive to acutely lethalconcentrations (paragraph (33)), while the long term (40-70 days) lethesl values foe minnow(paragraph (51)), stone loach (paragraph (49)) and peroh. brean and roanh (paragraph 150))are much higher than those of trout. With minnows, however, the low:st concsnratioe atwhich a significant mortality and spinal deformity ocounred was 7.5 !y7 GO (paragraph (51))in a soft water (40 mg/1 as CaCO3), Embryos and larvae of pike and -: 'elect are comparable

in their sensitivity to cadmium (paragraph 48).

Field data on the effects of cadmium on fish are scarce. Browe 't ha-VE a

observed in the River Tean in which the median 211a 95 perceatile ooncenretions of 3a4miumwere 2.6 and 6.4 pg Cd/1 respectively aud also ia the Rivsr Ohuaeet where the cornesoondingconcentrations were 3 and 6 pg Cd11 (paragraph (58';_ Thla irs consistent eith labeealaryfindings on the ability of this species te seinvive and beeeme ssaaally CCIO:h723 in the nrasenceof 27 Pg Cd/1 (paragraph (54)).

Non-salmonid fish (bullhead, stickleback aaL mianol-) occueee ie Gha Rive,- Tanwhere brown trout were absent and ths 50 ani 35 psccentilc eonoceetraions of totzl "so:nble"cadmium were 7 and 19 4g Cd/1; for the minnpu Utis is consistent with no labaratory data(paragraph (51)) bearing in mi- tae higher nrater -'1E,T,T, in *he Ri7M Tsen (2'i0 i,ig/1 as

CaCO3).

- 15 -

EIFAC/T30

There are almost no data available on the effects of sub-lethal concentrations ofcadmium on the behaviour of fish. Hyperactivity has been observed in several species and isassociated, especially in males, with increased mortality at spawning time (paragraph (38)).

Aquatic invertebrates are generally more resistant than fish to cadmium posioning(paragraphs to (70) althou Daphnia and Gammarus appear to be particularly sensitive(Paragraphs 62 and (64). Aquatic plants do not appear to be particularly sensitive tocadmium (paragraph (75)) although the absence of data on water hardness generally preventsa comparison to be made with other organisms (paragraphs (74) and (76)). Thus it is likelythat the direct effects of cadmium on fish would be more imponLant than those caused indirectlythrouns reduction in numbers of fish food organisms.

There is need for the development of sensitive methods for measuring soluble cadmiumparticularly in its ionic forms at the low levels (pg/i) at which it appears to exert itstoxic effects on the most sensitive organisms. Relevant environmental variables should alsobe meaaured when carrying out laboratory toxicity tests and field studies, the latter beingparticularly important in developing water quality criteria.

9. TENTATIVE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

The data on the toxicity of cadmium to aquatic organisms are not very extensive.Fish, particularly the rainbow trout, have received most attention and the threshold concen-trations for median survival at different hardnesses of water and the threshold concentrationsfor reproductive success in a hard water have been established under laboratory conditions.However, different workers obtain different results under apparently similar conditions.Effects of other environmental variables, especially pH value and temperature, are not yetthoroughly worked out. Moreover, the meauurement of cadmium, particularly in the dissolvedstates at concentrations which adversely affect aquatic organisms, has generally been unsatis-factory; -

Salmon are similar to rainbow trout in their response to acutely lethal concentra-tions of cadmium in soft water while bronn trout appear to be more resistant to adverse effectson reproduction in a hard water. Pike and brown trout appear to be similar in their sensi-tivity to cadmium at the embryonic and larval stag.es. Non-salmonid fish are more resistthan salmonid fish to longterm lethal effects in hard water and minnows are more resistantthan salmonids to adverse effects on growth in soft water.

Field data on all species are few and relate mainly to brown trout.

Thus, any waten quality criteria that are developed for cadmium must remain verytentative until further observations are available.

Concentrations of cadmium in fresh water fluctuate seasonally and within shortertime intervals and, in the absence of precise information on the way in which fish populationsare likely to be adversely affected by partionlen levels at certain times of the year, anarbitrary method has to be used to tahe euch effects into account in water .quality criteriafor fish.

It is Pvoposed that 77ater quality should be es.pressed as annual 50 and 95 percentileconcentrations of "soluble" cadmium (i 00 that passing throu a filter having a porosity of0.45pm) aud that the ma:zimum levels rot inimioal 10 fisheries should be taken as 0.05 and0.1 respectively of tho median threshold concentration for aurvival, taking into account theeffect of hardness of the t:ater. Table I shous the values appropriate to rainbow trout andperch.

Z.11

Water hardness(mg/i as CaCO3

- 16 -

E iAC/T30

Values for common carp should be taken to be the same as those for rainbow trout

pending further data on long=term effects. The corresponding values for brown trout and pike

appear to be about twice as high as those for rainbow trout, while those for the more insen-

sitive non-salmonid fish such as perch and minnow could be tentatively taken to be aboutthirty-eight times higher (Table 1).

The values in Table 1 should be decreased to allow for low concentration of dissolved

oxygen and for the presence of other poisons. The values may also have to be increased toallow for a reduction in toxicity caused by the presence of sub-lethal concentrations of zinc.

Table 1

Approximate maximum annual 50 and 95 percentile concentrations ofsoluble cadmium (ug cia/i) for freshwater fish. Adjustment should be made

for the presence of other harmful substances, low concentration ofdissolved oxygen and other species (paragraphs (98) and (99))

a) Rainbow trout (b) Perch

10 0.3 0.6 10 20

50 0.4 0.9 15 30

100 0.5 1.0 19 38

300 0.75 1.5 25 50

95 percentile95 percentile 50 percentile50 percentile

- 17 -

EIFAC/T30

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PAPERS ISSUED IN THIS SERIES

El FAC/T1 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on finely divided solids and inland fisheries (1964).

E I FAC/T2 Fish diseases. Technical Notes submitted to El FAC Third Session by Messrs. J. Heyl, H. Mann, C.J. Rasmussen and A. vander Struik (Austria, 1964).

El FAC/T3 Feeding in trout and salmon culture. Papers submitted to a Symposium, EIFAC Fourth Session (Belgrade, 1966).

EIFAC/T4 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on extreme pH values and inland fisheries (1968).

El FAC/T5 Organization of inland fisheries administration in Europe, by Jean-Louis Gaudet (Rome, 1968).

El FAC/T6 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on water temperature and inland fisheries based mainly on Slavonicliterature (1968).

El FAC/T7 Economic evaluation of inland sport fishing, by Ingemar Norling (Sweden, 1968).

El FAC/T8 Water quality criteria for European freshvvater fish. List of literature on the effect of water temperature on fish (1969).

EIFAC/T9 >< New developments in carp and trout nutrition. Papers submitted to a Symposium, El FAC Fifth Session (Rome, 1968).

EIFAC/T10 Comparative study of laws and regulations governing the international traffic in live fish and fish eggs, by F.B. Zenny,FAO Legislation Branch (Rome, 1969).

El FAC/T11 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on ammonia and inland fisheries (1970).

El FAC/T12 Salmon and trout feeds and feeding (1971).

El FAC/T13 Elements of the theory of age determination of fish according to scales. The problems of validity (1971).

El FAC/T14 E I FAC consultation on eel fishing gear and techniques (Rome, 1971).

El FAC/T15 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on monohydric phenols and inland fisheries (1972).

El FAC/T16 Symposium on the nature and extent of water pollution problems affecting inland fisheries in Europe. Synthesis of nationalreports (1972).

El FAC/T17 Symposium on the major communicable fish diseases in Europe and their control. Report (1972).

EIFAC/T17 The major communicable fish diseases of Europe and North America. A review of national and international measures forSuppl. 1 their control, by P.E. Thompson, W.A. Dill and G. Moore (1973).

EIFAC/T17 Symposium on the major communicable fish diseases in Europe and their control. Panel reviews and relevant papers (1973).Suppl. 2

EIFAC/T18 The role of administrative action as a tool in water pollution control, by G.K. Moore, FAO Legislation Branch (Rome, 1973).

El FAC/T19 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on dissolved oxygen and inland fisheries (1973).

EIFAC/T20 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on chlorine and freshwater fish (1973).

El FAC/T21 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on zinc and freshwater fish (1973).

E1FAC/T22 Ecological diagnosis in salmonid streams - Method and Example, by R. Cuinat etal. (1975).

EIFAC/T23 Report of the Symposium on methodology for the survey, monitoring, and appraisal of fishery resources in lakes and largerivers (1974).

EIFAC/T23 Symposium on the methodology for the survey, monitoring and appraisal of fishery resources in lakes and large rivers -Suppl. 1 Panel reviews and relevant papers/Symposium sur les méthodes de prospection, de surveillance et d'évaluation des ressources

ichtyologiques dans les lacs et grands cours d'eau - Exposés des groupes et communications apparentées (1975).

El FAC/T24 Report on fish toxicity testing procedures (1975).

El FAC/T25 Workshop on controlled reproduction of cultivated fishes - Report and relevant papers/Réunion sur le reproduction contrôléedes poissons d'élevage - Rapport et communications apparentées (1976).

EIFAC/T27 Water quality criteria for European freshvvater fish. Report on copper and freshwater fish .(1976).

El FAC/T28 Joint ICES/EIFAC Symposium on eel research and management (Anguilla spp.). Report/Symposium conjoint CI EM/CECPI surla recherche et ['exploitation des anguilles (Anguilla spp.). Rapport (1976).

El FAC/T29 Water quality criteria for European freswater fish. Report on the effect of zinc and copper pollution on the salmonid fisheriesin a river and lake system in central Norway (1977).

El FAC/T30 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on cadmium and freshwater fish (1977).

M-43ISBN 92-5-100297-5