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Ground WaterGround WaterDevelopment inDevelopment in

IndiaIndia

Prepared by:Prepared by:Durga Prasad & CoDurga Prasad & CoProgram FacilitatorProgram Facilitator..

Ramappa Engineering College,Warangal

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Objective:Objective:--

Ground Water Availability andGround Water Availability andDevelopmentDevelopment

Current SituationCurrent Situation Water DemandWater Demand

Water Problems arising inWater Problems arising inAgriculture, Domestic, IndustryAgriculture, Domestic, Industry

One Recommendation in

One Recommendation inAgriculture SectorAgriculture Sector

Questions and AnswersQuestions and Answers

Programmed for 15 minute presentation

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0.29

8.53

0.374.43

18.66

12.71

0.03

34.82

16.07

81.12

2.7

26.99

6.53

2023.09

1.44

24.72

3.150.54 1.4 0.72 0.07 0.66 0.22

20.38

37.87

0.04

35.29

16.19

7.9

26.39

0.33 0.01 0 0.03 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Delhi

Haryan

a

Himachal Prade

sh

Jammu&KashmirPun

jab

Rajasthan

Chandigarh MP

Chattisg

arh UP

Uttaranchal Bih

ar

Jharkhand Ori

ssa

WestBengal

ArunachalPradesh

AssamMa

nipur

MeghalayaMizora

m

NagalandSikkim

Tripura

GoaGujarat

Maharashtra

Dadra

&NagarHaveli

Andhra

Pradesh

Karnataka Ker

ala

TamilN

aduA&N

Daman&Diu

Lakshadweep

Pondich

erry

Replinishable Ground Water by by 28 Indian States and 7

Union Territories (BCM/yr)

Indias total annual replinishable

underground fresh water is 433 BCM(Billion Cubic Meters) 344 BCM

through natural recharge from rainfall and89 BCM from canal irrigation system.

There are 12 major river basins, the largest

is Gangetic Plain Aquiferwithreplinishable ground water at 206 BCM or

48%.

Development of Groundwater Withdrawl Structures (000s) in India

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Year

T

otalNumber

Dugwells 3860 4540 6100 6700 7435 7786 8742 9407 10225 10501

Shallow Tubewells 3 22 260 1138 1749 2132 3359 4754 5040 6743

P ub l ic Tubewe l ls 2.4 8.9 14.7 22 30 33 .3 48.2 63.6 69.4 90

19 50 -5 1 19 60 -6 1 19 68 -6 9 19 73 -7 4 19 77 -7 8 19 79 -8 0 19 84 -8 5 19 89 -9 0 19 93 -9 4 19 96 -9 7

Ground Water AvailabilityGround Water Availability

Preliminary Data Source: Ministry of W ater Resources

Takeaway: India has been rich in Ground water and is one of the mainreason of sustenance its variety of life species

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Current Situation: Rising Water DemandCurrent Situation: Rising Water Demand

20102010 20252025 20502050

WATERWATER (BCM)(BCM) LowLowHigHig

hh LowLowHigHig

hh LowLowHigHig

hh

IrrigationIrrigation 543543 557557 561561 611611 628628 807807

DomesticDomestic 4242 4343 5555 6262 9090 111111

IndustriesIndustries 3737 3737 6767 6767 8181 8181

PowerPower 1818 1919 3131 3333 7070 7070

InlandInland NavigationNavigation 77 77 1010 1010 1515 1515

FloodFlood ControlControl Not availableNot available

AfforestationAfforestation Not availableNot available

EnvironmentEnvironment /Ecology/Ecology 55 55 1010 1010 2020 2020

EvaporationEvaporation LossesLosses 4242 4242 5050 5050 7676 7676

TotalTotal (BCM)(BCM)6969

447171

007878

448484

339898

00

11118800

Water Demand isWater Demand is

RisingRising estimated toestimated togrow34% innext25grow34% innext25yearsyears

Domestic/IndustryDomestic/IndustryDemand Mix growingDemand Mix growingfaster than Irrigationfaster than IrrigationNeeds.Needs.

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

-

629 710 843 1180

Preliminary Data Source: Planning Commission of Government of India

Takeaway: Ground water currentlyrepresents about 46% in Agriculture

Supply and 80% of Domestic Supply.

And its Growing

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Water Trend in Agriculture SectorWater Trend in Agriculture Sector

Falling WaterFalling Water

TablesTables

WaterWater--IntensiveIntensive HighHigh--

IncomeIncome

cropsputtingcropsputtingpressure on aquifers levelspressure on aquifers levels

Drilling Costs are increasing,Drilling Costs are increasing,reduce watersupply for cropsreduce watersupply for crops

inmany areasinmany areas(ifno budget)(ifno budget)

One of the factors inOne of the factors indownward trend in Yield (lessdownward trend in Yield (lessproductionon land)productionon land)

Small Farmers are beingSmall Farmers are beingforced tooptforced toopt--outof Agrioutof AgriSectorSector-- LandLand ConsolidationConsolidation,,Economic PainEconomic Pain

Agriculture Yield Growth

-1.00%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

Year

Rate(%)

Foodgrains 3.39% 3.04% 2.57% 1.55% 1.80% 1.40% 1.47% 1.05% 1.29% 1.39%

Non-food rains 3.19% 2.44% 2.13% 1.44% 2.05% 1.54% 1.55% 0.44% 0.19% -0.57%

1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-012001-02

Takeaway: Non-inclusion of water costs into crops has led to unabated use of

groundwater to generate revenues without looking the long-term impact

Preliminary Data Source: Ministry of Finance

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Water Trend in Industrial SectorWater Trend in Industrial Sector

Takeaway: Biodiversity is under tremendous pressure and additional economicburden needs to be put up on Industries for Waste Management

Industrial Pollution has led to Aquifers Damage and bringing

disease to entire biological system

- Water-borne diseases to Children.According to a World Bankestimate, out of 1 million diarrhea deaths in India every year, more than700,000 are children under 5, mostly in rural and urban slums (w/o clean

water)

- Organic loading of the subterranean environment such as toxicchemicals like pesticides, various salts (potassium chloride, potassiumnitrate) and heavy metals like lead is hurting animal and plant species.

- Water erosion in many semi-arid and arid regions has lead to decreaseof soil fertility and land subsidence.

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Recommendation in Agriculture SectorRecommendation in Agriculture SectorInclusion of Water Economicsin Crop SelectionInclusion of Water Economicsin Crop Selection

MODEL: TO CALCULATE WATER NEED TO GENERATE UNIT REVENUE FROM CROPS

Area (A) = The land used for crop production (measured in million hectares) (Source: GOI)

Production (P)= The weigth of total crop production (measured in Kilograms or kg) Yield (Y) = Production / Area (measured in Kg per hectare)

Water Need for Crop Production (WNCP) = measured in Litres per Kg (Source: FAO) Producer Price of Crop (PPC) = measured in Rupees per 100 Kg (Source: FAO) Fixed Water Cost (FWC) = Rs. 0.25 per 1000 liters (mostly subsidized by State Governments)

33 crops were selectedbased on Export

Potential and DomesticConsumption

Water Consump tion (

illion Litres p er Hectare)

142.15

6.11 9.73 4.01 0.81 1.22 2.92 3.89 3.73 2.12 1.02 1.20 1.72 0.98

11.723.67

12.033.12 0.47 3.20 0.21 0.49

7.29 5.35 3.25 2.39 0.20 2.6710.17

0.86 1.41 2.8211.5 4

-

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00 Sugarcane requireshighest water

consumption to generateunit revenue.

Fruits such as

Oranges, Grapes,

Mango, Banana,

Pineappleproduces veryhigh revenueper

hectare, a goodpotentialfor exports and less

water need.-100.00%

-80.00%

-60.00%

-40.00%

-20.00%

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

120.00%

SugarcaneCottonCoffee

Groundnut

SoyabeanMa

ize

Rapeseed

&MustardWh

eat Rice

Jute&

Mesta

LinSee

d

Tur(A

rhar)Gram

Lentil(M

asur) Te

a

Onion

BananaPotatoJow

arApple Ba

jra

Sunflower

Pineapple

Cocunut

Eggplants*

NaturalR

ubberSesameSpices

Grapes

Tobac

co

CashewnutMango

Oranges

% Gross Margin at Water Cost = Rs 0.25

% Gross Margin at Water Cost = Rs 0.50

Recommendation: G overnment of India should con sider water-tax on Retailers of water-intensivecommercial crop-end user products and sho uld lookinto providing tax-incentives for fruit industry

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