Water Pollution Miller Ch. 19

Water PollutionMiller Ch. 19

APES

Any chemical, biological and physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes it unusable for agriculture

The massive quantity of pollutants produced by > 6 billion humans, their machines, plants, animals

The limited supply of fresh liquid water into which most water-destined pollutants are discharged

The growing number of ‘technological pollutants’ released into the environment, i.e. manufactured synthetic materials

Water Pollution

•Point sources (e.g., factories, sewage treatment plants, mines, oil wells, oil tankers)

•Nonpoint sources (e.g., acid deposition, substances picked up in runoff, seepage into groundwater)•Agriculture is largest source of water pollution in the U.S. (64% of pollutants into streams and 57% of pollutants entering lakes)

Sources of Pollution

Disease-causing Agents – pathogensOxygen Demanding Agents – organic

waste: manureWater-soluble Inorganic Chemicals –

acids, toxic metals Inorganic Plant Nutrients – nitrogen and

phosphorusOrganic Chemicals – oil, pesticides,

detergentsSediment or Suspended Material –

erosion, soilWater-soluble Radioactive Isotopes –

radon uraniumHeat – electric and nuclear power plantsGenetic Pollution

Types of Pollution

Disease symptoms usually are diarrhea and /or vomiting

Waterborne Bacteria

Escherichia coli Vibrio sp.

Waterborne Protozoans

Guardia sp.**P. Darken

• Disease symptoms are usually diarrhea and/or vomiting.

Waterborne Human Viruses

Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis E virus

Norwalk virus* Rotavirus*

Waterborne Parasites

Disease-causing Agents - PathogensOxygen Demanding AgentsWater-soluble Inorganic ChemicalsInorganic Plant NutrientsOrganic ChemicalsSediment or Suspended MaterialWater-soluble Radioactive IsotopesHeatGenetic Pollution

Types and Sources of Pollution

BOD: Oxygen is removed from water when organic matter is consumed by bacteria.

Low oxygen conditions may kill fish and other organisms.

Sources of organic matter Natural inputs-- bogs, swamps, leaf fall, and

vegetation aligning waterways. Human inputs-- pulp and paper mills, meat-

packing plants, food processing industries, and wastewater treatment plants.

Nonpoint inputs-- runoff from urban areas, agricultural areas, and feedlots.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

BOD Effects on Water Quality

All streams have some capability to degrade organic waste. Problems occur when stream is overloaded with biochemical oxygen-demanding waste.

Disease-causing Agents - PathogensOxygen Demanding AgentsWater-soluble Inorganic Chemicals

Inorganic Plant NutrientsOrganic ChemicalsSediment or Suspended MaterialWater-soluble Radioactive IsotopesHeatGenetic Pollution


Metallic elements having a density greater than 5 g/cm3

Most are extremely toxicWater solubleReadily absorbed into plant or

animal tissueBiomagnification

Combine with biomoleculesProteinsNucleic acids

Heavy Metals

Natural Redistributed by geologic and biologic cycles

IndustrialBurning of fossil fuelsEnvironmental pollution

Sources of Heavy Metals

Broad term used to describe several ways that acids fall out of the atmosphere

Acid Rain

Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow.

Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles.

Wet and Dry Acid Rain

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)

are the primary causes of acid rain.

In the US, about 2/3 of all SO2 and 1/4 of all NOx

comes from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels like coal.

Causes of Acid Rain

Gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.

Formation of Acid Rain

Acid rain primarily affects sensitive bodies of water, which are located in watersheds whose soils have a limited “buffering capacity”

Lakes and streams become acidic when the water itself and its surrounding soil cannot buffer the acid rain enough to neutralize it

Some lakes now have a pH value of less than 5

Buffering Capacity

Generally, the young of most species are more sensitive to environmental conditions than adults

At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch

At lower pH levels, some adult fish die

Some acid lakes have no fish

Effects on Wildlife

http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acidrain/%20effects/surfacewater.html



Selected Pollutants: NutrientsPhosphorus and nitrogen are the major concernsSources:• Human, animal (e.g., Hog Farms), and industrial waste • Storm water• Soil erosion • Excessive use of fertilizers for crops, lawns, and home

gardens

Selected Pollutants: Nutrients

Eutrophication is characterized by rapid increase in plant life. An example is the algae bloom shown here.• Algae blooms block sunlight so

plants below die. • Decomposition of dead plants

consumes oxygen. • Low oxygen conditions may kill

fish etc. • Aesthetics (color, clarity, smell)

High nutrient concentrations can cause Eutrophication (“well-fed” in Greek) of water bodies



Concentrations increase at increasing levels in the food chain – PCBs, DDT, etc.

Biological Magnification

Degradable: That can be chemically decomposed: decomposable plastic wastes

Photodegradable: that the product is decomposed (broken down) by exposure to light

Biodegradable: Capable of being decomposed by biological agents, especially bacteria: a biodegradable detergent

Degradable/Biodegradable

Disease-causing Agents - PathogensOxygen Demanding AgentsWater-soluble Inorganic ChemicalsInorganic Plant NutrientsOrganic ChemicalsSediment or Suspended Material

Water-soluble Radioactive IsotopesHeatGenetic Pollution


Erosion

Sediment (clay, silt) is the #1 source of water pollution. Bare soil easily washes into storm drains and streams, clouding the water and suffocating aquatic life.

• Never leave soil exposed! Place straw over newly seeded areas.

• Cover your garden during winter months.• Sod, seed, grow plants, or build terraces on slopes.• Rock gardens can also be effective for slowing the flow

of water and minimizing erosion.

Effects of Sediment Loading

• Destruction of spawning beds• Adsorption and transport of other pollutants• Reduced light penetration, aquatic

vegetation• Greater nutrients loadings, oxygen demand• Interference with navigation, flood control,

recreation, industry

Disease-causing Agents - PathogensOxygen Demanding AgentsWater-soluble Inorganic ChemicalsInorganic Plant NutrientsOrganic ChemicalsSediment or Suspended MaterialWater-soluble Radioactive Isotopes

HeatGenetic Pollution




Industrial Water Pollution• Thermal Pollution occurs when water is

withdrawn, used for cooling purposes, and then heated water is returned to its original source

• An increase in temperature, even a few degrees, may significantly alter some aquatic ecosystems



Dense mats alter water qualityraising pHdecreasing oxygen under the matsincreasing temperaturestagnant watergood breeding grounds for mosquitoes

Hydrilla will grow with less light and fewer

nutrients, and can out compete other native plants

Fish populations are negatively affected if hydrilla exceeds 30-40% coverage of the lake

Hydrilla: Non-native Aquatic Plant

Flowing water can recover rapidly by dilution and decayPollution of Streams and Lakes

Accelerated results with human input of nutrients to a lake

Eutrophication

Coastal waters especially are highly affected by pollution because they are:Heavily usedClose to sources of pollutionShallow-water bodies Not as well circulated as the open

oceanCoastal pollution is made up of ocean pollution and ocean debris

Pollution in Coastal Waters

Petroleum (oil)Sewage sludgeDDT and PCBsMercuryPoint source: clearly discernable in terms

of origin (municipal sewage outfall, oil tanker spills, offshore oil well blowouts)

Non-point-source pollution: ill-defined or diffused sources, runoff (harbors and marinas, TBT, powerboat pollution, invasive species, agriculture, forestry, urban runoff, ocean debris, air pollution, noise pollution, dredging

Main Types of Ocean Pollution

Oil spills can be caused by:Tanker

accidentsIntentional

dumpingDrilling/

pumping operations

Ocean Pollution: Petroleum

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

•Volatile Organic Compounds immediately kill many of the aquatic organisms (especially plankton and larvae) and contaminate fish

•Floating oil coats birds and ocean mammal; destroys natural insulation and buoyancy and causes deaths

•Heavy oil sinks to ocean bottom and washes into estuaries where it contaminates crabs, oysters, mussels, clams, etc.

•Oil slicks on beaches harm intertidal life and cause economic losses to tourism and fishing industries

Effects of Oil Spills

When oil washes up at a beach, it can negatively affect the ocean environment

Oil can coat ocean organisms and render their insulating fur or feathers useless


Oil on the beach from the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Alaska

Petroleum is biodegradable

Many pollution experts consider oil to be among the least damaging ocean pollutants

Data from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill shows the recovery of key organisms


Various processes act to break up and degrade oil in the ocean environment


Ocean Pollution: Point SourceAre clearly

discernible in terms of origin

Originate from municipal and industrial facilities

Bypasses and overflows from municipal sewage systems

Oil tanker spills and offshore oil well blowouts

Non-point-source pollution comes from material washed down storm drains as “poison runoff”

Includes fertilizers, pesticides, road oil, and trash

Ocean Pollution: Non-Point Source

Plastic:Either does not

biodegrade or not in human time…

FloatsHas high

strengthIs ingested by

and entangles ocean animals

Plastic in the Ocean Environment

•Greater threat to humans than much of more visible surface water pollution

•Much groundwater renewed slowly, such that pollution lingers for long time

•Crude estimates indicate that up to 25% of usable groundwater in the U.S. contaminated

•Extremely difficult to clean up contaminated groundwater; prevention more effective

•Main approach: pump groundwater to surface, purifying water, and returning to aquifer; costs high

Groundwater Pollution

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

75% of 175,000 known waste disposal sites in US may be producing hazardous subsurface plumes (contaminated regions of the subsurface)

Groundwater Pollution

• Salt Water Intrusion

• Extensive pumping in coastal areas can cause salt water to rise into wells, forming a cone of ascension

•Much of the world's drinking water is contaminated and poses serious health threats

•Most drinking water is purified by storage in reservoir (suspended matter settles), and treated by sand filters, activated charcoal, and addition of chlorine

•U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 requires EPA to establish national drinking water standards

•Many using bottled water and home filters; bottled water is often more contaminated than tap water

Drinking Water Quality

Water Quality Standards

• The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) sets Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for drinking water

• There are standards for numerous contaminants, two of which cause an immediate health threat if exceeded• Coli form bacteria -because they may indicate presence

of disease causing organisms• Nitrate - can cause ‘blue baby syndrome”—nitrate

reacts with blood and blood can’t carry as much oxygen

Municipal Water Purification Plant

Sewage or wastewater is composed of sewage or wastewater from:Domestic used water and toilet

wastesRainwaterIndustrial effluent (Toxic industrial water

is pretreated)Livestock wastes

** Microbes degrade organic compounds** Elimination of pathogens occurs

Sewage or Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater Treatment Types of treatment systems include: Septic

Tanks or Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs).•Septic Tanks typically treat small volumes of waste (e.g., from a single household, small commercial/industrial)

•WWTPs typically treat larger volumes of municipal or industrial waste.

Septic Tanks• Approx. 22 million systems in operation ( 30% of US population)• Suitability determined by soil type, depth to water table, depth to

bedrock and topography• Commonly fail due to poor soil drainage• Potential contaminants: bacteria, heavy metals, nutrients,

synthetic organic chemicals (e.g. benzene)

Wastewater or sewage treatment is a multi step process:

1. Primary Treatment (Physical Process) Removal of large objects using grates and

screensSettling to remove suspended solids (primary

sludge) flocculating chemicals are added to enhance

sedimentation

Sewage Treatment

2. Secondary Treatment (Microbial Process) Supernatant or primary effluent contains

high levels of dissolved organic load (Biological Oxygen Demand)

Aeration to stimulate aerobic degradation

activated sludge reactor trickling filter reactor

Sewage Treatment

bacteria degrade organiccarbon to CO2

• Sludges from the primary and secondary treatment settling tanks are pumped into an anaerobic digester

• Sludges contain cellulose, proteins, lipid and other insoluble polymers

• Anaerobic bacteria digest the sludge to methane and carbon dioxide

Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge

Pathogen Removal by Activated SludgeMore than 90% of E. Coli. and Salmonella

are destroyedBacteria are removed by inactivation,

grazing by ciliated protozoa, and adsorption to sludge solids

Viruses are removed mainly by adsorption process

Sewage Treatment

3. Tertiary Treatment (Physicochemical Process)

Precipitation Filtration Chlorination Treated water is discharged to waterways Used for irrigation

Sewage Treatment

expensive process, sharply reduces inorganic nutrients (PO4, NO3)

The State of South Dakota has a useful generic wastewater treatment plant tour on the web: http://www.state.sd.us/denr/DES/Surfacewater/virtual.htm

The City of Camarillo, CA has a nice and clear virtual tour of their secondary treatment plant: http://www.ci.camarillo.ca.us/csd/tour.html

Wastewater Virtual Tours

http://www.state.sd.us/denr/DES/Surfacewater/virtual.htm

http://www.state.sd.us/denr/DES/Surfacewater/virtual.htm

http://www.ci.camarillo.ca.us/csd/tour.html

The Clean Water Act is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972Set the basic structure for regulating discharges of

pollutants in the USThe law gave EPA the authority to set water

quality standards for industry and for all contaminants in surface waters

The CWA makes it unlawful for any person to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters unless a permit (NPDES) is obtained

The amounts and types of pollutants than can be discharged or allowed to run in to waters from watersheds are regulated

Clean Water Act

The Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) was established to protect the quality of drinking water in the U.S

This law focuses on all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above ground or underground sources

Safe Drinking Water Act

Current Law Regulating Ocean Dumping

• The only substance that is illegal to dump anywhere in the ocean is plastic

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Water Pollution Miller Ch. 19