WATER POLLUTION

Andi Suhendi, S. Farm., Apt.

Pollution

Definition:

The introduction into the environment, by people, of substances or energy liable to cause harm to living creatures or ecological systems.

Pollution

How did pollution begin?

1. More sophisticated lifestyles.

2. Growing needs of people.

3. Accelerated rates of human and economic activities.

Pollution

Pollution

Air Water Land

Noise Pollution: production of unwanted sounds that are annoying, distracting or damaging to one’s hearing.

Note: pollution can also be caused naturally.

Can you think of examples?

PollutionCase studies/examples:

1. PT. Lapindo Brantas Inc.

2. Minamata Bay mercury poisoning in Japan between 1932 – 1968.

Pollution

Case studies/examples:

3. Air pollution in China and Thailand.

4. Acid rain in Europe and Japan.

5. Smoky Mountain in The Philippines.

• Trace element is a term to those elements that accour at very low levels of a few part per million or less in a given system.

• Some of the risks include – pollutant runoff from agricultural lands – stormwater flows from cities

• About 40,000 times each year, sanitary sewers overflow and release raw sewage to streets and waterbodies.

Water Pollution

– seepage into ground water from nonpoint sources

– the loss of habitats such as wetlands. – we cannot always eat what we catch because

fish flesh is contaminated by the remaining discharges and sources of toxic substances.

– Microbial contamination of drinking water still presents problems in many communities.

Pollution Sources

• Point sources are direct discharges to a single point; – examples include discharges from sewage

treatment plants, injection wells,and some industrial sources.

Pollution Sources• Non-point sources are diffused across a broad

area and their contamination cannot be traced to a single discharge point.– Examples include runoff of excess fertilizers,

herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands and residential areas; oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy production; and sediment from improperly managed construction sites, crop and forest lands, and eroding stream banks.

US EPA Toxic Release Inventory

• Certain industrial facilities are mandated to annually report to US EPA specified toxic chemicals– mandated under Emergency Planning &

Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) in 1986 and enacted under Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act in 1987

– response to Bhopal (1984) and other accidents

Industrial Waste• Industrial waste is process waste associated with

manufacturing. – This waste usually is not classified as either municipal

waste or hazardous waste by federal or state laws. – Regulatory programs for managing industrial waste vary

widely among state, tribal, and some local governments.

• Each year, industrial facilities generate and manage 7.6 billion tons of nonhazardous industrial waste in land application units.

Additional Resources

• Air pollution– US EPA

• http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/

• http://www.epa.gov/air/

• Water pollution– US EPA

• http://www.epa.gov/water/

19

• Toxics Release Inventory– US EPA

• http://www.epa.gov/tri/

• Solid waste– US EPA

• http://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/

Primary constituents of sewageOxygen-demanding substances

Mostly organic materials, particulary human feces

Consume dissolved oxygen

Refractory organics Industrial wastes, household products

Toxic to aquatic life

viruses Human wastes Cause disease

detergents Household detergent Toxic to aquatic life

phosphates Detergents Algal nutrients

Grease and oil Cooking, food processing, industrial waste

Aesthetics, harmful to some aquatic life

Salts Human wastes, water softeners, industrial wastes

Increase water salinity

Heavy metals Industrial wastes, chemical laboratories

toxicity

Chelating agents Some detergents, industrial wastes

Heavy metal ion solubization and transport

Solids All sources Aesthetics, harmful to aquatic life

• BOD is the degree of oxygen consumption by microbially mediated oxidation of contaminants in water.

• This parameter is commonly measured by determining the quantity of oxygen utilized by suitable aquatic microorganisms during a day period.

Important trace elements in natural waters

• Cadmium– May arise from industrial discharges and mining

wastes.– Widely used in metal plating– Cadmiun and zinc are common water and sediment

pollutants in harbours – More tha 100 ppm dry weight sediment have been

found in harbour sediments.– Effect of cadmium are high blood pressure, kidney

demage, destruction of testicular tissue and destruction of red blood cells.

– CdCl+ + HS- CdS (s) + H+ + Cl-

• Lead– Inorganic lead arising from a number of

industrial and mining sources occurs in water in the +2 oxidation state

– Young children and fetuses most vulnerable– High doses can lead to brain swelling– Learning deficits– Possibly lethal

• Mercury– Fossil fuel coal and lignite contain mercury, often

levels of 100 ppb or even higher– Mercury enters the environment from a large number

related to human use of this element (laboratory chemicals, batteries, broken thermometers, fungicides adn pharmaceutical product).

– Congenital deffects, neuological demage, blindness, etc– The milder symptoms of mercury poisoning such as

depression and irritability have a psycopathological character.

– Some forms of mercury are relatively nontoxic and were formerly used as medicines (treatment syphilis)

• The unexpectedly hig concentrations of mercury found in water and fish tissue result from the formation of soluble monomethyl mercury ion, CH3Hg+, and volatile dimetylmercury, (CH3)2Hg by anaerobic bacteria in sediments

• Mercury from these compound s become concentrated in fish lipid tissue and concentration factor from water to fish may exceed 103.

• Aryl mercurial (phenyl mercuric dimethyldithiocarbamate)

• Alkyl mercurial (ethyl mercuric chloride)

• C2H5HgCl

Hg

S

N CH3

H3C

S

• Metalloids– The most sinificant water polutiont metalloid element is

arsenic.– Arsenic occurs in the earth’s crust at an average level

of 2 to 5 ppm.– Arsenic occurs with phosphate minerals– The most common of these are lead arsenate,

Pb3(AsO4)2, sodium arsenite, Na3AsO3 and paris green, Cu3(AsO3)2

– Arsenic produced as a by-product of copper gold and lead

– The largest mass poisoning of human populaion in history

Toxic effects continued…

Arsenic•Difficulty swallowing •Stomach pain •Vomiting •Muscle cramps •Possibly death•H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e H3AsO3 + H2O•H3AsO3 CH3AsO(OH)2•CH3AsO(OH)2 (CH3)2AsO(OH)• (CH3)2AsH + 2H2O

Arsenic Continued…•Allowable levels in drinking water according to the EPA•10 micrograms per literhttp://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/as.html

Chromium• Exposure through inhalation• Can cause:• Kidney damage• Dermatits• Irritated nasal lining• Lung cancer

Chromium continued…

• http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/cr.html

Benzene

• Found in Gasoline

• Absorbed through inhalation

• Derived from petroleum

• One of the top twenty chemicals in use in the world

Toxic effects of Benzene

• Dizziness

• Drowsiness

• Unconsciousness

• According to the EPA Benzene should not exceed 5ppb in drinking water

Benzene continued…

• http://www.physics.sfsu.edu/~mugawa/molecule.html

Selenium

• Toxic at much higher levels than the previously mentioned chemicals

• 200 micrograms per day are allowable

Selenium continued…

• Toxic effects include the following• Loss of appetite• Poor vision

• Staggering in circles

Selenium •http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/se.html

Summary of results beginning September 25, 2005 (after Hurricane Rita)

• The following chemicals were found after Rita that exceeded ATSDR/CDC health guidelines in at least one sample in addition to chemicals found between the 10-19th of September

• Manganese• Antimony• Vanadium• Beryllium• PCB’s

Manganese

• Used as an additive in gasoline

• It’s salts are dispersed through the exhausts of cars

Toxic effects of Manganese

• Symptoms resemble Parkinson’s• http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/mn.html

Toxic effects of Beryllium

• Inflammation of respiratory tract

• Berylliosis

• Lung cancer

Man collecting water samples

• Epa.gov

Bacteria found in flood waters

• E. Coli• Fecal Coliform• From sewage overflow and sewage leaks• Coliforms are bacteria that live in the intestines of

warm-blooded animals (humans, pets, farm animals, and wildlife). Fecal coliform bacteria are a kind of coliform associated with human or animal wastes. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is part of the group of fecal coliforms.

Diseases caused by pollutants

• Amebic dysenteryAn intestinal illness caused by a microscopic parasite, amebic dysentery is spread through ingestion of sewage-contaminated food or water. It can also be spread person-to-person.

Diseases continued…

• HepatitisA liver disease spread by coming in contact with contaminated water or fecal material.

• Salmonella

Other issues due to flood waters

• Oil spills http://www.planetsea.com/images/katrina%20oil

%20spill.jpg

Inorganic species

• cyanide, deadly poisonous substance, exist in water as HCN.

• Cyanide ion has a strong affinity for many metal ions, forming relatively less toxic ferrocyanide

• Volatile HCN is very toxic and has been used in gas chamber executions in the US.

• Widely used in industry, especially for metal cleaning and electroplatng.

Ammonia and other inorganic pollutans

• Ammonia is the initial product of the decay of nitrogenous organic wastes, and its presence frequently indicates the presence of such wastes.

• Hydrogen sulfide, is a product of the anaerobic decay of organic matter containing sulfur. It is also produced in the anaerobic reduction sufate by microorganism

• Carbon dioxide, is frequently present in water at high levels due to decay of organic matter. It is also added to softened water during water treatment.– Excessive carbn dioxide levels may make water more

corroive and may be harmful to aquatic life.• Nitrite ion, used as corrosion inhibitor• Sulfite ion, oxygen scavenger• Perchlorate ion, allowed concentration 1 ppb (EPA) in drinking

water

Asidity, alkalinity and salinity

• The most common source of pollutant acid in water is acid mine drainege

• The sulfuric acid in such drainage arises from microbial oxidation of sulfide minerals

• Acid rainfall• Excess alkalinity in many geographic areas the

soil and mineral strata are alkaline.• Water salinity may be increased by a number of

human activity

Pesticdes in water

• DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane)– Carcinogenic – Accumulates in food– 1972 banned in U S– Biodegradable but degradation product still

toxic

• Aldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane

Organophosphates insecticdes

• Paraoxon, malathion, diazinon.– High toxic– 120 mg parathion has been known to kill an

adult human, child 2 mg– Not bioaccumalate and readly undergo

biodegradation

bactericides

• Triclosan

• Zinc phyrithion

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

S

O

O

–ONa+

H3CCH3

SO

O

O– Na+