Water, Policy, Law and Management by Elli Louka

8/2/2019 Water, Policy, Law and Management by Elli Louka

1/132

EMZ@KMKHQEHB QGK K[ RDQKS FSDMKROSL AESKIQEVK

QORDSAY EHQKBSDQKA RDQKS MDHDBKMKHQ EH K[SOZK

K``e @o{ld

ZSOIKKAEHBY OF EHQKSHDQEOHD@ IOHFKSKHIK

DQGKHY, MDU 43, 3::6

Qkigheid` Skzosq - 3::2-:34


2/132

EMZ@KMKHQEHB QGK RDQKS FSDMKROSL AESKIQEVK>

QORDSAY EHQKBSDQKA RDQKS MDHDBKMKHQ EH K[SOZK

K``e @o{ld, Kaeqos

Zsoikkaehby of Ehqkshdqeohd` Iohfkskhik, Mdu 43, 3::6, Dqgkhy, Bskkik

Io-yzohyoska cu d Mdsek I{sek bsdhq-AB Skykdsig, K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh 'IohqsdiqMESB-IQ-3::1-::927:% dha qgk K{sozkdh Z{c`ei @dr Ikhqks

Qgkyk iohfkskhik zsoikkaehby skf`kiq qgk d{qgosy vekry dha hoq qgoyk of qgkK{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh


3/132

Iohqkhqy

Iohqsec{qosy((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((evZskfdik cu Yzuseaoh Fòbdeqey(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((ve

Foskrosa cu Bkosbk Lskm ey((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((vee

Dilhor`kabmkhqy((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((ewDccskvedqeohy((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((w

Bòyydsu(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((we@eyq of Feb{sky(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((weee

@eyq of Qdc`ky(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((wev

K`è @o{ld

Ovksvekr of Ehqkbsdqka Rdqks Skyo{siky Mdhdbkmkhq dha qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgkRdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk eh K{sozk((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4

Ykyyeoh E> Hdqeohd` Kwzksekhiky eh qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RdqksFsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk

Zdvk` Z{hoigQgk Ehyqeq{qeohd` Fsdmkrosl fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks FsdmkroslAeskiqevk eh qgk I~kig Skz{cèi(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4:

Bu{`d Go`Èhyqeq{qeohd` Mkigdheymy fos Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq eh G{hbdsu((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((41

K`khd Fdq{òv

Ehyqeq{qeohd` Fsdmkrosl fos qgk Gdsmohe~dqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk ehYòvdled((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((34

@{cld Ldqigdlovd dha V`daemes AohqigkvEmz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk eh C{`bdsed> D Yqdq{y Skzosq((((((35

Eodhhey YeckqgksoyQgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk> Ozzosq{heqeky dha Igd``khbkyfos Bskkik(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((93

D{sosd Somdheqd Vdye{Qgk Yqdbk of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh eh Somdhed((((((((((((((( 92

Gk`khd Mdqo~Akvkòzmkhq of Ehyqeq{qeohy fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks FsdmkroslAeskiqevk eh Yòvkhed((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((12

Ykyyeoh EE> Hdqeohd` dha Qsdhyhdqeohd` Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiqy dha

D{qgoseqeky

Zgeèz Rk``ks

D Sevks Cdyeh Mdhdbkmkhq Z`dh fos qgk Adh{ck Cdyeh> So`k dha Digekvkmkhqy ofqgk Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk Adh{ck Sevks 'EIZAS%((((((((;3

ee


4/132

Dsho{à @kfc{skYqsdqkbeky dha Ehyqeq{qeohd` Osbdhe~dqeoh of qgk Ehqkshdqeohd` Yigkàq Iommeyyeoh fosqgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;6

k`nlo, Oyqone,Qgk Ehqkshdqeohd` Ydvd Iommeyyeoh> F{q{sk Igd``khbky dha Ozzosq{heqeky(((((((((((((((64

L`mh ZdzzIoozksdqeoh eh qgk Qey~d Sevks Cdyeh dha qgk F{q{sk of Ce`dqksdèym eh RdqksMdhdbkmkhq(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((62

Re``km MdlQgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk eh qgk Hkqgks`dhay dhaIoozksdqeoh eh qgk Kmy, Mk{yk, Yigkàq dha Sgehk Sevks Cdyehy(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((22

Ykyyeoh EE> Yqsdqkbeky dha Mkqgoay of Z{cèi Zdsqeiezdqeoh

Bksgdsa YloffAdh{ck K{sozky Gkseqdbk, K{sozky Igd``khbk> qgk Adh{ck Qo{seyq Iommeyyeohdy d Yqdlkgoàks eh qgk Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk Adh{ckSevks(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((7;

Ndymehk CdigmdhhZ{cèi Zdsqeiezdqeoh Yqsdqkbeky dha Mkqgoay> Zksyzkiqevky of dh Ehqkshdqeohd`Ykiskqdsedq(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((5:

Mdsed BgeheZ{cèi Zdsqeiezdqeoh eh qgk Asdfqehb of qgk Sevks Cdyeh Mdhdbkmkhq Z`dhy ehBskkik(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((51

Zkq{s FdsldyEmz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk eh d Qsdhyco{hadsu Iohqkwq>Zdsqed` Sevks Cdyeh Mdhdbkmkhq Z`dh fos qgk Goshda/Gksha Sevks((((((((((((((((((((((((((52

Soc [enqksèhak, Qgk A{qig Zoàks Moak`> Qgk Kvo`{qeoh dha I{sskhq So`k ofRdqkscodsay(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4:4

@kqeied GkshdhaoQgk So`k of K{sozkdh @dhaorhksy Osbdhe~dqeoh eh qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RdqksFsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4:1

Adhek` CohaAkvkòzehb d Sevks Cdyeh Z`dh fos qgk Secc`k Idqigmkhq> @kyyohy @kdshka dha F{q{skAeskiqeoh(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4:2

K`è @o{ldQgk F{q{sk of Ehqkbsdqka Rdqks Skyo{siky Mdhdbkmkhq((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((449

eee


5/132

Iohqsec{qosy

Cdigmdhh, Ndymehk, Qkigheid` Kwzksq, Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh ofqgk Adh{ck Sevks 'EIZAS%

Coha, Adhek`, Secc`k Zeòq Qkigheid` Daveyos, [heqka Lehbaom Khvesohmkhq Dbkhiu

Aohqigkv, V`daemes, Rdqks Aeskiqosdqk, Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks, C{`bdsed

Fdsldy, Zkq{s, Skbeohd` Khvesohmkhqd` Ikhqks 'SKI% Io{hqsu Offeik,G{hbdsu

Fdq{òv, K`khd, Akz{qu Rdqks Aeskiqos, Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq, Yòvdled

Fòbdeqey, Yzuseaoh, Zsofkyyos, [hevksyequ of Dqgkhy, Aeskiqos K{sozkdh Z{cèi @drIkhqks

Bgehe, Mdsed, Meheyqsu of Akvkòzmkhq, Bskkik

Gkshdhao, @kqeied, @kbd` Daveyos, K{sozkdh @dhaorhksy Osbdhe~dqeoh 'K@O%,Cs{yyk`y Offeik

Go``, Bu{`d, Gkda of Akzdsqmkhq Sevks Cdyeh Mdhdbkmkhq, K[ Rdqks Aeskiqos,Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks, G{hbdsu

Ldqigdlovd, @{cld, Akz{qu Meheyqks, Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks, C{`bdsed(

Lskmèy, Bkosbk, Gkda of [heq, Iogkyeoh Zoèiu & Khvesohmkhqd` EmzdiqDyykyymkhq, AB Khvesohmkhq, K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh

@kfc{sk, Dsho{à , Ykiskqdsu Bkhksd`, Ehqkshdqeohd` Yigkàq Iommeyyeoh

@o{ld K`è, Mdsek I{sek Fk`òr '3::;-3::6%, Zskyeakhq DAE

Mdl, Re``km, Meheyqsu of Qsdhyzosq, Z{cèi Rosly dha Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq, qgkHkqgks`dhay

Mdqo~, Gk`khd, [haksykiskqdsu, Meheyqsu of qgk Khvesohmkhq dha Yzdqed` Z`dhhehb,

Yòvkhed

Oyqone, k`nlo, Gkda of Ehqkshdqeohd` Ioozksdqeoh Akzdsqmkhq, Yqdqk RdqksAeskiqosdqk, Isodqed

Zdzz, L`mh, Ehqkshdqeohd` Ioosaehdqos, Rdqks Ikhqks, Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dhaRdqks, G{hbdsu

Z{hoig, Zdvk`, Akz{qu Meheyqks fos Foskyqsu dha Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq, Meheyqsu ofDbsei{`q{sk, I~kig Skz{cèi

Yeckqgksoy, Eodhhey , Yzkied` Ykiskqdsu dha Gkda, Ikhqsd` Rdqks Dbkhiu, Meheyqsu fosqgk Khvesohmkhq, Zguyeid` Z`dhhehb dha Z{cèi Rosly, Bskkik

ev


6/132

Yloff, Bksgdsa, Zskyeakhq, Adh{ck Qo{seyq Iommeyyeoh

[enqks`ehak, Soc, Dyyoiedqeoh of Rdqks codsay '[VR%, qgk Hkqgks`dhay

Vdye{, D{sosd S( 'As(%, Gkda of Mdhdbkmkhq Z`dhy Offeik, Hdqeohd` DameheyqsdqeohSomdhedh Rdqksy, Somdhed

Rk``ks, Zge`ez, Kwki{qevk Ykiskqdsu, Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh ofqgk Adh{ck Sevks 'EIZAS%

v


7/132

Zskfdik

Qgk K{sozkdh Z{cei @dr Ikhqksy akieyeoh qo io-yzohyos reqg qgk AB Skykdsig ofqgk K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh qgk Mdsek I{sek yq{au oh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk`kbey`dqeoh qgdq ykqy qgk fsdmkrosl fos qgk mdhdbkmkhq of rdqks skyo{siky eh K{sozkyzsehby fsom eqy veyeoh dy d ikhqks qgdq zsomoqky ehqksaeyiezèhdsu skykdsig dha qgk

vekr of z{cèi `dr dy dh ehyqs{mkhq of igdhbk eh qgk K{sozkdh yoiekqu(

Yigo`dsy qgdq gdvk akd`q reqg rdqks `dr eh qgk K{sozkdh iohqkwq ofqkh gdvk {haksèhkaqgk fsdbmkhqdqeoh of y{ig `dr dy vdseo{y ehyqs{mkhqy dsk daozqka qo daaskyy iohikshyyzdhhehb fsom rdqks ygdsehb qo rdqks zo``{qeoh qgdq dsk hoq ofqkh iohvksydhq reqg kdigoqgks( Ho rohaks qgk akieyeoh qo daozq d iohyqeq{qevk ehyqs{mkhq qgdq re`` {hefu {haksd yehb`k fsdmkrosl rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh K{sozk gdy ckkh gde`ka dy kwqskmkù qemkùdha feqqehb fos qgk f{q{sk akvkòzmkhq of K{sozkdh z{cei `dr dha, moyq emzosqdhqù,fos qgk ckqqksmkhq dha skyqosdqeoh of mdhu rdqks skyo{siky eh K{sozk(

Qgk iohfkskhik zsoikkaehby kaeqka cu As( K`è @o{ld ehi`{ak h{mkso{y iohqsec{qeohyoh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk( Qgk iohfkskhik zsoveaka dfos{m fos qgk kwigdhbk of zksyzkiqevky dha ckyq zsdiqeiky oh qgk ehyqeq{qeohdàkvkòzmkhq qgdq ey hkikyydsu fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk aeskiqevk( Qgk

zsoikkaehby zsoveak kwik``khq ehyebgqy oh qgk quzk of ehyqeq{qeohd` akvkòzmkhq qgdq eyhkikyydsu fos qgk ehqkbsdqka rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh K{sozk coqg dq qgk aomkyqei `kvk`dha qsdhyhdqeohd`ù( Qgk K{sozkdh Z{cèi @dr Ikhqks qdlky bskdq zseak eh osbdhe~ehbqgey Mdsek I{sek iohfkskhik dha eh dyyeyqehb As( @o{ld eh qgk kwki{qeoh of qgey MdsekI{sek yq{au(

Zsofkyyos Yzuseaoh Fòbdeqey

Aeskiqos KZ@IAkikmcks 3::2

ve


8/132

Foskrosa

Qgk yo{ha mdhdbkmkhq of rdqks skyo{siky ey ikhqsd` qo qgk z{sy{eq of y{yqdehdc`kakvkòzmkhq diqeveqeky( Qgk K{sozkdh [heoh, reqg qgk daozqeoh of qgk RdqksFsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk eh 3:::, gdy ykq qgk f{hadmkhqd`y fos ehqkbsdqka mdhdbkmkhq ofrdqks skyo{siky eh Mkmcks Yqdqky dha disoyy hdqeohd` co{hadseky(

Rdqks zoèiu eh qgk K{sozkdh [heoh ey hoq eyo`dqka fsom kiohomu dha akvkòzmkhq(Dsqei`k 6 of qgk Qskdqu kyqdcèygehb qgk K{sozkdh Iomm{hequ i`kdsù yqdqkyKhvesohmkhqd` zsoqkiqeoh skt{eskmkhqy m{yq ck ehqkbsdqka ehqo qgk akfeheqeoh dhaemz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Iomm{hequ zoèieky dha diqeveqekyeh zdsqei{`ds reqg d vekr qo

zsomoqehb y{yqdehdc`k akvkòzmkhq(

Dy y{ig, khvesohmkhq m{yq ck ehqkbsdqka ehqo d`` oqgks zoèieky, ehi`{aehb qgkIogkyeoh Zoèiu( Qgk Iogkyeoh Zoèiu ey qgk kwzskyyeoh of yoèadsequ dmohb qgk K[Mkmcks Yqdqky, dy eqy z{szoyk ey qo yqskhbqgkh kiohomei dha yoied` iogkyeoh qgso{bg dgdsmoheo{y qksseqosed` akvkòzmkhq( Moskovks, qgk hkr Skfosm Qskdqu '@eycohQskdqu% of 3::2 gdy kwzèieqù ehqsoa{ika qksseqosed` iogkyeoh( Qg{y, qgk ska{iqeoh ofaeyzdseqeky dmohb skbeohy ey qgk foi{y of qgk iohqsec{qehb F{hay qgk K{sozkdhSkbeohd` Akvkòzmkhq F{ha 'KSAF%, qgk K{sozkdh Yoied` F{ha 'KYF% dha qgkIogkyeoh F{ha( Qgk KSAF idh io-fehdhik, ehqks dèd, zsonkiqy fos qgk zsoqkiqeoh ofrdqks skyo{siky, rdqks y{zzù, {scdh rdyqkrdqks qskdqmkhq, ehqkbsdqka yqsdqkbeky fosi`kdh qsdhyzosq dha mdhdbkmkhq of ykd qsdffei, ehqkbsdqka mdhdbkmkhq of iodyqd`~ohky, dy rk`` dy qgk zsoqkiqeoh of rkq`dhay dha mdsehk skyo{siky(

Gorkvks, rge`yq moyq Iogkyeoh Zoèiu f{haehb zsoveaky ozzosq{heqeky fosemzsovkmkhq dha zsoqkiqeoh of qgk khvesohmkhq, ehi`{aehb qgk mdhdbkmkhq of rdqks

skyo{siky, eq ey {z qo Mkmcks Yqdqky qo akieak rgdq qgkes zseoseqeky dsk dha gor qoyzkha qgkes f{haehb 'coqqom {z dzzsodig%( Eq ey dq qgey n{hiq{sk qgdq qgkemz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk ey ckiomehb is{ied`( OhùMkmcks Yqdqky qgdq gdvk emz`kmkhqka qgk Aeskiqevk dha gdvk iskdqka ehyqeq{qeohy qgdqre`` khy{sk iomzèdhik reqg eqy skt{eskmkhqy idh akvkòz y{ffeiekhq zsoc`km-yo`vehb,idzdiequ dha qgk foskyebgq qo daaskyy rdqks ehfsdyqs{iq{sk hkkay(

Qgkyk qemkù Iohfkskhik Zsoikkaehby daaskyy qgk eyy{k of ehyqeq{qeohd` akvkòzmkhqdy d ckhigmdslehb qoo` fos akiezgksehb qgk h{qy-dha-co`qy of qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh ofqgey emzosqdhq Aeskiqevk eh Mkmcks Yqdqky( Qgk emzosqdhik of ehyqeq{qeohdàkvkòzmkhq eh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of khvesohmkhqd` `kbey`dqeoh idhhoq ck yqskyyka

kho{bg( Rge`k dh khvesohmkhqd` mkdy{sk idh ck kffkiqevk dy òhb dy eq khnouyy{zzosq cu eqy zsozohkhqy, y{ig y{zzosq idh kvdzosdqk reqg qgk zdyydbk of qemk {h`kyyqgk zsozks ehyqeq{qeohy dsk z{q eh z`dik qgdq d`òr fos kffeiekhq emz`kmkhqdqeoh dhakhfosikmkhq( Qgk kyqdcèygmkhq of dakt{dqk dameheyqsdqevk idzdiequ ey hoq ohùhkikyydsu qo khy{sk qgdq KI s{`ky dsk skyzkiqka< eq ey d`yo d hkikyydsu zskskt{eyeqk ehosaks qo zskzdsk zezkèhky of zsonkiqy of y{ffeiekhq t{dèqu qo d`òr fos qgkiommeqmkhq of KI f{haehb( Qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk skt{esky qgdq d h{mcksof ehyqeq{qeohd` mkigdheymy ck ykq {z fos eqy emz`kmkhqdqeoh, ehi`{aehb kyqdcèygehbsevks cdyeh d{qgoseqeky, moheqosehb dbkhieky dha èikhyehb coaeky( Qgkyk ehyqeq{qeohd`mkigdheymy m{yq ck dc`k qo iomm{heidqk dha ioosaehdqk coqg gose~ohqd`ù dhavksqeid`ù( Fehd`ù, z{cèi zdsqeiezdqeoh zsoikkaehby gdvk qo ck eheqedqka eh d`` Mkmcks

Yqdqky qgdq ro{à d`òr fos qgk digekvkmkhq of zdsqeiezdqosu akmoisdiu reqgehK{sozk(

vee


9/132

Qgkyk Iohfkskhik Zsoikkaehby, kaeqka cu As( K`è @o{ld, zsoveak seig ehyebgqy ehqoqgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk eh Mkmcks Yqdqky( MkmcksYqdqky dsk akieaehb oh qgk dzzsozsedqk yqs{iq{sky fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgkAeskiqevk( Yomk Mkmcks Yqdqky gdvk akieaka qo sk-osekhq kweyqehb ehyqeq{qeohd`yqs{iq{sky fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Aeskiqevk, rge`k oqgks Yqdqky gdvk yqdsqka qo

iskdqk hkr d{qgoseqeky fos qgk mdhdbkmkhq of qgkes rdqks skyo{siky( Rgeigkvksigoeiky dsk mdak, qgk mdeh eyy{k ey qgk iommeqmkhq of y{ig d{qgoseqeky qoemz`kmkhqdqeoh dha qgk z{sy{eq of ehqkbsdqka rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh K{sozk( Ehdaaeqeoh, Mkmcks Yqdqky gdvk khbdbka eh qsdhyhdqeohd` akvkòzmkhqy qgso{bg qgkiskdqeoh of ehqkshdqeohd` sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy dha d{qgoseqeky eh mdhu qsdhyhdqeohd`sevks cdyeh cdyehy( Mkmcks Yqdqky gdvk d`yo ckkh iohikshka reqg qgk zsdiqeid`dzzèidqeoh of z{cèi zdsqeiezdqeoh zsoika{sky qgso{bg qgk khbdbkmkhq of d h{mcks ofbovkshmkhqd` dha hoh-bovkshmkhqd` osbdhe~dqeohy eh qgk mdhdbkmkhq of rdqksskyo{siky( Rge`k qgk kwzksekhik reqg z{cèi zdsqeiezdqeoh gdy khnouka aeffksehbakbskky of y{iikyy eh vdseo{y io{hqseky, qgku idh ck ykkh dy fesyq kffosqy qo dzzù yomkof qgk zsehiez`ky of zdsqeiezdqevk akmoisdiu eh K{sozk dy skt{eska cu qgk Ddsg{y

Iohvkhqeoh(

Ovksd``, qgkyk Iohfkskhik Zsoikkaehby zsoveak dh kwik``khq ovksvekr of rdqksmdhdbkmkhq eh yzkiefei Mkmcks Yqdqky dha qsdhyhdqeohd`ù, dy rk`` dy dh ehyebgq ehqo

z{cèi zdsqeiezdqeoh eh sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq( Dzzsodigka fsom qgk zksyzkiqevk ofzsdiqeqeohksy, fos rgom rdqks ey hoq dh didakmei khakdvos c{q dh kvksuadu skdèqu,qgkyk Zsoikkaehby re`` ck of qskmkhao{y vd`{k qo qgoyk ehqkskyqka eh qgkemz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk dha qgk K[ khvesohmkhqd``kbey`dqeoh, hoq ohù eh K{sozk c{q eh oqgks dskdy of qgk rosà(

Bkosbk Lskmèy, Gkda of [heq, #Iogkyeoh Zoèiu & Khvesohmkhqd` EmzdiqDyykyymkhqy#, AB Khvesohmkhq, K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh

Akikmcks 3::2

veee


10/132

Dilhor`kabmkhqy

Qgk iohfkskhik zsoikkaehby ehi`{aka eh qgey vo`{mk dsk qgk sky{`qy of d Iohfkskhikqgdq qool z`dik eh Dqgkhy, Bskkik oh Mdu 44-43, 3::6( Qgk qgkmk of qgk iohfkskhikrdy Emz`kmkhqehb qgk K[ Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk> Qordsay Ehqkbsdqka RdqksMdhdbkmkhq eh K{sozk( Qgk iohfkskhik rdy y{zzosqka cu qgk K{sozkdh

Iommeyyeoh, Aeskiqosdqk-Bkhksd` fos Skykdsig, qgso{bg d Mdsek I{sek fk`òrygez( Edm akkzù gohoska qo gdvk ckkh d Mdsek I{sek fk`òr( Qgk fk`òrygez zsoveaka mkreqg qgk ozzosq{hequ qo ak`vk ehqo qgk fdyiehdqehb dskd of f{q{sk of rdqks skyo{sikymdhdbkmkhq eh K{sozk( Mu mdhu qgdhly qo Sdffdk`k @ecksdè, Aeskiqos Qgk g{mdhfdiqos, moceèqu dha Mdsek I{sek Diqeveqeky, a{sehb qgk a{sdqeoh of qgk fk`òrygez, fosgey y{zzosq dha D`kyydhasd @{igkqqe, Akz{qu Gkda of [heq, Mdsek I{sek DiqeohyFk`òrygezy rgom E gda d z`kdy{sk qo mkkq a{sehb mu veyeq qo Cs{yyk`y( Ms( ZdvòyMo{sdqeaey dqqkhaka qgk Iohfkskhik dha E ro{à èlk qo qgdhl gem fos gey ehyebgqf{ìohqsec{qeoh dco{q qgk f{q{sk of skykdsig eh K{sozk( E ro{à èlk qo qgdhl BkosbkLskmèy, Gkda of [heq, Iogkyeoh Zoèiu dha Khvesohmkhqd` Emzdiq Dyykyymkhqy,Aeskiqosdqk-Bkhksd` fos Khvesohmkhq fos zdsqeiezdqehb eh qgk iohfkskhik dha offksehb

zoehqka ehqsoa{iqosu skmdsly(

Qgey skykdsig rdy f{sqgks io-yzohyoska cu qgk K{sozkdh Z{cèi @dr Ikhqks( Mumdhu qgdhly qo Zsofkyyos Yzuseaoh Fòbdeqey, Aeskiqos of qgk K{sozkdh Z{cèi @drIkhqks, fos zsoveaehb qgk dzzsozsedqk khvesohmkhq fos mk dq qgk Ikhqks qo z{sy{k qgkdidakmei bod`y of qgey yq{au(

E ro{à èlk qo qgdhl qgk igdesy of qgk zdhk`y, Lohyqdhqehoy Mkho{adloy, Igdesmdh,Fefqg Igdmcks, Gk``khei Io{hie` of Yqdqk, Zsofkyyos Bùlksed Yeo{qey, ZsofkyyosKvdhbkòy Sdfqozo{òy dha Zsofkyyos Bkosbed Bedhhdlo{so{ fos b{eaehb qgk

iohfkskhik dha yqessehb d h{mcks of yqem{`dqehb aeyi{yyeohy(

E dm bsdqkf{` qo Zsofkyyos Bkosbk Zdzdaemeqseo{ fos d`` gey y{zzosq a{sehb mu yqdu ehDqgkhy dha d`` qgso{bg qgk osbdhe~dqeoh of qgk iohfkskhik( Zsofkyyos Zkqsoy Zdsdsdyrdy zdsqei{`dsù gk`zf{` eh o{s aeyi{yyeohy dco{q qgk zsoqkiqeoh of qgk khvesohmkhqdha g{mdh sebgqy( E dm emmkdy{sdcù bsdqkf{` qo mu qkdigks of ehqkshdqeohd` `drZsofkyyos Kmmdh{k` So{lo{hdy fos gey y{zzosq dha fos d`rduy gk`zehb mk ykk qgehbyeh qgk zsozks iohqkwq( Mdsed Ldsdmdhof, N{yqeik of qgk Gk``khei Io{hie` of Yqdqk,gk`zka mk {haksyqdha, qgso{bg d h{mcks of khèbgqkhehb aeyi{yyeohy, qgk zsoc`kmy ofemz`kmkhqdqeoh eh qgk reaks K{sozkdh skdèqu(

Mu mdhu qgdhly qo qgk iohfkskhik zdsqeiezdhqy fos qgkes iohqsec{qeohy( Qgey yq{auio{à gdvk hoq ckkh iomz`kqka reqgo{q qgkes zdsqeiezdqeoh fos rgeig E dm goho{skadha bsdqkf{`(

As( K`è @o{ldAkikmcks 3::2

ew


11/132

Dccskvedqeohy

ISKA> Iommeyyeoh ak Skbemk aky Kd{w ak Adh{ckASZI/Adh{ck Sevks Zsoqkiqeoh IohvkhqeohKB/Kwzksq Bso{zK@O/K{sozkdh @dhaorhksy Osbdhe~dqeoh

K[/K{sozkdh [heohFDO/Fooa dha Dbsei{`q{sk Osbdhe~dqeohFDYSC/Fsdmkrosl Dbskkmkhq fos Ydvd Sevks CdyehEIZAS/Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk Adh{ck SevksEIZS/Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of Sgehk SevksEIYSC/Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Ydvd Sevks CdyehEYI/Ehqkshdqeohd` Yigkàq IommeyyeohMOK/Meheyqsu of KhvesohmkhqSCMZy/Sevks Cdyeh Mdhdbkmkhq Z`dhySAZy/S{sd` Akvkòzmkhq ZsobsdmySKI/Skbeohd` Khvesohmkhq Zsobsdm[H/KIK [heqka Hdqeohy Iommeyyeoh fos K{sozk[HAZ/[heqka Hdqeohy Akvkòzmkhq Zsobsdm[HKZ/[heqka Hdqeohy Khvesohmkhq Zsobsdm[HKYIO/[heqka Hdqeohy Ka{idqeohd`, Yiekhqefei dha I{`q{sd` Osbdhe~dqeohRFA/Rdqks Fsdmkrosl AeskiqevkRB/Roslehb Bso{zRRF/Rosà Reak F{ha fos Hdq{sk

w


12/132

Bòyydsu

Dsqefeied` rdqks coau> Rdqks coau iskdqka cu g{mdh diqevequ

I`dyyefeidqeoh of rdqksy> Qgk RFA skt{esky qgdq mkmcks yqdqky i`dyyefu qgkes rdqksycdyka oh qgkes kioòbeid` yqdq{y( Cdyka oh qgkes kioòbeid` yqdq{y, rdqksy idh ck

i`dyyefeka dy of gebg, booa, moaksdqk, zoos dha cda yqdq{y

Iommoh yqsdqkbu fos emz`kmkhqdqeoh> Qgk yqsdqkbu daozqka cu qgk rdqks aeskiqosydha qgk Iommeyyeoh qo fdieèqdqk qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA

Iomzkqkhq d{qgoseqeky> Iomzkqkhq d{qgoseqeky m{yq ck kyqdcèygka cu mkmcks yqdqkyfos qgk z{szoyky of emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA

Aeff{yk yo{siky 'of zo``{qeoh%> Aeff{yk yo{siky of zo``{qeoh dsk hoh-zoehq yo{siky ofzo``{qeoh qgdq ey yo{siky of zo``{qeoh qgdq dsk aeffei{`q qo eakhqefu y{ig dy zo``{qeohiomehb fsom dbsei{`q{sd` fekày a{k qo qgk {yk of zkyqeieaky dha fksqeè~ksy

Kioòbeid` yqdq{y> Kioòbeid` yqdq{y ey {yka qo i`dyyefu y{sfdik rdqksy( Rdqksy dski`dyyefeka dy of booa kioòbeid` yqdq{y rgkh qgku mkkq qgk yqdhadsay of qgk aeskiqevk

Khvesohmkhqd` ocnkiqevky> Qgkyk ocnkiqevky dsk ykq eh dsqei`k 1 of qgk aeskiqevk( Qgkykdsk qgk ocnkiqevky qgdq m{yq ck digekvka rgkh emz`kmkhqehb qgk aeskiqevk

Booa yqdq{y> Rdqksy dsk akfehka dy ckehb of booa yqdq{y rgkh coqg qgkes kioòbeid`dha igkmeid` yqdq{y ey dq `kdyq booa

B{eadhik aoi{mkhqy> Aoi{mkhqy eyy{ka cu roslehb bso{zy reqgeh qgk fsdmkrosl ofiommoh emz`kmkhqdqeoh yqsdqkbu qo b{eak qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of vdseo{y iomzohkhqyof qgk aeskiqevk

Gkdveù moaefeka rdqks coau> D rdqks coau qgdq gdy ckkh y{cnkiqka qo zguyeid`d`qksdqeohy a{k qo g{mdh diqevequ dy akyebhdqka cu mkmcks yqdqky eh diiosadhik reqgDhhkw EE of qgk RFA

Ehqksidècsdqeoh kwksieyk> Qgk bod` of qgk ehqksidècsdqeoh kwksieyk ey qo gdsmohe~k qgk{haksyqdhaehb of booa kioòbeid` yqdq{y eh d`` mkmcks yqdqky, dha qo khy{sk qgdq qgeyiommoh {haksyqdhaehb ey iohyeyqkhq reqg qgk akfeheqeohy of qgk aeskiqevk( Qgk

ehqksidècsdqeoh kwksieyk ey mkhqeohka eh Dhhkw V ykiqeoh 4(1(4 of qgk RFA

Ehqkshdqeohd` Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiqy 'ESCAy%> Mkmcks yqdqky gdvk qo akyebhdqkehqkshdqeohd` sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy eh rgeig qgku re`` ioozksdqk fos qgk mdhdbkmkhq fosqgkes ygdska rdqks skyo{siky( Ehqkshdqeohd` Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiqy ehi`{ak qgdq ofAdh{ck Sevks, qgk Yigkàq Sevks, qgk Ydvd Sevks dha qgk Sgehk Sevks

Zeòq sevks cdyehy> Zeòq sevks cdyehy rksk {yka qo qkyq qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFAdha qgk dzzèidqeoh of qgk b{eadhik aoi{mkhqy

Zsobsdmmk of mkdy{sky> D zsobsdmmk of mkdy{sky eakhqefeky eh akqde` qgk diqeohy qo

ck qdlkh reqgeh d sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq qo mkkq qgk khvesohmkhqd` ocnkiqevky of qgkaeskiqevk

we


13/132

Skfkskhik iohaeqeohy> Skfkskhik iohaeqeohy dsk qo ck kyqdcèygka fos vdseo{y rdqks

coaeky yo dy qo zsoveak d cdykèhk dbdehyq rgeig qo mkdy{sk qgk kffkiqy of zdyq dhazskykhq emzdiqy oh rdqks

Sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy> Mkmcks yqdqky m{yq eakhqefu qgk sevks cdyehy ùehb reqgeh qgkesqksseqosu dha dyyebh qgkm qo sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy

Sevks Cdyeh Mdhdbkmkhq Z`dhy 'SCMZy%> Z`dhy daozqka cu qgk iomzkqkhq d{qgoseqekykyqdcèygka cu mkmcks yqdqky fos qgk mdhdbkmkhq of d sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq( SCMZym{yq ehi`{ak qgk igdsdiqkseyqeiy of qgk cdyehy, qgk ocnkiqevky qgdq hkka qo ck digekvkady rk`` dy dh diqeoh zsobsdm os zsobsdm of mkdy{sky fos qgk ska{iqeoh of zo``{qeoh ehqgk cdyeh

Sevks cdyehy> D sevks cdyeh ey dh dskd of `dha asdehka cu d sevks dha eqy qsec{qdseky dhaoqgks quzky of y{sfdik rdqks

Yqsdqkbei ioosaehdqeoh bso{z> Bso{z iomzseyka of qgk K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh dha qgkrdqks aeskiqosy qo b{eak qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy

Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk 'RFA%> Qgk aeskiqevk daozqka cu qgk K{sozkdh [heoh qokyqdcèyg qgk fsdmkrosl fos qgk mdhdbkmkhq of rdqks skyo{siky

wee


14/132

@eyq of Feb{sky

Feb{sk 4> Osbdhe~dqeoh of Meheyqsu of Rdqks 'G{hbdsu%Feb{sk 3> Osbdhe~dqeoh of Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq 'G{hbdsu%Feb{sk 9> Ehyqeq{qeohd` Mkigdheymy fos Fòoa Akfkhyk 'G{hbdsu%Feb{sk 1> Mdz of Hdqeohd` dha Y{c-hdqeohd` Sevks Cdyehy Yòvdled

Feb{sk ;> Osbdhe~dqeohd` Yqs{iq{sk of RFA eh YòvdledFeb{sk 6> Ehyqeq{qeohd` Ioosaehdqeoh fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA eh YòvdledFeb{sk 2> Osbdhe~dqeoh of Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq eh C{`bdsedFeb{sk 7> Dameheyqsdqeoh of Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq eh BskkikFeb{sk 5> Osbdhe~dqeohd` Yqs{iq{sk of qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq eh YòvkhedFeb{sk 4:> Yqs{iq{sk of Khvesohmkhqd` Dbkhiu eh YòvkhedFeb{sk 44> Hdqeohd` Kwzksq Bso{zy fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of RFA eh YòvkhedFeb{sk 43> Qgk Ehqkshdqeohd` Aeyqseiq of qgk YigkàqFeb{sk 49> Osbdhe~dqeoh fos Skzosqehb qo qgk K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh 'Yigkàq SevksCdyeh%Feb{sk 41> Ioosaehdqeoh of Sevks Cdyeh Z`dhhehb eh qgk Hkqgks`dhayFeb{sk 4;> Kebgq Skbeohd` Y{c-cdyehy 'Hkqgks`dhay%Feb{sk 46> Qgk Iuièid` Emz`kmkhqdqeoh Zsoikyy 'Hkqgks`dhay%Feb{sk 42> Ioosaehdqeoh Yqs{iq{sk fos qgk RFA Emz`kmkhqdqeoh 'Hkqgks`dhay%Feb{sk 47> Ioosaehdqeoh Yqs{iq{sk of qgk EIZSFeb{sk 45> Ioosaehdqeoh fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA 'Sgehk Iommeyyeoh%Feb{sk 3:> Secc`k Cdyeh dha Hosqg Rkyq Sevks Cdyeh '[heqka Lehbaom%Feb{sk 34> Sevks Cdyeh Z`dhhehb dha Mkqgoay of Khbdbkmkhq '[heqka Lehbaom%

weee


15/132

wev

@eyq of Qdc`ky

Qdc`k 4> Ygdska Skyzohyeceèqeky eh Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq G{hbdsuQdc`k 3> Roslehb Bso{zy Yqdq{y, YòvdledQdc`k 9> Igdsdiqkseyqeiy of Rdqksio{syky eh IsodqedQdc`k 1> Rdqks T{dèqu I`dyyefeidqeoh eh Isodqed

Qdc`k ;> Qo{seym eh qgk Adh{ckQdc`k 6> Iomzkqkhq D{qgoseqeky eh Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq eh qgk Hkqgks`dhayQdc`k 2> Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiq @edeyoh Mkmcksygez Zdhk` '[heqka Lehbaom%Qdc`k 7> F{hiqeohy of Z{cèi Zdsqeiezdqeoh


16/132

Ovksvekr of Ehqkbsdqka Rdqks Skyo{siky Mdhdbkmkhq dha qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk

Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk eh K{sozk

K`è @o{ld

Qgk iohfkskhik zsoikkaehby foi{y oh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks FsdmkroslAeskiqevk 'RFA%, qgk `kbey`dqeoh daozqka cu qgk K{sozkdh [heoh qo emz`kmkhq ehqkbsdqkardqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq eh K{sozk( Ehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq eyakfehka dy mdhdbkmkhq of rdqks skyo{siky qdlehb ehqo diio{hq coqg qgk t{dèqu dhat{dhqequ of rdqks skyo{siky( @dsbk dmo{hqy of rdqks of qgk rsohb t{dèqu 'y{ig dyzo``{qka rdqks% dsk of ho {yk fos asehlehb z{szoyky, essebdqeoh, skiskdqeoh os oqgksy{yqdehdc`k akvkòzmkhq diqeveqeky( Ehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq mkdhy d`yoqgk ehqkbsdqeoh of rdqks mdhdbkmkhq ehqo `dha {yk z`dhhehb, dy eq ey ofqkh qgdq zo``{qehbdiqeveqeky oh `dha emzdes rdqks t{dèqu(

Qgk dzzèidqeoh of ehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq gdy k`{aka zoèiumdlksy

ckid{yk of qgk `dsbk ykiqosy of qgk kiohomu qgdq gdvk qo ck ehqkbsdqka qo mdlk zoyyec`kehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq( Fos ehyqdhik, ehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{sikymdhdbkmkhq mkdhy qgdq dbsei{`q{sd` dha eha{yqsed` aeyigdsbky ehqo qgk rdqksy hkka qo ckiohqso``ka qo d`òr fos oqgks {yky dha qo ska{ik qgk ioyqy of rdqks qskdqmkhq( Ehqkbsdqkardqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq mkdhy qgdq qgk qkighoòbeid` akvkòzmkhq of sevksy,ehi`{aehb admy dha fòoa iohqso` akveiky, ygo{à ao hoq igdhbk qgk moszgoòbu of sevksyqo dh kwqkhq qgdq dffkiqy akqsemkhqd`ù qgk khvesohmkhq dha qgk y{yqdehdceèqu of zsoqkiqkadskdy(

Qo digekvk qgk akyeska ehqkbsdqeoh, ohk of qgk zskmeyky of ehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{sikymdhdbkmkhq ey sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq mdhdbkmkhq( Qskdqehb qgk sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq dy qgkosbdhe~ehb {heq fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhq daaskyyky khvesohmkhqd` kwqkshdèqeky yehik{zyqskdm yqdqky os òidèqeky gdvk qo iohyeaks qgk kffkiqy of qgkes diqeohy aorhyqskdm(Osbdhe~ehb rdqks mdhdbkmkhq dso{ha qgk sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq khy{sky qgdq d rdqksio{sykre`` hoq ck qskdqka eh d zekikmkd` fdygeoh c{q eh d goèyqei mdhhks dy hdq{sk, zsky{mdcù,ehqkhaka eq qo ck qskdqka( Ef qgk sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq ey {yka qo osbdhe~k qgk dameheyqsdqevkykiqos of rdqks mdhdbkmkhq, yqdqky re`` gdvk qo z{q dyeak qsdaeqeohd` dameheyqsdqevkco{hadseky dha qo akd` reqg rdqks mdhdbkmkhq reqgeh qgk guasoòbeid` cosaksy of d sevkscdyeh aeyqseiq( Qgey ey d sdaeid` eakd, eh d rosà rgksk yqdqk yovkskebhqu yqe`` khnouyzsemdiu, eh qgdq eq mkdhy qgdq yqdqky hkka qo ioozksdqk reqg oqgks yqdqky qo mdhdbk rdqksyeh d fdygeoh qgdq mdlky hdqeohd` fsohqeksy ehdzzskiedc`k( Qgk sevks, qg{y, ey qskdqka dy dhkhqequ qgk dbbskbdqk zoqkhqed` {yky dha vd`{ky of rgeig dsk hkboqedqka dmohb yqdqky dhavdseo{y ioyqy/ckhkfeqy dsk idì{`dqka qgso{bg ehqks-yqdqk io-akieyeohmdlehb ehyqeq{qeohd`mkigdheymy(

Qgk hkr guasobsdzgei cosaksy zskyisecka fos ehqkbsdqka rdqks mdhdbkmkhq gdvk ukq qock z{sy{ka oh dh ehqkshdqeohd` yid`k( Ehqkshdqeohd` iommeyyeohy gdvk ckkh kyqdcèygka ehmdhu skbeohy c{q fkr of qgkm akd` reqg d`` iomzohkhqy of ehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{sikymdhdbkmkhq( Aomkyqei zdsdaebmy of ehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq dsk hoq

4


17/132

qgdq z`khqef{` keqgks, d`qgo{bg yomk io{hqseky gdvk qseka qo emz`kmkhq iomzohkhqy ofehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq(4

Qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk ey qgk fesyq dqqkmzq qo dzzù qgk iohikzq of ehqkbsdqkardqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq reqgeh kdig mkmcks yqdqk of qgk K{sozkdh [heoh dha disoyy

yqdqk cosaksy dy rk``( Qgk K[, dy mdhu gdvk ydea, ey dy{e bkhksey ehyqeq{qeoh hoq ukq dfkaksd` yqdqk dha hoq t{eqk dh ehqkshdqeohd` osbdhe~dqeoh keqgks( Ckid{yk of eqy cef{sidqkahdq{sk, qgk K[ io{à offks vd`{dc`k `kyyohy fos skbeohy qgdq reyg qo z{sy{eq d akkzks `kvkòf ioozksdqeoh eh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq rgkh qgk dqqsec{qky of iomz`kqk skbeohd` {hequ dskyqe`` hoq t{eqk qgdq fdqgomdc`k( Qgk dzzèidqeoh of qgk ehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{sikymdhdbkmkhq eh K{sozk ey gdzzkhehb qgso{bg d mewq{sk of ehqkshdqeohdèym dhai{yqome~ka fkaksdèym, d moak`, qgdq, ef eq y{iikkay, iomzohkhqy of rgeig io{à fehadzzèidqeoh eh oqgks dskdy of qgk rosà(

Zsehiez`ky of ehqkbsdqka rdqks skyo{siky mdhdbkmkhq ehi`{aka eh qgk RFA khiomzdyy>--qgk sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq dy qgk osbdhe~ehb {heq of rdqks mdhdbkmkhq qgk meheyqsu of dbsei{`q{skdha qgk meheyqsu of khvesohmkhq( Oqgks igdhbky gda qo ao reqg ehqks-rkdvehb qgkskbeohy, d sk`dqevkù hkr dameheyqsdqevk yqs{iq{sk, ehqo qgk akieyeohmdlehb qgdq gdy aoreqg qgk daozqeoh of qgk sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy, dy y{ig z`dhy dsk akvkòzka,zsemdseù, cu qgk sevks codsay c{q gdvk qo ck dzzsovka cu qgk skbeohy( Oqgks igdhbkygdvk qo ao reqg qgk kyqdcèygmkhq of yqkksehb iommeqqkky, ioosaehdqeoh bso{zy dharoslehb bso{zy qgdq gdvk qo ozksdqk dq qgk hdqeohd` dha y{c-hdqeohd` `kvk`y qo d`òr fosyrefq emz`kmkhqdqeoh( D f{sqgks ehhovdqevk iomzohkhq ehvo`vky qgk ehqkbsdqeoh of fòoamdhdbkmkhq z`dhy ehqo qgk sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy( Z{hoig zsoveaky dhkhbdbehb zeiq{sk of qgk akvkòzmkhqy qgdq gdvk ckkh hkikyydsu eh qgk I~kig Skz{cèia{k qo qgk dzzèidqeoh of qgk RFA dha gor qgkyk akvkòzmkhqy dsk ehqksqrehka qozsoa{ik d yuyqkm fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA(

Bu{`d Go`` boky qo qgk gkdsq of qgk eyy{k of emz`kmkhqdqeoh dy ioosaehdqeoh rdy ohk ofqgk fesyq zseoseqeky of qgk G{hbdsedh bovkshmkhq eh qgk dfqksmdqg of qgk daozqeoh of qgkRFA( Y{ig ioosaehdqeoh rdy kyqdcèygka emmkaedqkù eh G{hbdsu dq qgk ehqks-meheyqksed``kvk` dha dq qgk ehqsd-meheyqksed` `kvk` 'qgso{bg qgk ioozksdqeoh of qgk vdseo{y akzdsqmkhqyof qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks%( Go`` dhdù~ky eh akqde` qgk ioosaehdqeohyqs{iq{sk qgdq gdy ckkh z{q eh z`dik fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA eh G{hbdsu(G{hbdsu gdy d òhb qsdaeqeoh eh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq dq qgk idqigmkhq `kvk` dha rdqksaeskiqosdqky dha ehyzkiqosdqky gdvk ckkh kyqdcèygka dq qgdq `kvk`( Qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh ofqgk RFA gdy f{sqgks skt{eska qgk skiobheqeoh of sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy dha roslehb dskdy'y{c-aeyqseiqy% qgdq fdieèqdqk qgk z`dhhehb zsoikyy( G{hbdsu, dy Go`` i`kdsùakmohyqsdqky, gdy skiobhe~ka qgk Adh{ck Sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq dy qgk osbdhe~ehb {heq ofrdqks mdhdbkmkhq( Go`` kmzgdye~ky qgk dhqehomu of zskyy{sky z`dika oh qgk z{cèiykiqos( D òq ey kwzkiqka qoadu of qgk z{cèi ykiqos eh qksmy of skyo{siky dha kwzksqeyk fosqgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk K[ `kbey`dqeoh( Oh qgk oqgks gdha, qgksk dsk iohyqdhq id``y qo

9


19/132

aorhye~k qgdq ykiqos( Eq ey {hi`kds gor qgk mkhqdèqu of aoehb mosk reqg kyy, diiosaehbqo Go``, io{à dyyeyq eh o{s daaskyyehb f{q{sk khvesohmkhqd` igd``khbky(

Qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA gdy dffkiqka rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh Yòvdled dy K`khdFdq{òv akmohyqsdqky( Qgey ey ckid{yk of qgk hkr skyzohyeceèqeky qgdq gdvk qo ck gdhaka

aorh qo skbeohd` khvesohmkhqd` d{qgoseqeky, qgk skyqs{iq{ska so`k qgdq khqskhigka z{cèikhqeqeky gdvk qo dyy{mk dha qgk hkr f{hiqeoh of qgk meheyqsu of khvesohmkhq dy qgk ikhqsdìomzkqkhq d{qgosequ fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA( Fdq{òv dhdù~ky qgk ovksd``K[ yqs{iq{sk dha gor qgk aomkyqei skosbdhe~ka rdqks yqs{iq{sk feqy reqgeh qgeyovksdsigehb K[ yqs{iq{sk( Qgk f{sqgks skbeohd` dha òid` osbdhe~dqeoh of rdqksmdhdbkmkhq, d`qgo{bg idskf{`ù zskyisecka fos, gdy ukq qo f{`ù khvkòz( Fdq{òvfosqgsebgqù skiobhe~ky qgdq f{sqgks kffosqy hkka qo ck {haksqdlkh qo akikhqsdè~k rdqksmdhdbkmkhq dha ehvo`vk qgk z{cèi eh y{ig mdhdbkmkhq(

@{cld Ldqigdlovd dha V`daemes Aohqigkv dhdù~k qgk kffosqy of C{`bdsed qo emz`kmkhqqgk RFA( C{`bdsed rdy dh diikyyeoh io{hqsu dq qgk qemk of qgk iohfkskhik dha gda

d`skdau khbdbka eh kffosqy qo emz`kmkhq qgk RFA( C{`bdsed coàù akieaka qo khaosyk qgksevks cdyeh zsehiez`k dha qo kyqdcèyg sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy mdhdbka cu sevks cdyehaeskiqosdqky {haks qgk d{qgosequ of qgk meheyqsu of khvesohmkhq dha rdqks( Qgey, ehiomcehdqeoh reqg qgk hkr rdqks diq qgdq rdy daozqka eh 3::6, z`diky C{`bdsed, dyLdqigdlovd dha Aohqigkv kwzo{ha, eh qgk foskfsohq of kffosqy of emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgkRFA( Bevkh qgk h{mcks of aeskiqevky qgdq gdvk ckkh eyy{ka oh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq,mdhu of rgeig skt{esk ehvkyqmkhq eh ehfsdyqs{iq{sk akvkòzmkhq, f{sqgks skyo{siky re``ck hkikyydsu fos qgk dzzsozsedqk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk K[ `kbey`dqeoh eh C{`bdsed(

Eodhhey Yeckqgksoy rkìomky qgk igd``khbk of qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh fos Bskkik( Qgkaeskiqevk dha qgk igdhbky eq mdlky mdhadqosu fos qgk z{cèi ykiqos io{à, diiosaehb qoYeckqgksoy, `kda qo qgk akvkòzmkhq of d z{cèi d{qgosequ qgdq io{à ckiomk d zdsdaebmfos qgk f{hiqeohehb of z{cèi ykiqos eh Bskkik( Qgey ey qgk hkrù fo{haka ikhqsd` rdqksdbkhiu reqgeh qgk meheyqsu of khvesohmkhq dha z{cèi rosly qgdq ey qo aeskiq rdqksmdhdbkmkhq, dq `kdyq eheqed`ù qe`` qgk skbeohd` rdqks aeskiqosdqky dsk dc`k qo {haksqdlkrdqks mdhdbkmkhq( Yeckqgksoy kmzgdye~ky yomk of qgk ehqseidieky of emz`kmkhqdqeoh dhaqgk zoqkhqed` so`k of vkqo z`duksy eh d io{hqsu rgksk rdqks mdhdbkmkhq ey cdyeid`ùessebdqeoh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq( D fsdbmkhqka dameheyqsdqevk yqs{iq{sk dha d `dil ofiohykhy{d` i{`q{sk iskdqk f{sqgks zoqkhqed` igd``khbky( Yeckqgksoy skmdehy ozqemeyqei qgdqqgkyk igd``khbky zskykhq d`yo ozzosq{heqeky qgdq io{à ck qgk gdscehbks of igdhbk ehBskkik(

D{sosd Vdye{ ak`vky ehqo qgk zsehiez`ky qgdq bovksh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh Somdhed qgdqehi`{ak rdqks mdhdbkmkhq dq qgk sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq `kvk`, qgk ehqkbsdqeoh of rdqks t{dèqudha t{dhqequ dha qgk i{`qevdqeoh of sevks cdyeh yoèadsequ( Rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh Somdhed,dy Vdye{ kwqkhyevkù dhdù~ky, ey dameheyqsdqka cu qgk Hdqeohd` Dameheyqsdqeoh Dzk`kSomdhk dha eqy k`kvkh aeskiqosdqky( Vdye{ kwdmehky eh akqde` qgk yqkzy qgdq gdvk ckkh{haksqdlkh eh Somdhed fos qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh ehi`{aehb qgk z{cèi zdsqeiezdqeohzsoikyyky qgdq gdvk ckkh kyqdcèygka dy kdig sevks cdyeh aeskiqosdqk gdy eh z`dik d sevkscdyeh iommeqqkk iomzseyka of bovkshmkhq d{qgoseqeky dha hoh-bovkshmkhqd`

1


20/132

osbdhe~dqeohy( F{sqgksmosk, Vdye{ kwz`dehy qgdq qgk mdeh yqdlkgoàksy eh rdqksmdhdbkmkhq gdvk ckkh eakhqefeka diiosaehb qo qgk idqkboseky of yqdlkgoàksy akyebhdqkacu qgk Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk Adh{ck Sevks {haksèhehb,qg{y, qgk emzosqdhik of ioosaehdqeoh ckqrkkh qgk hdqeohd` dha qgk ehqkshdqeohd` `kvk`(

Gk`khd Mdqo~ zsoveaky d qgoso{bg zeiq{sk of qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh eh Yòvkhed fsom qgk osbdhe~dqeoh of qgk meheyqsu of khvesohmkhq dha yzdqed` z`dhhehb dha qgkkhvesohmkhqd` dbkhiu qo qgk kwzksq bso{zy qgdq gdvk ckkh kyqdcèygka qo akd` reqgyzkiefei mdqqksy of qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh( Moyq of qgk ioosaehdqeoh eh rdqksmdhdbkmkhq fd``y reqgeh qgk gdhay of qgk rdqks aeskiqos rgo gkday qgk rdqksy akzdsqmkhqof qgk meheyqsu of khvesohmkhq dha yzdqed` z`dhhehb( Akyzeqk d rk``-qgo{bgq o{q yuyqkmof rdqks mdhdbkmkhq, qgk eyy{ky dha qdyly of qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh dsk iomz`kw, dyMdqo~ skiobhe~ky, dha f{sqgks osbdhe~dqeoh ey hkkaka fos qgkes kwki{qeoh(

Qgk ykioha zdsq of qgk iohfkskhik zsoikkaehby daaskyyky qgk ehqkshdqeohd` aemkhyeohy ofqgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh foi{yehb oh qgk akvkòzmkhq of ehqkshdqeohd` sevks cdyeh

aeyqseiqy dha d{qgoseqeky( Zgeèz Rk``ksy zskykhqdqeoh qsdiky qgk kffosqy fos qgkkyqdcèygmkhq of Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk Adh{ck Sevks'EIZAS%( Eh gey dhdùyey of qgk iommeyyeoh, dy eq gdy kvo`vka ehqo d z`dqfosm ofioosaehdqeoh fos qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh, Rk``ks {haksèhky yomkqgehb qgdq ofqkhkyidzky ehqkshdqeohd` zoèiumdlksy rgkh akdèhb reqg ehqkshdqeohd` ehyqeq{qeohy(Ehqkshdqeohd` ehyqeq{qeohy ofqkh dzzkds qo ck khqeqeky d`` eh qgkmyk`vky( Rk``ks òoly ckgehaqgk ehqkshdqeohd` ehyqeq{qeohd` yqs{iq{sk qo c{qqskyy qgk so`k of yqdqk zdsqeky eh qgk mdlehbdha kvo`{qeoh of ehqkshdqeohd` qskdqeky( Qgk re` of qgk zdsqeky, Rk``ks i`dsefeky,akqksmehky qgk f{q{sk of ehqkshdqeohd` osbdhe~dqeohy, y{ig dy ehqkshdqeohd` iommeyyeohy(Eq ey qs{k qgdq yqdqky z`du d ikhqsd` so`k eh akieaehb rgkqgks ehqkshdqeohd` ehyqeq{qeohy re``y{svevk os zkseyg( Eh qgk idyk of qgk EIZAS, Rk``ks iohi`{aky, yqdqky gdvk akmohyqsdqkad yqsohb re`` rgeig khy{sky d f{q{sk so`k fos qgk EIZAS eh qgk mdhdbkmkhq of rdqksy ofqgk Adh{ck Sevks(

Dsho{à @kfc{sk zsoveaky dh diio{hq of qgk kvo`{qeoh of qgk RFA qgso{bg qgk `khyky ofehqkshdqeohd` ehyqeq{qeoh mdlehb dha qgk kmksbkhik of hkr io{hqseky, qgk ehqkshdqeohd`sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy akfehka cu guasoòbeid` cosaksy( Qgk mdz of qgk ehqkshdqeohd` aeyqseiqof qgk Yigkàq zsoveaky d veyeoh of qgdq aeyqseiq reqgo{q qgk hdqeohd` fsohqeksy qgdq aeveak eq'ykk Feb{sk 43%( @kfc{sk zoehqy o{q qgk igd``khbky qgdq qgk RFA zskykhqy fosehqkshdqeohd` ehyqeq{qeohd` akvkòzmkhq( Gk akyisecky qgk iuièid`/eqksdqevk fdygeoh of qgkroslehby of qgk Ehqkshdqeohd` Yigkàq Iommeyyeoh dha gor zdsqeky, qgso{bg qgkesehqksdiqeoh reqg kdig oqgks, moaefu zoyeqeohy dha io{hqks-zoyeqeohy dha ehf`{khik qgkroslehby of oqgks yqdqk zdsqeky dha qgoyk of qgk ehqkshdqeohd` iommeyyeoh( @kfc{skdameqy qgdq ehqkshdqeohd` ioozksdqeoh fos qgk dzzèidqeoh of qgk RFA yòry aorh hdqeohdèmz`kmkhqdqeoh( Dy gk iohi`{aky, gorkvks, qgk daaka vd`{k of ehqkshdqeohd` ioozksdqeoh,qgso{bg qgk c{eàehb of kiohomeky of yid`k fos qgk yo{ha mdhdbkmkhq of rdqks skyo{siky,fds o{qrkebgy dhu zksikevka aeydavdhqdbky of y{ig ioozksdqeoh(

k`nlo Oyqone daaskyyky qgk akvkòzmkhq of qgk Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk YdvdSevks Cdyeh, qgk uo{hbkyq of qgk ehqkshdqeohd` iommeyyeohy zskykhqka dq qgk iohfkskhik(

;


21/132

Qgk Ydvd dbskkmkhq qgdq kyqdcèygka qgk iommeyyeoh rdy qgk fesyq ehqkshdqeohd`dbskkmkhq yebhka eh qgk ck`kdb{kska skbeoh iomzseyka of Coyhed & Gks~kbovehd,Isodqed, Yòvkhed, Yksced dha Mohqkhkbso( Ckid{yk hdvebdqeoh ehfsdyqs{iq{sk rdyae`dzeadqka a{sehb qgk rds, ohk of qgk zsemdsu f{hiqeohy of qgk iommeyyeoh ey qo davdhikhdvebdqeoh( Dhoqgks bod` of qgk iommeyyeoh ey qo z{sy{k y{yqdehdc`k akvkòzmkhq dha qo

zskzdsk d sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dh fos qgk Ydvd Sevks cdyeh( Oyqone

zskykhqy ehakqde` qgk zsoc`kmy qgdq qgk hkr Ydvd Iommeyyeoh ey fdiehb eh qksmy of skyqosehb yomk ofqgk kioòbu of qgk sevks dha qgk hkka fos fehdhied` y{zzosq qo khy{sk qgdq qgk iommeyyeohf{`fe``y eqy f{hiqeohy(

Qgk f{q{sk of m{`qe`dqksdèym dha ce`dqksdèym ey daaskyyka kwqkhyevkù eh L`mh Zdzzyiohqsec{qeoh( Zdzz ckbehy reqg qgk geyqoseid` kvo`{qeoh of qgk skbemk qgdq khiomzdyykyqgk Qey~d Sevks cdyeh dha k`dcosdqky oh qgk kvo`{qeoh of qgk skbemk fsom d skbemkcdyka oh ce`dqksdèym qo d skbemk cdyka oh zdsd``k` ce`dqksd` dha m{`qe`dqksd`dssdhbkmkhqy( Zdzz daaskyyky qgk t{kyqeoh of qgk f{q{sk of ce`dqksdèym eh d skbeohbovkshka cu d h{mcks of m{`qe`dqksd` dbskkmkhqy( Gk hoqky qgdq ce`dqksd` dha m{`qe`dqksd`

akvkòzmkhqy io{à ck rk`` ioosaehdqka c{q d`yo io{à iomzkqk reqg kdig oqgks( Zdzzkwzòsky ehhovdqevk mkdhy qgso{bg rgeig ce`dqksd` ocèbdqeohy io{à ck rkdvka ehqo qgkf{hiqeohy of qgk roslehb bso{zy qgdq foi{y oh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA( Gkkwzòsky qgk zoyyeceèqeky of gdvehb hkebgcosehb rdqks aeskiqosdqky io``dcosdqk reqg kdigoqgks zoqkhqed`ù kyqdcèygehb d qsdhyco{hadsu aeskiqosdqk( Ohk of qgk ehqseb{ehbzsozoyeqeohy eh Zdzzy zdzks ey qgdq akzdsqmkhqy of hkebgcosehb aeskiqosdqky io{àioozksdqk reqg kdig oqgks {yehb yomk of qgk i{sskhq k`kiqsohei mkdhy of iomm{heidqeoh(Ioozksdqehb qsdhyhdqeohd` aeskiqosdqky ygo{à yqdu dcskdyq of qgk rosl of ce`dqksd`qsdhyhdqeohd` iommeyyeohy dha qgoyk rgo gkda qgkyk aeskiqosdqky io{à dyy{mk`kdaksygez so`ky eh ce`dqksd` iommeyyeohy( Zdzzy zdzks offksy m{`qez`k ehyebgqy oh qgkf{q{sk of rgdq gdy ckkh id``ka qsdhyhdqeohd` bovkshdhik qgk fosbehb ofiomm{heidqeoh hkqrosly dmohb y{c-yqdqk diqosy oh qgk ehqkshdqeohd` yid`k(

Re``km Mdl zsoveaky d qgoso{bg ovksvekr of qgk ioosaehdqeoh yuyqkm qgdq gdy ckkh z{qeh z`dik fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh qgk Hkqgks`dhay( Hkqgks`dhay zsoveaky dh kwkmz`ds ofd io{hqsu qgdq reygky qo daozq qgk sevks cdyeh zsehiez`k kyqdcèygka cu qgk RFA c{q aokyhoq yem{`qdhko{yù kyzo{yk qgk eakd of akvkòzmkhq of hkr ehyqeq{qeohy akvoqka qo sevkscdyeh mdhdbkmkhq( Mdl zsoveaky `{iea aedbsdmy 'ykk Feb{sky 41, 46, 42% of qgkehyqeq{qeohd` osbdhe~dqeoh eh qgk Hkqgks`dhay qgdq dsk {ykf{` eh {haksyqdhaehb, dq `kdyqyigkmdqeid`ù, gor ioosaehdqeoh eh qgk Hkqgks`dhay ey kwki{qka( Ioosaehdqeoh eh qgkHkqgks`dhay aoky hoq ehvo`vk ohù ioosaehdqeoh dq qgk hdqeohd` `kvk` c{q d`yo ioosaehdqeoheh qgk fo{s ehqkshdqeohd` sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy dha dq qgk y{c-hdqeohd` `kvk`( Mdl kwzo{hayoh qgk zdsd``k` m{`qe-`kvk` akieyeohmdlehb zsoikyy qgdq ey qo ck dzzèka eh qgk 3::7 dha3::5 qemkfsdmk eh qgk Hkqgks`dhay( Mdl f{sqgks aeyi{yyky qgk c`{kzsehq of ehqkshdqeohdìoosaehdqeoh z{q eh z`dik cu qgk Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of qgkSgehk( Ohk of qgk `kyyohy `kdshq fsom qgk ehvo`vkmkhq eh qgdq iommeyyeoh ey qgk z{sy{eqof iohyeyqkhiu of hdqeohd` dzzsodigky qo zsoa{ik iomzdsdc`k sky{`qy( Mdl dsb{ky, eh qgdqvkeh, qgdq qgk z{sy{eq of iomz`kqk gdsmohe~dqeoh of mkqgoaoòbeky dha sky{`qy dmohbyqdqk zdsqeky ey zsocdcù dh k`{yevk bod` fos ehqkshdqeohd` iommeyyeohy( Mdl skiommkhay

6


22/132

qgdq daaeqeohd` dqqkhqeoh m{yq ck z`dika oh qgk {zyqskdm-aorhyqskdm sk`dqeohygezy kdsùeh qgk ioozksdqeoh zsoikyy(

Qgk z{cèi zdsqeiezdqeoh ykiqeoh of qgk iohfkskhik ozkhka reqg d zdzks zskzdska cuBksgdsa Yloff, zskyeakhq of qgk Adh{ck Qo{seyq Iommeyyeoh( Yloff {haksèhky qgk

emzosqdhik of qgk Adh{ck dy d sevks qgdq iohhkiqy i{`q{sd`ù, zoèqeid`ù dha kmoqeohd`ù drgo`k skbeoh( Yloffy iohqsec{qeoh ey dhemdqka cu d akkz iohiksh dco{q qgk iohyksvdqeohof qgk c`{k Adh{ck eh iomcehdqeoh reqg qgk akyesk qo f{sqgks qo{seym dy d yo{sik ofbsorqg eh qgk skbeoh( Qo{seym ey dh kiohomei ykiqos fos rgeig qgk zsoqkiqeoh ofkhvesohmkhq dha qgk z{sy{eq of bsorqg idhhoq ck vekrka dy aedmkqseid`ù ozzoyka bod`y qgk Meheyqsu of Gkd`qg, qgk Meheyqsu of Qsdhyzosqdha qgk Meheyqsu of Akfkhyk( Qgk mdhdbkmkhq dha ozksdqeoh of rdqksio{syky gdy ckkhdyyebhka qo sevks codsay 'yqdqk khqkszseyky%, qgk Dbsei{`q{sd` Rdqks MdhdbkmkhqD{qgosequ, qgk Foskyqy of qgk I~kig Skz{cèi dha qgk m{heiezdèqeky, hdqeohd` zdsly dhazsevdqk zksyohy( Qgk Dbsei{`q{sd` Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq D{qgosequ mdhdbky 9; 1:: lm ofrdqksio{syky ehi`{aehb 43 ::: lm of idhd`y( Qgk Foskyqy of I~kig Skz{cèi dsk yqdqkkhqkszseyky dha skb{`dqk dco{q 45 6:: lm of rdqksio{syky( Qgk Sevks Codsay dsk yqdqkkhqkszseyky dha akd` reqg 42 ;:: lm of rdqksio{syky( M{heiezdèqeky, hdqeohd` zdsly,zsevdqk zksyohy dha oqgks meyik``dhko{y khqeqeky mdhdbk dco{q fevk zksikhq of qgk qoqd``khbqg of rdqksio{syky(

Qgk Meheyqsu of Dbsei{`q{sk dha qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq, qgk ehyqeq{qeohy aeskiqùskyzohyec`k fos qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh, kwki{qk qgkyk skyzohyeceèqeky reqgeh qgkfsdmkrosl of ygdska iomzkqkhieky ehqsoa{ika eh skikhq rdqks `kbey`dqeoh( Ehyqeq{qeohygdvk ckkh kyqdcèygka fos k`dcosdqeoh dha ioosaehdqeoh of qgk sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhqz`dhy> qgk yqkksehb roslehb bso{z, qgk ioosaehdqeoh bso{z dha kebgq roslehb bso{zy( QgkI~kig sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy re`` iohqdeh, eh daaeqeoh qo qgk skt{eskmkhqy ykq cuqgk RFA, ykiqeohy oh fòoa zsoqkiqeoh dha oh qgk akvkòzmkhq of dyykqy of rdqks y{zzùdha of qgk ykrdbk yuyqkm( Qgk diqeveqeky kwki{qka eh qgk I~kig Skz{cèi dsk ehdiiosadhik reqg rgdq ey khveyeohka eh qgk RFA( Qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA eyqdlehb z`dik eh diiosadhik reqg qgk qemkqdc`k kyqdcèygka cu qgk K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh(

4:


26/132

3( Qsdhyzoyeqeoh dha Emz`kmkhqdqeohHkr rdqks `kbey`dqeoh gdy ckkh daozqka eh qgk kdsù 3:::y qgdq f{`ù qsdhyzoyka qgkdit{ey iomm{hd{qdesk ehi`{aehb qgk RFA(

Qgk moyq emzosqdhq `kbey`dqevk diq ey qgk Rdqks Diq 'Diq( Ho( 3;1/3::4 Io`(% dha eqy `dqkyq

dmkhamkhq 'Diq Ho( 3:/3::1 Io`(%( Qgk mosk akqde`ka iohaeqeohy of emz`kmkhqdqeoh dskehi`{aka eh qgk ykiohadsu `kbey`dqeoh 'fos ehyqdhik, akiskky Ho( 353/3::3 Io`(, dha Ho(413/3::; Io`(, oh sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy dha rdqks z`dhhehb, skyzkiqevkù%( Qgk Meheyqsu ofDbsei{`q{sk, qo co`yqks drdskhkyy of kweyqehb `kbey`dqeoh, gdy eyy{ka sk`kvdhq gdhacoolyfos {yk cu vdseo{y dameheyqsdqevk d{qgoseqeky(

Dy mkhqeohka dcovk, qgk zsoikyy of qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh ey ckhkfeqehb fsom qgk seigqsdaeqeoh of sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq( Sevks codsay dsk mdhdbehb dha ozksdqehb rdqksskyo{siky eh akyebhdqka rdqksygkay dha kwki{qehb rdqks mdhdbkmkhq z`dhhehb(

Qgk iomzkqkhq d{qgoseqeky dq qgk hdqeohd` `kvk` dsk qgk Meheyqsu of qgk Khvesohmkhq dha

qgk Meheyqsu of Dbsei{`q{sk( Qgk ioozksdqeoh ckqrkkh qgk qro meheyqseky ey mdhadqka cuqgk Rdqks Diq qgdq gdy kyqdcèygka d moak` of ygdska iomzkqkhieky of ikhqsd` rdqksd{qgoseqeky( Dq qgk skbeohd` `kvk`, qgk iomzkqkhq d{qgoseqeky dsk qgk qgesqkkh skbeohdàkzdsqmkhqy of yqdqk dameheyqsdqeoh dha qgk Io{hie` of qgk Idzeqd` Zsdb{k( Dq qgk aeyqseiq`kvk`, qgksk dsk 346 d{qgoseqeky qgdq skdè~k qgk yqdqk zoèiu eh 6 323 m{heiezdèqeky( Qgkskzosq of qgk I~kig Skz{cèi oh qgk dameheyqsdqevk osbdhe~dqeoh fos qgk RFAemz`kmkhqdqeoh rdy akèvkska qo qgk K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh eh N{hk 3::1 eh diiosadhikreqg qgk RFA qemkqdc`k(

Sevks cdyeh dameheyqsdqosy 'sevks codsay% eh ioozksdqeoh reqg skbeohd` d{qgoseqeky of yqdqkdameheyqsdqeoh dsk skyzohyec`k fos qgk zskzdsdqeoh of Sevks Cdyeh Mdhdbkmkhq Z`dhy'SCMZy%( Qgk sk`kvdhq skbeohy, qgso{bg qgk skbeohd` bovkshehb coaeky, dsk qgkd{qgoseqeky qgdq gdvk qgk iomzkqkhik qo dzzsovk qgk sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy( Qgkqksseqosu of qgk I~kig Skz{cèi ey qsdaeqeohd`ù aeveaka ehqo qgskk mdeh sevks cdyehyasdehehb ehqo qgskk ykdy( Qgkyk cdyehy gdvk ckkh aeveaka ehqo kebgq y{c-rdqksygkay'skzskykhqehb aeyqseiqy diiosaehb qo qgk RFA% fos rgeig qgk sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhqz`dhy re`` ck k`dcosdqka(

Qgskk coaeky dsk skyzohyec`k fos ioosaehdqeoh of sevks cdyeh z`dhhehb( Qgkyk coaeky gdvkckkh kyqdcèygka cu qgk Meheyqsu of Dbsei{`q{sk eh ioozksdqeoh reqg qgk Meheyqsu of qgkKhvesohmkhq( Qgkyk coaeky ehi`{ak> D yqkksehb roslehb bso{z 'iohyeyqehb of qkh skzskykhqdqevky of qgk mdeh iomzkqkhq

ehyqeq{qeohy%< D iommeqqkk fos z`dhhehb eh rdqks 'iomzoyka of fefqu skzskykhqdqevky of d`` coaeky

ehvo`vka eh SCMZ k`dcosdqeoh ehi`{aehb HBOy%< Kebgq roslehb bso{zy oh k`dcosdqeoh of rdqks z`dhy fos akyebhdqka y{c-rdqksygkay

'aeyqseiqy%, rgeig dsk `ka cu qgk skzskykhqdqevky of sevks codsay, yqdqk khqkszseyky(

Eh daaeqeoh, qgk z`dh fos qgk mdeh sevks cdyehy ey {haks zskzdsdqeoh( Qgey z`dh re`` zsoveakqgk fsdmkrosl fos qgk z`dhy eh y{c-rdqksygkay dha re`` z{q qobkqgks dh ehqkbsdqka

44


27/132

iohikzqeoh of rdqks mdhdbkmkhq zoèiu eh qgk I~kig Skz{cèi( Dh emzosqdhq iomzohkhqof qgk z`dh ey d èyq of òidèqeky qgdq dsk y{eqdc`k fos yqosdbk of zoqkhqed` rdqks skyo{siky(Yqosehb rdqks eh skyksvoesy io{à diq dy d zskvkhqevk akveik of zoyyec`k hkbdqevkiohykt{khiky of ièmdqk igdhbky a{sehb qgk hkwq akidaky( Akvkòzehb yqosdbk fdieèqekyfos rdqks ocveo{yù èmeqy qgk f{q{sk zoqkhqed` fos òid` akvkòzmkhq ehfsdyqs{iq{sk

'eha{yqsu, gebgrduy, sde`soday%( Ckid{yk of qgk èmeqy z`dika oh akvkòzmkhq,m{heiezdèqeky qgdq dsk dffkiqka cu skyksvoes z`dhhehb dsk hoq qgdq khqg{yedyqei( Qg{y, d`dsbk akcdqk gdy ozkhka oh qgk h{mcks of òidèqeky dha qgk kwqkhq qo rgeig yomkòidèqeky ro{à ck dffkiqka ckid{yk of qgk ehfsdyqs{iq{sk hkkaka fos rdqks yqosdbk(Khvesohmkhqd` HBOy dha yomk m{heiezdèqeky dsk dbdehyq qgk z`dhhehb of dhu dsqefeied`skyksvoesy dha admy( Qgk iommoh ehqkskyq ey dq yqdlk dha eq ey qdlkh ehqo iohyeaksdqeoh ehqgk aeyi{yyeohy( Zseosequ ygo{à ck bevkh qo iohyeaksdqeohy skbdsaehb f{q{sk bkhksdqeohyqgdq ro{à gdvk qo daaskyy ièmdqk igdhbk eh qksmy of skd` hkkay( Qgkskfosk, qgkzsoqkiqeoh òidèqeky ygo{à ck z{sy{ka yo dy qo kèmehdqk qgk hkbdqevk iohykt{khiky ofzoyyec`k ièmdqk igdhbk( Qgk z`dh fos qgk mdeh sevks cdyehy re`` ck y{cmeqqka fosdzzsovd` qo qgk bovkshmkhq cu Akikmcks 33ha, 3::6( F{sqgksmosk, skzosqehb a{qeky

{haks qgk RFA fos ehyqdhik, qgk igdsdiqkse~dqeoh of idqigmkhq dskdy rkskfehdè~ka eh diiosadhik reqg qgk RFA qemkqdc`k dha rksk ykhq qo qgk K{sozkdhIommeyyeoh cu Mdsig 33ha, 3::;(

Qgk Q(B(Mdydsul Rdqks Skykdsig Ehyqeq{qk gdy {haksqdlkh qgk qdyl of akyebhdqeoh ofrdqks coaeky( Ovksd`` 44:9 y{sfdik rdqks coaeky gdvk ckkh eakhqefeka '4:37 fòrehbrdqks coaeky dha 2; yqdhaehb rdqks coaeky%( Reqg skbdsa qo bso{hardqks, 464 rdqkscoaeky gdvk ckkh eakhqefeka( F{sqgksmosk, qgskk rdqks coaeky gdvk ckkh akyebhdqka dydsqefeied`( Qdlehb ehqo diio{hq qgk emzdiqy of g{mdh diqevequ, 637 y{sfdik rdqks coaekydha 9: bso{hardqks coaeky gdvk ckkh eakhqefeka dy gebg seyl( Yomk 16: rdqks coaekygdvk ckkh eakhqefeka dy {hiksqdeh fsom qgk zoehq of vekr of dqqdehehb rdqks t{dèquyqdhadsay cu 3:4;( Qgk zskèmehdsu akyebhdqeoh of gkdveù moaefeka rdqks coaekyehaeidqky qgdq dco{q 6: zksikhq of rdqks coaeky mebgq gdvk qgey yqdq{y( D mosk akqde`kadyykyymkhq of gkdveù moaefeka rdqksy ey hor {haks zskzdsdqeoh(

Eh osaks qo kwki{qk qgk kiohomei dhdùyey of rdqks {yk, qgk Cdyei Yikhdseo fosAkvkòzmkhq eh qgk Fekà of Rdqks {z qo 3:4; rdy k`dcosdqka( Qgk fesyq kvd`{dqeoh ofqgk skq{sh oh ehvkyqmkhq fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhq yksveiky gdy ckkh kwki{qka fos dco{q ;4zksikhq of rdqks skyo{siky dha dco{q 56 zksikhq of rdqks y{zzù dha ykrdbk yuyqkm( Df{sqgks akvkòzmkhq of qgk kiohomei dhdùyey ey qdlehb z`dik dy d iohykt{khik of db{eadhik eyy{ka cu qgk K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh dha eqy roslehb bso{z(

Qgk I~kig Skz{cèi ey òidqka eh ikhqsd` K{sozk oh qgk rdqks aeveak of qgskk ykdy qgkHosqg Ykd, qgk Cd`qei Ykd dha qgk C`dil Ykd( Zsdiqeid`ù d`` rdqksio{syky of qgk I~kigSkz{cèi isoyy d yo qgk hkebgcosehb io{hqseky( Fos qgey skdyoh, ehqkshdqeohd` ioozksdqeoheh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq dha qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh gdvk dit{eska ehiskdyehb emzosqdhik(Ce`dqksd` iommeyyeohy fos qsdhyco{hadsu rdqksy reqg d`` hkebgcosehb io{hqseky gdvk ckkhkyqdcèygka( Qgkyk iommeyyeohy dsk vksu emzosqdhq fos qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh dha qgkk`dcosdqeoh of rdqks mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy eh qsdhyco{hadsu rdqksygkay(

43


28/132

Eh daaeqeoh, yehik 455: qgk I~kig Skz{cèi ey d iohqsdiqehb zdsqu qo qgk iohvkhqeoh qgdqgdy kyqdcèygka qgk ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk K`ck Sevks( Yehik4551, qgk I~kig Skz{cèi ey d zdsqu qo qgk Iohvkhqeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk Adh{ckSevks( F{sqgksmosk, qgk I~kig Skz{cèi ey d zdsqu, yehik 4556, qo qgk Iohvkhqeoh qgdqgdy kyqdcèygka dh Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk Oaks Sevks( Qgkyk

iommeyyeohy iohqsec{qk yebhefeidhqù hoq ohù qo qgk zsoqkiqeoh of rdqksio{syky c{q d`yoqo qgk zsoqkiqeoh of skyzkiqevk ykdy( Ehqkshdqeohd` iommeyyeohy gdvk dit{eska kyykhqedèmzosqdhik eh qgk zskzdsdqeoh of qgk ehqkbsdqka sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy fosqsdhyco{hadsu sevks cdyehy(

Qgk sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy skt{eska cu qgk RFA, rgeig gdvk qo foi{y oh qgkzsoqkiqeoh of rdqks kioyuyqkmy, re`` iohqdeh d`yo z`dhhehb mkdy{sky fos fòoa zsoqkiqeohdha mkdy{sky fos qgk akvkòzmkhq of dyykqy fos rdqks y{zzù dha ykrdbk yuyqkmy( Fòoazsoqkiqeoh zsobsdmy gdvk ckkh akvkòzka yehik 3::3 eh osaks qo emz`kmkhq qgk Yqsdqkbufos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh dbdehyq Fòoay qgdq rdy daozqka eh 3:::( Dh {zadqk of qgk FòoaZsoqkiqeoh Yqsdqkbu ey hor {haks zskzdsdqeoh( Qgey hkr {zadqk re`` ck skf`kiqevk of qgk

kwzksekhik reqg fòoay qgdq oii{sska coqg eh 3::3 dha eh 3::6 dha ro{à ck ehdiiosadhik reqg qgk Fòoa Aeskiqevk qgdq ey i{sskhqù {haks aeyi{yyeoh dq qgk K{sozkdh[heoh( Dy d iohykt{khik of qgkes ehi`{yeoh of fòoa zsoqkiqeoh mkdy{sky, qgk SCMZyre`` ck kvkh mosk iomz`kw qgdh rgdq ey skt{eska cu qgk RFA(

Oqgks diqeveqeky dsk foi{yka oh qgk ehqsoa{iqeoh of qgk dzzsozsedqk moheqosehb hkqrosldiiosaehb qo qgk RFA, rgeig re`` ck akvkòzka oh qgk cdyey of d akiskk zskzdska cu qgkMeheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq eh ioozksdqeoh reqg Meheyqsu of Dbsei{`q{sk(

Qgk akqde`y dha iohqeh{o{yù {zadqka ehfosmdqeoh oh qgk I~kig rdqks `kbey`dqeoh dhaz`dhhehb coqg fos qgk yqdqk dameheyqsdqeoh dha qgk bkhksd` z{cèi dsk dvde`dc`k oh qgkEhqkshkq dq rrr(m~k(i~ dha rrr(voad(m~k(i~

49


29/132

Ehyqeq{qeohd` Mkigdheymy fos Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq eh G{hbdsu

Bu{`d Go``

4( Ehqsoa{iqeoh

G{hbdsu ey òidqka dq qgk gkdsq of qgk Adh{ck Sevks( G{hbdsu ey yeq{dqka reqgeh qgkasdehdbk cdyeh of qgk Adh{ck Sevks dq qgk òrkyq zdsq of qgk Idszdqgedh Cdyeh( Qgk fòoaz`dehy iovks iòyk qo d t{dsqks of qgk io{hqsuy qksseqosu dha dffkiq mosk qgdh qro me`èohehgdceqdhqy eh mosk qgdh ykvkh g{haska ykqq`kmkhqy( Ovksd`` dco{q 5; zksikhq of qgky{sfdik rdqks skyo{siky osebehdqk dcsoda rge`k qgksk ey dh dc{hadhik of bso{hardqksskyo{siky( Qgksk dsk qgeil d``{ved` akzoyeqy eh mdnos zdsqy of qgk io{hqsu dha ldsyqdt{efksy eh qgk mo{hqdeho{y skbeohy(

Ckid{yk of qgey yzkiefei guasoòbeid` yeq{dqeoh rdqks ey dh emzosqdhq eyy{k eh G{hbdsu(Rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh G{hbdsu gdy d seig qsdaeqeoh dha qgk fesyq kffosqy qo skb{`dqk rdqksmdhdbkmkhq adqk dy kdsù dy eh qgk 45qg ikhq{su dha dsk fo{ha eh dsqei`k WVEE of qgk 477;

Diq( F{sqgks rdqks `kbey`dqeoh rdy daozqka eh qgk 456:y dha dh {zadqka Rdqks Diqckidmk kffkiqevk eh 455;( Qgk diq akfehky qgk skyzohyeceèqeky of diqosy qgdq dsk ehvo`vkaeh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq y{ig dy qgk yqdqk, m{heiezdèqeky dha vdseo{y ykiqosy of qgkkiohomu(

3( Ehyqeq{qeohd` MkigdheymyQoadu rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh G{hbdsu ey d ygdska skyzohyeceèqu of qgk vdseo{y meheyqseky(Qgk Zsemk Meheyqksy Offeik akd`y reqg idqdyqsozgei kvkhqy ehi`{aehb kwqskmk fòoay(Qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks 'MoKR% ey skyzohyec`k fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhqehi`{aehb qgk zsoqkiqeoh of yoe` dha rdqks( Oqgks meheyqseky, fos kwdmz`k, qgk Meheyqsu ofEhqkseos ey skyzohyec`k fos qgk ozksdqeoh of qdsbkqka yqdqk y{cyeaeky fos qgk rdqksehfsdyqs{iq{sk ehvkyqmkhqy of òid` m{heiezdèqeky( Qgk qdc`k ckòr ehi`{aky d`` qgkmeheyqseky gdvehb yomk leha of skyzohyeceèqu eh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh G{hbdsu(

41


30/132

Qdc`k 4( Ygdska Skyzohyeceèqeky eh Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq 'G{hbdsu%Zsemk Meheyqksy OffeikMeheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha RdqksMeheyqsu of EhqkseosMeheyqsu of Gkd`qg, Yoied` Dffdesy dha Fdmeù

Meheyqsu of Dbsei{`q{sk dha Skbeohd` AkvkòzmkhqMeheyqsu of Kiohomei Dffdesy dha QsdhyzosqMeheyqsu of AkfkhykMeheyqsu of Igeàskh, Uo{qg dha Yzosqy DffdesyMeheyqsu of N{yqeikMeheyqsu of Foskebh DffdesyMeheyqsu of Hdqeohd` I{`q{sd` GkseqdbkMeheyqsu of Ka{idqeohMeheyqsu of FehdhikMeheyqsu of Ehfosmdqeoh Qkighoòbu dha Qk`kiomm{heidqeohyHdqeohd` Offeik of Yqdqeyqeiy

Qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk idmk ehqo fosik oh Akikmcks 3:, 3::: dha vksu yoohdfqks qgdq qgk G{hbdsedh bovkshmkhq daozqka d akieyeoh qo ykq {z dh Ehqks-meheyqksedÌommeqqkk fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk aeskiqevk( Qgey iommeqqkk ey igdeska cu qgkakz{qu yqdqk ykiskqdsu of qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks dha ey iomzseyka ofskzskykhqdqevky of oqgks sk`dqka meheyqseky( Vdseo{y HBOy dha oqgks dyyoiedqeohy 'y{igdy qgk Dyyoiedqeoh of Rdqksrosly% d`yo zdsqeiezdqk dy ocyksvksy( Qgk Ehqks-meheyqksedÌommeqqkk mkkqy qgskk qo fo{s qemky zks ukds dha eqy mdeh foi{y ey qo d`òidqk qgk qdylydha skyzohyeceèqeky qgdq iomk reqg qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA(

Rdqks mdhdbkmkhq ey ohk of qgk qkigheid` skyzohyeceèqeky of qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq

dha Rdqks( Qgksk dsk qgskk offeiky reqgeh qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqksakdèhb reqg rdqks, y{ig dy qgk Rdqks Offeik, qgk Khvesohmkhq Offeik, dha qgk Hdq{skIohyksvdqeoh Offeik( Skzskykhqdqevky of qgkyk qgskk offeiky mkkq rkklù dy d Gose~ohqd`Roslehb Bso{z qo aeyi{yy eyy{ky qgdq zksqdeh qo qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA( Feb{sk4 ckòr zsoveaky qgk yqs{iq{sk of qgk Meheyqsu fos Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks(

4;


31/132

Feb{sk 4> Osbdhe~dqeoh of Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks 'G{hbdsu%

D{aeqehbAkzdsqmkhq

Ykiskqdsu ofqgk Hdqeohd`Khvesohmkhq

Idcehkq C{skd{

ZksmdhkhqYqdqk Ykiskqdsu

Khv( ZoèiuAkzdsqmkhq

ZskyyAkzdsqmkhq

Z{cèi & Ieve`Sk`dqeohy

AkzdsqmkhqZoèqeid`YqdqkYkiskqdsu

Ykiskqdsedq

Ykiskqdsedq fosZdsèdmkhqdsuIoosaehdqeoh

Offeik of qgkZksmdhkhqYqdqk

IoosaehdqeohAkzdsqmkhq

Khv(EhfosmdqeohYuyqkmyAkzdsqmkhq

G{mdhSkyo{sikyMdhdbkmkhqAkzdsqmkhq

BkhksdÀeskiqosdqkfos K[ &Ehqkshdqeohd`

Ehqkshdqeohd`Khv( ZoèiuAkzdsqmkhq

Ehqkshdqeohd`Sk`dqeohy

Akzdsqmkhq

Skykdsig &Ka{idqeohAkzdsqmkhq

Offeik ofKiohomeiy &C{abkq

C{abkqehbAkzdsqmkhq

Kiohomeiy &AkvkòzmkhqIoosaehdqeohAkzdsqmkhq

MeheyqksedÌomzdhekyY{zksveyeohAkzdsqmkhq

Ehvkyqmkhq &ZsozksquMdhdbkmkhq

Akzdsqmkhq

Offeik ofFehdhik dhaMdhdbkmkhq

Fehdhik dhaDiio{hqehbAkzdsqmkhq

Qkigheid`Mdhdbkmkhqdha YksveikyAkzdsqmkhq

Z{cèiZsoi{skmkhqdha ZsozksquMdhdbkmkhqAkzdsqmkhq

Offeik of @kbd`Dffdesy dhaZ{cèi

Dameheyqsdqeoh

Ioaefeidqeoh

Akzdsqmkhq

@kbdÀkzdsqmkhq

Dameheyqsdqeoh &DameheyqsdqevkSkvekrAkzdsqmkhq

K[ @kbdÌoosaehdqeohAkzdsqmkhq

Ehqks-meheyqksed`

Iohyqeq{qeohAkzdsqmkhq

Offeik ofKhv(Zsoqkiqeoh

Offeik ofRdqksMdhdbkmkhq

Offeik of Hdq{skIohyksvdqeoh

Des T{dèqu,Hoeyk &

VecsdqeohIohqsoÀkzdsqmkhq

Rdqks & Yoe`ZsoqkiqeohAkzdsqmkhq

RdyqkMdhdbkmkhq&QkighoòbuAkzdsqmkhq

Khv( YdfkquAkzdsqmkhq

Sevks Cdyeh

MdhdbkmkhqAkzdsqmkhq

RdyqkMdhdbkmkhq&IoosaehdqeohAkzdsqmkhq

FòoaMdhdbkmkhqAkzdsqmkhq

Hdq{skZskyksvdqeohAkzdsqmkhq

Foskyq dha@dhayidzkIohyksvdqeohAkzdsqmkhq

@dha ZsozksquEyy{ky & Dbso-Khvesohmkhqd`Gdsmohe~dqeohAkzdsqmkhq

Ykiskqdsedq ofqgk Meheyqks

Meheyqks

46


32/132

Qgk dameheyqsdqevk osbdhe~dqeoh fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhq ikhqksy oh qgk Meheyqsu ofKhvesohmkhq dha Rdqks qgdq ey qgk ehyqeq{qeoh zsemdseù eh igdsbk reqg qgk emz`kmkhqdqeohof qgk RFA( [haks qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq qgk Rdqks, qgk Ikhqks dha Z{cèiDsigevky akd`y reqg qgk iohqso` dha y{zksveyeoh of qgk qrk`vk Skbeohd` Aeskiqosdqky ofKhvesohmkhq dha Rdqks( Qgk Hdqeohd` Ehyzkiqosdqk of Khvesohmkhq, Hdq{sk dha Rdqks

y{zksveyky qgk `kbd` rosl of qgk Skbeohd` Ehyzkiqosdqky of Khvesohmkhq, Hdq{skIohyksvdqeoh dha Rdqks, qgk yo-id``ka qrk`vk Bskkh D{qgoseqeky( D`yo {haks qgk Meheyqsuof Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks, qgksk dsk qkh Hdqeohd` Zdsl Aeskiqosdqky( Cdilbso{hay{zzosq ey zsoveaka cu d h{mcks of ehyqeq{qeohy hdmkù>--qgk Veq{le Skykdsig Ehyqeq{qk fos Rdqks dha Khvesohmkhq--Ehqkshdqeohd` Iommeyyeoh fos qgk Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk Adh{ck Sevks Ehyqeq{qeohd` Mkigdheymy fos Fòoa Akfkhyk 'G{hbdsu%

Bovkshmkhq

Bov( IoosaehdqehbIommeqqkk

Fòoa IommeyyeohksMeheyqks of MoKR

Ozksdqevk Gkdat{dsqks

Fòoa akfkhyk roslehb bso{z(Gkda Akz{qu Ykiskqdsu of Rdqks

Ikhqsd` Qkigheid`Gkdat{dsqks

Gkda of KRA

Gkda of SevksAkfkhyk [heq

Akfkhyk Iommeyyeohof Io{hqu

Ehyqeq{qeohd` Mkigdheym fos Fòoa Akfkhyk

1( Iohi`{yeohQgksk dsk mdhu igd``khbky fos f{q{sk rdqks mdhdbkmkhq( Y{ig igd``khbky ehi`{ak qgkigdhbk eh hdq{sd` iohaeqeohy, fos ehyqdhik, ièmdqk igdhbk dha kwqskmk rkdqgks kvkhqy(Bovkshmkhqy gdvk qo eheqedqk skyzohyky qo y{ig kvkhqy( D yzkied` eyy{k fos G{hbdsu ey qgkhkdsù zksmdhkhq adhbks of fòoay( Rgkqgks eq ey zoyyec`k qo iomcehk akieyevkbovkshmkhq skyzohyk eh qgk idyk of fòoaehb reqg akmdhay fos d ymd``ks yqdqk dha d `kdhdameheyqsdqevk yqs{iq{sk skmdehy qo ck ykkh(

F{sqgksmosk, eh qgk zsoikyy of qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA, z{cèi zdsqeiezdqeoh gdyqo ck ehyqeq{qeohdè~ka eh qgk hkds f{q{sk eh osaks qo khy{sk qgk dzzèidqeoh of qgk ozkhz`dhhehb zsoika{sk(

3:


36/132

Ehyqeq{qeohd` Fsdmkrosl fos qgk Gdsmohe~dqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk

eh Yòvdled

K`khd Fdq{òv

Qgk Yòvdl Skz{cèi ey d ikhqsd` K{sozkdh io{hqsu iovksehb dh dskd of 15 :91 lm( Qgkhkebgcosehb io{hqseky dsk D{yqsed, qgk I~kig Skz{cèi, Zo`dha, [lsdehk dha G{hbdsu(Qgk qoqd` `khbqg of rdqksio{syky ey 15 22; lm( Ovksd`` 56 zksikhq of rdqksy dsk asdehkacu qgk Adh{ck Sevks qo qgk C`dil Ykd( Qgk skmdehehb fo{s zksikhq of rdqksy dsk asdehkacu qgk Veyq{`d Sevks dha eqy qsec{qdseky qo qgk Cd`qei Ykd(

Qgk Yòvdl qksseqosu ey aeveaka ehqo yew hdqeohd` sevks cdyehy of rgeig fevk 'Adh{ck, Vdg,Gsoh, Csoasob, Goshda% dsk zdsq of qgk ehqkshdqeohd` Adh{ck Sevks cdyeh( Ohk sevks cdyeh'qgdq ehi`{aky qgk Zozsda dha A{hdnki qsec{qdseky% ey zdsq of qgk ehqkshdqeohd` Veyq{`dSevks cdyeh( Qgk ovksvekr of qgk sevks cdyehy dha qgk qksseqosu qgku iovks ey ygorh eh

Feb{sk 1(

Feb{sk 1> Mdz of Hdqeohd` dha Y{c-hdqeohd` Sevks Cdyehy 'Yòvdled%

34


37/132

4( Iomzkqkhq D{qgoseqeky fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl AeskiqevkQgk iomzkqkhq d{qgoseqeky fos emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk 'RFA%gdvk ckkh akyebhdqka dq qro `kvk`y( Dq qgk hdqeohd` `kvk`, qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq'Mok% ey qgk iomzkqkhq d{qgosequ fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl

Aeskiqevk( Dq qgk skbeohd` `kvk`, skbeohd` khvesohmkhqd` d{qgoseqeky dsk skyzohyec`k fosqgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk aeskiqevk(

Hdqeohd` iomzkqkhq d{qgosequQgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq ey qgk ikhqsd` dameheyqsdqevk d{qgosequ fos qgk akvkòzmkhqdha zsoqkiqeoh of qgk khvesohmkhq 'des, rdqks, hdq{sk%( Eh qgk fekà of rdqks qgk meheyqsu eyskyzohyec`k fos qgk kwki{qeoh of yqdqk rdqks dameheyqsdqeoh, rdqks mdhdbkmkhq, rdqkszsoqkiqeoh dha qgk sdqeohd` {yk of rdqks, ehi`{aehb feygehb 'c{q kwi`{aehb feyg fdsmy%( Qgkskyzohyeceèqeky of qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dsk akfehka eh qgk Rdqks Diq Ho(961/3::1, rgeig idmk ehqo fosik oh N{ù 4, 3::1(

Qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq ey skyzohyec`k mdehù fos qgk>- Eakhqefeidqeoh dha akyebhdqeoh of iomzkqkhq d{qgoseqeky dha oqgks ehyqeq{qeohy ehvo`vka ehqgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy of qgk RFA dha qgk dyyebhmkhq of skyzohyeceèqeky dha a{qekyqo y{ig d{qgoseqeky

Eyy{k y{c-sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy ehi`{aehb zsobsdmy of mkdy{sky dy `kbd`ùcehaehb ehyqs{mkhqy< Khy{sk z{cèi ehfosmdqeoh dha iohy{`qdqeoh< Ioosaehdqk qgk diqeveqeky reqg skbdsa qo qgk khfosikmkhq of sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq

z`dhy dha zsobsdmy of mkdy{sky eh osaks qo digekvk khvesohmkhqd` ocnkiqevky< Y{zksveyk qgk zksfosmdhik of zsobsdmy of mkdy{sky ehioszosdqka ehqo sevks cdyeh

mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy(

39


39/132

Qgk skbeohd` khvesohmkhqd` d{qgoseqeky m{yq kwki{qk qgkes a{qeky reqg skbdsa qo qgkemz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA eh iòyk ioozksdqeoh reqg>--qgk fosqu-yew Aeyqseiq Khvesohmkhqd` D{qgoseqeky,--qgk sevks cdyeh d{qgosequ hdmkù qgk Yòvdl Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq Khqkszseyk reqg eqy yewcsdhigky qgdq diqy coqg dq qgk hdqeohd` dha aeyqseiq `kvk`< dha

--qgk Yòvdl Ehyzkiqosdqk fos Khvesohmkhq rgeig ey dh khqequ yzkiefeid`ù y{zksveyka cuqgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq(

Ohk of qgk bod`y of skbeohd` khvesohmkhqd` d{qgoseqeky ey qo zsoveak mkqgoaeid`y{zksveyeoh dha b{eadhik qo qgk aeyqseiq khvesohmkhqd` d{qgoseqeky reqgeh qgkes qksseqosu(Qgk osbdhe~dqeohd` yqs{iq{sk of qgk iomzkqkhq d{qgoseqeky dha oqgks ehyqeq{qeohy ehvo`vkaeh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy dsk zskykhqka eh qgk fo`òrehb aedbsdm 'ykk Feb{sk ;%(

Feb{sk ;> Osbdhe~dqeohd` Yqs{iq{sk of RFA Emz`kmkhqdqeoh eh Yòvdled

31


40/132

3( Ioosaehdqeoh of qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh ZsoikyyQgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy of RFA ey osbdhe~ka reqg qgk dem qo>- Ehvo`vk d`` zdsqeky iohikshka eh diqevk ioozksdqeoh eh qgk akvk`ozmkhq of sevks cdyehmdhdbkmkhq z`dhy dq qgk hdqeohd` `kvk` dha ehqkshdqeohd` `kvk`, iohikhqsdqehb yzkiefeid``uoh qgk Adh{ck Sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq

3;


41/132

Qdc`k 3> Roslehb bso{zy Yqdq{y eh 3::6 'Yòvdled%Roslehb bso{z Dyyebhka ehyqeq{qeoh3 Dhoqgks zdsqeky ehvo`vkaZskyy{sky dha mkdy{sky, zsoqkiqka dskdy RSE YHZD, YGME, YRMK, SO, AO,

YEK, HBOGkdveù moaefeka coaeky RSE YRMKEhqksidècsdqeoh RSE

Quzoòbu, skfkskhik iohaeqeohy YGME RSE, DY, YKD,Kiohomei dhdùyky YRMK RSEMoheqosehb YGME YRMK, YHZD, YBEAYBso{hardqks YGME RSE, SO, AO, YRMK, HBOBEY YGME RSERdqks t{dhqequ 'kyqdcèygka 3::6% YRMK YGME, HBOZ{cèi zdsqeiezdqeoh 'kyqdcèygka 3::6% YGME RSE, YRMK, HBOSkzosqehb YKD YGME, RSE, YRMK

Qgk h{mcks of roslehb bso{zy ey f`kwec`k dha rgo ey qo zdsqeiezdqk eh qgkyk bso{zy eykwzkiqka qo ck skb{`dsù skveyka dha dan{yqka diiosaehb qo qgk iesi{myqdhiky zskykhqka

dha qgk zksikevka hkkay(

Qgk rdqks aeveyeoh of qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq ioosaehdqky, dy mkhqeohka dcovk, qgkrgo`k RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy( Qgk ioosaehdqeoh bso{z dq qgk meheyqsu eyy{caeveaka ehqo qro {heqy> qgk yqkksehb {heq dha qgk kwki{qevk ioosaehdqeoh {heq( Qgkyqkksehb {heq ey iomzseyka of qgk qoz skzskykhqdqevky of mdeh ehyqeq{qeohy ehvo`vka eh rdqksmdhdbkmkhq( Qgkyk skzskykhqdqevky dsk> qgk bkhksd` aeskiqos of qgk rdqks aeveyeoh of qgkmeheyqsu homehdqka d`yo dy qgk rdqks aeskiqos of Yòvdled, qgk aeskiqosy of qgk qgskkakzdsqmkhqy qgdq mdlk {z qgk rdqks aeveyeoh dha qgk aeskiqosy of qgk RSE, qgk YGME dhaqgk YRMK( Qgk so`k of qgk yqkksehb {heq ey qo mdlk akieyeohy oh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeohzsoikyy(

Qgk kwki{qevk ioosaehdqeoh {heq iohyeyqy of d èmeqka h{mcks of lku kwzksqy aeskiqùehvo`vka eh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy, hdmkù qgk ioosaehdqos, qgk qkigheidìoosaehdqos, qgk ioosaehdqos fos ehqkshdqeohd` ioozksdqeoh dha qgk gkday of roslehbbso{zy( Qgk ioosaehdqos ey offeied`ù homehdqka cu qgk bkhksd` aeskiqos of qgk rdqksaeveyeoh dha y/gk ey skyzohyec`k fos ioosaehdqehb qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy, akvkòzehbyqsdqkbei aoi{mkhqy, dha ioozksdqehb dq qgk K[ `kvk`( Y/gk ey homehdqka dy dskzskykhqdqevk of qgk meheyqsu eh qgk yqsdqkbei ioosaehdqeoh bso{z dha dy d skzskykhqdqevkeh qgk iommeqqkk kyqdcèygka diiosaehb qo dsqei`k 34 of qgk RFA( Qgk qkigheidìoosaehdqos ey skyzohyec`k fos dameheyqsdqevk mdqqksy dha osbdhe~dqeohd` dssdhbkmkhqy(

Qgk ioosaehdqos fos ehqkshdqeohd` ioozksdqeoh reqgeh qgk Adh{ck Sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqioosaehdqky d`` diqeveqeky/a{qeky qgdq gdvk qo ao reqg qgk EIZAS( Qgk gkday of roslehbbso{zy, kyqdcèygka reqgeh qgk qsdhyco{hadsu iommeyyeohy dsk skyzohyec`k fos f{`fe`èhb

3 RSE Rdqks Skykdsig Ehyqeq{qk, YGME Yòvdl Guasomkqkosoòbeid Ehyqeq{qk,YRMK Yòvdl Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq Khqkszseyk, YHZD Yqdqk Hdq{sk Zsoqkiqeoh D{qgosequ,YKD Yòvdl Khvesohmkhqd` Dbkhiu, DY Didakmu of Yiekhiky, YBEAY Yqdqk Bkoòbeid` Ehyqeq{qk ofAeohu~ Yq{s, SO Skbeohd` offeiky, AO Aeyqseiq offeiky

36


42/132

d`` diqeveqeky qgdq dsk dyyebhka qo kdig roslehb bso{z( Gkday of roslehb bso{zy dskhomehdqka d`yo dy mkmcksy of qgk roslehb bso{zy qgdq dsk osbdhe~ka cu qgk K{sozkdhIommeyyeoh os qgk EIZAS(Skb{`ds mkkqehby of qgk kwki{qevk ioosaehdqeoh {heq dsk osbdhe~ka cu qgk ioosaehdqos dq`kdyq ohik d mohqg( Qgk yqs{iq{sk of ioosaehdqeoh of qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy ey

zskykhqka eh qgk fo`òrehb aedbsdm 'Feb{sk 6%(Qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy ey yqe`` igdsdiqkse~ka cu d ikhqsdè~ka dzzsodig( Moyqdiqeveqeky a{sehb qgk fesyq zgdyk of RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh rksk idsseka o{q cu qgk Meheyqsuof Khvesohmkhq os qgso{bg eqy y{zksveyka ehyqeq{qeohy dq qgk hdqeohd` `kvk`( Qgey yuyqkm ofikhqsdè~ka f{hiqeohehb gdy roslka qe`` hor ckid{yk adqd gdvk ckkh d`skdau dvde`dc`k ehikhqsd` skbeyqksy dha adqdcdyky( Adqd rksk hkkaka fos qgk igdsdiqkse~dqeoh of sevks cdyehy,qgk zksfosmdhik of seyl dyykyymkhqy dha qgk akyebhdqeoh of zsoqkiqka dskdy diiosaehb qodsqei`ky ; dha 6 of qgk RFA(

Qgk aeydavdhqdbk of qgk ikhqsdè~ka dzzsodig gdy qo ao reqg qgk ehy{ffeiekhq ehvo`vkmkhq

of oqgks skbeohd` d{qgoseqeky, mdehù, qgk rdqks mdhdbkmkhq d{qgoseqeky dq qgk y{c-sevkscdyeh( Qgk so`k of qgkyk d{qgoseqeky ey ehiskdyehb dq zskykhq dha qgkes diqevk iohqsec{qeohqo ohboehb diqeveqeky 'zsobsdm of mkdy{sky, ioyq-kffkiqevkhkyy dhdùyey, qkyqehb of gkdveùmoaefeka coaeky% ey ckiomehb kyykhqed`( Dq qgey zoehq, skbeohd` khvesohmkhqd` d{qgoseqekydsk hoq aeskiqù ehvo`vka eh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy( Qgey zskykhqy d seyl fos f{q{skakvkòzmkhqy, kyzkied`ù rgkh qgk so`k of skbeohd` d{qgoseqeky eh akieyeohmdlehb ro{àck hkikyydsu fos qgk khfosikmkhq of zsobsdm of mkdy{sky( F{sqgksmosk, oqgksyqdlkgoàksy 'eha{yqsu, dbsei{`q{sk, m{heiezdèqeky, HBOy% gdvk qo ck eakhqefeka dha dyqsdqkbu fos iomm{heidqeoh gdy qo ck akvkòzka reqg yzkiefei yqdlkgoàksy(

32


43/132

Feb{sk 6> Ehyqeq{qeohd` Ioosaehdqeoh fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA eh Yòvldled

9( Iohi`{yeoh

9( Iohi`{yeoh

Rdqks Aeskiqosy

Yqsdqkbei Ioosaehdqeoh Bso{z 'YIB%

YIB Dbsei{`q{sk YIB Guaso-moszgoòbeid` Igdhbky

YIB KhvesohmkhqdÒcnkiqevky

Ehqkbsdqeoh RFA dhaoqgks zoèieky

3-DKioòbeid`Yqdq{y

3-CEhqkbsdqkaRdqksMdhdbkmkhq

3-IBso{hardqks

3-ASkzosqehb

K-4ZseosequY{cyqdhiky

F-4FòoaZsoqkiqeoh

Hdqeohd` @kvk`

Ioosaehdqeoh Bso{z

Adh{ck Sevks Cdyeh

@kvk`-EIZAS

Yqkksehb {heq

Bkh( Aeskiqos Rdqks Aeveyeoh

Gkday of AkzdsqmkhqyAeskiqosy RSE, YGME,YRMK

Kwki{qevk [heq

SMC -KB

Qey~dSCM-

KB

BEY-KB

M@EM-KB

KMEY-KB

KIO -KB

Ioosaehdqos Adh{ckSevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiq

Gkday Qsdhy-co{hadsu RBy

Gkday of RB

Qkigheid` Ioosaehdqos

Hdqeohd` Ioosaehdqos

Fòoa-KB

37


44/132

Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk eh C{`bdsed> D Yqdq{y Skzosq

@{cld Ldigdlovd dhaV`daemes Aohqigkv

4( Ehyqeq{qeohy dha @kbey`dqeoh fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl AeskiqevkRdqks mdhdbkmkhq ey of gebg emzosqdhik qo C{`bdsed yehik qgk io{hqsu ey òidqka ehehqkshdqeohd` sevks cdyehy ehi`{aehb qgk Adh{ck dha qgk C`dil Ykd ehqkshdqeohd` sevkscdyehy( F{sqgksmosk, C{`bdsed ygdsky reqg Bskkik dha Q{slku d h{mcks of qsdhyhdqeohd`rdqksio{syky(

Qgk mdeh qdsbkq fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhq zoèiu eh C{`bdsed ey qgk dzzèidqeoh of qgkguasoòbeid` sevks cdyeh dy qgk cdyei {heq fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhq( Qgk kwki{qeoh of rdqksmdhdbkmkhq cdyka oh qgk sevks cdyeh ey qgk qdsbkq of qgk RFA d`yo( Qgk hdqeohd``kbey`dqeoh eh qgk fekà of rdqks ehvo`vky qgk Rdqks Diq dha d h{mcks of skb{`dqeohy qgdqbevk mosk akqde`y oh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk diq( Skb{`dqeohy, f{sqgksmosk, gdvk

qsdhyzoyka qgk aeffkskhq aeskiqevky oh rdqks daozqka cu qgk K{sozkdh Iomm{hequ( Qgk4555 Rdqks Diq kmcoaeky moyq of qgk k`kmkhqy of qgk RFA( D hkr dmkhamkhq of qgkrdqks diq qgdq rdy daozqka cu qgk Zdsèdmkhq eh 3::6 qsdhyzoyky d`` qgk skt{eskmkhqy ofqgk RFA(

Feb{sk 2> Osbdhe~dqeoh of Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhq eh C{`bdsed

1

Rdqks Aeskiqosdqk

Adh{ck Se vk s

Cdyeh

Aeskiqosdqk

Mehey qsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks

Io{hie` of Meheyqksy

Y{zskmk RdqksIo{hie`

Sevks C dyeh

Aeyqseiq Io{hie`

Sevks C dyeh

Aeyqseiq Io{hie`

Sevks C dyeh

Aeyqseiq Io{hie`

Sevks C dyeh

Aeyqseiq I o{hie`

C`dil Ykd

Cdyeh

Aeskiqosdqk

Kdyq Dk bkdh

Cdyeh

Aeskiqosdqk

Rk yq Dk bkdh

Cdyeh

Aeskiqosdqk

35


45/132

Qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks ey skyzohyec`k fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhq dhay{zksveyky qgk rosl of qgk Sevks Cdyeh Aeskiqosdqky qgdq gdvk ckkh kyqdcèygka( Qgkaeveyeoh of C{`bdsed ehqo sevks cdyeh aeskiqosdqky cdyka oh fo{s sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy ey hkrdha gdy ckkh kyqdcèygka fos qgk z{szoyky of qgk kwki{qeoh of qgk RFA( Qgk qsdaeqeohd`dameheyqsdqevk yqs{iq{sk of C{`bdsed ehvo`vky 37 aeyqseiqy dha 361 m{heiezdèqeky qgdq dsk

yqe`` skmdehehb sk`kvdhq eh daaeqeoh qo qgk fo{s hkr sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy(Fo{s sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy gdvk ckkh kyqdcèygka> qgk Adh{ck Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiq, qgkC`dil Ykd Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiq, qgk Kdyq Dkbkdh Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiq dha qgk RkyqDkbkdh Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiq 'Feb{sk 2%( Reqg qgk kyqdcèygmkhq of qgkyk sevks cdyehaeyqseiqy, C{`bdsed ehqkbsdqky qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq zsehiez`k ehqohdqeohd` rdqks mdhdbkmkhq, ehi`{aehb qgk qsdhyco{hadsu dyzkiq, dy mdhadqka cu qgkRdqks Fsdmkrosl Aeskiqevk(

Rdqks mdhdbkmkhq ey osbdhe~ka dq qro `kvk`y> qgk hdqeohd` `kvk` dha qgk sevks cdyeh `kvk`(Dq qgk hdqeohd` `kvk`, qgk skyzohyec`k ehyqeq{qeohy fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhq dsk qgk Io{hie`

of Meheyqksy dha Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks( Qgk Rdqks Aeskiqosdqk of qgkMeheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks ey qgk coau qgdq yzkiefeid`ù akd`y reqg rdqksmdhdbkmkhq 'Feb{sk 2%( Qgk Y{zskmk Rdqks Io{hie` ey d iohy{`qdqevk coau qo qgkMeheyqks of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks( Qgk rdqks io{hie` ey iomzseyka of skzskykhqdqevky ofaeffkskhq yqdlkgoàksy> bovkshmkhq d{qgoseqeky, rdqks mdhdbkmkhq iomzdheky, yiekhqefeiehyqeq{qky dha hoh-bovkshmkhqd` osbdhe~dqeohy(

Dq qgk cdyeh `kvk`, fo{s sevks cdyeh aeskiqosdqky gdvk ckkh kyqdcèygka rgeig dsk qgkiomzkqkhq d{qgoseqeky fos qgk mdhdbkmkhq of rdqks eh qgk fo{s akyebhdqka sevks cdyehaeyqseiqy( Eh kdig sevks cdyeh aeyqseiq, d Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiq Io{hie` gdy ckkh akvkòzka'Feb{sk 2%( Qgkyk io{hie`y gdvk d iohy{`qdqevk so`k eh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq dha dskiomzseyka of aeffkskhq yqdlkgoàksy eh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq ehi`{aehb skzskykhqdqevky of qgkdameheyqsdqevk aeyqseiqy dha m{heiezdèqeky(

3( I{sskhq Diqeveqeky fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks Fsdmkrosl AeskiqevkDiiosaehb qo qgk qemkqdc`k zsoveaka cu qgk RFA, qgkyk dsk qgk qdyly qgdq hkka qo ckdiiomzèygka fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk aeskiqevk(

Ovksvekr of sevks cdyehy eh osaks qo igdsdiqkse~k d`` rdqks eakhqefeidqeoh of rdqksquzoòbu dha rdqks coaeky fos d`` rdqks idqkboseky 'akdaèhk 3::1%--kyqdcèyg d zsozks yuyqkm fos ozksdqevk moheqosehb, ocyksvdqeoh dha kdsù rdshehb- qgk k`dcosdqeoh dha qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of Adh{ck Sevks Cdyeh Aeyqseiq MdhdbkmkhqZ`dh dha qgk daozqeoh of m{q{d`ù dbskka mkdy{sky cu qgk Adh{ck io{hqseky, kyzkied`ùreqg skbdsa qo qgk ska{iqeoh of qsdhyco{hadsu zo``{qehb kffkiqy- qgk ehqkbsdqeoh of d`` rdqks idqkboseky ehi`{aehb y{sfdik rdqksy, bso{hardqks,qsdhyeqeohd` rdqksy dha iodyqd` rdqksy dy rk`` dy qgk ehqkbsdqeoh of t{dhqeqdqevk dhat{dèqdqevk dyzkiqy of rdqks hdq{sd` y{sfdik rdqksy 'sevksy, `dlky, qsdhyeqeohd`rdqksy, iodyqd` rdqksy, gkdveù moaefeka os dsqefeied` rdqksy, bso{hardqks, zsoqkiqka dskdy,rdyqk rdqksy% rdqks, ykaemkhqy, ceoqd ceoòbeid`, guasomoszgoòbeid` dha zguyeid`-igkmeid` k`kmkhqyfsom d t{dèqdqevk dha d t{dhqeqdqevk zoehq of vekr(

Qgk qksm gkdveù moaefeka rdqks coau zskykhqy dh ehhovdqevk iohikzq qgdq gdy ckkhiskdqka qo d`òr fos qgk z{sy{eq of guasd{èi rosly qgdq csehb yoieo-kiohomei ckhkfeqy(Qgk akyebhdqeoh of rdqksy dy moaefeka/dsqefeied` io{à yem{`qdhko{yù yz{s diqeveqeky fosqgk skyqosdqeoh of y{ig rdqksy( Qgk iohikzq io{à ck {yka eh bkhksd` qo mkaedqk aeyz{qkyckqrkkh khbehkksy dha kioòbeyqy(

Sevks cdyeh akvkòzmkhq, dy sk-iohikzq{dè~ka, ehqkbsdqky fòoa akfkhyk ehqo qgkiohyksvdqeoh dha akvkòzmkhq of dt{dqei khvesohmkhq( Sevks cdyeh akvkòzmkhq ey cdykaoh qgk fo`òrehb zsehiez`ky>- iohyqs{iqeoh of yqsdqkbei skyksvoesy eh dskdy qgdq dsk fòoa zsohk- dyykyymkhq of qgk kiohomei emzosqdhik of rdqks {yky

- kffeiekhq ioozksdqeoh ckqrkkh qgk ehyqeq{qeohy ehvo`vka eh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq dha òid`z{cèi dameheyqsdqeoh

io``dcosdqk reqg qgkes skyzkiqevk rdqks aeskiqosdqk eh qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of hdqeohd`rdqks mdhdbkmkhq zoèieky dha yqsdqkbeky< dbskk oh z`dhy dha yigkmky sk`dqka qo rdqks mdhdbkmkhq rosly< dzzsovk qgk ehqkbsdqka t{dèqdqevk dha t{dhqeqdqevk sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dh< skiommkha zseoseqeky fos fehdhiehb of y{yqdehdc`k akvkòzmkhq zsobsdmy< zsozoyk skveyeohy of rdqks mdhdbkmkhq hosmy dha yqdhadsay dha, rgkh hkikyydsu,akvkòz t{dèqu yqdhadsay fos rdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh qgkes sevks cdyeh< ehfosm qgk z{cèi dco{q d z`dhhka diqevequ dq `kdyq qgesqu aduy ckfosk y{ig diqevequ qdlkyz`dik< dha osbdhe~k z{cèi akcdqky oh d`` eyy{ky qgdq gdvk qo ao reqg rdqks mdhdbkmkhq(

Kvksu rdqks aeskiqosdqk of qgk Hdqeohd` Dameheyqsdqeoh Dzk`k Somdhk gdy dh offeik ofz{cèi sk`dqeohy( Qgk z{cèi sk`dqeohy offeik akd`y reqg qgk zskzdsdqeoh of zskyyiohfkskhiky dha skyzohay qo t{kyqeohy oh qgk igd``khbky zoyka cu qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh ofqgk K{sozkdh [heoh aeskiqevky dha cu qgk k`dcosdqeoh of iksqdeh igdzqksy of sevks cdyehmdhdbkmkhq z`dhy(

Fos qgk emzsovkmkhq of z{cèi zdsqeiezdqeoh zsoikyy, qro meheyqksed` osaksy gdvk ckkheyy{ka(--Osaks ho( 4:43/45(4:(3::; of qgk Meheyqks of Khvesohmkhq dha Rdqks Mdhdbkmkhqkhqeq`ka Diikyy mkigdheym qo ehfosmdqeoh of z{cèi ehqkskyq eh rdqks mdhdbkmkhq'd% d qemkqdc`k dha rosl zsobsdm fos qgk k`dcosdqeoh of sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy,ehi`{aehb d yqdqkmkhq oh qgk iohy{`qdqeoh mkdy{sky qo ck qdlkh, dq `kdyq qgskk ukdsy ckfoskqgk adqk of dzzsovd` of qgk sevks cdyeh mdhdbkmkhq z`dh khvesohmkhqd` zsoqkiqeoh dbkhieky, io{hqu aeskiqosdqky fosdbsei{`q{sk, csdhigky of Somye`vd, dha oqgks òid` dha io{hqu d{qgoseqeky( F{sqgksmosk,dameheyqsdqeohy of skbeohy, qgk hdqeohd` ehyqeq{qk of yqdqeyqeiy, qgk skykdsig ehyqeq{qk ofzkaoòbu dha dbsoigkmeyqsu, qgk hdqeohd` ehyqeq{qk of skykdsig dha akvkòzmkhq of

Adh{ck Ak`qd, qgk hdqeohd` ehyqeq{qk of mdsehk skykdsig dha akvkòzmkhq BseboskDhqezd, qgk hdqeohd` ehyqeq{qk of guasoòbu dha rdqks mdhdbkmkhq, qgk hdqeohd` ehyqeq{qkfos skykdsig dha akvkòzmkhq of khvesohmkhqd` zsoqkiqeoh dha vdseo{y rdqks {yksy rkskehvo`vka eh qgk iohy{`qdqeoh zsoikyy(

Qgk 3::1 skzosqy zskzdska cu qgk rdqks aeskiqosdqky rksk zskykhqka dha aeyi{yyka dq qgkz`khdsu mkkqehby osbdhe~ka cu qgk rdqks aeskiqosdqky, rgksk qgk mdeh yqdlkgoàksy dq qgksevks cdyeh `kvk` zdsqeiezdqka( Qgkyk yqdlkgoàksy ehi`{aka skzskykhqdqevky of qgkSomdhedh dyyoiedqeoh of rdqks, zskfkiqy, zskyeakhqy of qgk io{hqu d{qgoseqeky,skzskykhqdqevky of khvesohmkhqd` dbkhieky dha of òid` gkd`qg d{qgoseqeky dy rk`` dy òid`khvesohmkhqd` HBOy( Qgk skbeyqksy of zsoqkiqka dskdy rksk akvkòzka a{sehb roslygozyosbdhe~ka dq qgk `kvk` of kdig rdqks aeskiqosdqk, rgksk qgk mdeh yqdlkgoàksy rkskehvo`vka eh qgk zsoikyy of eakhqefeidqeoh of zsoqkiqka dskdy( Mosk yzkiefeid`ù,yqdlkgoàksy ehveqka qo zdsqeiezdqk eh qgk roslygozy ehi`{aka qgk Somdhedh dyyoiedqeoh ofrdqks, khvesohmkhqd` zsoqkiqeoh dbkhieky, qgk z{cèi gkd`qg dbkhieky, io{hqu foskyqsucsdhigky of qgk hdqeohd` foskyqsu d{qgosequ, io{hqu d{qgoseqeky fos dbsei{`q{sk dha s{sdàkvkòzmkhq, skzskykhqdqevky of offeiky fos zkaoòbeid` dha dbsoigkmeid` yq{aeky(

Dq qgk `kvk` of kdig rdqks aeskiqosdqk, mdeh yqdlkgoàksy gdvk ckkh eakhqefeka diiosaehbqo qgk idqkboseky of yqdlkgoàksy qgdq gdvk ckkh akyebhdqka cu qgk EhqkshdqeohdÌommeyyeoh fos Zsoqkiqeoh of qgk Adh{ck Sevks( D`yo roslygozy gdvk ckkh osbdhe~kazsoveaehb ehfosmdqeoh oh qgk skt{eskmkhqy of qgk RFA( Qgk aeyykmehdqeoh ofehfosmdqeoh gdy emzsovka qgo{bg qgk {yk of qgk Ehqkshkq( Qo fdieèqdqk z{cèi diikyy qodha {haksyqdhaehb of qgk 3::1 Y{mmdsu Skzosq, qgk qsdhy`dqeoh dha reakaeyykmehdqeoh of qgey skzosq reqg qgk EIZAS fehdhied` y{zzosq gdvk ckkh eheqedqka(

Reqgeh qgk fsdmkrosl of qgk [HAZ/BKF Adh{ck Skbeohd` Zsonkiq qgdq iohikhqsdqka ohkhgdhiehb diikyy qo ehfosmdqeoh dha z{cèi zdsqeiezdqeoh eh khvesohmkhqdàkieyeohmdlehb, qgk fo`òrehb quzky of diqeveqeky gdvk ckkh y{bbkyqka fos Somdhed>

1;


61/132

Emzsovkmkhq eh qgk f{hiqeohehb of sevks cdyeh iommeqqkky foi{yehb oh iomm{heidqeohdha qgk ehvo`vkmkhq of qgk z{cèi< Akvkòzmkhq of d mdh{d` fos d{qgoseqeky eh osaks qo khy{sk z{cèi diikyy qo rdqkssk`dqka ehfosmdqeoh dha qgk ygdsehb of zsdiqeiky skbdsaehb z{cèi ehvo`vkmkhq ehakieyeohmdlehb Qgk Khvesohmkhq Aeskiqosdqk, qgkYzdqed` Z`dhhehb Aeskiqosdqk dha qgk Aeskiqosdqk fos K{sozkdh Dffdesy dha Ehvkyqmkhqy(

Qgk Rdqks Akzdsqmkhq of qgk Khvesohmkhq Aeskiqosdqk akd`y yzkiefeid`ù reqg `kbey`dqeoh,qgk zoèiu dha yqsdqkbu skbdsaehb rdqks dha qgk rdqks mdhdbkmkhq z`dhy dha zsobsdmy(D y{cyqdhqed` dmo{hq of qkigheid` rosl sk`dqka qo qgk RFA emz`kmkhqdqeoh ey ak`kbdqkaqo yzkiedè~ka ehyqeq{qeohy( Qgk Ehyqeq{qk fos Rdqks akd`y moyqù reqg y{sfdik rdqks( QgkBkoòbeid` Y{svku Ehyqeq{qk akd`y zsemdseù reqg bso{hardqks( Qgk Hdqeohd` Ehyqeq{qk fosCeoòbu akd`y reqg kioòbeid` eyy{ky dy rk`` dy iodyqd` rdqksy 'ykk Feb{sk 5%(

Feb{sk 5> Osbdhe~dqeohd` Yqs{iq{sk of qgk Meheyqsu of Khvesohmkhq eh Yòvkhed

@kbd`Yuyqkm

Akzdsqmkhq

Akzdsqmkhq fosKhvesohmkhqd`

Zoèieky

Akzdsqmkhq fos

Zskvkhqeoh ofKhvesohmkhqd`

Zo``{qeoh

Ehyqeq{qk fos rdqks of qgk SY Hdqeohd` ehyqeq{qk fos ceoòbu of qgk SY Bkoòbeid` y{svku ehyqeq{qk of qgk SY

CeoqkighoòbuAkzdsqmkhq

Hdq{skAkzdsqmkhq

Akzdsqmkhq fosIomzskgkhyevkDyykyymkhq ofKhvesohmkhqd`

Emzdiq

RDQKSY

AKZDSQMKHQ

KHVESOHMKHQ AESKIQOSDQK

@kbey`dqeoh> emzsovehb qgk yqdqk of qgk rdqks khvesohmkhq,

rdqks mdhdbkmkhq fdieèqeky dha kt{ezmkhq, zsoqkiqeoh of asehlehb rdqks, zsoqkiqeoh of cdqgehb rdqksy mdehqkhdhik of qgk rdqks skbemk, fòoa zsoqkiqeoh

Zoèiu dha Yqsdqkbeky Mdhdbkmkhq Z`dhy dha Zsobsdmmky

YZDQED@ Z@DHHEHBAESKIQOSDQK

AESKIQOSDQK FOSK[SOZKDH DFFDESY DHA

EHVKYQMKHQY

YKISKQDSU BKHKSD@ Z[C@EI SK@DQEOH YKSVEIKMEHEYQKSjY OFFEIK

Qgk Khvesohmkhqd` Zsoqkiqeoh Dbkhiu ey qgk ykioha moyq emzosqdhq ehyqeq{qeoh qgdq akd`yreqg emz`kmkhqdqeoh dha qgk dzzèidqeoh of dameheyqsdqevk zsoika{sky y{ig dy skzosqehbdha zksmeqqehb( Qgk khvesohmkhqd` dbkhiu ey osbdhe~ka ehqkshd`ù {haks d aeskiqos

bkhksd` dha ehi`{aky, ehqks dèd, d rdqks mdhdbkmkhq offeik dha d moheqosehb offeik(Feb{sk 4: zsoveaky qgk osbdhe~dqeohd` fsdmkrosl of qgk khvesohmkhqd` dbkhiu( Qgkkhvesohmkhqd` dbkhiu ey iomzseyka d`yo of kebgq skbeohd` offeiky( Qgey skbeohdòsbdhe~dqeoh of qgk khvesohmkhqd` dbkhiu eh kebgq offeiky ey zdsq of qgk geyqoseid`kvo`{qeoh of qgk dbkhiu(

17


64/132

Feb{sk 4:> Yqs{iq{sk of Khvesohmkhqd` Dbkhiu eh Yòvkhed

AESKIQOS BKHKSD@

EMZ@KMKHQDQEOH OF QGK KHVESOHMKHQ@KBEY@DQEOH DAVEYOS T[D@EQU DAVEYOS Z[C@EI SK@DQEOHY DAVEYOS

EHFOSMDQEOH MDHDBKMKHQYKSVEIK

HFOSMDQEOH YKSVEIK

YKEYMO@OBU DHABKO@OBU

OFFEIK

BKHKSD@ DHA

@KBD@ DFFDESY YKSVEIK

K[ - SKZOSQEHB YKSVEIK

RDQKSMDMDHKBKMHQ

OFFEIK

KHVESOHMKHQ

OFFEIK

MOHEQOSEHB

OFFEIK

MKQKOSO@OBEID@

OFFEIK

Fos akdèhb reqg qgk lku diqeveqeky fos qgk emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk Rdqks FsdmkroslAeskiqevk, dha qgk yo-id``ka Iommoh Yqsdqkbu oh qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA qgdqgdy ckkh daozqka cu qgk K{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh, kwzksq roslehb bso{zy gdvk ckkhhomehdqka dq qgk hdqeohd` `kvk`( Qgk fesyq Kwzksq Roslehb Bso{z rdy homehdqka eh Mdu3::4( Dq qgey zoehq, qgksk dsk kebgq roslehb bso{zy qgdq akd` reqg vdseo{y dyzkiqy ofrdqks mdhdbkmkhq eh Yòvkhed( Eh daaeqeoh qo qgkyk kebgq roslehb bso{zy qgdq akd` reqghdqeohd` dha K{sozkdh mdqqksy qgksk dsk ehqkshdqeohd` sevks cdyeh kwzksq bso{zy qgdq akd`reqg qgk EIZAS diqeveqeky dha kwzksq bso{zy qgdq akd` reqg qgk qsdhyco{hadsu dbskkmkhqy(Yòvkhed ey zdsqu qo d h{mcks of ehqkshdqeohd` dbskkmkhqy reqg oqgks io{hqseky y{ig dyEqdù, D{yqsed, G{hbdsu dha Isodqed(

Qgk skyzohyeceèqu of qgk rdqks aeskiqos ey qo ioosaehdqk dha gdsmohe~k qgk diqeveqeky ofqgk roslehb bso{zy( Feb{sk 44 ckòr zsoveaky qgk akqde`y of osbdhe~dqeoh of roslehbbso{zy(

15


65/132

Feb{sk 44> Hdqeohd` Kwzksq Bso{zy fos qgk Emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA eh Yòvkhed

Rdqks aeskiqos

ioosaehdqeoh of emz`kmkhqdqeoh zsoikyy

Hdqeohd` KwzksqyBso{z

Skzosqehb

Hdqeohd` Kwzksqy

Bso{z

Bso{hardqks

Hdqeohd` Kwzksqy Bso{z

Ehqkbsdqka

Sevks Cdyeh

Mdhdbkmkhq


Kioòbeid` Yqdq{y

Hdqeohd` Kwzksqy

Bso{zFòoa zsoqkiqeoh

Hdqeohd` Kwzksqy

Bso{zAdhbkso{y

y{cyqdhiky


RFA & Dbsei{`q{sk

Hdqeohd` Kwzksqy

Bso{zGuasomoszgoòbu

Ehqkshdqeohd` Sevks Cdyeh

Kwzksq Bso{zy 'reqgehEIZAS%

Qsdhyco{hadsu dbskkmkhqy reqg

hkebgco{sehb io{hqseky dsk sdqefeka dha dskdzzèka reqg D{yqsed, Eqdù, G{hbdsu dhaIsodqed

9( Emz`kmkhqdqeoh Diqeveqeky eh YòvkhedQgk rdqks diq gdy eakhqefeka qro ehqkshdqeohd` sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy> Qgk Adh{ck dha qgkDasedqei( Qgk Adh{ck Sevks cdyeh iovksy 7: zksikhq of qgk Yòvkhedh qksseqosu dha qgkDasedqei Sevks Cdyeh iovksy qgk skmdehehb 3: zksikhq( S{`ky fos akqksmehehb qgk sevkscdyehy, y{c-cdyehy dha sevks cdyeh aeyqseiqy gdvk ckkh kyqdcèygka eh qgk Yòvkhedh`kbey`dqeoh 'ON of SY, 73/:9%( Qgk cosaksy ckqrkkh qgk Adh{ck Sevks cdyeh dha qgkDasedqei Sevks cdyeh dsk cdyka oh qgk y{sfdik rdqksy dha hoq oh qgk bso{hardqks( Qgk {ykof bso{hardqks qo akqksmehk qgk cdyeh cosaksy ro{à zskykhq d h{mcks of zsoc`kmy a{kqo qgk fdiq qgdq qgk skbeoh ey d ldsyq skbeoh( Eh d skzosq qgdq Yòvkhed gdy zsoveaka qo qgkK{sozkdh Iommeyyeoh eq ey akqde`ka gor qgk bso{hardqks ey qo ck akd`q reqg bevkh qgdqqgk cosaksèhk ckqrkkh qgk qro cdyehy ey cdyka oh y{sfdik rdqksy(

Eh daaeqeoh qo qgkyk qro qsdhyhdqeohd` cdyehy, fevk y{c-cdyehy gdvk ckkh eakhqefeka( QgkAsdvd y{c-cdyeh, qgk M{sd y{c-cdyeh, qgk Ydvd y{c-cdyeh, qgk Yoid y{c-cdyeh dha qgk y{c-cdyeh of qgk Dasedqei Ykd( Qgk aeveyeoh of rdqks dameheyqsdqeoh ehqo y{c-cdyehy gdygeyqoseid` osebehy dha qgk y{c-cdyehy iosskyzoha qo qgk skbeohd` offeiky of qgkKhvesohmkhqd` Dbkhiu( Qgk `dr, f{sqgks, gdy zsoveaka zoèiumdlksy reqg qgk zoyyeceèquof akvkòzehb sevks cdyeh z`dhy qo daaskyy yzkiefei eyy{ky( Dq qgey zoehq, qgo{bg, eq eyfoskykkh qgdq qro Hdqeohd` Sevks Cdyeh Mdhdbkmkhq Z`dhy re`` ck kwki{qka qgdq ofAdh{ck dha qgdq of qgk Dasedqei( Qgk y{c-cdyehy re`` ck {yka fos qgk z{szoyky of z{cèizdsqeiezdqeoh diqeveqeky(

Oqgks diqeveqeky {haksqdlkh eh qgk io{syk of emz`kmkhqdqeoh of qgk RFA ehi`{ak>

;:


66/132

--qgk akyebhdqeoh of bso{hardqks coaeky 'ykk S{`ky oh mkqgoay fos akqksmehehb rdqkscoaeky fos bso{hardqks, ON of SY, 6;/:9< S{`ky oh akqksmehehb rdqks coaeky fosbso{hardqks, ON of SY, 69/:;%< dha--qgk akyebhdqeoh of y{sfdik rdqks coaeky 'ykk S{`ky

Documents

Water, Policy, Law and Management by Elli Louka