Water Management, Ecology and human health€¦ · Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten F. gigantica has been so far described only once in grey literature from P. columella

Water Management, Ecology and

human health

Bernd SuresAquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research,

University of Duisburg-Essen

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenOur research interests

Ecological status of freshwater ecosystems

River restoration

Climate change

Ecotoxicology – Environmental Chemistry

Aquatic Parasitology (Ecological & Environmental Parasitology)

Biodiversity

Neobiota – invasive species

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Zooxanthellae in corals

Photo: © osf.co.uk. http://ocean.si.edu/corals-and-coral-reefs

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Cattle egret

Photo by Andrew Millner; National Geographic Photo Contest

Tse-tse

Photo: http://www.britannica.com/list/4/9/9-tsetse-fly

What is a parasite?

An organism that lives at the expense of its host


An organism that lives at the expense of its host

20% of the human population is infected with the intestinal nematode Ascaris lumbricoides

342 „worm species“ can infect humans

50% of the human population worldwide is infected with parasites

40% of all organisms are parasitic, at least in some phases of their life

100% of all animal and plant species are infected by parasites

What is a parasite?


Ectoparasites

Endoparasites

„Worms“

Protozoa(unicellular parasites)

What is a parasite?


Aus: Lucius & Loos-Frank, 2008, Biologie von Parasiten

Parasite Infected (Mio) Distribution Deaths per year

100.000

65.000

65.000

20.000

10.000

500.000

What is a parasite?

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenSome Egyptian parasites

Fasciola gigantica

Heterophyes heterophyes

Schistosoma sp.

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenSome Egyptian parasites

Do these parasites have anything in common?

All use aquatic snails as intermediate hosts

Aquatic parasites, which use humans as

definitive hosts

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenTrematodes in snails...

….a well known problem in Egypt


Endoscopy to remove tissue samples from a mummy in Manchester University Initial radiological investigation of this mummy has indicated strong evidence of schistosomiasis. Manchester Museum, Manchester University

David, The Lancet, (1997)

Schistosomiasis


Miller et al., British Medical Journal (1992)

Schistosomiasis

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenSchistosomiasis

asexualreproduction

sexualreproduction

www.stanford.edu (2009)


2010.igem.org

Global distribution of schistosomes that affect humans.

>220 Mio. infected humans


Adult worms of S. mansoni

Female in ventral groove

Average lifespan: 3 – 7 years

Warrell et al. Oxford Textbook of Medicine (2003) ↑www.weichtiere.at (2009)


Egg of S. mansoni (containing miracidium)

Cercaria of S. mansoni

Warrell et al. Oxford Textbook of Medicine (2003)


Clinical features

• Three major stages:

– Stage of invasion

– Stage of maturation

– Established infection

Symptoms due to species:

• Urinary schistosomiasis

• Intestinal schistosomiasis

Itching skin reaction due to penetration by cercariae

Warrell et al. Oxford Textbook of Medicine (2003)


Stage of maturation (acute schistosomiasis/Katayama fever):

• Immune reaction following primary infection

• 3 – 10 weeks after infection

• Fever, headache, weakness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea

• Most common in S. japonicum & S. mansoni

Established infection (chronic schistosomiasis)

• 5 – 15 years after infection

• Due to large number of eggs that are not excreted

• Eggs may cause granulomas in tissue/organs (liver, lungs, uterus, etc.)

Lucius & Loos Biologie von Parasiten (2008)


• Granulomata lead to fibrosis

• S. masoni:

– Liver and spleen enlarged

• S. haematobium:

– Ureteric fibrosis and infections due to damaged tissue

– Increased risk of bladder cancer suspected


Cooperation with the University of Fayoum and the Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Company in the frame of the project „Integrated Water technologies“

Parasites in Egypt

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenParasites in Egypt

In 2014 Noura M. R. M. Zaghloul detected Schistosoma mansoni

Photo; Noura M. R. M. Zaghloul

Biomphalaria alexandrina


Heterophyes heterophyes

Parasites in Egypt


In 2013 Sara Aly F. Aly detected trematode meta-cercariae, probably belonging toH. heterophyes in lake Qarun in 70 % of the fish

Tilapia zilli

Solea sp.

Speciesidentification und data analysisongoing…..


Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenTrematodes in snails

Different snails species were collected by using scoop net from July to September 2012 from different sites in Fayoumgovernorate

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenIrrigation systems in Fayoum



Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenWater and parasites


Grabner et al. PLOS One (2014)

Snail species collected


Pseudosuccinea columellahttp://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de

Native species in Europe and North America

Invasive species in Australia und Africa


Chemical control of schistosomiasis: molluscicide is slowly released from a barrel into flowing water.


Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenWater hyacinths and snails

Photos; Noura M. R. M. Zaghloul

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenWater hyacinths and snails

Photos; Noura M. R. M. Zaghloul


Snail Species Tested Subsample

Positive Samples

Prevalence Sequencing Results

P. columella 97

6 6.18% Fasciola gigantica

7 7.21% Echinostoma caproni

6 6.18% Echinostoma sp.

Cleopatra bulimoides 14 3 21.42% Saturnius sp.

Physa acuta 22 4 18.18% Saturnius sp.

Other snails species 100 - - -

Total 233 26 11.15%





F. gigantica has been so far described only once in greyliterature from P. columella (Ahmed & Ramzy 1999)

Typical first intermediate host for F. gigantica in Egypt is Radix natalensis and the introduced species Galba truncatula (Mas-Coma et al. 2005)

Pseudosuccinea columella is an introduced species in manycountries and is a known host for F. hepatica (Mas-Coma 2005)

Trematodes in snails

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenThe giant liver fluke

Fasciola gigantica


F. hepatica metacercariae encystedon a plant.

Diameter c. 250 µm. Werner Frank


Fasciola gigantica

http://iranhelminthparasites.com

F. gigantica F. hepatica

4-1

0 c

m

3 c

m

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenFascioliasis

Soliman – Human and animal fascioliasis in Egypt , J Infect Developing Countries 2008; 2: 182-189.

WHO: until 1970 only sporadicoccurrence of human fascioliasis, since 1990 significant increasereaching 3% prevalence in thehuman population

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenWhat has happened?

Area covered by water hyacinthsdouble within two weeks

Water hyacinths native in tropicalSouth America, invasive in Africa


Snails escape on water hyacinths and areprotected from molluscides in water

High abundance of P. columella enables effective transmissionof F. gigantica in close contact to humans

Flood irrigation allows cercariae to encyst on vegetables andother foodstuff grown on the flooded fields


Snails were collected by Marian Elias in 2015

IWATEC Project 2015

Molecular identification of snail speces

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenTrematodes in Germany?


• Sampling of snails in 5 reservoirs in Germany

• samplings (2009, 2012)

Trematodes in Germany?

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenTrematode identification


47

•19 snail speciesRadix auricularia, Radix peregra, Lymnaea stagnalis, Acroloxus lacustris, Ancylus fluviatilis, Anisus vortex, Bathyomphalus contortus, Bithynia tentaculata, Gyraulus albus, Physa fontinalis, Physella sp., Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis, Potamopyrgus sp., Segmentina nitida, Sphaerium sp., Stagnicola palustris, Galba truncatula, Planorbis planorbis, Viviparus contectus

36 trematode species

community-roundtable.com

Trematode identification

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenTrematode diversity

SpeciesOpisthioglyphe ranae

Australapatemon burti

Trichobilharzia franki

Trichobilharzia szidati

Plagiorchis elegans

Notocotylus attenuatus

Echinostoma n. sp.

Hypoderaeum conoideum

Isthmiophora melis

Paryphostomum radiatum

Echinoparyphium recurvatum

Echinostoma revolutum

Tylodelphys clavata

Diplostomum pseudospathaceum

14 species

Data of 2009 (615 snails)

Soldánová et al. Parasites & Vectors 2010

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenTrematode diversity

Species FamilyOpisthioglyphe ranae Telorchiidae

Australapatemon burti Strigeidae

Trichobilharzia frankiSchistosomatidae


Plagiorchis elegans Plagiorchiidae

Notocotylus attenuatus Notocotylidae

Echinostoma n. sp.

Echinostomatidae


Isthmiophora melis




Tylodelphys clavataDiplostomidae


Potential human pathogens

(swimmers‘ itch)

7 families

Data of 2009



ANOSIM R = 0,58 p = 0,001

2D Stress: 0.11

Differences in composition and structure of trematode communities in Radix spp., Stagnicola palustris und Gyraulus albus

Trematode communities

Data of 2012 (3600 snails)


ANOSIM R = 0,077 p = 0,008

Differences in composition and structure of trematode communities in eutrophic und meso-/oligotrophic water bodies

cyprinid groupanatid group

Trematode communities

Data of 2012

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenHost level


SpeciesAustralapatemon burti

Echinostoma n. sp.


Isthmiophora melis




Tylodelphys clavata



Opisthioglyphe ranae

Plagiorchis elegans



Radix auricularia (12 species)

New species discoveredGeorgieva et al., 2013 Parasites & Vectors

Data of 2009

Host level




Echinostoma n. sp.


Isthmiophora melis




Tylodelphys clavata




Plagiorchis elegans



Lymnaea stagnalis (6 species)

Data of 2009

Host level



Lymnaea stagnalis

Radix auricularia


Echinostoma n. sp.


Isthmiophora melis




Tylodelphys clavata




Plagiorchis elegans



4 species shared

Data of 2009

Host level



Notocotylus attenuatus Plagiorchis elegans Paryphostomum radiatum

Echinoparyphium recurvatum Tylodelphys clavata Trichobilharzia franki

20 trematode species in Radix auricularia

The 6 most frequent species belonging to 5 families

Host level

Data of 2012

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenTrematode level

Data of 2012


A

B

nad1 mt DNA sequences; NJ tree

Echinostoma spp.

Georgieva et al. Parasites & Vectors 2013


1

3

2

4

ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences; NJ tree

Bird schistosomes


Snail species Snailsexamined

Trematodespecies

Overalprevalence [%]

Bird schistosomes

Radix auricularia 1,339 20 spp. 26.6 Trichobilharzia franki

Radix peregra 310 5 spp. 6.1 -

Lymnaea stagnalis 128 2 spp. 13.3 -

Stagnicola palustris 574 7 spp. 4.2 -

Gyraulus albus 1,106 6 spp. 14.3 Schistosomatidae gen. sp. 1 Schistosomatidae gen. sp. 2

Segmentina nitida 142 2 spp. 1.4 Bilharziella polonica

TOTAL 3,599 31 spp. 4 spp.

Acroloxus lacustris, Ancylus fluviatilis, Anisus vortex, Bathyomphalus contortus, Bithynia tentaculata, Physa fontinalis, Physella sp., Planorbarius corneus, Potamopyrgus sp., Sphaerium sp., Galba truncatula, Planorbis planorbis, Viviparuscontectus

Bird schistosomes


www.abc15.com; www.minnetonkascenes.blogspot.de

Bird schistosomes


• Humans as accidental hosts

• Skin infection caused by free-swimming cercariae

Bird schistosomes

Soldánová et al. Trends Parasitol 2013


Sukhdeo, 2010; de.flash-screen.com; nationalgeographic.de

Ecosystem importance


• Subsamples every 2 h, 3 days

• Radix: 1,060 cercariae/day (2g)• Lymnaea: 2,700 cercariae/day (5g)



264 ha

3.24 t

0.24 t



• 6 snail species with 31 trematode species

• Bird schistosomes: < 1 %

• High cercarial output!

community-roundtable.com



Interrupt its life cycle!

How to fight against trematodes?

Soldánová et al. Trends Parasitol 2013


• Free-swimming miracidia/ cercariae

– Poison ecological problems

– Traps for miracidia/cercariae effective?

– Biocontrol: predators possible, yet difficult

plingfactory.de

Prevention


• Snails

– Molluscicides commonly used, ecological problems

– Removal of snails difficult, incomplete

– Destruction of snails/snail habitats cost effective

wikimedia.org

Prevention


• Snails

– Biocontrol:

• Predators of snails

• Competing trematode species

wikimedia.org; fl.biology.usgs.gov; path.cam.ac.uk

Mylopharyngodon piceus

Echinostome rediae

Schistosome sporocyst

Bird schistosomes: prevention


• Final host: bird schistosomes

– Hunting waterfowl not successful

– Treating infected waterfowl very difficult, not promising

ohiodnr.com; medilinks.blogspot.com



• Humans: minimising risks of contamination/spread

– Information, education

– Provision of sanitation and safe water supplies

– Health education

– Drug treatment

– Control of ‘reservoir hosts’ (e.g. cattle)

– Monitoring

– Careful planning


Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenHuman schistosomes: prevention

Waste water treatment: no untreated waste water in freshwater systems

http://www.fit-for-travel.de/images/mediaobjects/1105/720x478/img0063.jpg

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenLessons learned

Parasites are everywhere and build up a huge part of biodiversity, which we are right now starting to understand



In order to protect humans we have to understand the ecology of parasites – toxicants are not a sustainable solution

X




Changing irrigation techniques: drip irrigation would reduce infection with liver flukes



Changes of improper waste water treatment to interrupt the fecal-oral cycle


Changing irrigation techniques: drip irrigation would reduce infection with liver flukes

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeitenThank you

Documents

Water Management, Ecology and human health€¦ · Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten F. gigantica has been so far described only once in grey literature from P. columella