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WATER IN MAYA IMAGERY AND WRITING
HARRI KETTUNEN¹ AND CHRISTOPHE HELMKE²
¹ University of Helsinki, Finland
² University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Abstract
Resumen
WATER, LAKES, SEAS, AND RIVERS IN MAYAN LANGUAGES
Contributions in New World
Archaeology
18
Table 1:
has a generic term ha’
Ha’al
ha’ha’al
ha’ haha’ ~ ha’ ha’
haha’ar k’in
logograms HA’-HA’AL
haha’ar
The term nahb
k’ahk’-nahb
k’ahk’
Harri Kettunen and
19
Figure 1. nahb k’ahk’nahb palaw pulaw?
k’ahk’
k’ahk’nahb
k’ahk’
polaw (possibly recorded as <polau> in Mor
palaw
palaw
as palow
in –w wa
polaw or palaw tikaw
u > o
pulaw polau> may
PALAW
record <palau
PALAW?
lakam-ha’
xukur
río riu riyu
uk’um
20
including bekan ok ja’ riiyoj ja’
noj-ja’ k’abnaab ~ k’a’naab
ja’
k’ab k’a’ k’ahk’
k’ahk’
k’ak’nab and k’anaab
cahnab
k’ak’naab
ha’ (recorded as <ha n
ha’
ja’ lakamha’
the idea that ha’
nim-ha’ ~ nim-a’
more descriptive binel ha’ chi’ ja’ (‘mouth
tz’onot
HA’-a
HA’
A
ha’
ha’
a[’]
n
ha’al HA’-a-la
HA’-la
HA’AL
ha’al
ha’al
ha’al
n
ha’ha’al HA’-HA’AL ha’-ha’al n
naab ~ nahb na-bi
NAB-bi
naab ~ nahb
naab ~ nahb
n
in general
k’ahk’naab ~
k’ahk’nahb
K’AK’-NAB k’a[h]k’-na[a]b
k’a[h]k’-na[h]b
cn
ter in general
palaw ~ pulaw? PALAW/PULAW?-wa palaw ~ pulaw n
Harri Kettunen and
21
Table 2:
SERENE AND OTHERWORLDLY BODIES OF WATER
IN CLASSIC MAYA IMAGERY
22 Harri Kettunen and
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
23
na syllabogram (Figures
complete instances this creature is named as Yax Chit Jun Witz’ Nah Kan
Figure 4.
24 Harri Kettunen and
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
25
Figure 7.
na ~ HA’
et al.
26 Harri Kettunen and
Figure 8.
27
Figure 9.
28
WATER BANDS AND CENTRAL MEXICAN CONNECTIONS
ha’ nahb k’ahk’nahb
palaw? HA’ LAKAM
The sign that reads NAB
le
k’ahk’nahb NAB K’AK’ Figure
TI’
Harri Kettunen and
Figure 10.
29
na HA’ logograms representing
le
le
iconography and in the glyph NAB
le
The le
et al.
le
och ha’
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
30
A LOOK BACK AND AHEAD
nahb
le
the sign representing the syllabogram le le
na
le
As regards the sign NAB
NAL NAB la
PALAW
wa
6-PALAW?-wa-NAL-la
na-ka-PALAW?-wa-a u-K’IK’?-le
ha’
all HA’
Harri Kettunen and
Figure 13.
31
Bineen tu chi’ a’ k’a’naabej i yutzil wabin uja’il
Fui a la orilla del mar y que bonito es su agua
I went to the seashore and how beautiful is its water
APPENDIX: WATER IN VARIOUS MAYAN LANGUAGES
Ch’olan languages
Proto-Ch’olan
Ch’ol
aban laguna
petem laguna
mar
colem aban mar
Ch’olti
<polau> mar
<cahnab> mar
Chontal
ha’
ha’-a rain
ha’yuw-a(n) to rain
ha’-tzih
k’ak’-nap’ sea
náp’
Chontal
nab
to’o
pa’
Ch’orti’
xukur river
noh xukur
32
nohta’ ha’
nohoh ha’
noh ha’
noxi’ ha’ sea (noxi’
noxi’ witz’
ha’ to’or e ha’
ha’
tzah ha’ tzah
yax ha’
ha’
k’ihna’ < k’ihn.ha
k’as ha’ rain
mut ha’
cha’ haha’ar k’in
haha’
haha’ar
haha’ar k’in
Tzeltalan languages
Tzeltal
ja’ agua
ja’al lluvia
Tzeldal
<nabil
Tzotzil
ha’ agua
ho’ agua
ja’ agua
vo’ agua
nab laguna
uk’um
Tzotzil
jo’ agua
nab lago
nab laguna
ts’anleb jo’ laguna
muk’ ta nab mar
uk’um
Harri Kettunen and
33
Yukatekan languages
Yukatek et al.
a’ agua
ha’
k’ak’nab ~ k’anaab mar
ak’al
k’oba’
ts’onot
uk’um
x-okola’
yok’a
cháak lluvia
Itza’
ja’
bekan river
ok ja’ river
k’abnaab, k’a’naab sea
ajnoj-ja’
ixnoj-ja’
noj-ja’
k’a’-
k’ab-
k’abnaab
Itza’
ja’
k’a’naab mar
nab
Mopan
ja’
nojja’
Lakantun
ha’ agua
ha’ha’
petha’ lago
Q’anjobalan languages
Q’anjobal
a’ej ~ ej ~ ja’ ~ a’ agua
najab
nab lluvia
34
Chuj
ha’ niwan
ha niwan ha’ playa
nhab lluvia
Tojolabal
ha’
k’ab to rain
Mamean languages
Mam
a’ agua
a’
Tektitek
a’ agua
kyichbil laguneta
smayun lluvia
Awakatek
chook canal
abaal lluvia
a’
K’iche’an languages
K’iche’
ja’ agua
cho
nïm ja’ ~ nimaja’ ~ nima’
Sakapultek
ya’ agua
jab lluvia
nem ya’
Sipakapense
ya’ agua
jab lluvia
tik’lik ya’ lago
nima ya’
Poqomam
ha’
nim ha’
Harri Kettunen and
35
Poqomchi’
ha’ agua
chooh
nimha’ ~ nim ha’
palaw mar
Q’eqchi’
ha’ agua
k’ak’naab
hab lluvia
nima’, nimha’
palaw mar
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