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Water in Emergencies. Session 5 Needs assessment, prioritisation, monitoring. Project Cycle. Davies & Lambert (1995) Engineering in Emergencies, REDR & ITDG. Needs Assessment IRA First, Then Sectors. Triangulate information Ask similar questions to different groups of people - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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W5 1
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water in Emergencies
Session 5Needs assessment, prioritisation,
monitoring
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Project Cycle
Davies & Lambert (1995) Engineering in Emergencies, REDR & ITDG
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Needs Assessment IRA First, Then Sectors
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Information Gathering• Quantitative, qualitative
• Consider mix of team – female, male, different ethnic groups
• To whom are you asking questions?
• Are you getting a balanced view?
• Can people speak freely?
• Any protection concerns for the affected people from you asking questions?
Triangulate information
Ask similar questions to different
groups of people
Observe
Key informants
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Information Gathering Methodologies• Secondary data
• Exploratory walk & observations
• Key informant interviews
• Mapping
• Physical measurements
• Focus group discussion
• Household questionnaire survey
• Spot check observations
• Seasonal calendar
Nepal
S Field / OXFAM-GB
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Mapping
House S & Reed, R (1997) Emergency Water Sources, WEDC
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WASH Cluster Hygiene Project
WASH Indicators
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Importance of Monitoring
Appropriateness, effectiveness, impact
Useful for modifying objectives
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Input to Impact Input Output Outcome Impact
Activity Direct result of input
Change resulting from output
Change in people’s lives resulting from the outcome
e.g. distribution of soap
X number of families have X g soap per month
People are washing their hands regularly with soap
Diarrhoeal diseases in U5 children decreases
How do we know?
Impact - Changes in diarroeheal disease (morbidity & mortality) in medical facilities covering the emergency areas
Indicator
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Indicators
SMART Specific
MeasurableAchievable Realistic
Time-bound
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Indicators for Monitoring in Emergencies - Example
Hygiene behaviour • Use of safe drinking water
Associated WASH indicator • Adequate water handling practices to minimize contamination
practiced by x% of the population
Associated Sphere indicator • Each household has at least two water collecting containers to
ensure there is always water in the household
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Hygiene behaviour • Good hygiene practices
Associated WASH indicators • Soap or ash for hand-washing is available in all households• Hand-washing facilities are available at 100% of communal latrines or in
the majority of homes and are used
Associated Sphere indicators • People wash their hands after defecation and before eating and food
preparation• There is at least 250g of soap available for personal hygiene per person
per month • Average water use for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene in any
household is at least 15 litres per person per day
Indicators for Monitoring in Emergencies - Example
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Cluster Information Management Tools
(Assessment Tools)
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Information Management Tools
• IRA Initial Rapid Assessment (all clusters)
• WASH Survey Tools
– RAT Rapid Assessment Tool
– CAT Comprehensive Assessment Tool
– Monitoring Tool
– Agency Report Form
• WASH Data Tool
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‘Initial Rapid Assessment’ (IRA)
• Use of the standardised IRA Tool for needs assessment in emergencies:
Collects basic essential data for all sectors
Establishes priority needs
Guides initial planning of emergency support
Encourages cross-sectoral/cluster coordination from the start
Forms the ‘baseline’ against which later assessments will be measured
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WASH Rapid Assessment Tool (RAT)
• Spreadsheet– Used to capture data collection during a rapid assessment process. (The
RAT spreadsheet is the same as Section 1 of the CAT form)
• Section 1 - General– General information about the site being surveyed with details regarding
its physical location and the affected population
• Section 2 – Conditions Summary– A summary of the WASH related situation in the surveyed location with
each of eight WASH subsectors being evaluated on a scale from 0 (not affected) to 3 (highly affected). Additional comments can be added for each subsector regarding the situation prior to the crisis, specific problems identified and values for critical indicators.
• Data– If the electronic spreadsheet is used for data entry, the survey data from
section 1 and 2 is summarized on the Data worksheet
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WASH Cluster Comprehensive Assessment Tool (CAT)
• CAT collects more detailed assessment data for the sector, and also:
Coordination mapping tools, needs, gaps and agency activities
Flow-chart analysis aids decision-making
Acts as a progress monitoring tool
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Comprehensive Assessment Tool (CAT)
• CAT standardises the WASH needs assessment in emergencies, using a few key indicators in the 8 sub-sector areas of:
Hygiene Practice WASH NFIs Water Supply Excreta Disposal Vector Control Solid waste Drainage Representation, equity and participation
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CAT Survey Form Extract
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CAT Tally Form Extract
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WASH Monitoring Tool
Intervention indicators for each of the eight WASH subsectors.
These intervention indicators provide detailed metrics which form the basis of a monitoring program.
These are the same as the survey tool of the CAT, except in the monitoring stage achieved values are recorded and values for the targets may be updated
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Monitoring Form Extract
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Cluster mapping of needs, responses & gaps
Northern Uganda, WASH Cluster matrices, Sept – Dec 2007:
– NGO WATSAN response plan in rural IDP camps in Gulu District
– NGO WATSAN response plan in return areas in Gulu District
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Cluster mapping, prioritisation, monitoring – needs, responses, gaps
Aims to:
• Provide clear overview of needs• Analyse responses• Identify gaps• Prioritise responses• Ensure most effective use of resources
It will only work with Cluster member & other sector actors effective participation
Communicate Coordinate