Water Forms of the Earth

5/20/2018 Water Forms of the Earth

1/86


2/86

A gulf is a large bay.

It is also a large area of the

sea partly surrounded byland.

Larger areas of the oceanreach into the land in the

case of a gulf.


3/86

The oval-shaped Gulf of Mexico covers 1.5million sq km (579,000 sq mi). This view ofpart of the gulf, includes the westernmost

island in the Florida Keys, a chain of islandsoff the coast of Florida.


4/86

The Gulf of Alaska is an arm of the Pacific Ocean defined by the curve of thesouthern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak

Island in the west to the Alexander Archipelago. According to the United

States Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, the Gulf of

Alaska is bounded on the north by the coast of Alaska and on the south by a

line running from the south end of Kodiak Island on the west to Dixon

Entrance on the east.


5/86


6/86

The Lingayen Gulf is large gulf on

Northwestern Luzon in the Philippines. It is framed by

the provinces of Pangasinan and La Union and sits

between the Zambales Mountains and the Cordillera

Central.

Region:

Ilocos Region

Part of:

South China SeaCoordinates:

1617N 12012E

Length:

55 km (34 mi)

Width:

35 km (22 mi)


7/86

Albay Gulf is a large gulf in the southern

part of Luzon island, Philippines, at 13.2N123.93E.

The place has been one of the tourist spots

in the province because of the frequentsightings of whale sharks (known as

"butanding" in the local vernacular) in the

coastal areas. Their presence led to the

town's receiving the moniker "whale sharkcapital of the world."


8/86


9/86

Davao Gulf is a gulf found in Mindanao in the Philippines. It has an area of

308,000 hectares. Davao Gulf cuts into the island of Mindanao from

Philippine Sea. It is surrounded by all five provinces in the Davao Region.


10/86

The Persian Gulf is

located in Western

Asia between Iran to

the northeast and

the Arabian

Peninsula to the

southwest. The

Persian Gulf is anextension of

the Indian

Ocean (Gulf of Oman)

through the Strait ofHormuz. The Shatt al-

Arab river delta forms

the northwest

shoreline.

Location:

Western Asia

Primary inflows:

Sea of Oman

Basin countries:

Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi

Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain,

United ArabEmirates and Oman

Max. length:

989 km (615 mi)

Surface area:

251,000 km (97,000 sq mi)Average depth:

50 m (160 ft)

Max. depth:

90 m (300 ft)


11/86

Gulf of Suez, arm of the Red Sea, northeastern Egypt, between

the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Desert. It has a length of 290

km (180 mi) with a breadth of 25 to 55 km (15 to 35 mi). At its

northern end, which is the extreme northern end of the Red Sea,

the Gulf of Suez is connected with the Mediterranean Sea by theSuez Canal.


12/86

The Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French: Golfe du Saint-Laurent), the world's

largest estuary, is the outlet of the North American Great Lakes via the Saint

Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. The gulf is a semienclosed sea,

covering an area of about 236,000 square kilometres (91,000 sq mi) and

containing about 35,000 cubic kilometres (8,400 cu mi) of water, whichresults in an average depth of 148 metres (486 ft).


13/86

A bay is a part of a lake or anocean which creates a semi-

circular indentation along the

shore.

Its water is quiet and free from

strong currents and makes a

natural harbor.

Towns and cities often develop

beside bays.


14/86

Location Luzon Island, Philippines

River sourcesPasig River

Pampanga River

Max. length 19 km (12 mi)

Max. width 48 km (30 mi)

Surface area 2,000 km2(770 sq mi)


15/86

Today, Manila Bay still remains important

for commerce and industry, including

fishing, although rapid urban growth andindustrialization are contributing to a

decline in water quality and deteriorating

marine habitats. It also serves a focus forrecreation for Metro Manila and is a

popular destination for walks and for

viewing the sunset. Much of the land

fronting the bay along Metro Manila isreclaimed land which now includes

important sites such as the Philippine

Senate and the Mall of Asia.


16/86

The Bay covers

somewhere between 400

and 1,600 square miles

(1,040 to 4,160 square

kilometers), depending

on which sub-bays (such

as San Pablo Bay),

estuaries, wetlands, and

so on are included in themeasurement. The main

part of the Bay measures

3 to 12 miles (5 to

20 km) wide east-to-

west and somewherebetween 48 miles

(77 km) and 60 miles

(97 km) north-to-south.

It is the largest Pacific

estuary in the Americas.

San Francisco

Bay


17/86

San Francisco Bay is a shallow,

productive estuary that drains water

from approximately forty percent ofCalifornia. Water from the Sacramento

and San Joaquin rivers, and from the

Sierra Nevada mountains passes

through the Bay to the Pacific Ocean.

Specifically, both rivers flow into

Suisun Bay, which flows through the

Carquinez Strait to meet with the NapaRiver at the entrance to San Pablo Bay,

which connects at its south end to San

Francisco Bay.


18/86

The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the worlds

most famous bridges. It spans the San Francisco

Bay in California.


19/86

Bay of Bengal, arm of the Indian Ocean, between India on the west and

Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) and the Malay Peninsula on the east.

In the southeast, the Andaman and Nicobar islands, formed by the peaks of a

submerged mountain range, separate the Bay of Bengal from the Andaman

Sea. . The bay is 2,100 km (1,300 mi) long and 1,600 km (1,000 mi) wide.


20/86

Hudson Bay is a massive inland sea in northeastern Canada. The bay

is bordered by the provinces of Ontario, Qubec, and Manitoba, and

by the Nunavut Territory administrative region. The bay is named

for English explorer Henry Hudson, who in 1610 became the firstEuropean to explore the region.

Hudson Bay, along with its southern extension, James Bay, is about

1450 km (about 900 mi) long and up to about 965 km (about 600 mi)

wide; it has an area of about 1,230,000 sq km (about 475,000 sq mi).

The average depth of Hudson Bay is about 101 m (about 330 ft), and

its maximum depth is about 867 m (about 2,846 ft).


21/86

The Bay of Santorini or Thra is one of the most beautifulbays in the world. It is located in the Aegean Sea and is a

part of Greece. It is the remnants of a huge volcanic

explosion that destroyed the earliest settlements on

what was formerly a single island and led to the creationof the current geological caldera.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nhatrang_la_plage.jpg/800px-Nhatrang_la_plage.jpg


22/86

Nha Trang Bay is a world-class tourist destination

located in Vietnam and is regarded as amongst the most

beautiful bays in the world. It is where the coastal city

of Nha Trang is situated. Nha Trang is famous for its

pristine beaches and excellent scuba diving sites.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nhatrang_la_plage.jpg/800px-Nhatrang_la_plage.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nhatrang_la_plage.jpg/800px-Nhatrang_la_plage.jpg


23/86

12 N, 108 E - South China sea

The bay of Nha Trang is located in the province of Khan

Hoa, southern maritime area of Central Vietnam. Nha

Trang city is the political, economic, cultural center of

this province ; it's build in the estuary of Cai river and is

surounded by 4 montains ("Long Son" = dragon, "Sinh

Trung"= lphant, "Trai Thuy = tortue, "Hoa Son" =

chauve souris).With a surface of 507 km2, the bay extends between Cay

Cape (north) and Dong Ba Cape (south) ; the coastline

(103 km) includes two distinct parts : continental and

islander, thus contributing to a great biodiversity but

also to the development of the maritime activities:tourism, aquaculture and product processing,

transportation, ...the main problem concerns :

environmental pollution, illegal exploitation of mineral

and forest resources ; fast urbanization.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ha_long_bay.jpg/800px-Ha_long_bay.jpg


24/86

Ha Long Bay is a fascinating beauty of nature located in

Quong Ninh, Vietnam. The name literally means Descending

Dragon Bay. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is a well-

known travel destination. The bay, which features thousands

of limestone karsts and isles of different shapes and sizes, is

part of Ha Long City.

Ha Long Bay, in the gulf of Tonkin, includes some 1 600

islands and islets, forming a spectacular seascape of

limestone pillars. Because of their precipitous nature,

most of the islands are uninhabited and unaffected by a

human presence.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ha_long_bay.jpg/800px-Ha_long_bay.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ha_long_bay.jpg/800px-Ha_long_bay.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ha_long_bay.jpg/800px-Ha_long_bay.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ha_long_bay.jpg/800px-Ha_long_bay.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Puerto-Vallarta.jpg/800px-Puerto-Vallarta.jpg


25/86

Puerto Vallarta Bay in Puerto Vallarta City, Mexico is

situated at Baha de Banderas on the Pacific Ocean.

The bay of Banderas - Puerto Vallarta is situated at the foot of

Sierra Madre mountains. Bahia de Banderas is the Mexico's

biggest bay (80 km) ; the town of Puerto Vallarta, founded in

XVI century by spanish, is an important tourist place.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Puerto-Vallarta.jpg/800px-Puerto-Vallarta.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Puerto-Vallarta.jpg/800px-Puerto-Vallarta.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5b/Mindelo_from_MonteVerde.jpg


26/86

Mindelo Bay is located in Cape. It is part of Mindelo City,

a port city in the northern part of the island of Sao

Vicente.

Mindelo bay belongs to the volcanic Cape Verde

archipelago (3 850 km) located off the coast of

Senegal and Gambia.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5b/Mindelo_from_MonteVerde.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/James_Bond_island.jpg/450px-James_Bond_island.jpg


27/86

Phang Nga Bay

is a popular

and beautiful

bay inThailand. It is

part of the

Andaman Sea

and has an area

of 400 km.

The rock

formation on

the above

photo is

popularly

known as

James Bond

island.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/James_Bond_island.jpg/450px-James_Bond_island.jpg


28/86

A lake is completely

enriched by land.

Its coast is called shores.

Some lakes are very small

but others are so largethat they are like inland

seas.


29/86

WHERE DOES LAKE WATER COME

FROM

Lake water comes from rain or snow.

Sometimes the rain or snow falls right

into the lake. Sometimes the rain orsnow makes rivers or streams. Rivers

and streams can flow into lakes.

How much water a lake holds changes

all the time. A lot of rain or snow can fill

a lake up until it overflows. Too little

rain or snow can cause a lake to dry up.


30/86

The bowls in the ground that lakes fillsometimes formed because of sliding

or moving rock and mud. Most lakes

formed because of huge fields of ice

called glaciers. Glaciers carved out

most lakes when the ice moved. The

ice ground up rock below. The

ground-up rock froze in the ice. Theglacier carried the rock away. This

left a bowl-like shape in the ground.

Rainwater filled up the bowl.

HOW DID LAKES FORM?


31/86

In this photograph, melting snow from glaciers

in the mountains feed Peyto Lake in Canada.


32/86

WHAT MAKES A LAKE A LAKE

Big lakes and small lakes are like bowls in

the ground filled with water. Lakes are not

part of the ocean. Lakes are called inlandbodies of water.

Most lakes are filled with fresh water, but a

few are filled with salty water.


33/86

WHERE ARE THE GREAT LAKES?

The Great Lakes are located in the eastern half of

North America along the United States-Canadianborder. The lakes are a part of both countries and

are shared by both. Only Lake Michigan lies

entirely within the United States.

Eight American states border the lakes to the

south. They are New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,

Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, and

Wisconsin. The big Canadian province of Ontario

is on the north side of the lakes.

Four of North Americas largest cities are locatedon the edge of the Great Lakes. They are Chicago,

Detroit, Toronto, and Cleveland.


34/86

World's Largest


35/86

World s Largest

Inland Seas and Lakes Approximate Area

Caspian Sea, Asia 371,000 sq km/143,000 sq mi

Lake Superior, North America 82,100 sq km/31,700 sq mi

Lake Victoria, Africa 69,490 sq km/26,830 sq mi

Lake Huron, North America 59,600 sq km/23,000 sq mi

Lake Michigan, North America 57,800 sq km/22,300 sq mi

Lake Tanganyika, Africa 32,900 sq km/12,700 sq mi

Great Bear Lake, North America 31,790 sq km/12,270 sq mi

Lake Baikal, Asia 31,500 sq km/12,200 sq mi

Great Slave Lake, North America 28,570 sq km/11,030 sq mi


36/86

Max. length:

1,030 km (640 mi)

Max. width:

435 km (270 mi)

Surface area:

371,000 km2 (143,200 sq mi)

Average depth:

211 m (690 ft)

Max. depth:1,025 m (3,360 ft)

Water volume:

78,200 km3 (18,800 cu mi)

Residence time:

250 years

Shore length:

7,000 km (4,300 mi)

Surface elevation:

28 m (92 ft)


37/86

The Caspian has characteristics common to both

seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's

largest lake, although it is not a freshwater lake.

It contains about 3.5 times more water, by

volume, than all five of North America's Great

Lakes combined. The Caspian was once part of

the Tethys Ocean, but became landlocked about

5.5 million years ago due to plate tectonics. The

Volga River (about 80% of the inflow) and the

Ural River discharge into the Caspian Sea, but it

has no natural outflow other than by

evaporation. Thus the Caspian ecosystem is a

closed basin, with its own sea level history that

is independent of the eustatic level of the

world's oceans.


38/86

Lake Victoria in Africa is the worlds second-largest

freshwater lake. These large rock formations lie on the

lakes southern shore in Tanzania.


39/86

Great Salt Lake Utah

The Great Salt Lake in Utah is one of the

saltiest lakes in the world.

The Great Salt Lake in Utah is filled with water that is much

saltier than ocean water. The salt comes from streams

flowing into the Great Salt Lake. When water in this lake

evaporates (turns into a gas), the salt is left behind.


40/86

Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes located

entirely within the United States.

This view of Lake Michigan shows the city of Chicago,

Illinois, in the background.


41/86

Lake Baikal, Russia

Lake Baikal, in Russia, is the deepest lake in the

world.


42/86

Lake Erie is the southernmost of the Great Lakes. It is

also the shallowest of the lakes.


43/86

Lake Superior is one of the five Great Lakes of North

America. It is also the biggest freshwater lake in the

world.


44/86

Lake Tanganyika, lake in east central Africa, in the

Great Rift Valley, bordered on the north by Burundi, on

the east by Tanzania, on the south by Zambia, and on the

west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC,

formerly Zaire).


45/86

Great Bear Lake, large freshwater lake in the Fort Smith and

Inuvik regions of the western Northwest Territories,

northwestern Canada, lying astride the Arctic Circle. Great Bear

Lake is the largest lake entirely within Canada and the seventh

largest lake in the world.


46/86

Great Slave Lake is the second largest lake in Canada

and the deepest lake in North America. As the source of

the Mackenzie River, it lies at the head of one of the

worlds great waterways.


47/86

Aral Sea (Russian AralskoyeMore; Uzbek Orol Dengizi), saltwater

lake, or inland sea, in Central Asia, in southwestern Kazakhstan

and northwestern Uzbekistan, about 450 km (about 280 mi) east of

the Caspian Sea.

Because the rivers that feed the lake are used to irrigate

crops, the Aral Sea is shrinking. Compare the picture

from 1989, left,to the one from 2003, right,which shows

a much smaller lake.


48/86

Taal Lake is a freshwater lake in the province of Batangas, on the

island of Luzon in the Philippines. The lake fills Taal Caldera, a

large volcanic caldera formed by very large eruptions between

500,000 and 100,000 years ago


49/86

Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines locatedeast of Metro Manila between the provinces of Laguna to the

south and Rizal to the north.

Area: 911.7 km

Surface elevation: 2.00 m

Length: 41 km

Islands: Talim Island, Wonder Island


50/86


51/86

Lake Lanao is a large lake in the Philippines, located in Lanaodel Sur province in the country's southern island of Mindanao.

Area: 340 km

Surface elevation: 700 m

Length: 33 km

Cities: Marawi


52/86


53/86

Lake Buluan is a lake located in the island of Mindanao,

Philippines. With an estimated surface area of 61.34 square

kilometers, it is the third largest lake in Mindanao. It has an

average elevation of 4.5 meters.

Area: 61.34 km

Mean depth: 4.50 m


54/86

Lake Mainit is the fourth largest lake in the Philippines, having a

surface area of 173.40 square kilometers. The lake is also the

deepest lake in the country with maximum depth reaching 223meters.

Area: 173.4 km

Surface elevation: 27 m

Length: 29.1 km

Cities: Surigao City, Jabonga, Butuan, Kitcharao


55/86

Naujan Lake is the fifth largest lake in the Philippines, in the

northeastern corner of the province of Oriental Mindoro on

Mindoro Island. The lake itself is approximately 8,125 ha of open

water in Naujan Lake National Park.

Area: 81.25 km

Length: 14 km

Width: 7 km


56/86

Titicaca or Titiqaqa is a lake in the Andes on the border of Peru and Bolivia. By

volume of water, it is the largest lake in South America.

Surface elevation: 3,812 m

Area: 8,372 km

Catchment area: 56,270 km

Length: 190 km

Islands: Taquile Island, Amantan, Isla del Sol, Isla de la Luna, Uros, Suriqui

Cities: Puno, Copacabana

Fish: Titicaca Orestias


57/86


58/86

The narrow body of water that connectstwo large bodies of water.

It may be formed by a fracture in

an isthmus, a narrow body of land thatconnects two bodies of water. Tectonic

shifts can lead to straits like this. One

strait that was formed by tectonicactivity is the Strait of Gibraltar, the

only link between the Mediterranean

Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.


59/86

The middle of the Atlantic is a

vast expanse of water. Aroundits edges, it opens to a number

of seas. In the east, you can sail

from the Atlantic into theMediterranean Sea through a

tiny opening called the Strait of

Gibraltar. In the west, you cansail into the Caribbean Sea and

the Gulf of Mexico.


60/86


61/86

The stormy waters south of Tierra del Fuego

(close to Antarctica) made the Strait of

Magellan, to the north, more attractive

to mariners. Although the landmasses protect

the strait from harsh Antarctic weather, theStrait of Magellan is still difficult to navigate.

It is narrow and the islands of Tierra del Fuego

can lead to confusion in stormy weather.

The temperatures can reach freezing.Strong wind and waves make visibility and

steering complex.


62/86

The Strait of Malacca or Straits of Malacca is a narrow, 805 km stretch of

water between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of

Sumatra. It is named after the Malacca sultanate that ruled over the

archipelago between 1400 and 1511.

Area: 65,000 km

Bridges: Pulau Bunting Bridge


63/86

The Bering Strait is a strait 82 kilometres wide at its narrowest point,

between Cape Dezhnev, Chukchi Peninsula, Russia, the easternmost

point of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska,

Islands: Little Diomede Island, Big Diomede


64/86

The Strait of Dover or Dover Strait or Straat van Dover is the strait at

the narrowest part of the English Channel, marking the boundary

between the Channel and North Sea, separating Great Britain fromcontinental Europe.


65/86

The Strait of Juan de Fuca is a large body of water about 95 miles long

that is the Salish Sea's outlet to the Pacific Ocean. The international

boundary between Canada and the United States runs down the centerof the Strait.


66/86

The Strait of Messina (Stretto di Messina in Italian language, Strittu di

Missina in Sicilian) is the narrow passage between the eastern tip of Sicily(Punta

del Faro) and the western tip of Calabria (Punta Pezzo) in the south ofItaly. It

connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north with the Ionian Sea to the south, within

the central Mediterranean. At its narrowest point, it measures 3.1 km (1.9 mi) in

width, though near the town of Messina the width is some 5.1 km (3.2 mi) and

maximum depth is 250 m (830 ft).


67/86

The Straits of Tiran, are the narrow sea passages, about 13 km wide,

between the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas which separate the Gulf of

Aqaba from the Red Sea.


68/86

Cook Strait is the strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand. It

connects the Tasman Sea on the northwest with the South Pacific Ocean on thesoutheast, and runs next to the capital city, Wellington. It is 22 kilometres

(14 mi) wide at its narrowest point, and is considered one of the most dangerous

and unpredictable waters in the world.

The strait is named after James Cook, the first European commander to sail

through it, in 1770. In Mori it has the name Raukawa or Raukawa

Moana.Raukawa may mean "bitter leaves".


69/86

The Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait, formerly known as the Black

Ditch, is a 180 kilometres wide strait separating the island of Taiwan

from the Asian mainland.


70/86

The Straits of Florida, Florida Straits, or Florida Strait is a strait located

south-southeast of the North American mainland, generally accepted to be

between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, and between the Florida

Keys and Cuba.

Islands: Big Pine Key

Bridges: Overseas Highway


71/86

The Dardanelles , formerly known as Hellespont (/hlspnt/;Greek: Hellespontos,literally "Sea of Helle"), is a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting

the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It is one of the Turkish Straits, along with its

counterpart, the Bosphorus. It is located at approximately 4013N 2626E. The strait

is 61 kilometres (38 mi) long but only 1.2 to 6 kilometres (0.75 to 3.73 mi) wide,

averaging 55 metres (180 ft) deep with a maximum depth of 103 metres (338 ft).

Water flows in both directions along the strait, from the Sea of Marmara to the

Aegean via a surface current and in the opposite direction via an undercurrent.

Historically straits have had


72/86

Historically, straits have had

great strategic importance. Whoever

controls a strait is likely to control

the sea and shipping routes of the

entire region.

A strait can also be formed by a body

of water overflowing land thathas subsided or has been eroded. The

Bosporus, which links the Black Sea

and the Aegean Sea, was formed thisway. Land at the southwestern edge of

the Black Sea eroded and crumbled,

creating a strait.


73/86

A man made strait is called a canal


74/86

A man-made strait is called a canal.

Some canals are famous as man-made passages.

Not all canals are used for ocean going ships.

Inland canals, like those found in Western Europe,

are used to ship farm and factory goods to nearby

towns or seaports.

Canals are man-made channels for water. There aretwo types of canal:

1. Aqueducts: water supply canals that are used for

the conveyance and delivery of potable water for

human consumption, municipal uses, and agriculture

irrigation. Rills and Acesquias are small versions.2. Waterways: navigable transportation canals used

for carrying ships and boats shipping goods and

conveying people.


75/86

Some ship canals, such as the Suez and

Panama canals, provide navigationalshortcuts by connecting large bodies of

water. Other ship canals, such as the Houston

Ship Channel and Baltic-White Sea canals,

connect an inland harbor to the ocean.Railroads and motor vehicles have taken over

much of the commercial traffic of canals in

the United States, but canals remain an

important means of transporting goods in

Europe and Russia.


76/86

Baltic Sea, enclosed sea, northern Europe, bounded by

Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia,

Poland, and Germany.

From the peninsula of Denmark, considered the Baltics

limit, the sea extends east to longitude 30 east and

north to about latitude 66 north.

The greatest length of the Baltic, from Lbeck, Germany, to

Haparanda, Sweden, is 1,500 km (930 mi); the breadth varies from

690 km (430 mi), between Stockholm and Saint Petersburg, to

less than 80 km (50 mi) at the southern extremity. The Baltic

covers an area of 422,000 sq km (163,000 sq mi).

The Suez Canal runs across northeastern

The Suez Canal cuts across northeastern Egypt.

Th l t th M dit S ith

The Suez Canal is the world's most important

The Suez Canal separates the Sinai Peninsula from the rest of Egypt.

The canal runs from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea It allows


77/86

The Suez Canalruns across northeastern

Egypt and connects the Mediterranean Sea

with the Red Sea. The Suez canal is 121 miles

(195 kilometers) long and first opened in1869. It provides a shortcut for ships traveling

between European ports and ports in the

Americas, Asia, and Africa.

The canal connects the Mediterranean Sea with

the Gulf of Suez, an arm of the Red Sea. It is

among the world's busiest and most importantcanals.

international water lane, in respect to its

length, depth, and the amount of cargo shipped

through it.

The canal runs from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. It allows

ships to sail from Europe to Asia without going all the way around

Africa. It is one of the worlds most important waterways.

The canal was built by Europeans and opened in 1869. The

Europeans controlled the canal until Nasser came to power. In 1956,

Nasser claimed the canal for his country. A war broke out, but

Egypt ended up keeping the canal.


78/86

ThePanama Canal cuts across Central America

and links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Thecanal is 40 miles (64 kilometers) long and wascompleted in 1914. Today, the Panama Canal is oneof the worlds busiest canals.The United States

built the canal from 1904 to 1914.


79/86


80/86

The Grand Canal is a canal in Venice, Italy. It forms one of the major

water-traffic corridors in the city. Public transport is provided by

water buses and private water taxis, and many tourists explore the

canal by gondola.

The Grand Canal

(Italian: Canal Grande Venetian: Canaasso) is


81/86

(Italian: Canal Grande, Venetian: Canaasso) is

a canal in Venice, Italy. It forms one of the

major water-traffic corridors in the city.

Public transport is provided by water buses

(Italian: vaporetti) and private water taxis,

and many tourists explore the canal by

gondola.At one end, the canal leads into the lagoon near

the Santa Lucia railway station and the other

end leads into Saint Mark Basin; in between, it

makes a large reverse-S shape through thecentral districts (sestieri) of Venice. It is

3,800 m long, 3090 m wide, with an average

depth of five meters (16.5 ft).


82/86

Grand Canal, ChinaChina has more than 100,000 km (60,000 mi) of navigable

inland waterways. The busiest is the Grand Canal, which

extends from Beijing to Hangzhou. Construction of the canal

largely took place in the 7th and 13th centuries. It is now

used primarily for industrial purposes.

Grand Canal of China in Suzhou


83/86

Grand Canal of China in Suzhou

Specifications

Length 1,115 miles (1,794 km)

History

Construction beganSpring and Autuma period

to Qing dynastyGeography

Start point Beijing

End point Hangzhou

Connects to

Hai River, Yellow River,

Huai River, Yangtze River,

Qiantang River


84/86


85/86

The Grand Canal is currently being upgraded to serve

as the Eastern Route of the South-North Water

Transfer Project. Additional amounts of water fromthe Yangtze will be drawn into the canal in Jiangdu

City, where a giant 400 m3/s (14,000 cu ft/s) pumping

station was already built in the 1980s, and is then fed

uphill by pumping stations along the route andthrough a tunnel under the Yellow River, from where

it can flow downhill to reservoirs near Tianjin.

Construction on the Eastern Route officially began on

December 27, 2002 AD, and water is supposed to reach

Tianjin by 2012. However, water pollution has affected

the viability of this project.


86/86

or Listening

Documents

Water Forms of the Earth